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Drainage and Sanitation

Introduction

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Types of waste or refuse

Domestic Waste:

Foul wastes received from water closets, urinals and ablutionary wastesfrom showers, kitchen sinks etc.

Bio-degradable, re- cycleable or non-biodegradable waste from domesticor commercial sources, commonly classified as Garbage.

Waste Water:Waste water from wash basins, sinks, showers should be treated as foulwater with its own contamination and pollution load.

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Types of waste/ refuse

Special Waste/refuse

Acidic and alkaline wastes Laboratories, hospitals, laundries,industrial processing units etc

Infected waste containing flesh andblood/ Bio hazardous waste

Hospitals, animal houses, abattoirs,laboratories

Greases, oils and fats Car servicing centres, workshops,garages, animal labs, butcheries,food processing units, restaurantsetc.

Solid organic and inorganic wastes Hospitals(ot, plaster rooms), soil

science, agricultural labs, metalworkshops etc.

Radioactive wastes Labs handling radioactive material,reactors, etc

Large quantities of plain waste water Air conditioning plants, overflow of

water tanks, water coolers etc.

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Sanitation Design

Sanitation services must be identified for each building as dictated by itsusage

Planning these services include preliminary and detailed designengineering, making detailed drawings, selecting material, estimating cost,preparing tenders, selecting contractors, periodic site inspection andacceptance of works after commissioning.

It is the duty of the sanitation engineer to advise architects and otherspecialists on the space, structural load required for equipment and tanks,electrical loads etc.

MEP consultants

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Aims and Objectives of Sanitation Design

Fixtures:

Minimum number of fixtures should be provided per building or dwellingunit as per recommendations of national Building Code

Quality Sanitary Fixtures: Sanitary fixtures should be made up of smoothnon absorbent, non corrosive materials and should be free from concealed

fouling spaces. Fixtures should be in well ventilated enclosuresWater Trap Seal: Every fixture connected directly to the drainage systemshould be provided with a water trap seal

All sanitary fixtures should be installed so as to be properly spaced withadjoining walls, should be accessible and convenient to use.

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Aims and Objectives of Drainage and Sewerage syatem

Safe Drainage system

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Sewage

Sewage is generated by residential, institutional, and commercial andindustrial establishments. It includes household waste liquidfrom toilets , baths , showers , kitchens , sinks and so forth that is disposed ofvia sewers .

In many areas, sewage also includes liquid waste from industry andcommerce. The separation and draining of household wasteinto greywater and blackwater is becoming more common in thedeveloped world, with greywater being permitted to be used for wateringplants or recycled for flushing toilets.

Sewage may include stormwater runoff. Sewerage systems capable ofhandling stormwater are known as combined sewer systems.

As rainfall travels over roofs and the ground, it may pick up variouscontaminants including soil particles and other sediment , heavymetals , organic compounds , animal waste, and oil and grease .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seweragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seweragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_waste

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Introduction to Drainage

Drainage is the natural or artificial removal ofsurface and sub-surface water from an area. Manyagricultural soils need drainage to improveproduction or to manage water supplies.Drainage schemes for buildings are necessary toremove waste water, foul water and surfacewater .Waste water and foul water join together and aredisposed in a foul water sewer in urban areas.Surface water can be discharged into a soakway,to a river or lake in rural areas or to the surfacewater (or Storm Water) drain in urban areas. The

storm water drain discharges water safely to alarge natural water body.A separate system of drainage is used where foulwater and surface water are separated at sourceand piped individually to a surface water drain orfoul water drain.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater

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Types of Drainage systems.There are two main types of Drainagesystems:-Sanitary Sewer System And Storm watersewer system.

1. Sanitary sewer System: A sanitary sewer (also called a foul sewer ) is aseparate underground carriage systemspecifically for transporting sewage from housesand commercial buildings to treatment ordisposal.

Sanitary sewers are operated separately andindependently of storm drains , which carrythe runoff of rain and other water which wash intocity streets.

2. Storm water sewer system: A storm drainage system is designedto drain excess rain and ground water from pavedstreets, parking lots , sidewalks , and roofs .Storm drains vary in design from smallresidential dry wells to large municipal systems.They are fed by street gutters onmost motorways , freeways and other busy roads ,as well as towns in areas which experience heavyrainfall, flooding and coastal towns whichexperience regular storms .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_drainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_lothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_wellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_gutterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_gutterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_wellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_lothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_drainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage

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Many storm drainage systems are designed to drain the storm water,untreated, into rivers or streams.

There are two main types of stormwater drain (storm sewer) inlets; sideinlets and grated inlets.

Pipes can come in many different cross-sectional shapes (rectangular,square, bread-loaf-shaped, oval, inverted pear-shaped, and most commonly,circular).

Most drains have a single large exit at their point of discharge intoa canal ,river , lake , reservoir , sea or ocean .

Sewers carrying both sewage and stormwater together are called combinedsewers .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwater

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Natural Drainage.Natural drainage systems are an innovative alternative to traditionalstormwater management systems.

Natural drainage systems limit the negative impacts of stormwaterrunoff by redesigning (residential) streets to take advantage ofplants, trees, and soils to clean runoff and manage stormwaterflows.

Vegetated swales, storm water cascades and small wetland pondsallow soils to absorb water, slowing flows and filtering out manycontaminants.

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System.

A sustainable urban drainage system is designed to reduce the potentialimpact of new and existing developments with respect to surface waterdrainage discharges.

Increasing urbanisation has caused problems with increased flash floodingafter sudden rain. As areas of vegetation are replaced by impermeableconcrete, tarmac or roofed areas the area loses its ability to absorb

rainwater. This rain is instead directed into surface water drainage systems,often overloading them and causing floods

The idea behind SUDS is to try to replicate natural systems that use costeffective solutions with low environmental impact to drain away dirtyand surface water run-off through collection, storage, and cleaning beforeallowing it to be released slowly back into the environment, such as into

water courses.This is to counter the effects of conventional drainage systems that oftenallow for flooding, pollution of the environment with the resultant harm towildlife and contamination of groundwater sources used to provide drinkingwater.

A common misconception of SUDS systems is that they reduce flooding onthe development site. In fact the SUDS system is designed to reduce the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_water

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sewer flooding is a problem in many places. This happens when flowsentering a sewer exceed its capacity and it overflows.

The SUDS system aims to minimise or eliminate discharges from the site,thus reducing the impact, the idea being that if all development sitesincorporated SUDS then urban sewer flooding would be less of a problem.

Sustainable Drainage Systems (SUDS) provide this alternative approach.These systems

endeavour to mimic the natural movement of water from a development,reducing flood

risk, improving water quality and often providing attractive features that canmake towns

and cities more desirable places to live in and enhancing the quality of life.

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scheme

The project intended to demonstrate that SuDS are a viable and attractive alternative to more

traditional forms of drainage and to deliver practical solutions for new housing areas. A range of SuDS components were used to demonstrate different available techniques and theapplication of management train from prevention to site control and regional control components. Permeable Paving The pavements within the residential roads is of permeable construction Gapsbetween the paving allow water to enter porous storage zones and to filter out pollutant.Swales Most of the excess water from the site will be fed into a series of shallow open channels,further slowing the flow of water and continuing the water treatment process

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Drainage Water Treatment.Sewage treatment is the reduction of contamination in a water

pollution effluent, usually considered for the class of liquid wastes comprisedby municipal sewage and sometimes admixed by urban stormwater runoff .

In most cases the purpose of sewage treatment is to produce an effluentstream that is suitable for discharge into natural receiving waters, such thatthe resultant discharge is not deleterious to humans or to the naturalenvironment.

It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical,chemical and biological contaminants. I

ts objective is to produce an environmentally safe fluid waste stream (ortreated effluent ) and a solid waste (or treated sludge ) suitable for disposal orreuse.

http://www.eoearth.org/article/Water_pollutionhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Water_pollutionhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluenthttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Surface_runoffhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Water_pollutionhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Water_pollution

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Process of Drainage treatment.Sewage treatment generally involves three stages:- Prim ary, Secon daryand Tertiary treatment .

Primary Treatment .1. Raw sewage is processed in a variety of ways to clean it.2. The first stage is called primary treatment and involves processes such as

filtration, sedimentation and flocculation.Filtration filters out the larger objectsfrom the sewage.Flocculation involves the addition of the chemicalsaluminium sulfate and calcium hydroxide.

3. These react giving a precipitate of aluminium hydroxide that is able to attachitself to the suspended solid particles in the sewage.

4. This forces them to sink and a sludge of this material forms at the bottom of

what is called the sedimentation tank.5. This can then be removed from the water.The remaining water is about 60%

cleaner and is passed on to the secondary stage of the treatment.

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Secondary treatment.

1. This removes the oxygen demanding waste from the water.

2. (BOD)The water is treated with activated sludge.3. This sludge has been saturated with oxygen and contains bacteria that is able to

decompose all the oxygen demanding organic waste aerobically.4. After treatment the water is disinfected with chlorine or ozone is then fit to drink.

Tertiary Treatment.

Some countries are increasingly using a third cleaning process to remove dissolvednitrates, phosphates and dangerous metal ions that are not removed from the first 2cleaning processes.Phosphates and metal ions can be removed by precipitation.In a similar process to flocculation, the water is again treated with aluminium sulphate. Thiswill form insoluble phosphates.If calcium hydroxide is then added it will react with the dissolved metal ions to give theinsoluble metal hydroxide that can be easily removed.Nitrates are difficult to remove by this method as all nitrates are soluble.

A biological method is used so that the water is passed through a pond of algae that usesup the nitrates as a nutrient.

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Liquids And Solids.

The liquids that come from sewage are treated and released into theriver, the solid matter has yet another life to live both at the treatmentplant and beyond.

The solids retrieved from the sewage separation process are pumpedinto huge water tower type tanks called digesters, which are oxygen-freetanks populated with other kinds of microorganisms called methane

formers.Sludge stays in the digesters for two to four weeks, creating methanegas, which is used to power the treatment plant and sold to a nearbyindustry as a power source. Gas that isn't used (about 50%) is burnedoff and wasted.

With the purchase of a new fuel cell, however, the plant will be able toconvert more of the methane gas product into heat and energy that willbe used not only within the plant, but eventually in nearby businessesand homes.

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Ad t A d Di d t f D i

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Advantages And Disadvantages of Drainage Treatment.

Advantage-

1. saving of extra water2. recycling of water3. ground water, surface water source is safe from pollution due to treatment of

waste water.4. treated water is used for vegetation.

5. cost of transportation of polluted water is saved.6.Air pollution is limitedto treatment plant.

Disadvantage-1 space.2. money is used for construction of waste water treatment

3. handling of dry sludge4. food chain is missed for various organism, life cycle river animals.5. various chemicals are produced to treat the waste water6.nature capacity(river

capacity is remains un-utilized to treat the waste water during flowing) to treat thewater remains un-utilized.

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Drainage Of The Town (Minnesota) .

The Drainage leaves your home or business and flowsthrough your service line to the main drainage pipe in thestreet.From there it flows by gravity along the main line in thestreet.If the main line reaches a depth of 20-30 feet, a sanitarylift station pumps the drainage up to a higher level wherethe sewage begins to flow again by gravity.The drainage continues moving through the system to acentral metering station.From there it then flows under the Minnesota River, in aseries of three sealed pipes ranging in size ofapproximately 30-40 inches in diameter, to WastewaterT t t Pl t