Drill• 1. What are the function of bones?

• 2 How many bones do you have as an adult?

• 3. What are the three bones cells you have and what are their functions?

Objective(S)• Explain how bones connect and

age.• Explain osteobiography.

Drill• 1. Name & describe the 3

ways bones are held together.

• 2. Define anthropology, physical anthropology, forensics anthropology.

Objective(s)How bones determine

gender, age, height.

• 2. Define osteobiography.

• 3. Name 2 ways to determine if bones are male or female.

Drill

• Name a function of bone.

• What can bones tell us about the person?

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Chapter 13 Forensic Anthropology: What We Learn from Bones

By the end of this chapter you will be able to:

• describe how bone is formed • distinguish between male and female skeletal remains • explain how bones contain a record of injuries and

disease • describe how a person’s approximate age could be

determined • discuss the role of mitochondrial DNA in bone

identification

All Rights Reserved South-Western / Cengage Learning © 2009

Historical Development Historical Development

• _______________ – Scientific study of all aspects of bone.

toolslanguagetraditions

____________________________ – studies human differences

Historical Development Historical Development

• ______________________________ – Studies these identifying characteristics on the remains of an individual.

• Sex• Race• Height• Physical health

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Historical Development Historical Development

1. In the _________s, scientists began studying skulls. This laid the framework for today’s knowledge.

2. In ________________ the _______opened the first crime lab.

3. The _________________________ became its working partner in the identification of human remains.

4. Soldiers killed in _________________ were identified using anthropologic techniques.

5. __________________ in _________ found in the ___________of cells has been used in identification, (Romanov case)

Characteristics of Bone

• Bones are __________

• Function– ___________________– ___________________– ___________________– ___________________

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Development of Bone • Bones originate from cells called

_____________, ________ type of bone cells.• They migrate to the center of _____________

production and _____________ – _________. • _____________ – _____ type of bone cell are

__________ trapped in new bone _________.• ______________ life, bones are being

___________, __________, and ___________. • _____________, the ____ type of bone cell,

among other tasks, _______ _______ ______.

Review

• Are bones alive?

• Name two functions of bones.

• Name the three types of bone cells.

Number of Bones

• Baby – _____ bones

• Adult – _____ bones

– Bones ______ together.

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How Bones Connect • Bones are held together by:

a. ___________ -wraps the ends of bones and keeps them from scraping one another.

b. ___________—bands that connect two or more bones together.

c. ___________—connect muscle to bone. • Until about ____ years of age, bones ________ in

_______. • ___________ after ____ can be slowed with

exercise.

Bone Aging• ___________ being __________ and _________.• ________ are _______ than _______ therefore

bones increase in size until the age of 30. • After _____ bones _________ in size and break

down faster than reproduce.• __________________ – risk of breaking bone

because they lost calcium. • Some individuals some vertebrate _________

and get the _________ appearance.• Number of bones, their conditions, age health.

Review

• Name how bones connect to each other.

• At what age to bone remodeling slow down?

• What disease can you get if more bone is lost than replaced?

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What Bones Can Tell Us What Bones Can Tell Us • _________________ tells much about a person

through the study of the skeleton. • The bones of a _______________, for example,

would be ____________ than the bones of the _______________.

• Forensic scientists realize that bones contain a record of the physical life.

• Analyzing bones can reveal clues to such things as __________, _____, ___________, and _________.

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Gender

• Is the female skull smoother than the male’s? _____________• Which frontal bone is lower and sloping? _________________• Are the male’s eye orbits more circular? __________________• Which jaw is more square, with an angle that is closer to 90o? ______

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Gender

One of the _________ methods of determining the ________ of a skeleton is by examining the _______.

• The ________ of a woman’s pelvis can be _________.

• The sub pubic angle of the female pelvis is ________ than _______o; the male’s, ____.

Gender

• Femur (Thigh bone)– Females – angle of

femur in relation to the pelvis is ________.

– Males – Angle is _________ and _______.

Review

• Name two differences between a male and female skull.

• How do the hips tell us if it is a female or male?

Age

• Can be determine by:– Looking at particular _____________.

– ____________ or ___________ of ____________.

– Bones reach ______ at __________ _____, so looking for specific characteristics (sutures).

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Age

• By about age ____, the suture at the _______ of the _______ will have _______.

• By about age ______, the suture running across the top of the skull, back to front, __________will have ________.

• By about age _____, the suture running side to side _________over the top of the skull, near the front, will have __________.

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Age • During life, many of the 450 bones a

person has at birth grow together, finally forming 206 bones.

• As the ________ between them is replaced, an ________ line is _____.

• When the _______ is fully replaced, the line is ______ longer _________.

• This information can be used to _____________ a skeleton’s ______.

Review

• How can bones help us determine the age of a person?

• What does cartilage present in the skeleton tell us about the age of a person?

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Height

• Just as age can be estimated by looking at the bones of the arm and leg, so also can an _______ of ______ be made.

• Often, the approximate height of a person can be calculated from ______ of the ____ ______ even if just ____ of those is _____.

• _____________ and ______ will need to be

taken into consideration in making the estimate.

How to Estimate Height• Femur (American Caucasian male)

2.32 X femur(cm) + 65.53 (cm) = height

Convert cm to inches (2.54 cm = 1 inch)

Ex.2.32 X 50 (cm) + 65.53 = 181.53cm Height181.53 cm / 2.54 = 71.47in71.47 inches / 12 (inches in a ft) = 5.95

How to Estimate Height

• 3.36(humerus) + 71.48 = height +/- 4.43 cm

• Height/2.54 = height in inches

How to Distinguish Race

• Is ______ ________ because of ___________.• ___________ have been _____________.• Some distinguishing characteristics:– Shape of eye _______.– _________ or ________ of __________________.– Nasal index (measurement)– _____________________ (projection of the upper

jaw, maxilla beyond the lower jaw).

Facial Reconstruction

• Exact _______ and ______ of bones will vary from person to person.

• Shape & Size of _______, tissues that lay on top of them will as well.

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Facial Reconstruction • A face is formed by the skull with the muscles and tissues

on top of the skull.

• Theoretically, nonetheless, a face can be _______ from just skeletal remains.

• _________________ are positioned at __________ locations on a skull, and _______ is contoured to follow the height of the markers.

• Today, ____________ ___________ perform a similar function.

• These computer programs also can ______ missing persons and criminals.

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DNA Evidence • Bone contains ______ _______ _____.

• But it does contain ______________________.

• This has _____ that is __________ only from the ___________.

• Long after nuclear DNA has been _____ through tissue __________, ______________ can be obtained from bone.

• Results can be _________ with ___________________ on the __________________ of the family to identify skeletal remains.

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Skeletal Trauma Analysis Skeletal Trauma Analysis • Forensic anthropologists often determine if

______ to bones occurred ______ or after _____.

• Definite __________ exist between patterns on bones made by _______ and the patterns _____ by the ___________ after __________.

• __________________, ________________, ______________, and ______ wounds all have ______________ __________________.

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. . . . . . . . . . Summary. . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• Bones are live and carry on all life functions. • The condition of bones can tell investigators

about a person’s health and nutrition during life.

• Male and female skeletons differ in many ways.

• The age of a person at death can be estimated by analysis of a number of bones.