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DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms...

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DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila » John M. Warrick et al (1998) Cell 93, 939–949 « Genetic Suppression of Polyglutamine Toxicity in Drosophila » Parsa Kazemi-Esfarjani and Seymour Benzer (2000) Science 287 :1837-1840
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Page 1: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES

« Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and

Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila »

John M. Warrick et al (1998) Cell 93, 939–949

« Genetic Suppression of Polyglutamine Toxicity in Drosophila »

Parsa  Kazemi-Esfarjani and Seymour Benzer (2000) Science 287 :1837-1840

Page 2: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

Maladie d’Alzheimer: en France, prévalence de 1 % entre 65 et 69 ans à plus de 15

% au delà des 85 ans. 100 000 nouveaux cas /an de maladie d'Alzheimer dont environ

les 2/3 survenant chez des personnes de plus de 79 ans. Estimation 2010: 550 000 cas.

Atrophie cérébrale généralisée progressive présénile entraînant l'apparition

d'une démence lentement évolutive avec

>Troubles de langage jusqu’à l’ aphasie (perte de la parole)

>Troubles cognitifs: troubles de mémoire, exécutifs : planification d’actions

>Agnosie (déficit de la capacité de reconnaissance )

>Apraxie (incapacité à effectuer un mouvement ou une série de mouvements

sur consigne, trouble de coordination des mouvements)  »

> Perte d’autonomie progressive (perte capacité à assurer ses besoins

quotidiens)

Maladie de Huntington :prévalence 3 à 7/100000 en europe de l’ouestDébut tardif : 30 - 50 ans (2 - 70 ans), 6% de moins de 20 ans (transmission paternelle)

>Mouvements anormaux involontaires (Mouvements choréoathétosiques:

mouvements saccadés , explosifs, imprévisibles), Troubles de la marche : démarche

raide, petits pas

>Troubles cognitifs: troubles de mémoire et d’attention suivis de trouble du

langage (dysarthrie) et des gestes

>Troubles psychiatriques: dépression (50%); troubles de caractère, psychoses

(10%). > Perte d’autonomie progressive

Page 3: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

Maladie de Machado-Joseph (ataxie spinocérébelleuse de type 3 ,SCA3):

Dégénérescence spinocérébelleuse (de la moelle épinière et du cervelet) 3 types sont décrits La forme la plus courante est de Type 2 appelé type ataxique :

Troubles de la démarche et ataxie des extrémités se déclarant à la deuxième et la quatrième décennie

Ataxie cérébelleuse (manque de coordination fine des mouvements volontaires):Dysarthrie (difficulté à articuler les mots)Mouvements avec une amplitude trop importante (le patient semble être ivre)Impossibilité d'exécuter des mouvements rapides Tremblements des membres d'un seul côté au cours des mouvements volontaires (atteinte de la moitié du cervelet)

Syndrome extrapyramidal : Tremblement régulier qui atteint généralement l'extrémité des membres supérieurs. Le tremblement s’accentue quand le patient se concentre en particulier en effectuant un calcul mental et disparaît quand le patient effectue des mouvements sous le contrôle de la volonté.

Akinésie (lenteur d'initiation des mouvements avec une tendance à l'immobilité ) Clignements des paupières de plus en plus rares associés à une mimique appauvrie.Perte du balancement des bras au moment de la marche qui s'effectue à petits pas.Hypertonie des membres qui donne au patient une attitude fléchie, penchée en avant.Difficultés dans l'exécution des mouvements alternatifs rapidesEconomie des gestesEcriture micrographique (lettres minuscules)Paroles exprimées sur le même tonTremblements de la langue et du visage Ophtalmoparésie (paralysie légère consistant en une diminution des possibilités de contraction des muscles du globe oculaire).

Page 4: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

Number of common features characterized human

neurodegenerative diseases:

-Late–onset and progressive neurodegeneration

-Dysfunction and loss of specific neurons in the brain

-Formation of abnormal protein aggregates

intranuclear inclusions : Huntington’s disease and related

polyglutamine disorders

cytoplasmic inclusions : neurofibrillary tangle of Alzheimer’s

disease , Lewy body of Parkinson’s disease.

extracellular : amyloid plaque of Alzheimer’s disease

Page 5: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

HD Huntington’s DiseaseDRPLA Dentatobulbar Muscular AtrophySCA Spinocerebellar Ataxia (also known as MJD : Machado Joseph Disease), SCA 17 .SBMA Spinobulbar Muscular (also known as Kennedy disease)

At least nine human neurodegenerative diseases known as polyglutamine (polyQ) diseaseshas been defined as CAG repeat expansion within the ORF of the respective genes

Page 6: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

Why the fly?

- Short life span of 60-80 days, large number of progeny

- Small/ simple (non-redundant) genome

- High conservation of fundamental biological pathways

- 75% of human disease genes have a Drosophila ortholog

- Many tools to manipulate gene expression

Easy forward and reverse genetic approaches

Large scale pharmacological screens possible

Fly nervous system:

- Anatomy and development of drosphila nervous system

characterized

- Tools to identify specific neuron subtype available

- Measurement of Neuronal function and survival , learning , memory

Study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms

underlying

the disease in transgenic animals

Page 7: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

SCA3 /MDJ3 ATAXIN 3 (histone binding protein , ubiquitin protease domain)

Truncated forms with normal or expansion of polyQ (Q27 and Q78) of the human

protein mis-expressed using the UAS –GAL4 system

Page 8: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

(Loss of integrity nervous system)

UAS-MJDtr-Q27 (Contrôle) et UAS-MJDtr-Q78

UAS Hsp 70

Hemagglutinin (HA) tag

(CAG n)12 aa 43 aa

COOH terminal fragment of Ataxin 3

Page 9: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

Scanning electron photomicrograph

Tangential section

The Drosophila compound eye is a complex neural tissue with precise cellular architecture. The adult eye is composed of 800 reiterated subunits called ommatidia.

Page 10: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

R1 Photoreceptor cell

R1 Photoreceptor cellrhabdomere (light-sensing organelle, contain rhodopsin)

8 photoreceptors and 8 non-neural support cells arranged in an invariant pattern.

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mf

antenna eye

Third instar eye-antennal imaginal disc, labeled with an antibody which recognizes all the photoreceptor neurons (R1-R8)

Cellular differentiation initiates during the middle of the third larval instar stage at the posterior edge of the eye disc and sweeps across in an anterior direction, taking approximately 2 days to traverse the entire field

Gradient of photoreceptor recruitment and differentiation

The morphogenetic furrow (mf) marks the passage of a wave of cellular differentiation

posterioranterior

Page 12: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

FIG 1 Expanded polyglutamine protein causes adult eye degeneration

Elav-GAL4 UAS-Q78 (M)/+

1 day old 4 day old 4 day old

Elav-GAL4 UAS-Q27/+

1 day old 7day old 7 day old

gmr-GAL4 UAS-Q78 (W)/+ gmr-GAL4 UAS-Q27/+

Progressive Pigment degeneration

Progressive Loss of photoreceptor morphology

Neurones du système nerveux central et périphérique durant tout le développement

Toutes les cellules de l’œil en cours de développement( cellules photoreceptrices et cellules pigmentaires)

Page 13: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

UAS-Q78Weak Moderate StrongUAS-Q27

GMR-GAL4

Pigmentation

Structureexterne

Age: 1 jour

Section Frontale Cerveau

Dégenerescence cellulaire niveau rétine (r)

all cells in the developping eye

Eye and brain morphology of flies expressing MDJtrQ78 suggest a late stage loss of photoreceptor integrity

GMR-GAL4

Page 14: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

GMR-GAL4 UAS-Q27UAS-Q78

Weak Moderate Strong

Différenciation séquentielle des omatidies postérieurement au sillon morphogénétique

Immunofluorescence sur disque imaginal oeilProtéines MJDtr révélées grâce à l’anticorps anti HA

MJDtr Q27cytoplasmique MJDtr Q78 inclusions nucléaires

Page 15: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

GMR-GAL4UAS Q27

GMR-GAL4UAS Q78 (S)

anti HAChromatine

anti HA; Membrane nucléaire anti HA ; Chromatine

Page 16: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

dpp-GAL4/ UAS-Q78(S) dpp-GAL4/ UAS-Q27

dpp-GAL4/ UAS-Q78(S)

Anti HAChromatin

Figure 4: NI formation in various Imaginal tissues

NI formation but no phenotype >> NI not sufficient to cause degeneration in vivo

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GAL 4

UAS Hsp 70

hemagglutin (HA)- tag

20 ou 127 CAGs

UAS 20QUAS 127 Q

GMR GAL4

Eye specific

Page 19: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

Target P element:EP

Gal4UAS Hsp 70 20 ou 127 CAGs

Page 20: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

HA tag

HA tagchromatineNI

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TPR2 interact with the GTPase–activating protein-related domain (GRD) of Neurofibromin (NF1 gene product)The NF1 GRD accelerates intrinsic activity of Ras-GTPase, resulting an active Ras-GTP to be converted into an inactive GDP form

Hypothesis : dTRP2 interaction with the drosophila homolog of NF1 (dNF1)increase Ras-GTP activity>>inhibit the proapoptotichead involution defective (HID) proteinenhance the survival of eye cells.

Page 24: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

dTPR2 and dHdJ1 (HSP40/HdJ1) contain J domain (stimulates ATPase activity of HSP70)

Molecular chaperone may play a role in disease progression

Nuclear Inclusion immunostain for ubiquitin. May contain misfolded or abnormally folded protein potentially targeted for proteasomal degradation.

Nuclear Inclusion immunostain for HSP70.

Page 25: DROSOPHILA AS MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODGENERATIVE DISEASES « Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Forms Nuclear Inclusions and Causes Neural Degeneration in Drosophila.

Supression of toxicity :restauration external and internal eye structure by overexpression in MdJDtr-Q78 (A) of :

-HSP70 (B)

-dHdJ1 (C)

-HSP70 + dHdJ1(D)

In supressed flies: NI still present and morphology/number/size unchangedPathogenic protein is SDS-soluble and detected as a monomeric protein by Western immunoblot

Hypothesis:- chaperones are modulating the structure of the protein, and this is not visible in the large aggregates- chaperones, by interacting with the disease protein, prevent abnormal interactions with other proteins in the cell that are causal in toxicity - pathogenic disease proteins may cause a slow cellular depletion of chaperone activity leading to the failure of many cellular processes.

Bonini (2002) PNAS 99: 16407–16411

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+- +

GMR -GAL4


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