M. Haroon MushtaqHassan Raza

Department of Food Science & Nutrition

G.C University Faisalabad,

Pakistan.

Potassium rich foods & interaction of potassium with drugs,

Introduction

Potassium is an essential nutrient used to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

The current percent daily value for potassium is 3.5 grams.

Potassium

Chemical element with symbol K

Atomic number 19.

Its color is soft silvery

It is a white alkali metal that oxidize in air

It is very reactive in air.

Functions

Build proteins

Break down and use carbohydrates

Build muscle

Maintain normal body growth

Control the electrical activity of the heart

Control the acid-base balance

Diseases caused by potassium

A low blood level of potassium is called hypokalemia

It can cause weak muscles, abnormal heart rhythms, and a slight rise in blood pressure.

Too much potassium in the blood is known as hyperkalemia.

It may cause abnormal and dangerous heart rhythms

Special precautions while taking potassium with drugs

Tell your doctor or pharmacist That you are allergic to potassium or not

prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking,

have or have ever had heart, kidney disease

pregnant, or are breast-feeding

surgery, including dental surgery

Potassium Rich Foods

White Beans Potassium in 100g (raw) - 561mg (16% DV)

1 cup cooked (179g) - 1004mg (29% DV)

Dark Leafy Greens (Spinach) Potassium 100g (raw) - 558 mg

1 cup cooked (180 g) – 839 mg

Baked Potatoes (With Skin) Potassium 100g - 535mg (15% DV)

Continue ….

Dried apricot Potassium 100g - 1162mg (33% DV)

Baked acorn squash Potassium 100g - 255mg (7% DV)

Fish (salmon) Potassium 100g - 628mg (18% DV)

Mushrooms Potassium 100g - 396mg (11% DV)

Interaction of potassium with drugs

Following drugs cause potassium level to be increased

Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (People who have poor kidney function and take NSAIDs are at higher risk.)

ACE inhibitors (These drugs treat high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, some chronic kidney diseases, migraines, and scleroderma)

Continue…

ACE inhibitors include Benazepril (Lotensin)

Captopril (Capoten)

Enlapril (Vasotec)

Fosinopril (Monopril)

Lisinopril (Zestril)

Moexipril (Univasc)

Peridopril (Aceon)

Ramipril (Altace)

Trandolapril (Mavik)

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Heparin (used for blood clots)

Cyclosporine (used to suppress the immune system)

Trimethoprimand sulfamethoxazole, called Bactrim or Septra (an antibiotic)

Beta-blockers: Used to treat high blood pressure, glaucoma, migraines Atenolol (Tenormin)

Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol-XL)

Propranolol (Inderal)

Drugs that decrease potassium level

The following medications may cause potassium levels to decrease:

Thiazide diuretics Hydrochlorothiazide

Chlorothiazide (Diuril)

Indapamide (Lozol)

Metolzaone (Zaroxolyn)

Loop diuretics Furosemide (Lasix)

Bumetanide (Bumex)

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Torsemide (Demadex)

Ethacrynic acid (Edecrin)

Corticosteroids

Amphotericin B (Fungizone)

Antacids

Insulin

Fluconazole (Diflucan): Used to treat fungal infections

Theophylline (TheoDur): Used for asthma

Laxatives

Continue…

Other potential interactions include

Digoxin - Low blood levels of potassium increase the likelihood of toxic effects from digoxin, a medication used to treat abnormal heart rhythms and heart failure.

Drug-Receptor Interactionor

Binding of Drug to Receptor

Drug-Receptor Interaction

Drug: In pharmacology, a drug is "a chemical substance used in

the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being. Drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders

Receptor: In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein

molecule usually found inside or on the surface of a cell that receives chemical signals from outside the cell. When such chemical signals bind to a receptor, they cause some form of cellular/tissue response, e.g. change in the electrical activity of the cell.

Drug + Receptor Drug-Receptor Complex

Response

Agonists: An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and

activates the receptor to produce a biological response.

Antagonists: They stop the agonists from stimulating the receptors

Or An antagonist blocks the action of the agonist

Inverse agonist: In the field of pharmacology, an inverse agonist is an agent

that binds to the same receptor as an agonist but induces a pharmacological response opposite to that agonist.

Efficacy: is the capacity to produce an effect. It has different specific

meanings in different fields. In medicine, it is the ability of an intervention or drug to produce a desired effect.

Potency: is a measure of how much a drug is required in order to

produce a particular effect. Therefore, only a small dosage of a high potency drug is required to induce a large response. The other terms used to measure the ability of a drug to trigger a response

Affinity: is a measure of how tightly a drug binds to the receptor. If

the drug does not bind well, then the action of the drug will be shorter and the chance of binding will also be less.

Receptor Receiver

Agonist Action

Antagonist Against

Drug-Receptor Theories

Hypothesis of Clark

“ The Pharmacologic effect of the drug depends on the percentage of the receptors occupied”

Hypothesis of Ariens and Stephenson

“ Effectiveness of a drug lasts as long as the receptor is occupied. Many substance possess different effect , some have high affinity for the receptor, some have low affinity and some are not effective, and those ineffective substances block or inhibit the receptor.”

Hypothesis of Paton

“ Effectiveness of a drug does not depend on the actual occupation of the receptor but by obtaining proper stimulus”

Lock and Key Hypothesis

“ The drug molecule must fit into the receptor like a key fits into the lock”

Thank You