July 11 -14, 2016
Distributed Mini-Combined Heat and Power
From Low Temperature Heat:
HFO-1336mzz(Z) as a Working Fluid for
Organic Rankine Cycles
Konstantinos (Kostas) Kontomaris, Ph.D.
Technical Fellow, Global Technology Leader - Working Fluids
Luke D. Simoni, Ph.D
The ChemoursTM Company
Mattias Nilsson, Tim Hamacher, Harald Nes Rislå
Viking Group
July 11-14, 2016
Drivers:
Reduce Primary Energy Use & Dependence on Fossil Fuels
Increase Power Reliability and Resilience
Low Temperature Heat Sources
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Prime
Mover
Air
Fuel
Electrical
Power
Mechanical
Power To on-site use
To utility/grid Gen
Waste Heat From
Distributed Power Generation
(~100-300C)
Resurgence of Distributed Power Generation
Low Temp Heat Sources
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Prime
Mover
Air
Fuel
Electrical
Power
Mechanical
Power To on-site use
To utility/grid Gen
Waste Heat From
Distributed Power Generation
Other
Heat
Incinerators
Industrial Waste Heat
Geothermal Heat
Biomass Combustion
Mini-Combined Heat & Power (CHP)
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Prime
Mover
Air
Fuel
Electrical
Power
Mechanical
Power To on-site use
To utility/grid Gen
Evaporator Expander
Expanded
Vapor
CondenserPump
Organic Rankine Cycle
Other
Heat
Mechanical
Power To on-site use
To utility/grid Gen
Heat
Additional
Electrical
Power
Focus Today
Waste Heat From
Distributed Power Generation
e.g. District Heating
Waste Heat From
Distributed Power Generation
Mini-CHP
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Prime
Mover
Air
Fuel
Electrical
Power
Mechanical
Power To on-site use
To utility/grid Gen
Evaporator Expander
Expanded
Vapor
CondenserPump
ORC
Other
Heat
Mechanical
Power To on-site use
To utility/grid Gen
Heat
Additional
Electrical
Power
ORC Working Fluid:
HFO-1336mzz(Z)
Novel Working Fluid: HFO-1336mzz(Z)
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Chemical Name HFO-1336mzz(Z)
Chemical Formula CF3CH=CHCF3(Z)H H
F
F FF
F
F
Novel Working Fluid: HFO-1336mzz(Z)
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Chemical Name HFO-1336mzz(Z)
Chemical Formula CF3CH=CHCF3(Z)
OEL [ppm] 500
Flammabilty Non-Flam
ODP None
GWP100 2
Tcr [oC] 171.3
Pcr [MPa] 2.90
Tb [oC] 33.4
R-1336mzz(Z) has been
classified as A1
(low toxicity, no flammability)
with an OEL of 500 ppm by
ASHRAE
Standing Standard
Project Committee 34
H H
F
F FF
F
F
BASIC PROPERTIES
Novel Working Fluid: HFO-1336mzz(Z)
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Chemical Name HFO-1336mzz(Z)
Chemical Formula CF3CH=CHCF3(Z)
OEL [ppm] 500
Flammabilty Non-Flam
ODP None
GWP100 2
Tcr [oC] 171.3
Pcr [MPa] 2.90
Tb [oC] 33.4
H H
F
F FF
F
F
BASIC PROPERTIES
Very Low GWP
and
Non-Flammable
HFO-1336mzz(Z): Vapor Pressure
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Vap
or
Pre
ssu
re,
MP
a
Temperature, oC
HFO-1336mzz(Z)
Reference Fluid: HFC-245fa
HFC-245fa HFO-
1336mzz(Z)
Tcr [oC] 154.0 171.3
Set of Thermodynamic Properties is Now Available:
Tanaka, Akasaka, Sakaue, Ishikawa and Kontomaris:“Thermodynamic Properties of cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butene (HFO-1336mzz(Z))”
J. Chem. Eng. Data (2016)
HFO-1336mzz(Z): Chemical Stability
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
HFO-1336mzz(Z) as Stable as HFC-245fa
(A Saturated HFC Widely Used in High Temp Apps)
Kontomaris, K.: 15th International Refrig. and Air Cond. Conf.
at Purdue, West Lafayette, IN, USA, July 14-17, 2014.
High Chemical Stability to
Various Transformation Mechanisms
Up to at 250 C
Mini-CHP: Viking/AVL ORC Prototype
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
HFO-1336mzz(Z) ORC Testing
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Tevap = 170 oC and DTsuperh_exp_in = 26 K, (i.e. Texp_in = 196 oC);
DTsubc = 14 K at Tcond=60 oC and DTsubc = 11 K at Tcond=80 oC
Testing Conditions:
HFO-1336mzz(Z) ORC Testing
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Drop-In Testing in Unoptimized System
HFO-1336mzz(Z): P-h
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
HFO-1336mzz(Z)
Lubricant Selection: Miscibility
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Temperature, oC
(*) These conditions were not tested because the HFO-1336mzz(Z)/POE blend could have expanded to fill the glass test tube.
Miscibility of HFO-1336mzz(Z)
with an ISO 220 POE lubricant
Complete Miscibility not Indispensable:
Partially Miscible Lubricants Could be Considered
with Proper System Design
Lubricant Selection: Lubricity
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
HFO-1336mzz(Z)/POE ISO 220
Lubricant Selection: Lubricity
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
HFO-1336mzz(Z)/POE ISO 220
working viscosity
Viking/AVL ORC System with HFO-1336mzz(Z):
Measured Performance Map
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
6.0%
6.5%
7.0%
7.5%
8.0%
8.5%
9.0%
9.5%
10.0%
10.5%
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
Ne
t Th
erm
al E
ffic
ien
cy
Net Mechanical Power, kw
TCOND = 80 oC
TCOND = 60 oC900 RPM
900 RPM
1,500 RPM
1,250 RPM
1,500 RPM
1,250 RPM
Tevap = 170 oC and DTsuperh_exp_in = 26 K, (i.e. Texp_in = 196 oC);
DTsubc = 14 K at Tcond=60 oC and DTsubc = 11 K at Tcond=80 oC
Viking/AVL ORC System with HFO-1336mzz(Z):
Measured Performance Map
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
6.0%
6.5%
7.0%
7.5%
8.0%
8.5%
9.0%
9.5%
10.0%
10.5%
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
Ne
t Th
erm
al E
ffic
ien
cy
Net Mechanical Power, kw
TCOND = 80 oC
TCOND = 60 oC900 RPM
900 RPM
1,500 RPM
1,250 RPM
1,500 RPM
1,250 RPM
Tevap = 170 oC and DTsuperh_exp_in = 26 K, (i.e. Texp_in = 196 oC);
DTsubc = 14 K at Tcond=60 oC and DTsubc = 11 K at Tcond=80 oC
Better Performance with
Lower Condensing Temp
(Dictated by Heating Duty)
Viking/AVL ORC System with HFO-1336mzz(Z):
Measured Performance Map
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
6.0%
6.5%
7.0%
7.5%
8.0%
8.5%
9.0%
9.5%
10.0%
10.5%
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
Ne
t Th
erm
al E
ffic
ien
cy
Net Mechanical Power, kw
TCOND = 80 oC
TCOND = 60 oC900 RPM
900 RPM
1,500 RPM
1,250 RPM
1,500 RPM
1,250 RPM
Tevap = 170 oC and DTsuperh_exp_in = 26 K, (i.e. Texp_in = 196 oC);
DTsubc = 14 K at Tcond=60 oC and DTsubc = 11 K at Tcond=80 oC
Machine Optimization
for HFO-1336mzz(Z)
Underway
Payback Time
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Scenario: Waste Heat @ ~200C; Heating Duty @ 60-80C
CHP vs. SHP (WHR + Power from Grid)
Is the electrical power generated by ORC
worth the additional equipment cost?
Factor
Adverse
Market
Electricity Price Low
Green Incentives No
Payback Time [yrs] 5
Payback Time
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Scenario: Waste Heat @ ~200C; Heating Duty @ 60-80C
CHP vs. SHP (WHR + Power from Grid)
Payback Time
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Scenario: Waste Heat @ ~200C; Heating Duty @ 60-80C
CHP vs. SHP (WHR + Power from Grid)
Sustainability Objectives; Creative Financing
Factor
Adverse
Market
Electricity Price Low
Green Incentives No
Payback Time [yrs] 5
Payback Time
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Factor
Adverse
Market
Favorable
Market
Electricity Price Low High
Green Incentives No Yes
Payback Time [yrs] 5 2-3
Scenario: Waste Heat @ ~200C; Heating Duty @ 60-80C
CHP vs. SHP (WHR + Power from Grid)
Wider and More Rapid Adoption
Summary-Outlook
R-1336mzz(Z):Unique and attractive combination of properties for
power generation from low temp (waste) heat:
Safety, Health, Environmental
Chemical Stability, High Tcr, Low P
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
Multiple trials under way!
HFO-1336mzz(Z) Commercialization in 2017
Attractive Combined Heat & Power Performance
in the Viking/AVL ORC Prototype
Questions?
Kontomaris et al., 16th Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, July 11-14, 2016
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having technical skill, at their own risk. Since conditions of use are outside our control, we make no warranties, expressed or implied and assume no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing herein is to be taken as a license to operate under, or a
recommendation to infringe any patents or patent applications.
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