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STUDY ON SKILLS DEVELOPMENT FOR THE INFORMAL SECTOR OF THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

PREPARED FOR THE WORLD BANK

BY

NIGERIAN INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (NISER) IBADAN

JUNE, 2009

77875

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Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

The problems of employment have become a central global concern in recent times. This makes nearly all the governments and development partners to be fully engaged in finding a lasting solution to the problems. In the past, development planning efforts were concentrated on the development of a modern industrial sector. It was believed that this would serve the domestic market and facilitate the absorption of redundant or surplus workers in the urban economy. It was also the belief that rapid economic growth and development would be achieved.

However, the ability of the modern industrial sector to absorb the migrants could not be realized. The inability of modern urban industries to generate a significant number of employment opportunities is one of the obvious failures of the development process in Nigeria over the last five decades. The public sector has not helped the situation in terms of employment generation due to the dwindling public sector revenue and the various reform measures that have led to downsizing in form of retrenchment.

The foregoing makes the informal sector a better alternative for employment generation in the economy, the fact that has been recognized by scholars, policy makers and lately by the governments in developing countries. The informal sector therefore represents an important part of the economy and certainly of the labour market in most developing countries. It plays a major role in employment creation, production and income generation. It is widely believed that employment generation in the informal sector is a necessary survival strategy in countries that lack social safety nets and in the absorption of growing unemployed members of the labour force. Empirical enquiries have confirmed the vastness, resilience and dynamism of the sector (Akande and Akerele,2008).

The Nigerian government being in aware of this has undertaken various programmes, such as, National Directorate of Employment (NDE) and other employment generating activities. Employment generation forms the fulcrum of the 7-point agenda of the present administration in the country. It is the recognition of the efforts of government of Nigeria at combating employment problems that makes the World Bank (a development partner) to come up with a study on “Employment and Growth in Nigeria.” The study aims at assessing the impact of the recent strong growth performance on employment with a view to developing policies that are likely to strengthen the growth elasticity of employment and improve the quality of jobs.

The study is premised on the fact that enhancing the growth elasticity of employment and the quality of jobs will require a coordinated strategy that will boost labour demand and strengthen the responsiveness of labour supply to labour demand. For labour demand to be enhanced in the economy, strategy that will promote growth in all the sectors must be adopted. There is also the need for a policy framework of skills development that will allow the labour supply to be sufficiently responsive to labour demand. The development

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of skills and knowledge is seen as undeniably a major instrument for promoting decent work in the informal economy.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Available statistics tend to indicate that formal sector employment opportunities in Nigeria can no more keep pace with the number of entrants into the labour market. The informal sector of the economy has come to the rescue by providing employment and income for the youth and those retrenched from the formal sector employment (Akerele,1997). It is found from studies that not less than 75% of the labour force is engaged in the informal sector activities (Akande and Akerele, op cit). The stagnation in the formal sector employment has increased the probability of those entering the labour market for the first time to be engaged in the informal sector. It is found that the growth rate of employment in the informal sector will be about 11% in the next five years (Akande and Akerele, op cit).

This points to the fact that future employment of youth may be tilted towards the informal sector. Unfortunately, the informal sector activities are characterized by low productivity, poor quality of products, inadequate production equipment, and insufficient technical skills. The issue of technical skills should take a central position if low productivity and poor quality of products must be tackled. The increase in the number of graduates of technical institutions may have positive impact on productivity in the informal sector but the general low level of skills still affects the growth of the sector activities and impacts on income negatively. Bringing basic skills training programmes to workers in the informal sector can help to bring down poverty and unemployment levels, while improving economic growth. The development of relevant skills and knowledge is a major instrument for improved productivity, better working conditions, and the promotion of decent work in the informal economy. A better less work-intensive and safer technologies can raise the productivity and income, reduce work drudgery and occupational risks to health and safety, and improve products. New skills and knowledge can open doors to more economically and socially rewarding jobs (Marjo-Riitta, 2003).

Basic life skills, such as numeracy and literacy, problem-solving and management, communication and negotiation skills, are required to improve confidence and capacity to explore and try new income-earning opportunities (ILO 2000). In addition, better- educated entrepreneurs are generally also more responsive to policy measures, which is important for the sector's development. Improving productivity is essential to the survival and growth of informal units. It is also a prerequisite to their gradual formalization. The improvement of productivity requires, among other things, easier access to training, which has often been lagging behind other interventions such as credit. The positive impact of training on productivity in both the formal and informal sectors has been clearly demonstrated in the literature.

The above conception led the World Bank into preparing this study to encompass four parts, namely; a statistical analysis of the evolution of the labour market since 1999; growth strategies: a review of the current policies of the government aimed at promoting specific sectors of the economy; trade policy: the case of trade liberalization; and skills

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development for the informal sector in particular with respect to the responsiveness of the programmes to labour demand (World Bank, 2008). The part this study is addressing among the four parts is the skills development for the informal sector in Nigeria which has informed the choice of assessing skills development of the sector in the work.

1.3 Terms of Reference/Objectives of the Study

From the terms of reference, this study is expected to look into further work on skills development for informal sector by reviewing and assessing the skill development programmes being run by non- state organizations, trade associations, private agencies and master crafts persons in Nigeria. The main objective of the study, therefore, is to review the effectiveness of the current skills development and employment promotion practices and programmes of the informal sector in Nigeria.

1.4 Structure of the Report

The study is structured into five chapters. While chapter one looks at the background to the study, the terms of reference and the structure of the report, chapter two focuses on copious relevant literature on skills development bringing out the conceptual definitions, theoretical and empirical issues in the informal sector of the economy. Chapter three presents the methodology of how training providers as well as the beneficiaries of the programmes were surveyed in the study. Chapter four gives the inventory of the programmes for the informal sector skills development and a detailed analysis of 5 most important non- state-run programmes in the country. Chapter five forms the conclusions and recommendations of the work.

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Chapter Two: Methodology

2.1 Methodological Assumptions

The study chose to adopt the concept of the informal sector commonly used in statistical circles and to expand it in terms of how it is both understood and used by field workers and researchers. It, thus, used the definition of the informal sector adopted by the ILO‟s Fifteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians in January 1993 (Kante, 2002), which describes the Informal Sector as a subset within the household sector in National accounts. It consists of a fraction of household-owned enterprises, which are distinguished from corporations, and quasi-corporations in that they neither keep full sets of accounts nor constitute legal entities distinct from the households that own them. The informal sector could be broadly characterized as consisting of units engaged in the production of goods or services with the primary objective of generating employment and income to the persons concerned.

2.2 Nature and Sources of Data

The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of skills development training offered to informal sector operations in Nigeria. To achieve this evaluation we chose to utilize qualitative and some degree of quantitative research method, using in-depth interview as a research technique. The main reason for this research method is because of the complex nature of informal sector activities in Nigeria. The need to evaluate how skills development programme have benefited the selected respondents and the meaning they attach to it could best be arrived at through the use of in depth interviews. The research technique was chosen for the collection of data from about 160 respondents. The first set of interviews involved 84 state organizations, and 76 non-state organizations. The second set covered ex-participants or beneficiaries of 5 selected non-state programmes in order to determine their employment and income profile.

The questions to the first set of respondents solicited for a wide range of information and covered the following:

- Full Name of Agency:- Local Address of Agency:- Type(s) of Activity by Agency:- When Agencies commenced operations in the Area/Nigeria- Geographical Coverage:- The major goal of the Organization:- Description of programme intervention activities initiated in the area:- The objectives of each programme:- Who are the target beneficiaries:- The sources of funding agencies activities:- The amount available to the agency in the current year (2008):- The amount spent on the programme in the last two preceding years:- The potential capacity of each programme activity:

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- The actual number of persons served by each programme (2006, 2007,2008):

- The expected programme outcomes:- Factors inhibiting the realization of programme outcomes:- The direct cost of programme on each beneficiary:- The indirect cost on each beneficiary:- The expected direct benefits to the beneficiaries- State the approaches used in recruiting, retaining and training of the

beneficiaries- How do you evaluate the performance of the activities in your

organization?- How do you monitor and evaluate your programme?

The questions to the second set (ex-participants) include:- Name:- Nature of Job:- Sex:- Years of Experience:- Location: Rural or Urban- How many apprentices, journey men, paid employers, self employed in

the last 3 years:- No of hours work per week:- How do you obtain your initial capital:- What is your average weekly income:- How much per week do you pay as:

Wages to employees: Wages of journeymen Rent of Premises Cost of Raw materials Cost of Fuel Electricity charges Rate/Due to Local govt. Other production expenses

- How much do you spend weekly on tear and wear of machines and tools?- How much do you set aside for tear and wear of machines and tools per

week?- How much do you set aside machines and tools replacement per week?- If the equipment is hired, how much per week do you pay?

Is your training adequate or not for income generation andemployment opportunities in the labour market.

If your response is “not adequate” list areas of deficiency What do you think can be done to make the training more

effective?

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2.3 Sample Size, Sampling Procedures and Coverage

The study was establishment based. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select states and cities studied from the six geo-political zones of the country. Thus, one state/city from each of the geo-political zones and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja was selected for the study.

In each state/city, inventory of State and non-State run programmes whose goal is to improve skills development in the informal sector was taken. Information was obtained from Federal Ministries and Parastatals providing technical and vocational training. Also, state Ministries providing technical and vocational training and those accrediting or registering non-state organizations were interviewed. Others include, Non Governmental Organizations (NGO); Trade Associations; Private Training Providers and Individual Non-State Training Providers. The in-depth interviews were also conducted to cover 5 programmes selected, that is, second chance education, entrepreneurship education, vouchers for skills development, strengthening of industry associations for the informal sector and training of master crafts persons.

2.4 Data Collection

The data collection exercise took place between January and February 2009. One monitor, four principal investigators and sixteen research assistants covered the six states and FCT for the investigation. The field work provided the opportunity to gather opinions, observations and personal accounts from the following categories of stakeholders:

- Federal ministries and parastatals involved in skills development for the informal sector

- State ministries and agencies in six states involved in skills development for the informal sector.

- Non-Governmental organizations that have created and/or conducting informal sector training

- Private agencies Associations and individual training providers for the informal sector.

- Young and adult beneficiaries (ex-participants) of selected programmes.

The information collected covered the following programmes.

Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Programmes Adult Literacy Programmes Second Chance Education Entrepreneurship Education Vouchers for skills Development Training Fund subsidies for micro and small enterprises Strengthening of Industry Associations for the Informal Sector Training of Master Crafts Persons

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Certification of Traditional Apprenticeship Skills

Data and information obtained for this study were analyzed using descriptive analysis.

2.5 Programme Selection Procedure

At the end of the inventory of the state and non-state run programmes whose goals are to improve skills development in the informal sector at the selected locations, nine programmes were clearly mapped out as measured by the participants. The programmes include; Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET); Adult Literacy programme; Second Chance Education; Entrepreneurship Education; Vouchers for skills Development; Training fund subsidies for micro and small Enterprises and Training of Mastercrafts persons.

From the stock of these programmes we selected five most important non-state programmes for analysis. The decision to pick the five programmes was reached after a critical assessment of all the programmes analyzed. The five programmes were picked because of their number,/percentages or frequency of occurrence among the non-state organizations studied. Thereafter, the selected 5 programmes were analyzed with detailed information provided about each one. Also, a minimum of 8 ex-participants from each programme were interviewed with a view to establishing their current employment and income situation.

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Chapter Three: Assessment of Skills Development in theInformal Sector

3.1 Inventory of Programmes

In order to take inventory of the state and non-state run programmes whose goals are to improve skills development in the informal sector, the study team visited 18 state organizations, 76 non-state organizations and 84 beneficiaries in Lagos, Kaduna, Port Harcourt and Enugu states and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The Organisations covered by the inventory and their responsibilities are as summarised below.

Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity, Abuja

The certification of traditional apprenticeship skills is performed by the Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity. Under the Nigerian Labour Law in relations to competency based apprenticeship scheme, apprentices such as motor drivers, bricklayers , etc who have successfully completed their apprenticeship training are awarded Grades 1, 2, and 3Trade Test Certificate, Grade 3 is the lowest. The Ministry conducts test in over 40 trades.

National Directorate of Employment

The National Directorate of Employment is a Federal Government agency with offices in all the States of Nigeria. The Directorate is the main government institution dealing in skills development for the informal sector in Nigeria. The activities of the Directorate cover about 80% of the informal sector skills development activities, such as entrepreneurship development; training fund subsidies for micro and small enterprises; technical and vocational education; etc. The main target groups are the unemployed school leavers (including graduates of tertiary institutions) and other drop outs from the school system who lack productive and marketable skills. Thereafter, the graduates of the programmes are provided with loans to set up their small businesses. NDE has four schemes under which the various skill acquisition programmes are run. The schemes are: Vocational Skills Development; Small Scale Enterprises; Rural Employment Promotion and Special Public Work (See Annex 1).

Ministry of Women Affairs and Poverty Alleviation (Lagos State)

The Ministry runs skill acquisition programmes, particularly for widows. The programmes, mostly entrepreneurial in nature, prepare the participants to set up small businesses such as those for snacks making, tie and dye, decorations, store thread, braiding, weaving, beading etc. The training lasts for between 2 to 6 weeks. The Ministry also provides long term trainings at established centres which run for 6 months to 2 years. They charge no fee for training provided and they make micro credit facility available to participants to start their businesses without collateral.

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Ministry of Trade and Commerce (Lagos State)

The Ministry offers regular short term vocational education and technical training programmes or workshops to refresh members of the various associations that are registered with it. Over 279 associations are registered with the Ministry in Lagos State.

Ministry of Education (Lagos State)

The Ministry of Education, Lagos State, has 3 technical Colleges located in the three Senatorial Districts of the state where crafts persons and master craftsperson are produced. The technical colleges specialize in technical and vocational education with enrollment of over 2500 students.

Federal Ministry of Education, Abuja

The specific goals of the Ministry, among others, include acquisition of basic skills and empowering the populace to contribute effectively to wealth creation thereby reducing poverty in the nation. The programmes include, among others, adult literacy which focuses on basic literacy and functional literacy for the informal sector operators.

National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) Abuja

National Poverty Eradication Programme is an agency of the Federal Government charged with the onerous responsibility of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger in Nigeria. To achieve this task, NAPEP has the responsibility of coordinating and monitoring all poverty eradication activities throughout Nigeria through intervention programmes. Some of its intervention programmes include; vocational and technical education and training; entrepreneurship, micro-credit finance, etc.

Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN) Abuja

SMEDAN was established in 2001 with the specific objectives of developing small and medium enterprises in all sectors of the economy which have great potentials for wealth creation and employment generation. It collaborates with non-governmental organizations and development partners to carry out entrepreneurial skills development and financial empowerment for small scale businesses. The agency runs entrepreneurial, vocational and micro-finance programmes.

River State Ministry of Women Affairs, Port Harcourt

The River state Ministry of Women Affairs among others, train youth in technical and vocational skills at their Craft Development Centres and Industrial Units located in various parts of the Rivers state. The different trades include electrical installation, radio and television repairs, diesel engine repairs, draughtsmanship, painting and decorations. The training programmes run, in most cases, for between 2 to 6 weeks.

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Rivers State Ministry of Local Government, Chieftaincy and Community Affairs, PortHarcourt

The Rivers State Ministry of Local Government, Chieftaincy and Community Affairs is the superintending authority over the local government councils. The Ministry organises regularly technical and vocational training in order to impact the state‟s youth with relevant skills to enable them secure employment or set up their own businesses.

Rivers State Ministry of Education Port Harcourt

The Rivers State Ministry of Education in addition to its formal education programme also runs skill development programme for the informal sector participants. The skills development programme includes, adult literacy, technical and vocational training and education.

Rivers State Ministry of Agriculture, Port Harcourt

The main goal of the ministry is to co-ordinate all agricultural efforts, develop rural economy and protect the environment. In addition to its main functions, the ministry also runs skills acquisition programmes in the area of technical and vocational education for the youths who may be interested in agricultural activities.

National Board for Technical Education (NBTE), Kaduna

National Board for Technical Education is a Principal organ of Federal Ministry of Education specifically created to handle all aspects of technical and vocational education falling outside university education. In addition to providing standardized minimum guide curricula for technical and vocational education and training (TVET), the Board supervises and regulates through an accreditation process, the programmes offered by technical institutions at secondary and post secondary levels. It is also involved with the funding of polytechnics and monotechnics owned by the Government of the federation.

Office of the Special Adviser on ICT, Port Harcourt

The mission of the office is to create jobs and promote youth empowerment through skill acquisition and entrepreneurship training. The skill acquisition programme of the office has so far trained 147 youths in entrepreneurship programme.

Kaduna State Ministry of Education

The ministry is responsible for ensuring that educational development is achieved in the state in a conducive environment. The ministry has made far reaching impacts in its efforts to introduce compulsory and free education in the state. In addition to its formal education programme, the ministry runs adult literacy and technical and vocational training and education.

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Ministry of Youth and Sports, Kaduna

The Ministry, apart from engaging in sporting activities/programmes as its primary mandate, is a member of the committee on poverty eradication in the state. It has a programme called “Youth Self Employment” which aims at reducing the level of unemployment and poverty among the youths in the state. This is achieved through training of youths on various trades that could make themselves reliant as well as job creators. The Ministry thus runs entrepreneurial training programme.

Ministry of Women Affairs, Kaduna

The Ministry is vested with the responsibility of sensitizing women and youth on their roles in the development of the society. It runs skill acquisition programmes for youth and adults who are in difficulties in the state. It also executes some poverty alleviation programmes and carries out public enlightenment programmes on issues concerning youths and women.

Ministry of Non-Governmental Organisations, Kaduna

The Ministry is the only body charged with the responsibility of registering all the non- governmental organizations in the state. It also plays a supervisory role in co-ordinating the operations of NGOs as well as ensuring their effectiveness. As at the time of visit, a total of 234 NGOs registered with the ministry. To achieve its mandates, the ministry is involved in building the capacities of NGOs through the organization of conferences, seminars and symposia in order to educate NGOs on how they could function effectively in their various fields of operations.

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Table 1: Name of Organization: Millennium Hope ProgrammeS/No Programme Organisations Nature of Training Beneficiaries1. Technical and

Vocational Education and Training

NGORita foundation, Wuse Zone 5, Abuja (i) Entrepreneurship education in

tailoring, computer(ii) Training fund subsidy (micro credit)

91. Male and female

Christ Foundation Orphanage, Alakuko, Lagos (i) Funding formal and non formaleducation and apprenticeship(ii) Training fund subsidy

50. Less privileged and abnormal children.

Lagos Central Mosques Vocational Institute (i) Skill improvement training in ICT 189. Male and femaleHealth and Skills For Africa (HASFA) Diobu,Port Harcourt

(i) Skill acquisition training onwoodwork, furniture making and creative arts.(ii) Education support.

50. Orphans and vulnerable children.

Initiative For African Youth DevelopmentRumuola, Port Harcourt

(i) Vocational training in informationtechnology, welding, furniture making and instrumentation.(ii) Awareness training on malaria and HIV/AIDS

4,225. Male and female

Private AgenciesExcellent Computer Institute Computer training 228. YouthsPeacock Beauty Centre, Surulere, Lagos Skill acquisition in hair dressing,

beauty and make up5. Female aged 20 & above.

MBM Computer Institute, Obalende, Lagos ICT Training/capacity building 15. Male and femaleEconomic Awareness and self sustenanceinitiatives, Kaduna

(i) Training on modern farmingmethods and block moulding (ii) Awareness training and sensitisation on reproductive health, child killers diseases, STDs and HIV/AIDS

459. Women and youths.

Bobsco Catering Services, Kaduna Training in catering services. 17. Unemployed youths.Akoso Metal Works, Kaduna Apprenticeship training in metal

fabrication.47. Men and youths

Ahoadu Construction Company Port Harcourt Vocational training in metalfabrication.

208. Young men and women

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M & B Network Systems Training in information andtechnology services.

Individual TradeNureni Adegoke, Auto-rewire, Yanyan, Abuja. Apprenticeship training in auto/

electrical rewireAugustine Odeijibo, Panel Beater, YanyanAbuja

Apprenticeship training in panelbeating services.

Musa Yusuf, Nyanyan, Abuja, FCT Apprenticeship training in vulganisingservices.

Oparusi Ezekiel, Mechanic, Nyanyan,Sikky & Sikky Automobile Works Surulere,Lagos

Apprenticeship training in automobileservices.

6. Young men.

Barhman Motors Enterprises Apprenticeship training in automobileservices.

2. Male aged 18 & above.

Luqman Adio Auto Panel Beaters Surulere,Lagos.

Apprenticeship training in panelbeating services


Jubril Olanrewaju Auto Mechanic Surulere,Lagos



Smat Auto-mobile Engr. Works, SurulereLagos.


2. Male and female aged 18 & above.

Shehu Carpentry Works, Kaduna Vocational training in furniture andwoodworks

49. Young men.

Isiaka Electrical Company, Kaduna Vocational training in electricalinstallation services.

27. Unemployed youths.

UBA Welding/Metal Works, Kaduna Skill acquisition training in metalfabrication.

91. Male and female.

AssociationAssociation of Welders/Metal Workers,Kaduna

Skill acquisition training in metalfabrication.

70. Unemployed youths

Nigerian Society for the Empowerment ofRural People, Enugu

Vocational training in agriculture,welding and fabrication and hair dressing

275. Women, farmers and unemployedyouths.

2. Adult Literacy NGOsRivers Baptist Conference (i) Non formal adult education. 680 Youths, Women and Unskilled.

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Programme (ii) Religious trainingNoglass Literate Support Service Adult and non formal education. 255. Illiterates and dropouts.

3. Second ChanceEducation

NGOsAfrican Support Programme Health awareness training 200. Women and youths.Hope Worldwide, Ikorodu Road, Lagos. Skill acquisition training.G.N. Macdonald Foundation (i) Training and skill acquisition in

computer and IT, carpentry, welding, sewing and communication services. (ii) Sensitisation and awareness training on safety and use of crash elements(iii) Provides material assistance to less privileged and vulnerable.

200. Less privileged and vulnerable.

Child Life-Line, Yaba, Lagos Skill acquisition. 218. Males, ages 15 – 18 years.AssociationNational Council of NGOs & Co-operativessocieties

Refresher training for NGOs andcooperative societies.

195. Members of NGOs and CooperativeSocieties.

Computer Repair Association, Lagos. Training in computer servicing andmaintenance


4. EntrepreneurshipEducation

NGOsStrategic skill centre for wealth creation Skill acquisition 219. Youth and women.Inena multipurpose co-operative society Vocational training 140. Men and womenMums and Widows Association, Akowonjo,Lagos

Vocational training. 400. Indigent male, female and widows.

Child Life-Line, Yaba, Lagos Skill acquisition. 218. Males, ages 15 – 18 years.Health & Peace International, Africa (HAPI),Port Harcourt

Skill acquisition. 404. Male and female

Centre for Economic and LeadershipDevelopment, Port Harcourt

Capacity building and leadershiptraining.

420. Women, youths and self employed.

Solace Place Foundation, Oyigbo, PortHarcourt

(i) Skill improvement training(ii) Initial take-off funds.

450. Rural dwellers.

Nigerian Youth Concept, Kaduna (i) Vocation training in agriculture,tailoring, barbing, automobile andICT.

460. Youths.

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(ii) Awareness training on HIV/AIDSKakara Development Initiatives, Kaduna Capacity Building Training. 132. Indigent women, orphans and

vulnerable children.The Youth Society for Empowerment Entrepreneurship leadership 450. School dropout and youths.Centre for Entrepreneurship and socialDevelopment

Entrepreneurship and leadershiptraining

576. Jobless youths and women.

Millennium Hope Programme Skill development in fashion design,hair dressing, carpentry, welding, mechanical works, Technician and cosmetics making

984 youth, and women

Society for Empowerment of Women andYouths

Skill acquisition training in beadmaking, tie and dye, candle, Vaseline and soap making.(ii) Health education i.e. first aids, hygiene and midwifery(iii) Political awareness.

405. Women and youths.

Society for empowerment Fund and SelfReliance

Vocational training and non formaleducation.

50. Women and youths

Private AgenciesDebbies Cake Academy, Lagos Skill acquisition 50. Unemployed youths.Pefti Film Institute, Lagos Training in film making.Kanji Computer Centre, Kaduna Training in computer programming

and website design59. Unemployed youths.

GB Mokas Institute, Port Harcourt Training in computer operations,repairs and maintenance

265. School leavers and unemployed youths.

ARESCO Fashion/Beauty Centre Vocational training in fashiondesigning and cloth dyeing


AssociationTudun Wada Tailoring Association, Kaduna (i) Vocational training in tailoring

(ii) Awareness training.49. Youths.

National Union of Tailors, KadunaNigerian Association of Women Entrepreneurs,Garki, Abuja

Entrepreneur training/skill acquisition 223. Women.

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Individual TradeMB Mechanic Services Apprenticeship training in automobile

services63. Youths.

Shehu Abubakar Apprenticeship training in automobileservices

20. Youths.

Ya‟U Abubakar Apprenticeship training in tailoringservices

25. Less privileged youths

Tina Fashion/Tailoring Services Training in tailoring, cloth dyeing anddesign.

67. Men, women and youths

Hashimu Ja‟Afar Training in tailoring services. 57. Youths and less privileged.

5. Vouchers for Skills NGOsWidows FoundationWidows Concern Trust Foundation (i) Vocational/skill training in

computer, tie and dyeing.(ii) Awareness and counselling training on road accidents, remarriage for widows and rescue of accidents victims.

40. Widows.

Gold Crest Family Centre (i) Education and skill acquisition(ii) Provision of funds and machinery to beneficiaries.

300. Indigent orphans and widows.

Ajegunle Community Project (ACP), Lagos Training fund subsidy. 2,520. Female.RAUBE (Suka) Fulbe Vocational training in cosmetic

making30. Widows, orphans and school dropouts.

Rigassa Community Skill DevelopmentCentre, Kaduna

Skill development/training fundsubsidy

180. Youths and women.

Nigeria Youth Voices International Skill development 625. Youth and women.Home Artistees Research and Skill Acquisition(HARSA) Training Centre.

Vocational, youth development andskill acquisition training.

10,470. Women and youths.

6 Training Fund ForMicro and SmallEnterprises

AssociationWomen Aid Collective (WACOL) (i) Vocational training and legal aid

programmes(ii) Provision for take-off grants to

580. Indigent women.

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beneficiariesAssociation for Rural Development Skill improvement training. 1,450. Rural youth, men and women.

7. Strengthening ofIndustry Associations for the Informal Sector

NGOGlobal Access Foundation (i) Awareness Training.

(ii) Provide loan to farmers group and small scale enterprises.

200. Mostly less privileged women.

8. Training of MasterCraftsmen

Private AgenciesLeventis Motors, Lago Master trainer in automobile

engineering and servicesOkocha Motors, Abuja. Master trainer in automobile

engineering and services

AssociationsNational Council of NGOs and Co-operativeSocieties Abuja.

Awareness education. 195. Members of NGOs & cooperativessocieties.

Welder Association of Abuja, Nyanyan Abuja Skill acquisition.NDE (Kaduna State) Masters TrainersAssociation


Area 7, Printing Association, Abuja Vocational training in printing andlithographic services.

Kru-Nyanyan Mechanic Association, Nyanyan,Abuja

Vocational training

United furniture Association, Nyanyan, Abuja Awareness training programmes.Kaduna State Masters Trainers Training the trainers programmesNational Association of Nigerian Shoe Makers(NASMA) Associations.

Awareness training and workshops formembers.

9. Certification ofTraditionalApprenticeship

Individual Trade

Ibiyemi Auto Mechanic Surulere, Lagos Apprenticeship training in automobileservices.

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3.2 Assessment of Institutions Providing Informal Sector Skills

3.2.1 Initiative for African Youth Development

Characteristics of the Organisation

It is a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) registered in 2003 and located at 100Rumuola Road, Port Harcourt in Rivers State of Nigeria. It commenced operations fully in 2005 and has since been involved in Entrepreneurship Education programme particularly in Rivers, Bayelsa and Imo States of Nigeria. The programme was designed to prepare individuals to acquire practical skills, basic and scientific knowledge and attitude necessary for self employment and improvement in standard of living.

Problems Addressed by the Programme

There exists acute shortage of skilled manpower among the youths in many of the communities in the Niger Delta to the extend that such available jobs were being taken by labour migrants thus causing youth resentments and restiveness. The main problem thus addressed was that of unskilled youth in the communities in Rivers State in particular, and Niger Delta as a whole. This was tackled through aggressive involvement in youth development in areas of health, academic and skill development. Youths were trained in information technology (computer and GSM operations/repairs), welding, fitting, carpentry and instrumentation in order to make them employable either by the oil companies or through self employment.

Programme Intervention

The various interventions adopted to mitigate the problem of unskilled youths and unemployment in the communities included health development in combating menace of malaria and HIV/AIDS; primary and secondary education development, and youth empowerment. The youth education programme was designed to make the pupils and students cultivate reading and study habits as to curb examination malpractices among the youths. A major justification for vocational training/skill acquisition is that it can improve the chance of the youths being employable as a strategy for income generation, wealth creation and poverty reduction.

Programme Commencement and Period

The health care (malaria and HIV) delivery services began in 2006. The project is still on-going in many of the communities in Rivers, Bayelsa and Imo States. The HIV control programme intends to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halting or reversing the spread of HIV by 2015. On the other hand, the skill empowerment development programme started in 2008 and is still on-going in the various communities. The reading and study skills empowerment programme was however limited for now to schools in Port Harcourt and its environ. With the liberalisation of the educational sector, many non-state run training institutions had

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opened shops to operate technical and vocational education and training for school leavers, illiterate adults, retrenched workers and public servant retirees to enhance their productivities.

Objectives

The specific objectives of the Initiative for African Youth Development are as follows:- To achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halting or reversing

the spread of HIV by 2015;- To help Nigerian pupils and students cultivate reading and study habits as to

minimise examination practices among the youths.- To produce skilful youths and make them employable as a strategy for income

generation, wealth creation and poverty reduction.

Target Beneficiaries by Programme

The target beneficiaries are the youths of age bracket between 13 and 40 years; comprising both male and female. It is indisputable that the formal sector employment opportunities in Nigeria do not keep pace with the number of entrants to the labour market. The future employment situation in this sector (formal) becomes even more bleak with the proliferation of tertiary institutions in the country. The hope then lies in the informal sector as it serves as the veritable source of income for the youth. The need therefore arises to focus attention on the empowerment of youths for self generated employments and incomes.

Sources of Funding

Funds for skill empowerment are self-generated through (i) contributions of Board of Trustee members; (ii) contributions of public spirited individuals and (iii) charges and sales. In the same vein, funding for HIV controlled activities was got from the World Bank and the United State Government.

Amount of Financing Available per Annum by Programme

The amount of funds available to this NGO in 2008 was N4.7million. In 2007, it received a sum of N700,000 from the US Government while it generated a sum of N600,000 from members of Board of Trustee in 2006.

Potential Capacity of Programme and Actual Number Engaged

Information on potential and actual number of persons engaged in programme activities is as shown in below.

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The Potential Capacity and Actual Number Engaged by the Programme

Potential Capacity Actual Number EngagedProgrammes Years

2006 Total 3,0002007 (NA)2008 Total 1,225

1 HIV/AIDS 1,2002 Reading Study Skill 3,0003 Skill Empowerment 25

TOTAL 4,225

The above revealed that actual number of youths engaged in HIV/AIDS and skill empowerment programmes was the potential capacity in each of the two programmes. This shows that the project overestimated the patronage of its programmes by people affected by HIV/AIDS and unskilled youths in the affected communities. There is also the possibility of over-utilisation of the project resources in an attempt to cope with the problems being addressed. The total number of beneficiaries in Entrepreneurship education organised by this NGO between 2006 and 2008 was 4,225 compared to the12,770 envisaged during the period for the three programmes. This shows that there was an aggressive enlightenment campaign for all the projects initiated by this NGO. This necessitated the positive and impressive response to the programmes.

Potential Programme Outcomes

These involve the training of the youths as to become skilful in various forms of vocations for self-employment and income generation to fight poverty. It is also to reduce to the barest minimum the surging menace of HIV and AIDS, particularly, among the youths in the Niger Delta Region of the country and in Nigeria in general. In addition, it is expected to increase the level of literacy among the youth, particularly the indigent ones that may not be opportuned to such a privilege due to lack of fund.

Factors Inhibiting Programme Outcome by Programme

One of the major factors militating against programme outcomes is finance. The inadequacy of fund by this NGO to expand the scope of the initiated programmes to other communities in the states under coverage and other states of the Federation is a limiting constraint. The skilled youths could not access fund readily from micro-finance institutions as they do not have the requisite collaterals. They are thus unable to set up their own enterprises in order to create wealth and generate employment opportunities. Other inhibiting factors ranged from erratic electricity supply, non availability and affordability of processing equipments, poor road networks to water supply shortages and among others.

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Direct Cost and Indirect Cost of Programme by Beneficiary

The direct costs of skill empowerment in the under-listed vocations are as follows:

(i) Information Technology - 35,000.00(ii) Fitting - 30,000.00(iii) Welding - 30,000.00(iv) Instrumentation - 35,000.00(v) Carpentry - 20,000.00

In view of the fact that some of the indirect cost could not be monetised, it becomes unrealistic to make comparisons between the two parameters. However, the study revealed that in monetary terms, the indirect cost incurred per beneficiary was more than the direct cost.

Expected Benefits to Beneficiaries by Programme

The skill acquisition programme had made the beneficiaries to be self-reliant in employment generation and wealth creation. It has also enabled the beneficiaries to reduce their levels of poverty and enhance their individual quality of lives. The malaria/ HIV/AIDS programme has drastically reduced the preponderance of HIV/AIDS and malaria in the communities. It has had a positive impact on the longevity of lives of individuals while the education development programme has increased the level of literacy among the rural people and the youth in general.

3.2.2 Child Life-Line (CLL)

Socio-economic Characteristics of the Organisation

The Child Life-Line is a voluntary, non-profit, charitable Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) involved in second chance education and entrepreneurship development of young boys through formal and/or vocational education, located in Onike, Yaba, in Lagos State, Nigeria. Entrepreneurship can be described as the purposeful activity (including an integrated sequence of decision) of an individual or group of associated individuals, undertaken to initiate, maintain or aggrandise a profit oriented business unit for the production or distribution of economic goods and services.

One of the serious problems of under-development in Nigeria is the dearth of entrepreneurship skill particularly among the youth (NISER 2008, NISER 2006). One of the ways of making skills acquisition attractive and available to the youths and unemployed is by establishing skills training centres in various localities in the country. Entrepreneurship education involves attitude reorientation, business development training and actual training in a chosen skill area. To this end, the CLL provided various learning opportunities such as farming (crop and animal), lessons in batik and painting as well as cooking and catering services.

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Problem Addressed by the Programme

A major focus of the CLL is the rehabilitation of street children and youth, giving them opportunities and creating a conducive environment to acquire knowledge and skills in varied vocations to become self-reliant, self-supporting, independent and responsible citizens. Other areas of focus are efforts made at reuniting these street children and youths with their families through counselling and guidance.

Description of Programme Intervention

CLL provides residential care for street boys (aged 8 – 18 years), train them in a trade or skill and/or sponsor them to tertiary institutions. Average training period is between 18 months to 2 years, since inceptions of the programme. Greater number of hours of theory was spent on supervisory training and entrepreneurship development as well as rescue and care of street boys.


The CLL programme started in April, 1994 and has been sustained for the past one and half decade.

Objectives of the CLL

CLL was established to achieve the following specific objectives. To:

- promote the care, well being and development of children in need, especially the deprived, the abused, the destitutes and the homeless;

- create awareness among the general public of the existence of children and youth in need;

- take all necessary steps to promote the rehabilitation of Nigeria‟s streetchildren, including the provision of centres for the homeless and wherepossible to work towards uniting children with their families; and

- provide counselling, education and vocational skills training for children and youths in need enabling them to become self-supporting and independent.

Target beneficiaries

The major target beneficiaries of the CLL programmes are male, aged 8 – 18 years. The age bracket is noted for aggressive and dynamic behaviours and failure to fully annex the youthful exuberance by parents and guidance through proper counselling and guidance results in street roaming.

Sources of Funding

CLL does not receive financial assistance from any government sources. It is entirely dependent upon donations from individuals and corporate benefactors, both local and

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foreign. Individuals, groups and corporate agencies plays important roles in the care and development of the boys through such efforts as financial donations for specific projects or general purposes; donation of food items, educational and stationery materials; donation of clothing materials; donation of skilled labour; offering volunteering services as well as employment and training opportunities to the boys.

Potential Capacity of Programme and Actual Number Served

The CLL programme has potential capacity to accommodate about 35 boys at a time. However, the study revealed that the actual number of person served by the programme in each of the three years under review (2006 – 2008) is 68 boys. The higher number of beneficiary served vis-à-vis the potential capacity of the programme is indicative of preponderance of the menace of street children in urban centres. The implication is that the infrastructural facilities of the NGO are likely to be over-stretched.

Type of Potential Programme Outcomes

The main potential outcome is empowerment for self reliance. Other expected outcomes include: becoming employers of labour, becoming independent and responsible citizens.

Factors Inhibiting Realisation of Programme Outcome

The main constraint to programme outcomes was dearth of funds. Others include unwillingness of trained instructors to work in rural areas, limited employment and training opportunities for older boys. To this end, corporate and public spirited individuals should play more important role in the care and development of the programme.

Direct and Indirect Cost of Programme on Beneficiaries

There is little or no direct cost of the programme on beneficiary as the boys are sponsored by individuals, corporate donors and international bodies.

Expected Benefits to Beneficiaries

The major expected benefit of the programme to beneficiaries include the rehabilitation and re-integration of street children with their respective families; empowerment into self reliant, self-supporting, independent and responsible citizens, reduction of youth restiveness and/or the phenomenon of street children.

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3.2.3 Ajegunle Community Project (ACP)

Characteristics of the Organisation Operating the Programme

It is a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) based in Olodi Apapa, Lagos State. It started local operation in 2001 and has since been involved in voucher for skill development programmes in and around the state in particular and Nigeria in general.

Problems Addressed by the Programmes

The problems set to address by the NGO were mainly discrimination and violence against grassroot women and girl-child.

Intervention by Programmes

The main interventions were advocacy, research, skill acquisition, workshop facilitation, report writing and documentation, micro-credit, democracy and governance, community development etc. In terms of number of hours of theory and practical sessions per intervention, interventions such as skill acquisition, entrepreneurial development have greater number of practical sessions than theory. This is to enable participants have in- depth practical knowledge of the subject matter.


The voucher for skill development programmes commenced operation about twelve years ago but duly registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) in 2001.

Objectives of the Programmes

The broad objective of the various programmes deals with the promotion of the emancipation of grassroot women and the girl child from discriminatory practices and all kinds of violence.

Target Beneficiaries

These include girl child from age 7 and above to women adults. Due to the socio- economic status of the grassroot women in areas of education, finance and skill acquisition, many of them are being relegated to the background by the urban elites. This category of women is being targeted in order to correct the social imbalance.

Sources of Funding for the Programme

The main sources of funding for the various programmes include international donors, individuals, corporate bodies and government. This integrated funding approach is aimed at pooling adequate resources to finance the various programmes.

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Potential Capacity of Programme and Actual Number Served by each Programme

The potential capacity of each programme intervention activity was at least 400 participants while actual numbers served by each programme were 700, 820 and 900 in2006, 2007 and 2008 respectively. This implies that the beneficiaries embraced the programmes and believed such would have positive impact in their socio-economic well being.

Potential Programme Outcomes

These include positive behavioural change towards the grassroots women and the girl child youth, reduction in poverty among the grassroots women as well as reduction in gender based violence in women and girl-child in rural and urban communities.

Factors Inhibiting Realisation of Programme Outcomes

The respondents attributed factors inhibiting realisation of programme outcomes to financial constraints, equipment shortages, erratic power supply, water supply shortages and lack of awareness about the vouchers for skill development programmes.

Direct and Indirect Costs of programme/Expected Direct Benefits on Beneficiaries

The direct cost of programme run on each beneficiary was estimated at N5,000 while the indirect cost on each beneficiary was N1,000. Many of the beneficiaries will be better of in report writing and documentation having acquired the requisite skills. They would have been properly educated on procedural ways of sourcing for credit facilities from banks and micro-finance institutions.

3.2.4 Millennium Hope Programme

Socio-economic Characteristics of the Organization Operating the Programme

It is a Non-Governmental Organization which is involved in Technical and Vocational Education and Training and second chance Education. It has local geographical coverage with activities across the 23 Local Government Areas of the state. It is located at 4Kinshasa Road, U/Rimi, Kaduna

Programme Type by Period of Commencement of Operation.

The organization commenced operation in the year 2000 with programmes covering skill acquisition and remedial courses.

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The Organization was established to address the problems of lack of youth and women empowerment as well as street begging and youth restiveness in the state. It was also established to encourage People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWA) by engaging them in viable entrepreneurship ventures with a view to improving their standard of living and service delivery in the society.

Programme Intervention Activities

The Organization is involved in TVET offering programmes in the following areas: Fashion Design, Knitting, Hair dressing, carpentry, Welding, Motor mechanic, Motor cycle mechanic, Technician, Block Making, and second chance education.

Beneficiaries, on completion, were encouraged to form cooperative societies to enable them access loan from Nigerian Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development Bank (NACRDB) to start trade while those within schooling age that were willing to continue the secondary education were encouraged to enroll for the State Common Entrance Examination.

In order to make primary education accessible to a larger number of Almajiri, the organization expanded its activities to all the 23 Local Government Areas of Kaduna State and integrates Qur‟anic schools into the UBE programme. This has been successful through the collaborative efforts of the SUBEB, LGEA and Kungiyan Mallaman Markaratun Allo. To ensure its effectiveness, a monitoring committee was inaugurated in each LGA which helps in the distribution of learning materials to each of the benefiaries such as: a pair of uniform, a pair of school sandals, school bag, exercise books, biro, pencil, ruler etc. The organization also assist beneficiaries in the payment of PTA levy as well as provision of food during school hours.

The organization also engages the services of professionally qualified medical personnel for the health care of beneficiaries.

Objectives of Non State Run Programme

The following are specific objectives of the Non State Run Programme of theOrganization:

a. To support National and International efforts at recognizing the rights of everyChild‟s physical, mental and social development.

b. To reduce the menace of street begging, school drop-out and low enrolment of girl-child by eradicating negative social and cultural factors affecting the children‟s development

c. To promote and improve on the general welfare of Children in Need of Special protection Measure (CNSPM), destitute and PLWHA.

d. To pursue programmes and advocacy in the crusade against HIV/AIDS.

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e. To promote and educate women on reproductive health issues.f. To pursue programmes of actions in respect of the elimination of hazardous and

exploitation and other negative factors that hamper the child‟s physical, emotional and moral development


The intervention programmes of the organization are designed for Women, Youth, Less privileged children and People Living Positive. The programmes were not gender biased and not age specific.

Sources of Funding

The organization is funded through fund raising, internally generated revenue and WorldBank through Kaduna State Action Committee on HIV/AIDS (KADSACA)

Amount of financing available per annum by programme.

Amount available by year, 2006 – 2008 were as follow(a) N11, 807,670.56 in the year 2008.(b) N12,994,909.52 in the year 2007; and(c) N10, 973,942.73 in the year 2006.

Potential capacity of programme and actual number served

S/N Programme Potential Capacity1 Fashion Design 6502 Knitting 4003 Hair Dressing 2004 Carpentry 1505 Welding 1506 Mechanical Works 1007 Technician 508 Brick Block making 1009 Costmetics 150

Total 1,950

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Number of Beneficiaries by Programme, 2006 – 2007S/N Programme No Served by Programme1 Fashion Design 5462 Knitting 1833 Hair Dressing 964 Carpentry 525 Welding 176 Mechanical Works 247 Technician 38 Brick Block making 49 Cosmetics Making 19

Total 944

Beneficiaries of the Educational Programme

The integration of Qur‟anic schools into the UBE programme by the organization which covered 15 Local Government Areas between 2006 and 2007 was extended to the 23Local Government Areas of Kaduna State in 2008. A total of 1259 pupil benefitted from the programme between 2006 and 2007 when the programme commenced. A breakdown is shown below:

S/N LGA Name of School No. of Pupil1. Kaduna North LGEA Sch. Badarawa

LGEA Sch. KawoLGEA Sch. I/Taiwo Rd

245642

2. Kaduna South Nuhu Bamali Sch. T/WadaMoh‟d Kabir Sch. T/Wada

2737

3. Zaria LGEA Waziri Lawal Sch.LGEA Nuhu Mamali Sch

4265

4. Sabon-gari LGEA Sch Dogo BauchiLGEA Sch. Ja‟afarLGEA Sch. Ung/Fulani

362031

5. Giwa LGEA Sch Ung/ShehuLGEA Sch. Gadagau

3231

6. Soba LGEA Sch LunguLGEA Sch. Bele

5050

7. Lere LGEA Sch. Saminaka B 648. Kauru LGEA Sch. Dan – Daura 499. Ikara Ikara Model Primary Sch. 3910. Kudan LGEA Sch, Zabi

Hunkuyi Model Pri Sch5082

11. Kachia LGEA Sch Kachia ILGEA Sch. Kachia II

5050

12. Kaura T/Sambo Model Sch, ManchockLGEA Central Sch. Kagoro

5050

13. Zango Kataf LGEA Zonkwa II 2514. Igabi LGEA Sch Lokoja Rd, Rigassa

LGEA Sch. Maraba, Jos8225

15. Jaba LGEA Sch. Sabon-gari, Kwoi 100Total 1,259

Source: Millennium Hope Prpgrame Activities Report, 2006-2007.

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Type of expected programme outcomes.

Expected programme outcome was empowerment for self reliance, job/ wealth creation and poverty reduction, national development and meeting of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Factors inhibiting realization of Programme outcome

The following were listed as factors inhibiting realization of programme outcome: high cost of equipment, inadequate funds, lack of commitment on the part of beneficiaries and high cost of living.

Direct and indirect costs of programme per beneficiaryDirect cost of programme on benefiary was given as N21, 911.00 while indirect cost wasput at N18,280.00.

Expected benefits to beneficiaries

Expected benefits to beneficiaries were listed as : self reliance, ability to contribute to the development of their communities, ability to train others and income generation.

3.2.5 NDE Kaduna State Masters’ Trainers Association

Characteristics of the Organization

It is an Association located at No 2, Mudu Street, Sabon Tasha, Kaduna. It is involved in the training of masters craftsmen. The association has local geographical coverage of Kaduna state..

Programme Type by Period of Commencement of Operation.

This Association commenced operation in January 2005 and is involved in the training of master craft persons.


The Association was established to train beneficiaries of the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) Programmes. It also offers standard training to other youths in order to address the problems of lack of or low quality training, lack of youth empowerment, street begging and youth restiveness in the state.

Programme Intervention Activities

The Organization offers programmes in the following areas: computer operation, computer engineering and maintenance, tailoring, shoe making and catering services.

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Beneficiaries under the NDE Programmes, on completion, were given loans by The National Directorate of Employment to start their trades while others constituted cooperatives in order to access loans from the Nigerian Cooperative and Rural Development Bank (NACRDB) to start or enlarge their trades.

Objectives of Non State Run Programme

The objective of the association to offer standard training programmes to master craft persons and the youths in order to promote self reliance and reduce unemployment or dependency on government employment in the state. The association was also established to reduce the menace of street begging and school drop-outs in the state


The intervention programmes of the organization are designed for primarily for craft persons, youths and the unemployed. The programmes were not gender biased and not age specific.

Sources of FundingThe association is funded from dues and levies from members and donations received .

Amount of financing available per annum by programme.

A total of N4.2m was earmarked for the year 2008.This amount covered expenditure on all programmes of the association for the period.

Potential capacity of programme and actual number served

Each programme has a potential capacity of 80 beneficiaries but the actual number served between 2006 and 2008 were as tabulated below:

Number of Beneficiaries by Programme, 2006 – 2008S/N Programmes 2006 2007 20081 Computer Operation 63 71 722 Computer Engineering & maintenance 48 60 683 Tailoring 52 58 754 Shoe Making 29 32 305 Catering Services 38 43 46

Total 230 264 291

Expected programme outcomes.

Expected programme outcome was youth empowerment, self employment, employment creation, poverty reduction and the development of the state / national economy

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Factors inhibiting realization of Programme outcome

The following were listed as factors inhibiting realization of programme outcome: Poor funding, inadequate training machines which reduces training intakes, lack of start- up capital for beneficiaries due to inability to access loans from financial institutions.

Direct and indirect costs of programme on beneficiaries

Direct cost of programme on each beneficiary was given as N5000.00 while indirect cost was put at N2650.00.

Expected benefits to beneficiaries by programmes

Expected benefits to beneficiaries were listed as : acquisition of permanent means of live hood instead of depending on the aged parents, self reliance and ability to contribute to the development of their communities, Training of others as another means of generating income.

3.2.6 Home Artistes, Research and Skill development (HARSA) Training Centre

Characteristics of the Organisation:

Home Artistes, Research and Skill Acquisition (HARSA) is a Non-Governmental- Organisation (NGO) established in 1997 operating Technical and Vocational Education and Training programme. The coverage of the organisation is Kaduna State.

Problem addressed by the Organisation:

The problems this organisation is set out to address are basically in the areas of community development, manpower development, micro-credit, vocational skills acquisition and employment generation. It also tries to tackle the perennial problems militating against women and youth in the state

Description of the programme intervention:

The programme intervention activities embarked upon by the organisation are in form of: (a) Education and Youth development(b) Training in marketable skills.(c) sensitisation programme on HIV/AIDS(d) Conflict Resolution and prevention programme(e) Workshop and Seminars and

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Hours of operation:

The organisation operated on quarterly basis and specifically, It operated three quaters in a year namely (a) First quater- Janaury-March (b) Second Quaters- April to July (c) Third quater- August- December

Objectives of the Organisation:

Vocational skill development is one of the salient objectives of this organisation. Thus, HARSA attempted to addressed five issues as its objectives , these are (1) to provide marketable vocational skills to women and youth especially school dropouts and school leavers (2) to promote peace among co-habitants (3) Sensitize and mobilise communities towards support for the education girl child (4) to teach trainees simple agriculture science, to equip them for food production for wealth creation (5) to work in collaboration with the government, national and international agencies, and other NGOs in the area of poverty alleviation, through business promotion programmes.

Target Beneficiaries:

The target beneficiaries of the programmes of this organisation are basically children and youth, school drop-outs, school leavers, widows, HIV/AIDs victims and girl child.

Source of Financing:

The major sources of financing for this organisation are from the following (1) registration of members/beneficiaries (2) monthly contribution (3) Donor agencies (4) Assistance from government and NGOs

Amount of Finance Available per Year for Operation:

The organisation worked with a total amount of N5.5 million naira in the year 2008, however, between the year 2006-2007 the organisation spent 15 million naira on programmes showing an average amount of 7.5 million naira per year of operation.

Potential Capacity of programmes and actual number trained:

The potential capacity of people that can be trained by this organisation is 15,000 persons based on all the programmes that they are running. During the period 2006-2007 the actual number of persons trained or served were not up to the potential capacity of the organisation. The below table shows the actual number of persons served by type of programme

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Actual Number of Person Served by ProgrammeTYPES OF PROGRAMME NUMBER OF PERSONS SERVEDSkills Acquisition Demostration trainingworkshop

5,500

Girls Child Education I,740Conflict Prevention and resolution 2,490HIV/AIDS Sensitisation 50Total 9,630Sources: Feild Survey 2009

Potential Programme Outcome:

Based on the figures highlighted above the outcome of some of the programmes organised by the institutions addressed some of the objectives. The programme outcome of the institutions include the following, (1) participants learnt creativity and innovation which is part of skill acquisition (2) the participants after the programme become self- employed and self-reliance (3) Participants imbibe the culture of honouring humanity and the society, and also promoting peace in the society (4) Participants were impacted and motivated through the programmes

Factor affecting realisation of programme outcome:

The outcome of the institution‟s programmes could not achieve some of the stated objectives because of the following (1) lack of adequate finance (2) Ignorance from the targeted group (3) lack of enabling environment.

Direct and Indirect Cost per Beneficiaries:

The table below shows the direct and indirect cost of each programme of the institution on the beneficiaries. Skill and acquisition programme have the highest direct cost compared to the other programmes this may be due to the materials that is involved in this kind of training, while conflict prevention and resolution takes the list cost both in terms of direct and indirect cost on the beneficiaries.

Direct and Indirect Cost of Programme on each Beneficiary.Direct Cost Indirect Cost

Programmes Amount(Naira) Programmes Amount(Naira)Skill AcquisitionTraining andEmpowerment

30,000 Skill AcquisitionTraining andEmpowerment

2,500

Girl‟s Child Education 2,500 Girl‟s Child Education 2,500HIV/AIDsSensitisation

2,500 HIV/AIDs 2,500

Conflict Prevention andResolution

2,000 Conflict Prevention andResolution

2,000

Total 37,000 Total 9,500Sources: Field work 2009

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Expected Benefits Realised by the Beneficiaries:

The programmes of the institution brought several direct benefits to both the beneficiaries of the programme and the community. The major benefits realised are as follows (1) Self- employment opportunities, selfreliance, wealth creation and capacity building (2) Reduced the menace of girl child abuse; (3) HIV/AIDs prevention and care for victims of HIV/AIDS (4) Harmonious peaceful co-habitation among communities

3.3 Impact of Informal Sector Skills Development on Income and Employment of Ex-participants

This section investigates the potentials of skilled acquired in generating productive employment and the impact on the incomes of ex-participants in each of the five programmes. About 46 ex-participants were selected from the five programmes, 10 from HARSA Training Centre for TVET programme, 8 from Child Life-Line for second chance education, 10 from initiative for African Youth Development for entrepreneurship education, 8 from Ajegunle Community Project for voucher for skill development and 10 from Kaduna State Masters Trainers Association for training of master crafts persons. These ex-participants were interviewed to collect information on the impact of the skills acquired on their employability, expansion of the trades and accrued income as a result of the training received. Their views on the appropriateness of the skills acquired as well as shortcomings and the type of support for the skill acquisition improvement in the informal sector were also inquired

3.3.1 Employment Generating Potentials of Skills Acquired

From Table 2, it is revealed that out of 10 ex-participants who acquired their skills fromHARSA Training Centre, 7 were self- employed, 2 were employees while the remaining1 was a journeyman. four affirmed that the skills they acquired caused the expansion witnessed in their businesses. Three of them affirmed that though the skills had assisted them in enlarging their trades the skills had substantially contributed to employment of workers except the apprentices. The remaining three stated that the training positively impacted on the employment in their businesses. In Table 3, the response received from 4 ex-participants show that within the span of three years 4 of the ex-participants were able to create employment for a total of 20 workers (employees and journeymen).

The result of interview with 8 ex-participants who acquired their skills from Child Life- Line, 5 of them were self-employed while 3 were employees. They all attested to the fact that the skills acquired increased their productivity, as well as the quantity and quality of their products.

In the case of those from Initiative for African Youth Development, it was revealed that all the ex-participants were self-employed. Out of 10 people interviewed, 7 affirmed that their enterprises expanded bringing in more production hence they employed more hands. About 26 workers had been added to the workforce between 2006 and 2008, traceable to the technical, management and entrepreneurial skills acquired. It was only 3 ex-

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participants who claimed that as a result of the skill acquired their businesses expanded but were not able to employ more hands except the apprentices.

All the ex-participants of Ajegunle Community Project were self-employed and engaged in trades in which they acquired their skills. About 20 skilled workers added to their workforce between 2006 and 2008. The technical skills acquired helped in the expansion of the business activities in which the respondents were involved.

The case of ex-participants of Kaduna State Masters Trainers Association is not different as all the 10 people interviewed were self-employed. They affirmed that the training really equipped them for the increased productivity and quality products witnessed in their businesses now.

The above analysis has shown that skill acquisition in all the programmes covered have contributed to employment generation in the informal sector of the national economy as all ex-participants were employed in the trades through which they acquired skills. Some were able to employ workers into their enterprises.

Table 2:Employment Status of Ex-participants by programmesProgramme Self-

EmployedEmployees Journeymen All

Categoriesof SkilledEmployment

HARSATrainingCentre

TVET 7 2 1 10

Child Life-Line

Second ChanceEducation

5 3 8

Initiative forAfrican Youth Development

EntrepreneurshipEducation

10 - 10

AjegunleCommunityProject

Voucher forSkills Education

8 - 8

Kaduna StateMaster Trainers Association

Training ofMaster crafts persons

10 - 10

Source: Field Survey 2009.

Table 3: Category of Employment by Pragrammes, 2006 and 2008Categoryof Skilled Employm ent

HARSA Trai ning Cent re

2006

2008

ChildLife- Line2006

2008

Initiativefor African Youth Developm ent2006

2008

Ajegunle Comm unity Project2006

2008

Kaduna State Master Traine rs Associ ation2006

2008

AllProgram mes2006

2008

Ex-participant s

10 10 8 8 10 10 8 8 10 10 46 46

Employee 5 8 6 11 4 10 6 12 10 14 31 55Journeymen

5 12 10 15 10 16 5 8 12 23 42 74

Allcategoryof workers

20 30 24 34 24 36 19 28 32 47 119 175

Source: Field Survey 2000.

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3.3.2 Income Potentials of the Skills AcquiredIncome generation is an important consideration in taking up employment in anyproductive activity. One of the motivating factors for being in the informal sector is the stream of income it has potential of providing through out a worker‟s life time. In the study we considered the monthly income generated by the ex-participants in the five non- state run programmes selected and compared this with what is obtained from the formal sector of the Nigerian economy. Table 4 shows the average monthly earnings of ex- participants in the five programmes surveyed in the study. It is found from the table that self-employed earned more than the employees within the informal sector employment. The earnings of self-employed are made up of returns to labour, capital and entrepreneurship. The finding shows that the mean level of earning for self-employed was N26,322.35 per month and that of employees was N17,955.98 per month.

In all the five programmes, the self-employed earned an average income of N217,215.80 per annum which is 3.5 times the national minimum wage (using the 1999 salary review). The aggregate average income of all the employees in the five selected programmes was N108,325.52 per annum and this is about 2.3 times the annual national minimum wage. According to the affirmation of ex-participants, the skills acquired from the various programmes made them to be able to increase their earnings and earn substantially more than the national minimum wage in the country.

Table 4: Average Monthly Earnings of Ex-participants by ProgrammeProgramme Self-Employed

EmployeesHARSATraining Centre 25,380.36 17,347.77Child Life-Line 26,651.92 18,564.18Initiative for African YouthDevelopment 26,271.68 -

Ajegunle Community Project 26,486.44 -Kaduna State MastersTrainers Association

26,821.34. -

All Programmes 26,322.35 17,955.98Average Annual Income (N) N217215.80 N108,325.52No of National MinimumWage 3.5 2.3

Source: Field Survey, 2009.

Table 5 shows distribution of monthly income of ex-participants in the five selected progrommes by their employment status. It is found that in-spite of impressive level of income recorded by the ex-participants in the informal sector, some of them still earned low level of income. To capture these workers, we categorized the ex-participants in the sector into four income groups. Those who earn up to N10,000 per month, who are referred to as very low income earners, those earning between N10,001 and N50,000 per month as low income earners, those earning N50,001 and N100,000 per month as the medium income earners while those above 100,000 as high income earners. The result

39

shows that the incidence of very low income is still in existence among the informal sector workers which may be due to some militating factors such as level of education of the operators, access to productive inputs and level of efficiency. In the study, about 15.2 percent of the ex-participants were in the very low income group. So also were 11.9 percent of the self-employed and 50.0 percent of the employees in 2008. The ex- participants that belonged to the low income group accounted for half of the workers in the programmes surveyed. This income group accounted for about 62.5 percent in the ex-participants from HARSA Training Centre, 60.6 per cent of those in Child Life-Line,50 per cent of those from Initiative for African Youth Development, 60.6 percent in Ajegunle Community Project and 30.0 per cent of those in Kaduna State Masters Trainers Association for the self-employed. It is found here that the largest number of workers belonged to this income bracket except the last programme where the medium income earners predominated. The analysis of ex-participants in the high income group reveals that about 26.1 per cent of all the workers belonged to this group. It was 25.0 per cent of self-employed in HARSA Training Centre, 16.7 per cent in Child Life-Line, 30.0 in Initiative for African Youth Development, 25.0percent for those in Ajegunle Community Project and 40.0 percent of ex-participants in Kaduna State Masters Trainers Association. In the income bracket of above N100,000 which belongs to very high income earners group, some self employed ex-participants were surprisingly found there. It accounted for8.7 percent of all the ex-participants covered in the five non state run programmes investigated. It was 10.0 percent for those in Initiative for African Youth Development (entrepreneurship education), 16.7 percent for Ajegunle Community Project (the voucher for skill development) and 20.0 percent for those in Kaduna State Masters Trainers Association (the training of master craftsmen programme).

The above findings show that the incomes earned by these operators had improved and promoted some of them to a high income level. When asked for the reasons for the improvement in income earned, ex-participants from master craft training, entrepreneur education and voucher for skill development programmes affirmed that this was possible because of the technical, marketing and managerial skills acquired from their trainings. The participants enumerated some of the constraints facing the informal sector development as including lack of access to financial support, irregular power supply and high cost of procuring raw materials. It was opined that if these problems were ameliorated, the activities would generate more income and expand the employment potential.

Table 5:Percentage Distribution of Monthly Income of Ex-participants by ProgrammesHARSATrainingCentre

ChildLife- Line

Initiative forAfrican YouthDevelopment


Kaduna StateMasters Trainers Association

AllProgrammes

Income Category ofEmployment

2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008

Less thanN10,000

Self-Employed

Employees

12.5

100.0

12.5

50.0

16.7

50.0

16.7

50.0

10.0

0

10.0

0

16.7

0

16.7

0

10.0

0

10.0

0

11.9

75.0

11.9

50.0N10,000-N50,000

Self-Employed

Employees

75.0

0

62.6

50.0

60.6

50.0

60.6

50.0

50.0

0

50.0

0

60.6

0

60.6

0

40.0

0

30.0

0

54.8

25.0

50.0

50.0N50,001-N100,000

Self-Employed

Employees

12.5

0

25.0

0

16.7

0

16.7

0

30.0

0

30.0

0

25.0

0

25.0

0

30.0

0

40.0

0

23.8

0

28.6

0

N100,000 andAbove

Self-Employed

Employees

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

10.0

0

10.0

0

16.7

0

16.7

0

20.0

0

20.0

0

9.5

0

9.5

0All CategoriesofEmployment

Self-Employed

Employees

8

2

8

2

6

2

6

2

10

0

10

0

8

0

8

0

10

0

10

0

42

4

42

4Source: Field Survey, 2009.

40

41

Financial Worth of Ex-participants’ Enterprises

The growth of any business concern is usually measured by its financial worth. The financial worth of the ex-participants‟ enterprises was measured by its fixed capital within the period of 2006 and 2008 as revealed in table 6. In 2006 , those in TVET programme who trained through HARSA Training Centre had a fixed capital worth of N43,127,800.00, it was N39,926,149.67 for Child Life-Line ( second chance programme), N45,796,644.01 for ex-participants from Initiative for African Youth Development ( entrepreneurship education), N43,211,786.12 for those in voucher for skill development trained through Ajegunle Community Project and was N47,698,712.00 training of master craftsmen through Kaduna State Masters Trainier Association. The fixed capital worth of all the programmes for that year was N69,487,510.01. The yearly distribution of the fixed capital of the ex-participants in all the programmes shows an increase in the financial worth of their businesses, as it increased from N44,834,921.05 in2007 to N46,384,891.02 in 2008 for those in TVET programme; and, other programmes under review registered similar increases. The financial worth of all the enterprises in the five selected programmes showed an upward trend during the years under consideration as it moved from N72,814,449.11 in 2007 to N76,481,311.01 in 2008. Though there was increase in the fixed capital of the ex-participants‟ enterprises which they claimed was as a result of the technical as well as managerial skill acquired, the fixed capital is still generally low for any meaningful rapid employment and enhanced income generation for the informal economy. The reason adduced for this included lack of access to fund to beef up working capital, There is therefore an urgent need for efficient support programmes in this regard.

Table 6: Financial Worth of Ex-participants’ Enterprises by Fixed Capital: 2006 - 20082006 2007 2008

Programme No Amount No Amount No AmountHARSATrainingCentre

10 43,127,800.00 10 44,834,921.05 10 46,384,891.02

Child Life-Line 8 39,926,149.67 8 41,069,633.51 8 43,126,821.42Initiative forAfrican YouthDevelopment

10 45,796,644.01 10 47,271,431.12 10 49,376,643.00


8 43,211,786.12 8 46,212,413.21 8 47,992871.12

Kaduna StateMasters TrainersAssociation

10 47,698,712.00 10 49,921,812.02 10 51,344,621.02

All Programmes 46 69,487,510.01 46 72,814,449.11 46 76,481,311.01Source: Field Survey, 2009.

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3.3.3 Perceptions on Adequacy or Otherwise of the Skills AcquiredIn order to know the effectiveness of training received by ex-participants in the fiveprogrammes identified, they were asked to rate level of skill acquisition in the various skills needed for the development of informal sector. It is found, as summarized in Table7, in all the programmes, more than half of the ex-participants had a good mastery of technical skills they required to produce quality goods and services. In the case of acquisition of marketing ability which is required for higher sales and subsequently higher income, it is found that in TVET only 4 out of 10 ex-participants said they were good while 4 were fair and the remaining one was poor. It was 2 respondents in second chance education who were good. Looking at the other three programmes, not less than half of respondents were good. This can be one of the reasons for increase in the income and profit oriented businesses they engaged in.

The knowledge of business creation could assist in business expansion and generation of demand hence raising the income and standard of living of the participants. The findings revealed that in the programmes not less than half indicated that they were good in this aspect while only one each in second chance education, entrepreneurship education and voucher for skill development indicated poor knowledge of this. In the case of TVET only three ex-participants indicated difficulty in business management.

When it comes to understanding business plan and action planning, it was discovered from responses of ex-participants from entrepreneurship education about 6 out of 10 had the knowledge of business plan. It was 5 for TVET and 4 out of 8 from voucher for skill development. The response to action planning was not as encouraging as that of business plan. Here we got less than 4 from all the programmes except in the training of master craftsmen where 5 persons indicated they were good. Here, about 4 of the respondents in TVET indicated they were poor in this aspect. This might have affected their expansion bid as well as sales.

On the issue of record of the business operations, it is found that except for entrepreneurship education and training of master craftsmen in which those who had good knowledge of book keeping were 5 each, all other programmes could be judged as only fair, which indicate serious threat to the potential to generate more income and it may be one of the reasons for low income witnessed in the programmes studied.

Quality control is facing great challenge among the ex-participants interviewed as none of the programmes was having up to 3 respondents that were good at this. It has implications for poor quality which is the bane of informal sector goods and services and also slows down the demand for its goods and services.

Technique of production increases production at reduced cost and create demand for the products. Hence we assessed the ex-participants in this area. The result shows that except training of master crafts persons which had 6 persons out of 10 affirming that they were good in this area, all other ex-participants from other programmes had not more than 3 persons. This is one of causes of low demand, high cost of production and low profit witnessed in this assessment.

Table 7: Assessment of skills for Informal Sector Development by ProgrammesMastering ofTech. Skill

Acquisitionof marketing ability

Knowledge ofbusiness creation

Knowledge ofbusiness plan

Knowledge ofaction planning

Knowledge ofRecord keeping

Knowledge ofquality control

Knowledge ofnew techniques of production

HARSATraining Centrea. Excellent 2 1 1 2 1 1 - 1

b. Good 5 2 4 3 1 2 1 2c. Fair 2 4 2 4 4 5 5 5d. Poor 1 3 3 1 4 2 4 2Child Life-Line

a. Excellent 1 1 1 2 1 1 - 1b. Good 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2c. Fair 2 4 4 3 3 4 3 4d. Poor 2 2 1 1 2 1 4 1Initiative for AfricanYouth Development a. Excellent 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 2b. Good 4 3 4 4 2 3 1 2c. Fair 2 2 3 2 5 4 5 4d. Poor 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 2Ajegunle CommunityProjecta. Excellent 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1b. Good 3 3 2 4 1 1 1 2c. Fair 3 3 3 2 4 4 3 3d. Poor 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 2Kaduna State MastersTrainers Association a. Excellent 4 2 4 3 2 2 1 3

b. Good 3 6 3 3 3 3 2 3c. Fair 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 2d. Poor 1 - - 1 2 2 3 2

Source: Field Survey, 2009.

43

44

3.3.4 Remedy to Weaknesses in the Informal Sector Skills Acquisition Process

It is found from the impact of skills acquired by ex-participants on employment and income that the various skills have generated employment in all the five programmes, but more in entrepreneurship education and training of master craftsmen programmes. The employment is generally less than expected while income is also too low for the potential the informal sector possesses. This implies that skill development and related matters should be considered in order to encourage growing employment and higher level of income in the informal sector.

1. All non- state run training institutions should see it as mandatory the inculcation of business and action planning into their curriculum

2. Keeping of essential records is also important for pricing of raw materials and finished goods, profit and loss accounting should also be made compulsory in all non-state run training institutions.

3. Training on new techniques of production is equally of paramount importance.Training of master craftsmen should intensify effort on this.

4. The trainers should be monitored for quality control of skills being passed to the trainees.

5. Information on marketing should be incorporated into the training package of all non state run training programmes as this will give necessary access to marketing needs of beneficiaries.

6. Financial support should be made available to the beneficiaries because lack of this makes them not to be able to put into application the new skills acquired and forget them overtime such as keeping a profit and loss account.

7. Business infrastructure should be made available such as energy and access roads for increased production and sales to be facilitated.

3.4 Best Practices Programmes

Years of experience have produced abundance of information, guidelines and best practices on how to effectively train the informal sector operators. The main policy challenge has been how to support and regulate the various training programmes at the informal sector in order to promote employment.. Though most of these relate to the public sector providers but in recent years, private sector providers have been recognized increasingly as a veritable source of skills development for the informal sector and could be trusted to exhibit some good practices which could be replicated for national and international use. The need for best practices is to help categorise the types or programmes that show promise in terms of improving skills or increasing productivity. There is the need for innovative programmes that might serve as models suitable for wider application. One common factor which characterize many of the programmes discussed, is the lack of post training support for persons who aspire to set up own businesses. The success of training, therefore, becomes inextricably linked to the economic and social circumstances of the trainee as well as the availability of the

45

necessary support to assist them to set up their trades or businesses. The provision of loan is integral to the attainment of the objectives of skills development programmes. The poor may not be able to access loans from banks and even from micro finance banks which still require traditional forms of collateral. Another problem noticed was lack of monitoring and evaluation of programme activities many of the organizations studied.

From this study, Initiative for African Youth Development (IAYD) seems to be making headway because of some of its design features and implementation approaches. The programme of organisation is accessible to all age group and sexes. From the analyses on the study above, it is the most developed among the studied programmes. The objectives and design of its programme may have endeared the participants to the programme. Provision of technical knowledge and vocational skills for the participants to become self reliant is the major objective of the organization. The attainment of this objective could be said to be positive if set against the responses of the contacted ex-participants.

The design of the curriculum and course content of programmes run by IAYD in most cases follow the pattern set by the Entrepreneurship Education. In other words, appropriate and simplified course content are used. There may however be obstacles in replicating this practice in the other programmes run by other organizations. These obstacles do not relate only to the course content or delivery of training itself but involve the social and economic circumstances of the trainees who are of little or no education and who will need more of practical training and very little theory. Here, the methodology is one-on-one on site and situational. Though there is no officially recognized certification of those who acquire their skills, the organization prepares and award certificates to apprentices that have obtained the required skills. The advantage of this practice over others is its flexibility, focus and practicability.

The analysis of the various programmes in organizations under investigation has also shown that many of them have not set up systems for monitoring and assessing their impact on the beneficiaries‟ lives and careers. Even the little information obtained from IAYD on monitoring and evaluation is more on evaluation. The information obtained shows that evaluation is carried out through written test and practical designs in projects given. Good practices in literature have shown that a greater impact is achieved when training is accompanied by specific monitoring and evaluation process. The analysis carried out showed that IAYD programmes have in built procedure for monitoring and evaluation which other programmes can learn from. This in-built procedure include: continuous assessment (theory); continuous assessment (practicals); end of course examination; practical exercises and follow-up contact with beneficiaries.

The monitoring and evaluation of programmes implementation pose a major challenge given the gamut of skills development providers and the varied training delivery modes. An efficient and comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system needs to be developed and put in place. To provide the guide in doing so, the performance indicators, the tools and instruments and the monitoring structure must be in place. Training cannot be effective unless its impact is monitored and evaluated. Many of the skills providers

46

interviewed have not set up systems of monitoring for assessing their impact on the beneficiaries lives and careers.

To maximize attendance at training event the organization has used various strategies aimed at reducing potential barriers and enhancing perceived benefits, selecting a training time duration and location that are convenient to the participants, these can also be replicated in other programmes.

47

Chapter Four: Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusion

The study has revealed that improving the skills of the informal sector workers is key to increasing their ability to access gainful self-employment productivity and income. The informal sector workers in most cases operate in micro-enterprises engaging between one and ten employees. The training requirements of participants in the informal sector differ fundamentally from those who participate in the formal sector. Informal sector operators have little or no education and often operate in the poorer parts of urban areas as well as in rural areas. The methods of skills acquisitions in the informal sector are diverse and varied according to the size and quality of tools available and the ability of the master craftsmen. Hence, watching the master and later applying the trial and error technique take the priority in apprentices learning procedures. As a result of this, it could be established that initiative learning dominates the process of skill acquisition and development in the sector. This is why it is necessary that skills development programme for them need to be flexible, targeted to practical and adapted to the diverse characteristics and educational levels of trainees with input and funding from governments.

The analysis also shows that the informal sector which trains a vast majority of young people in Nigeria does so with its own resources (personal savings) while the national budget on education and training is almost exclusively spent on job training for a minority of young people who will struggle to find a job in the formal sector. The issue of funding is fundamental to the quality of training in the informal sector. As observed, a fragmented approach is presently taken for the provision of training for the informal sector in Nigeria. A number of institutions, both state and non-state, offer training in the same disciplines and skills and there is little evidence that much co-ordination takes place between them. A more coordinated approach is needed in the provision of skills training in order for skills training to coalesce around national economic goals. The analysis of training programmes shows that they stand greatest chance of leading to employment generation if they are part of a broad monitoring process and support systems.

Recommendations

Training ProvidersBased on the findings of skills development providers, the following are therecommendations that can increase the effectiveness of training programmes:

Enabling operating environment should be provided by Federal, State and Local Governments for the non-governmental organisations and the donor agencies for increased participation and investment in training activities.

48

The ministry of education through its vocational section should commission some polytechnics to train the trainers of non- state run training institutions so as to have qualified trainers in all the trades covered throughout the federation.

There should be a regulatory body to assist in the procurement of training facilities relevant to the needs of the trainees in the informal sector skill development institutions. Formation of associations, network should be encouraged to be the channel for accessing the facilities. The international technical partners should assist by supplying these facilities which should pass through the regulatory body.

Financial empowerment of non-state skill development providers should be a priority of the government and other agencies. Here arrangement should made by encouraging the institutions to form virile associations for the purpose of accessing financial resources from the formal financial sources, development partners, international donors and NGOs

Infrastructural facilities like electricity, water, should be provided to these skill acquisition centres community participation should be encourage in the provision of these infrastructures in addition to the role the state must play. The private-public partnership strategy should also be encouraged.

The BeneficiariesThe shortcomings found with the ex-participants in acquiring skills in the informal sectorcan be tackled by:

Including business and action planning into the curriculum of non- state run training institutions and making record keeping courses compulsory in all the non-state run training institutions. Allowing information on marketing to be incorporated into the training package of all non state run training programmes all these should be handled by National Board for Technical Education

Monitoring the trainers on a regular basis and ascertaining the quality control of skills being passed to the trainees as well as facilitating the training of new techniques of production should be handled by monitoring team of Federal Ministry of Education Technical Section, association of informal sector operators and the association of non state run training institutions.

. Designing an efficient method of financial support to the real beneficiaries. Micro finance institutions should grant credit facilities to skilled grassroot operators at the lowest interest rate as to encourage them in productive business activities..

49

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52

Annexe: Informal Sector Training Programme Supported by NDE

S/N Scheme Programme Target Duration of Training Beneficiaries in 20061. Vocational Skills

Development

2. Small scaleEnterprises

i. .National open apprentices scheme

ii School-on-wheels iii Waste to wealthiv. Resettlement schemev. German Agency for Tech.

Cooperation.i. Entrepreneurship Development

Programmeii Start-your-own Business iii Mature people schemeiv. Women cooperate scheme v. Motorcycle transportation.

schemevi Catch them youngvii Training in income generation

Provides vocation skills acquisition training for unemployed school leavers and drop outs in over 80 trades

Focuses on unemployed graduates of higher institutions. They are provided with loans after training to set up small businesses

Varies according to trade but could be as long as two years

Varies according to programme.

53,076

55,637

3. Rural Employment promotion

i. Graduate Agric. Self employment programme.

ii School leavers, farmers scheme iii Crop farming schemeiv Livestock production scheme v. Dry season irrigation schemevi Block farming employment scheme vii Rural handicrafts scheme

Focuses on unemployed graduate of tertiary and other institutions. The training is on all aspect of agriculture.

Training is for 4 to 6 months.

4,300

4. Special Public Work i. Community Dev. Schemeii. National sanitation employment scheme iii Water trucking and portage schemeiv. Wheel Barrow Schemev. Professional Graduate Pupilage Scheme

Focuses on School leavers particularly graduates who are provided with work experience

Training is for 3 to 6 months

4,408

53

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