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Drilling Operations
History Drake’s Well was the first commercial oil well
drilled in 1859 in Pennsylvania.
Cable Tool Drilling technique was used to drill to a final depth of 69 ½ ft (21.18 m).
It took one and a half years to reach the above depth.
In 1900 the rotary drilling technique was invented by Lucas and was used to drill the famous Spindletop Well .
Drilling Operations
History Continued In about 1920 mud was used instead of water to
circulate the cuttings out of hole.
In the 1930’s Directional drilling was used for certain applications.
In the 1950’s Air drilling came to life and the Cable-Tool drilling technique rested in peace.
In the 1970’s and 1980’s Directional and Horizontal drilling became common practice.
From the late 1990’s till now, Multilateral drilling is being widely used and further developed.
Types of Drilled Wells
Exploratory Well (Wild Cat Well)
Is drilling a well in a frontier area (new area) with no previous drilling experience and record for the area to be drilled
The exploration division usually drills such a well to find new reserves
Development Well Is drilling a well in a
known field Plenty of drilling records
and experience are gained from drilling many wells in the same field
The development division drills such a well to further develop the field by increasing recovery and production
Drilling Techniques
Cable-ToolGood for Hard
FormationsCheap
Bad for Soft Formations
Very Slow Drilling
Rotary DrillingVery Fast Drilling
Cuttings are Circulated While Drilling
Good Well Control
Rotary Drilling
A rotary drilling rig is a combination of many machines and equipment that are integrated with each other to drill a hole in the ground.
The machinery and equipment are divided into five main systems on a drilling rig:
• The Power System• The Hoisting System• The Circulating System• The Rotary System• The Well Control System
Rotary Drilling Rig
The Power System
Objective To provide power to the rig equipment
Diesel electrical internal-combustion engines generate the power.
Power generated ranges from 1000 – 3000 Horse Power.
The Hoisting System
Objective To raise and lower the drill string in and out the
hole
Routine Operation Trip into the hole Trip out of the hole Make connection
The Hoisting System Components
Derrick and Substructure
To provide vertical height for pipe movement
To allow enough vertical space to install the Blow Out Preventer (BOP)
The Hoisting System Components
Block and Tackle Provides the
mechanical advantage for weight distribution
Drawworks Provides the
necessary torque for raising the drill string
The Circulating System
Objective To circulate cuttings
out of the hole
The Rotary System
Objective To rotate the bit
The rotary table rotates the kelly, the kelly rotates the drillpipe and drill collar and then the bit rotates and crushes the rock.
The Well Control System
Objective To detect a kick To shut in the well
when a kick is taken
To control well pressure
To prevent a surface blowout
It saves the drilling crew from certain death
Casing and Cementing
Once the hole is drilled, a casing string is lowered into the hole and cemented in place.
Casing Is a steel pipe that
comes in different sizes and strength
Casing and Cementing
Casing Types Conductor pipe Surface casing Intermediate casing Production casing Liner
Drilling liner Production liner
Casing and Cementing
Casing Functions To protect the foundation that the rig is resting
on To protect fresh water zones from contamination To protect the hole and prevent it from
collapsing To control the formation pressure and allow
drilling to final depth To isolate producing zones and allow selective
fluid production To allow production from multiple zones by using
multiple completions
Casing and Cementing
Cementing Normal cement plus
additives are used to cement the casing in place
The cement is pumped into the casing and is pushed by a displacing fluid until it fills the annulus
Directional Drilling
Directional drilling Is drilling a non-vertical hole along a pre-
planned path to reach the target (reservoir)
Directional drilling benefits Drill multiple wells from the same location Intersect multiple targets (reservoir) from the
same well Reach targets that are below inaccessible
areas for drilling Sidetrack a fish and avoid drilling in
troublesome formations such as salt dome and fault lines
Directional Drilling Benefits
Multiple well drilling from the same location using:
Offshore platforms Man made islands
Directional Drilling Benefits
• Intersecting multiple targets from the same well
• Sidetrack a fish
• Avoid troublesome formations
Directional Drilling Case History
Horizontal Drilling
Horizontal drilling is a special case of directional drilling.
The inclination angle of a horizontal well is 90 degrees from vertical (means horizontal).
The horizontal section of the hole has reached a length of 36,000 feet about 10 KM.
Horizontal Drilling Benefits
• Increase production• Reduce water coning problem• Reduce sand production problem
Horizontal Drilling Benefits
Intersect vertical natural fractures that are filled with oil and located in a low permeability reservoir.
(Production increases by 10 folds over vertical wells)
Multi-lateral and Multi-Branch Wells
Multi-Lateral Well Is a well that has one vertical section and
several lateral (horizontal) sections
Multi-Branch Well Is a well that has one vertical section and
several branches of directional wells
Multi-lateral wells combine the benefits of the directional and horizontal wells.
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