Drug Abuse in Sports

HistoryStarted with Greek Athletes– PlantsIn 1800’s uses included Cocoa Plant, Heroine and Cocaine1900’s: Alcohol, Strychnine, Testosterone, Anabolic Steroids, Dianabol, steroid races, Human Growth HormoneTesting for athletes

Ancient Times

Ancient Olympians drank wine and experimented with herbs to enhance performanceAncient Roman Gladiators took hallucinogens and stimulants to fight fatigue and injury. They even feed their horses substances like hydromel (alcoholic beverage made from honey) to make them run faster.

Modern UseIn the late 19th century athletes began to use the coca leaf. They would make a mixture called Vin Mariani, which was a mixture of coca leaf extract and wine.Coca and cocaine were used because they reduced the sense of fatigue and hunger brought on by prolonged1860-1880: “Speed Balls” Heroine-Cocaine used to increase endurance– Swimming and Cyclists1886 first reported drug related death in sports- Cyclist

1900’s"In 1904 Olympics marathon runner, Thomas Hicks, was using a mixture of brandy and strychnine [a stimulant that is fatal in high doses] and nearly died. Mixtures of strychnine, heroin, cocaine, and caffeine were used widely by athletes and each coach or team developed its own unique secret formulae. This was common practice until heroin and cocaine became available only by prescription in the 1920s."

Testosterone Era1927-1954Testosterone extracted from Bulls– Dramatic increase in aggressive behavior

Germany tests– Given to elite troops

1945- Soviet govt seizes German scientific and technological advances

1952 Olympic games & 1954 World Championships– Soviet weight lifting dominated

Anabolic SteroidsA group of synthetic hormones that promote the storage of protein and the growth of tissueMuscle building without aggressionDr. Ziegler has big impact on this era– He 1st tested testosterone (which is an

AS) on himself – Helped to develop Dianabol (the world’s

2nd AS)

1958Dianabol, the first anabolic steroid to gain FDA approval is released by Ciba Pharmaceuticals. Dianabol was created to maximize the strength-building characteristics of testosterone while minimizing negative side effects.Close to his death in 1983, Dr. Zieglar speaks out against his invention and says he wishes he had never created the anabolic steroid after seeing athletes abuse the drug.

1964 and 1968 Olympics30% of U.S. team on SteroidsDuring Cold war eraWho’s steroids are stronger, theirs or oursDeaths from drug overdose is on rise

Early Deaths

British cyclist Tommy Simpson, dies during the 13th stage of the Tour de France on July 13, 1967. The cyclist, whose motto was allegedly "if it takes ten to kill you, take nine and win," consumes excess amounts of amphetamines and brandy to combat the effects of an illness and he continues to ride until his body shuts down.Simpson's death creates pressure for sporting agencies to take action against doping.

1967Partly in reaction to Tommy Simpson's death, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) establishes the Medical Commission to fight against doping in sports. The Commission is given three guiding principles: protection of the health of athletes, respect for medical and sport ethics, and equality for all competing athletes.

1968"The IOC instituted its first compulsory doping controls at the Winter Olympic Games in Grenoble, France in 1968 and again at the Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City in the same year. Banned substances included narcotic analgesics and stimulants.Although it was suspected that androgenic anabolic steroids were being used at this time, there was no reliable way to test for them, therefore they were not included on the list of banned substances.

1970’sSteroid use gaining national attention– 1969 Sports Illustrated publishes article on use of

steroids in Pro and College sports1972- 68% of U.S. Olympic T & F athletes used AS1976- Montreal Games- Drug testing is mandatory, penalty = disqualification– This led to athletes turning back to testosterone

to beat the tests1982- Testosterone banned

1980’s to PresentHGH- Human Growth Hormone– 70’s acquired from monkeys– Very expensive– Produced in human pituitary gland– Extracted from cadavers– Soon companies made synthetic version

1990’s– Black market– Gym deals, athletes providing and even

worse…Coaches providing!

CurrentlyIn 2008, there were 192 banned performance enhancing drugs and methods included in the WADA code (World Anti-Doping Agency) There have been 21, 849 summer Olympians tested with 105 doping cases reported.There have 5,264 winter Olympians tested with 13 doping cases reported.

Other Drugs?AmphetaminesCocaineCaffeine– Before 2003, over 18 ounces of coffee

was prohibited.– Caffeine and pseudophedrine were

removed from the list of banned substances in 2003.

Widespread use of Sudafed in NHL?– http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/

features/1998/weekly/980202/nhlstory.html

Pro-Drug UseAllow use because they are “part of modern sport.”“Drugs are no more artificial than the entourage of aides and physical equipment commonplace in contemporary sport.”—Dr. Ellis Cashmore, Staffordshire University in EnglandArgument that current antidrug policies are fraught with hypocrisy. Sport leagues stand to gain from bigger, stronger players and more exciting contests.

Steroids and BaseballJose Canseco

Steroids and BaseballBarry Bonds

Thoughts?MLB just recently approved mandatory steroid testing in athletes– What will be the impact of this policyPro-steroid literature argues that anabolic usage should be accepted and regulated, since athletes use/take them anyway– Agree or disagree

Steroid Debatedebate or paper on drug use.docx

Side Effects of TestosteroneTestosterone abuse in males– Liver disease/possible cancer– Aggression– Acne– Swelling of breasts– High cholesterol – Ongoing erection which can lead to

Damage to the penis and bone pain in pelvis area

Side Effects of Testosterone Testosterone abuse in females– Cessation of periods– Develop male characteristics

Facial hairDeep voice

Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids

http://www.roidreport.com/steroids/side-effects-of-anabolic-steroids

Side Effects of HGHhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/human-growth-hormone-hgh-side-effects.html