Drill 2Drill 2

Quote:Quote: It’s not what happens to you, but It’s not what happens to you, but how you react to it that matters.how you react to it that matters.

EpictetusEpictetus

Agenda:Agenda: Cornell Notes (10 mins)Cornell Notes (10 mins)

Scientific Inquiry (10-15 mins)Scientific Inquiry (10-15 mins)

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Warm-up:Warm-up: List 4 safety practices that should List 4 safety practices that should always be used in a science classroom.always be used in a science classroom.

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES

Organic Compounds and Organic Compounds and Their PropertiesTheir Properties

Biochemistry Notes

Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

Organic chemistryOrganic chemistry is the study of: is the study of: molecules containing carbon to molecules containing carbon to carbon bonds.carbon bonds.

MacromoleculesMacromolecules are very large are very large organic molecules.organic molecules.

Four Biological MacromoleculesFour Biological Macromolecules

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates- starches & sugars- starches & sugars

LipidsLipids- fats- fats

ProteinsProteins

Nucleic Acids-Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA DNA & RNA

Building Blocks of LifeBuilding Blocks of Life

To build macromoleucles, smaller units To build macromoleucles, smaller units (subunits) called (subunits) called monomersmonomers are put are put together. together.

Many single units, called Many single units, called monomersmonomers, , bond together to form larger bond together to form larger chainschains called called polymers.polymers.

Fig. 2-12

Monomer

Polymer

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

starches and sugars

Elements: 1C:2H:1O

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

MONOMER:MONOMER:GlucoseGlucose – – CC66HH1212OO6 6 --simple sugar that simple sugar that cell’s use as its cell’s use as its main source of energymain source of energy (Blood Sugar)(Blood Sugar)

POLYMERS:POLYMERS:

Starch, Glycogen, & CelluloseStarch, Glycogen, & Cellulose

Food Sources:Food Sources:

–StarchesStarches: bread, cereal, pasta, rice, : bread, cereal, pasta, rice, potato, oatspotato, oats

–SugarsSugars: candy, fruit, milk, sodas: candy, fruit, milk, sodas

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Carbohydrate StorageCarbohydrate Storage

StarchStarch – molecules created by plants to store – molecules created by plants to store excess glucose.excess glucose.

ShapeShape:: Long polymer chains of glucose Long polymer chains of glucose

GlycogenGlycogen – molecules created by animals to – molecules created by animals to store excess glucose in the liver and in store excess glucose in the liver and in muscle muscle tissue until needed. tissue until needed.

ShapeShape:: Long branching polymer chains of Long branching polymer chains of glucoseglucose

Structural CarbohydrateStructural CarbohydrateCelluloseCellulose – forms – forms cell walls of plantscell walls of plants and gives and gives plant structural supportplant structural support

-found in -found in wood, paper, cotton, strawwood, paper, cotton, straw..

-source of -source of dietary fiberdietary fiber (vegetables & fruit) (vegetables & fruit)

ShapeShape:: Long compact polymer chains of Long compact polymer chains of glucoseglucose

All are All are polymers of polymers of

GlucoseGlucose

Cellulose

LIPIDSLIPIDS

Fats, Oils & WaxesFats, Oils & Waxes

Elements: C,H,OElements: C,H,O

Lipids are Lipids are non-polarnon-polar –repel water.–repel water.

Lipid MonomersLipid Monomers

Monomers: Monomers: Fatty Acids and Glycerol. Fatty Acids and Glycerol.

Two polymers:Two polymers: Saturated & Unsaturated fats.Saturated & Unsaturated fats.

G

L

Y

C

E

R

O

L

F a t t y A c i d s

F a t t y A c i d s

F a t t y A c i d s

Importance of Lipids (fats)Importance of Lipids (fats)

Functions in body:Functions in body:

Provide Provide long term energylong term energy (1 gram fat = 9 (1 gram fat = 9 calories, 1 gram carbohydrate = 4 calories)calories, 1 gram carbohydrate = 4 calories)

Major Major part of cell membranespart of cell membranes

Provide Provide insulation/cushioninsulation/cushion to body organs to body organs

Lipid PolymersLipid Polymers

Where foundWhere found::

Most vegetable oils, Most vegetable oils,

canola oil, olive oilcanola oil, olive oil

G

L

Y

C

E

R

O

L

F a t t y A c i d s

F a t t y A c i d s

F a t t y A c i d s

Unsaturated fatsUnsaturated fats:: The Good Fats The Good Fats

Shape:Shape:

3 fatty acids bonded 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol to a glycerol “E”=liquid“E”=liquid

Saturated fatsSaturated fats: The Bad Fats: The Bad FatsWhere found:Where found: animal fat, animal fat,

butter, bacon, butter, bacon, margarine, shortening margarine, shortening

Shape:Shape:

3 fatty acids bonded to a 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol glycerol “E”=solid“E”=solid

G

L

Y

C

E

R

O

L

F a t t y A c i d s

F a t t y A c i d s

F a t t y A c i d s

Where else can I find LipidsWhere else can I find Lipids??

CholesterolCholesterol

Some hormones Some hormones

Beeswax and earwaxBeeswax and earwax

PROTEINSPROTEINS

Elements:C,H,O,NElements:C,H,O,N

PROTEINSPROTEINS

Monomers: Monomers: Amino Acids Amino Acids

-20 different ones (the order and -20 different ones (the order and kind determine the type of protein)kind determine the type of protein)

Two polymers:Two polymers: Structural Proteins & EnzymesStructural Proteins & Enzymes

Food Sources:Food Sources:Meats, fish, eggs, beans, cheese, milkMeats, fish, eggs, beans, cheese, milk

Importance of Importance of Structural Structural ProteinsProteins

1.1. BuildBuild and and repairrepair muscle, bone, tendons, muscle, bone, tendons,

ligaments, hair, feathers, nails, skin,etc.ligaments, hair, feathers, nails, skin,etc.

2.2. Part of cell membranes.Part of cell membranes.

3.3. Helps blood Helps blood transporttransport oxygen and form oxygen and form

clots.clots.

4.4. Aid with the Aid with the immune systemimmune system defense. defense.

Shape of a Structural Protein

Where are they found?Where are they found?

Feathers Silk Hair & NailsMuscles Bones Skin Blood

EnzymesEnzymesFunction-biological catalyst that speeds

up & controls all chemical reactions in the body

Shape: Long chains of amino acids folded into shapes that have grooves to fit other molecules.

Enzymes- have an active site where a substrate binds.

Fragile EnzymesFragile Enzymes

Enzymes are found working Enzymes are found working in every cell of the body.in every cell of the body.Any extreme change in pH Any extreme change in pH or temperature can or temperature can denaturedenature or unravel a or unravel a protein. protein. Denatured proteins can not Denatured proteins can not return it their original shape return it their original shape and no longer function.and no longer function.

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Elements:C,H,O,N,PElements:C,H,O,N,P

NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDSMonomers:Monomers:

NNucleotideucleotide

Polymers:Polymers:

DNA, RNA, ATPDNA, RNA, ATP

Food Sources:Food Sources:

Fresh unprocessedFresh unprocessed

foodsfoods

Parts of a NucleotideParts of a Nucleotide

S

P

NB

DNADNAFunction:Function:DNA DNA stores the genetic informationstores the genetic information needed to build needed to build

your body, and maintain it for life.your body, and maintain it for life.

Shape:Shape:Double Helix-Double Helix- two chains of nucleotides two chains of nucleotides

bonded down the middle like a zipper to bonded down the middle like a zipper to form a twisted ladder shape.form a twisted ladder shape.

Where Found:Where Found:In the nucleus of every cell of the bodyIn the nucleus of every cell of the body..

Structure of DNAStructure of DNA

RNARNA

Function:Function:RNA RNA carries out the instructions found in DNA. It is carries out the instructions found in DNA. It is

used in used in making proteins.making proteins.

Shape:Shape:A single chainA single chain of nucleotides of nucleotides

Where Found:Where Found:Inside and outside of nucleusInside and outside of nucleus..

RNA and DNA StructureRNA and DNA Structure