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Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

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Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005
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Page 1: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Drainage(Wisconsin and Iowa Manual)

CE550

Xudong ChaiMarch 31, 2005

Page 2: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Objectives

Legal Aspects General Guidelines Data Collection and Field Work Hydrology Hydraulic Design of Culverts Erosion Water Pollution Control Subgrade Drainage

Page 3: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Legal Aspects

Three Major Considerations – The safety of the traveling public– The use of sound engineering practices to

economically protect and drain the highway– The protection of private property from flooding,

water-soaking, or other damage.

(Procedure 13-1-1)

Page 4: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Legal Aspects

Common Drainage Law – Common enemy rule– Reasonable use rule

Statutory Drainage Law (Wisconsin Statutes)– Section 88.87– Section 86.075– Section 146.13– Section 236.13

(Procedure 13-1-1)

Page 5: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

General Guidelines

Water Accumulation (Wisconsin Statutes, Section 88.87) Coordinate with Local Drainage Board (Procedure 5-15-1) DOT and DNR Cooperative Agreement (Procedure 20-30-1) 401 and 404 Permits (Procedure 21-30-1)

– Discharge of fill (usually upland soil, sand, gravel, riprap) into Waters of the U.S. requires a 404 permit from Army Corps of Engineers

– 401 permit (Water quality certifications) from DNR

Work with Local Sewerage Commissions Consider Fish Passage Determine Drainage Patterns

– Reconstruction and Relocation of a Highway

Page 6: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

General Guidelines

Work with Local Sewerage Commissions

Page 7: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

General Guidelines

Consider Fish Passage Determine Drainage Patterns

– Reconstruction and Relocation of a Highway

Decide Headwater– How high above the inlet elevation of the culvert the water may go

without causing damage to adjacent property or the road itself.

Drainage Rights and Easements Overflow Section (Procedure 13-10-1)

– On collectors and local roads

Page 8: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

General Guidelines

Overflow Section (Procedure 13-10-1)– Considering:

Incremental construction costs Probable property damage, including damage to the highway Traffic volumes and the cost of traffic delays Duration and depth of inundation Frequency of occurrence Length of roadway to be flooded Availability of alternate routes, emergency supply, and evacuation routes The potential for loss of life and budgetary constraints

Page 9: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

General Guidelines

Maintenance Considerations– Erosion protection– Larger enough culverts– Curbs or berms and downslope pipe or gutters along fills of erodible

material– Wide-enough drainage easements– Debris catches where needed– Corrosion-resistant structures in areas with corrosive soils and waters– Interceptor ditches along the top of cut slopes– Drainage structures should be located, if possible, beyond the clear

zone. Otherwise, provide protective barriers

Page 10: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Data Collection and Field Work

Data Collection (Procedure 13-1-5, see Figure 1)– Aerial Photos (1" = 200' to 1"= 800‘)– USGS quadrangles or similar maps– Watershed characteristics– Stream crossing locations– Climate information– Limiting design factors– Existing structures– History of flooding and obvious problem areas

Page 11: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Data Collection and Field Work

Data Collection ( 4A-1 )– Preliminary Survey provides the basic survey information for

the project including Plan and profile sheets 10 scales (250 scales in metric) and 20 scales (500 scales in

metric) Cross sections Locations and elevations of existing storm sewer Locations of existing utilities Drainage plats and utility plats

Page 12: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Data Collection and Field Work

Data Collection ( 4A-1 )– Photogrammetry provide

Topography maps Quad maps Aerial photos

Page 13: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Data Collection and Field Work

Data Collection ( 4A-1 )– The city may provide

Zoning plans Planning maps Future street and storm sewer plans Drainage studies Plans for existing systems Plans for future construction or replacement of sanitary sewer and

other utilities

Page 14: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Data Collection and Field Work

Data Collection ( 4A-1 )– Army Corps of Engineers may provide

Flood studies Levee construction plans Flood control plans Other information about flood plains and flood control areas

Page 15: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Data Collection and Field Work

Field Review ( 4A-1 )– Finally, the designer should conduct a field review of the

project to become familiar with the area and any special drainage problems that may exist.

Page 16: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Data Collection and Field Work

Field Review– Preliminary Field Review (Procedure 13-5-1)

Existing and past flood condition (page 3)

(high-water elevations for channels, personal interviews,

approximate flow in channels, etc.) Special controls on flood rates(existing swamps, ponded areas, flood control dams, reservoirs, and

lakes, etc.)

Page 17: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Data Collection and Field Work

Field Review– Preliminary Field Review (Procedure 13-5-1, page 2)

Proposed changes to existing conditions– The collection and concentration of water through a structure

under the proposed highway (page 4)– The change of depth of floodwaters immediately above the

proposed highway (page 5) Possible tail-water controls

– Tail-water depth is the depth of water at the outlet of a structure that will affect the flow of water through a structure

– Placing the outlet of the culvert above the maximum highwater elevation

Page 18: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Data Collection and Field Work

Field Review– Final Field Review

After the preliminary field trip is completed and the follow-up design progresses, another field trip will have to be made to confirm that the structure designs proposed for each structure site are appropriate.

Page 19: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydrology

Flood Frequency ( Procedure 13-10-1)

– The average interval in years between the actual occurrence of a hydrological event of a given or greater magnitude.

Design Frequencies– A balance between the cost of a drainage facility and

the cost of potential flood damage– The design flood does not overflow the roadway.

Page 20: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydrology

-Design Frequency (Procedure 13-10-1 Figure 1)

Page 21: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydrology

Design Discharge (Procedure 13-10-5) – Rational Method– NRCS, Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds (TR-55)– USGS flood frequency equations for Wisconsin– Gaging station– Published watershed studies– Field review notes, interviews, and historic data

(Compute runoff by at least two of these methods, and the results may be averaged or weighted)

Page 22: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydrology-Design Discharge

Page 23: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydrology

Design Discharge (Procedure 13-10-5) – Rational Method– NRCS, Hydrology for Small Watersheds (TR-55)– USGS flood frequency equations for Wisconsin– Gaging station– Published watershed studies– Field review notes, interviews, and historic data

(Compute runoff by at least two of these methods, and the results may be averaged or weighted)

Page 24: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydrology

Design Discharge– Rational Method ( Procedure 13-10-5, 4A-4 )

Q=CIA (Urban or potential urban < 5 square mile, Rural < 200 acres)Where:Q = peak runoff rate (cfs)C = runoff coefficientI = intensity of rainfall for a duration equal to the time of

concentration (inches per hour)

A = drainage area (acres)

Page 25: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydrology

Design Discharge ( Procedure 13-10-5) – NRCS, Hydrology for Small Watersheds

(Software TR-55 can be downloaded from the following site:

http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/hydro/hydro-tools-models.html)

Graphical Peak Discharge method

Where:

= Factor from TR55, Table 2-1

= drainage area (square mile)

= Runoff depth (inches)

= Percent ponding and swampy areas (0 -1.0)

Page 26: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydrology

Design Discharge (Procedure 13-10-5) – USGS flood frequency equations for WisconsinFor example, the equation of the 100-year flood (Q100) for the

urban gaging station 05430403, Fisher Creek Tributary at Janesville, Wis., is:

Where, A = drainage area (square miles) I = percentage of total impervious area (0-100%), related to

includes single-family residential, multifamily residential, commercial, industrial, and public facilities.

Page 27: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydrology

Design Discharge (Procedure 13-10-5) – Gaging station data (page 7)

In addition to computing discharges by the USGS flood frequency equations, a comparison should be made with steam gaging data from similar drainage basins in the locality.

Page 28: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydrology

Design Discharge (Procedure 13-10-5) – Published watershed studies Hydrologic and hydraulic information for a specific watershed may

be obtained from: Regional Planning Agencies Army Corps of Engineers Natural Resources Conservation Service U. S. Geological Survey Consulting Engineering Companies

Page 29: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydrology

Design Discharge (Procedure 13-10-5) – Field review notes, interviews, and historic data

Field review notes of stream channels and existing structures can indicate high-water elevations that have occurred in the past.

Field interviews of local residents can be very important in determining past flow rates.

Historic flood information of extreme high-water elevations can often be used to make estimates of peak discharges.

Page 30: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydrology

Hydrograph (Procedure 13-10-5) – Hydrograph is defined as the graph of flow (rate versus time)

at a stream section.– Hydrographs are used in the planning and design of water

control structures, especially detention basins, which are used to minimize downstream flooding by attenuating the peak flows of storms with specific duration frequencies.

– Hydrographs are also used to show the hydrologic effects of existing or proposed projects.

Page 31: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydrology

-Hydrograph

Page 32: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydraulic Design of Culverts

Economic Analysis ( Procedure 13-15-1)– Economic design requires that the pipe flow at least

full or with some headwater– Full-flow culverts reduce the size of the culvert, and

therefore reduce the cost– Many effects needs to be considered

Page 33: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydraulic Design of Culverts (Cont’d)

Design Criteria ( Procedure 13-15-5)– Culvert Location

(The culvert passes the expected discharge with as little interruption as practical)

– Structure size selection Estimated runoff (Q). Approximate length and slope of culvert. Allowable headwater depth Entrance type. Barrel cross-sectional shape Barrel roughness factor Tail-water conditions

Page 34: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydraulic Design of Culverts (Cont’d)

Culvert Hydraulics ( Procedure 13-15-10)– Design Aids

FHWA’s Hydraulic Design Series (HDS) #5 (1) FHWA’s Hydraulic Design Series (HDS) #3 HY8 in FHWA’s HYDRAIN software package

(Any designer should first thoroughly study the above-listed publications)

Page 35: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydraulic Design of Culverts (Cont’d)

Culvert Hydraulics ( Procedure 13-15-10)– Inlet-Outlet Control

Two major types of culvert flow– Flow with inlet control– Flow with outlet control

Page 36: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydraulic Design of Culverts (Cont’d)

Culvert Hydraulics ( Procedure 13-15-10)– Inlet-Outlet Control

The controlling factors for inlet control:– Inlet Area– Inlet Shape– Inlet Edge Configuration– Allowable Headwater

Page 37: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydraulic Design of Culverts (Cont’d)

Culvert Hydraulics ( Procedure 13-15-10)– Inlet-Outlet Control

The controlling factors for outlet control:– Inlet Area– Inlet Shape– Inlet Edge Configuration– Allowable Headwater– Tail Water Elevation– Slope of Culvert– Roughness of Culvert– Length of Culvert– Area of Barrel– Barrel Shape

Page 38: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydraulic Design of Culverts (Cont’d)

Culvert Hydraulics ( Procedure 13-15-10)

– Headwater In all culvert design, headwater at the entrance to a culvert is an

important factor in culvert capacity The headwater depth (HW) is the vertical distance from the

culvert invert at the entrance to the energy line of the headwater pool (depth and velocity head)

Assume the water surface and the energy line at the entrance are coincident

Page 39: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

• Culvert Hydraulics – Headwater

Page 40: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydraulic Design of Culverts (Cont’d)

Culvert Hydraulics ( Procedure 13-15-10)– Improved Inlets

increases the capacity of a given culvert pipe size without raising the headwater

Their use has resulted in considerable savings on various projects throughout the United States

includes bevel-edged, side-tapered, and slope-tapered inlets

Page 41: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Hydraulic Design of Culverts (Cont’d)

Special Hydraulics ( Procedure 13-15-15)– Drainage Disposal By Pumping– Siphons and Sag (Inverted Siphon) Culverts

(Limited use in highway engineering)

Page 42: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Erosion Water Pollution Control

Special Hydraulic Structures ( Procedure 13-35-1)– Flow Control Gates

Flap gates

Sluice gates

Page 43: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Erosion Water Pollution Control

Special Hydraulic Structures ( Procedure 13-35-1)– Debris Control Structures

Can be found in the FHWA publication HEC #9, entitled "Debris Control Structures“

Allow for planned maintenance Allow for emergency maintenance during flood period.

Page 44: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Erosion Water Pollution Control

Detention Basin ( Procedure 13-35-1)– Only for increasing the time of concentration of water flow to any

point of discharge– Not confused with the Retention Basin

Retention basin holds water for infiltration into the subsoil. It is self-draining and after a period of time will be completely free of water

Page 45: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Erosion Water Pollution Control

Temporary Sediment Structures ( Procedure 13-35-1)– Constructed at a suitable location to trap and store sediment– Sediment Trap and Sediment Basin– Formal design information

"Standards and Specifications for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control in Developing Areas," U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service

"Model Drainage Manual 1991”, AASHTO

Page 46: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Erosion Water Pollution Control

Energy Dissipators ( Procedure 13-35-1)– Warranted when discharge velocities exceed 14 feet per

second– Drop inlets at the inlet– Hydraulic jump at the outlet

Riprap Blanket (Figure 2) Lined Channel Expansions (Figure 3 and 4) Outlet Expansion (Figure 5)

Page 47: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Subgrade Drainage (Cont’d)

Underdrains ( Procedure 13-40-1)– Underdrains or subdrains are installed to control three

specific types of groundwater: (Figure 1) Seepage in cuts or sidehill areas High-water tables Subbase and/or subgrade areas where water enters from

either the surface or below the surface

Page 48: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Subgrade Drainage(Cont’d)

Page 49: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Subgrade Drainage (Cont’d)

Underdrains ( Procedure 13-40-1)– Locations

Sidehill Seepage Interception Water Table Drains Surface Leakage Drainage of Granular Bases Laterals and Outlets

Page 50: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Subgrade Drainage (Cont’d)

Underdrains ( Procedure 13-40-1)– Design Criteria

Size and Length Requirements Separation of Drainage

(Surface drainage discharge into an underdrain – Not permitted)

(The discharge from an underdrain into a roadway drainage system or a culvert – Permissible)

Cleanouts Grade Requirements Depth and Spacing of Underdrains (Figure 2)

Page 51: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Subgrade Drainage (Cont’d) Figure 2

Page 52: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Iowa Urban Drainage Design

Preliminary Roadway Drainage Design (4A-3)– Estimate the locations of intakes and utility accesses– Choose the appropriate accesses to be used– Number all intakes and accesses to facilitate design and

construction

Page 53: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Iowa Urban Drainage Design

Water Discharge Calculation – Rational Method (4A-4)– NRCS, Hydrology for Small Watersheds (13-10-5)– USGS flood frequency equations for Wisconsin (13-10-5)

Page 54: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Iowa Urban Drainage Design

Spread and Intake Location (4A-5)– Spread

Page 55: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Iowa Urban Drainage Design

Sizing Intakes(4A-6)– Intake size: (Intercepting 85% to 90% of the water flowing past the

intake’s location)

– Example:

RA-70 intake, Spread=7ft, Longitudinal grade of gutter = 3%, What percentage of the flow the intake can capture?

Page 56: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.
Page 57: Drainage (Wisconsin and Iowa Manual) CE550 Xudong Chai March 31, 2005.

Iowa Urban Drainage Design

Pavement Drainage Design (4A-7) Design of Storm Sewer Pipe (4A-8)

– Worksheet 104-5 for partially full pipe– Check for major storm– Pressure flow design


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