73
Dr. Usman Ali Rana Introduction to HYDROGEN ENERGY
Dr. Usman Ali Rana
Introduction to
HYDROGEN ENERGY
Source : Statistical review of world energy, 2012
World's proven oil reserves at the end of 2011 reached
1652.6 billion barrels sufficient to meet
54.2 years of Global production
REFERENCE : Nocera Daedalus, 2006, NS Lewis & Nocera, PNAS Perspective, 2006
CARBON NATURAL ENERGY RESOURCES
TeraWatts (TW): One trillion watts
The world consumption of oil…
…continues to growth
Source : Statistical review of world energy, 2012
Source : Statistical review of world energy, 2012
Middle East is the largest consumer of Oil &
Natural gas
DO YOU
With a world oil consumption
growth of 1% per year …
However
Someone may Say
We have enough Carbon-based energy
resources
Approx 2000 years of Coal
Global CO2 Emission
Antarctic ICE Cores:
210 – 300 ppm for past 650,000 years
Reference: Science, 2005, 310, pp 1313
The 2050 estimate:
550 – 750 ppm
In 2004, CO2 concentration in the atmosphere was 380 ppm
LOOK
What we do, when we
use carbon based
energy resources
The real issue is the CO2
content of the fossil fuel
From Natural Gas
CH4 + 2H2O CO2 + 4H2
From Coal
C + 2H2O CO2 + 2H2
DO YOU
Think Smart
But… Remember! The only
thing that we have to
fear, it is that the sky might fall on our heads!
… and precisely
In 200 years, we will have
released in the atmosphere,
the carbon that took nature
600 million years to trap
1850 1900 1950 2000
CO2
The sea level has risen 15 to 20 cm over the 20th century and is going to rise
another 18 to 59 cm by the year 2100
The world energy consumption is increasing
1 million tonnes oil equivalent = 11.6 MWh Source : IEA, Mai 2007
90% of fossil energy
Rnv Energy
Nuclear
Natural gas
Oil
Coal
Mil
lio
ns o
f to
e
Energy cost is increasing
In Chinese, "the word « crisis »
is made up of two letters. One represents danger and the
other opportunity"
In only one day, the sun provides the
Earth with the same energy to that
consumed by humanity in 35 years
"With Concentrated Solar Power Stations,
one thousandth of the deserts surface
would be sufficient to cover
the world’s need in electricity"
Hans Müller-Steinhagen
Head of the Institute of Technical Thermodynamics
German Aerospace Center
Revive
Think SMART
Today human consumes an average of 15 trillion watts of
power
85% of this comes from burning fossil fuels such as oil,
natural gas & coal
Fossil fuel consumption produces some nasty side effects,
including climate change, acidified oceans, and oil spills
Worldwide energy use is expected to at least double by 2050
Ref: Artificial Leaf Moves Two Steps Closer to Reality, ScienceNOW, S. Y. Reece et al./Science
Your Logo
• Hydrogen Energy
• Solar energy
• Hydrothermal Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Wind Energy
• Oceanic Energy
Renewable Energy
Go GREEN to protect environment
My Green Choice
Why
Energy density is the amount
of useful or extractable energy
stored in a given system per
unit volume
ENERGY DENSITY
Ref: Web reference, Retrieved on 14-04-2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density
Energy Densities Of Common Energy Storage Materials
Storage material Energy type MJ per kilogram MJ per liter (litre) Direct uses
Deuterium–tritium Nuclear fusion 330 000 000 6 368 000 000
Proposed power
plants (under
development)
Uranium-235 Nuclear fission 79 500 000 1 534 000 000 Electric power plants
(nuclear reactors)
Hydrogen
(compressed at
70 MPa)
Chemical 123 5.6 Experimental
automotive engines
Gasoline (petrol) /
Diesel Chemical ~46 ~36 Automotive engines
Propane (including
LPG) Chemical 46.4 26
Cooking, home
heating, automotive
engines
Fat
(animal/vegetable) Chemical 37
Human/animal
nutrition
Coal Chemical 24 Electric power plants,
home heating
Carbohydrates
(including sugars) Chemical 17
Human/animal
nutrition
Protein Chemical 16.8 Human/animal
nutrition
Ref: Web reference, Retrieved on 14-04-2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density
Energy Densities Of Common Energy Storage Materials
Storage material Energy type MJ per kilogram MJ per liter (litre) Direct uses
Wood Chemical 16.2 Heating, outdoor
cooking
TNT Chemical 4.6 Explosives
Gunpowder Chemical 3 Explosives
Lithium battery Electrochemical 1.8 4.32
Portable electronic
devices, flashlights
(non-rechargeable)
Lithium-ion battery Electrochemical 0.72 0.9-2.23
Laptop computers,
mobile devices, some
modern electric
vehicles
Alkaline battery Electrochemical 0.67 1.8 Portable electronic
devices, flashlights
Nickel-metal
hydride battery Electrochemical 0.288 0.504-1.08
Portable electronic
devices, flashlights
Lead-acid battery Electrochemical 0.17 0.34 Automotive engine
ignition
Supercapacitor Electrochemical 0.018 Electronic circuits
Ref: Web reference, Retrieved on 14-04-2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density
These statistics showed that
you need thousands of
pounds of batteries to
harness the energy from
grid or sunlight
Fuels are good because they can
store a lot of energy in the tiny little
space between chemical bonds
Think Smart
• Hydrogen is the most abundant element
• H2 can be produced from a variety of feed
stock such as water, coal, natural
• H2 can be produced easily by a variety of
renewable energy resources such as
biomass, solar, nuclear and wind.
• H2 is environment friendly, as it help
reducing the use of fossil fuel and
greenhouse emission of pollutant gases
• H2 is the basic pillar of Hydrogen Economy
Features
H2 when used as
fuel, the only
byproducts are
water, heat &
electricity
Advantages of Hydrogen Fuel
Your Logo
Pathways to produce
The current status
Major Hydrogen Production Technology pathways
H2 Distributed natural
gas reforming
Bio-derived liquid reforming
Coal & Biomass gasification
Water Electrolysis
Thermochemical Production
Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production
Biological Hydrogen Production
H2 Distributed natural gas reforming
Steam reforming of natural gas
Methane steam reforming: CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2
Water-gas-shift: CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
Major route of synthesis
The real issue is the CO2
content of the fossil fuel
From Natural Gas
CH4 + 2H2O CO2 + 4H2
From Coal
C + 2H2O CO2 + 2H2
Your Logo
Technology Pathway Development Timelines,
Feedstocks, and Energy Sources for Hydrogen
Production
Your Logo
Pathways to produce
Hydro Energy
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Geothermal
Energy
Oceanic Energy
Hydrogen Generator
e-
e-
e-
e-
H2 fuel
O2 H2
V
H2O ®O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
e-
e-e-
e-
An
od
e
Cat
ho
de
H+
H+
Electrochemical water splitting By using electricity
How Hydrogen
Generator works
Hydrogen Generator
1.23 V vs RHE at pH 0
Reduce the over potential.
Experimental voltages /
Over potentials
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Theoretical voltage (E) = 1.23 V
Voltage (V)
E0(O2 / H2O) = 1.23 V- 0.059 V x pH vs (NHE)
e-e-e-
H2O/O2
H2O/H2
Ban
d g
ap
e-
inte
rfac
e
semiconductor
ΔE
= 1
.23
V Nernst Equation
Challenges
Science behind WATER SPLITTING The
H2O®1
2O2 + H2 DG = 237.2 kJ mol-1
According to Nernst calculations
DG = 237.2 kJ mol-1 DE = 1.23 V
DE = 1.23 V Wavelength of 1000 nm or shorter
O2 H2
V
H2O ®O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
e-
e-e-
e-
An
od
e
Cat
ho
de
H+
H+
O2 H2
V
H2O ®O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
e-
e-e-
e-
Ph
oto
no
de
Cat
ho
de
H+
H+
Electrochemical water splitting By using electricity
Photoelectrochemical water splitting By using Solar Energy
2H2O®O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
2H2O Û O2 +2H2
4H+ + 4e- ® 2H2
1. Both the cathode and anode can be Platinum or
high grade stainless steel
2. A Pt Cathode and a semiconductor photoanode
3. A Photocathode and photoanode based on
semiconductors
Cell design options
WATER SPLITTING
At Anode
At Cathode
Overall
Are you are still
unsure, how solar
driven water
splitting occur
The solution of your current
problems might be hidden in
The Nature’s Secrets
Nature is doing
the water
splitting from
billions of years
Water Splitting = Artificial
photosynthesis
Sunlight + Water + CO2
Carbohydrates + O2
Natural Photosynthesis
The solution of your
current problems
might be hidden in
the nature’s secrets
2H2O O2 + 2H2
2H2 + 2CO2 2(CH2O)
The solution of your
current problems
might be hidden in
the nature’s secrets
2H2O O2 + 2H2
2H2 + 2CO2 2(CH2O)
Photosynthesis Store Energy
by Water Splitting
How much energy is stored in
WATER SPLITTING
Thermodynamics
An Olympic size pool contain
Approx 3 million liter of H2O
Reaction progress
Pote
ntial E
nerg
y
H2O
H2 + ½ O2
H2 + ½ O2 H2O
Low energy High energy
Energy: 13 million J/liter
Energy = ΔG = 237.2 kJ/mol ΔG for water splitting
Message of Hope
WATER SPLITTING
An Olympic size pool contain
Approx 3 million liter of H2O
Energy: 13 million J/liter
Energy = ΔG = 237.2 kJ/mol
Volume of an Olympic pool to H2 and O2 per second = 43 TW
Mimics photosynthesis in leaf
H2 and O2 bubbles can be seen when the
artificial leaf was exposed to light in water
ARTIFICIAL LEAF Technology The
The Artificial Leaf Technology is an invention of MIT
Professor Daniel Nocera and is now under
commercial production by Nocera’s founded company
Sun Catalytix
Catalyst coated silicon wafer
Photocatalysis of Water
The development of
Photo-electrochemical Hydrogen Generation at
Platinized p-Type Silicon Using Hydrophobic Protic
Ionic Liquids (NPST Proposal, July 2012 round)
Photocatalytic Water Splitting
Development of novel
Photocatalysts for Water Splitting
S
R2 R3
R1
Trialkylsulfonium
R = Me, Et
C
F
F
F
S
O
O
O
Trifluoromethane sulfonate Tf
Protic Ionic Liquid
This is one of our main business: FUEL CELLS
H2
excess H2
Electrocatalyst(Ptcarboncloth)
e!
e!
e!
e!
e!
e!e!
e!
e!
Currentload
Gasflowchannelsfor
Gasflowchannelsfor
O2
O2excess
H2O
H2O2
ANODE CATHODE
Rana, U. A., M. Forsyth, et al. Towards protic ionic liquid and organic ionic plastic crystal
electrolytes for fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, 2012, 84, 213-222
H2 Fuel
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
Where the technology is currently heading towards?
The LEAF really is a greener car. All parts of the interior and
bodywork are made of anything from water bottles to plastic bags, to
old car parts and even second hand home appliances.
Nissan LEAF®
100 % electric
Zero noise pollution
Zero emission
Fully Green
Making Use of Solar Energy
Perfect for the Australian climate,
the rear spoiler’s solar panel
converts sunlight into energy for
the 12v battery, which helps to
power many of the interior
accessories.
Easy Charging
There are 3 ways to charge
the Li-ion battery. ‘Quick
charge’ can take the battery to
80% charge in about 30
minutes. ‘Normal charge’ takes
around 7-8 hours from empty
to full and ‘Trickle charge’
takes around 14 hours* Quick charge: DC fast charge station
Normal and Trickel charge: 240 V home charging dock
What will happen if
YOUR BATTERY FLAT OUT
IN THE MIDDLE OF ROAD
Are you ready
To re plug in your car
every 20 Kilometer to
keep your car running
You know you need
We use fuel because they have lots of
energy
• Water is the only exhaust in
Fuel Cell Powered cars
• High Efficiency
• Adaptability to use renewable
Fuel such as H2, Methanol,
Ethanol
• Zero noise pollution
• Overall zero Emission system
Fuel Cell Powered Cars
GREEN Fuel
Fuel Cell Powered Cars
UTC powered 400 kW stationary fuel cell unit for
domestic and industrial electricity supply
Hydrogen Utility Research
at
The development of
Novel anhydrous composite polymer membranes
based on protic ionic liquids for H2/O2 fuel cell
application (NPST Proposal, March 2013 round)
H2
excess H2
Electrocatalyst(Ptcarboncloth)
e!
e!
e!
e!
e!
e!e!
e!
e!
Currentload
Gasflowchannelsfor
Gasflowchannelsfor
O2
O2excess
H2O
H2O2
ANODE CATHODE
PEM Fuel Cell
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane
Development
The development of
Development of novel proton conducting organic
ionic materials and their acid containing
compositions for H2/O2 fuel cell application (NPST
Proposal, March 2013 round)
H2
excess H2
Electrocatalyst(Ptcarboncloth)
e!
e!
e!
e!
e!
e!e!
e!
e!
Currentload
Gasflowchannelsfor
Gasflowchannelsfor
O2
O2excess
H2O
H2O2
ANODE CATHODE
PEM Fuel Cell
Proton conducting electrolyte
Development
S
R2 R3
R1
Trialkylsulfonium
R = Me, Et
C
F
F
F
S
O
O
O
Trifluoromethane sulfonate Tf
Protic Ionic Liquid
We have to move towards Green Future
Dr. Usman Ali Rana
Thank You for your attention
