ResourcesResources

Office of National Drug Control Policy http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov

Office of Justice Programs

http://www.ojp.gov

U. S. Department of Justice

http://searchjustice.usdoj.gov

U. S. Drug Enforcement Administrationhttp://www.justice.gov/dea

Follow up from DVFollow up from DVSurvey of data taken from the National Census of Survey of data taken from the National Census of Domestic Violence Services by Radha Iyengar & Domestic Violence Services by Radha Iyengar & Lindsay Sabick, 2009. Surveyed all calls for Lindsay Sabick, 2009. Surveyed all calls for domestic violence within a 24 hour period.domestic violence within a 24 hour period.

Snapshot of services requested during this 24 hour Snapshot of services requested during this 24 hour period:period:

**There were 48,350 calls for help during this period.There were 48,350 calls for help during this period.**Of these, some 14,518 calls for emergency housing.Of these, some 14,518 calls for emergency housing.**Approximately 5,000 calls went ‘unmet’ during this Approximately 5,000 calls went ‘unmet’ during this

time for lack of resources.time for lack of resources.**38% of all victims of DV become homeless at some 38% of all victims of DV become homeless at some

point.point.

Substance Abuse, Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Alcohol and CrimeCrime

The War on DrugsThe War on Drugs1999-Cost $17.1 billion dollars in Law 1999-Cost $17.1 billion dollars in Law

Enforcement efforts.Enforcement efforts.

What you don’t hear:What you don’t hear:Through Asset Forfeitures, the DEA seized Through Asset Forfeitures, the DEA seized

$522 million in cash between August, $522 million in cash between August, 2007 and November, 2008 (DOJ, 9-09).2007 and November, 2008 (DOJ, 9-09).

(2009-$14 billion for treatment and prevention. US DOJ, 2009)(2009-$14 billion for treatment and prevention. US DOJ, 2009)

Substance Abuse, Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Alcohol and CrimeCrime

The War on DrugsThe War on DrugsThe cash figure does not include the value The cash figure does not include the value

of bank accounts, vehicles, guns, jewelry of bank accounts, vehicles, guns, jewelry or homes. or homes.

TheThe asset forfeiture program is designed to asset forfeiture program is designed to

prevent criminals from benefitting prevent criminals from benefitting financially from their illegal activities financially from their illegal activities (US DOJ).(US DOJ).

Substance Abuse, Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Alcohol and CrimeCrime

The War on DrugsThe Vietnam War officially began 1959 and

ended in 1975. Just over 58,000 soldiers lost their lives during this 16 year period.

16,000 Americans die each year due directly to illegal drugs (excluding alcohol related deaths). In comparison, over a 16 year period, that equates to 256,000 deaths.

Juvenile Drug UseJuvenile Drug Use Arrest rates for juvenile drug violations Arrest rates for juvenile drug violations

have increased 23% from 1994 to 2003.have increased 23% from 1994 to 2003.

While the actual number of arrests has While the actual number of arrests has risen, the percentage of drug arrests risen, the percentage of drug arrests compared to the total number of arrests compared to the total number of arrests has remained constant. For example has remained constant. For example 11.8% of juveniles were arrested for 11.8% of juveniles were arrested for drug offenses in 1994 compared to drug offenses in 1994 compared to 11.6% in 2003. However, the drug of 11.6% in 2003. However, the drug of choice has changed over time.choice has changed over time.

Juvenile Drug UseJuvenile Drug Use DemographicsDemographics

For juveniles under age 10:For juveniles under age 10:

79% of juveniles arrested were male79% of juveniles arrested were male21% of juveniles arrested were female21% of juveniles arrested were female75% of these offenders were white 75% of these offenders were white (2003)(2003)

Who is selling? Who is selling? 10% of juveniles admit to buying drugs in 10% of juveniles admit to buying drugs in

school. school. ??

Drugs & Criminal ActivityDrugs & Criminal ActivitySix consistent findings associated with Six consistent findings associated with drug use:drug use:

1.1. More people incarcerated for drug offenses More people incarcerated for drug offenses than any other offense.than any other offense.

2.2. Arrestees usually test positive for drugs.Arrestees usually test positive for drugs.3.3. Arrestees are usually under the influence of Arrestees are usually under the influence of

drugs.drugs.4.4. Some property crimes supports the addiction Some property crimes supports the addiction

of the offender.of the offender.5.5. Some drug trafficking creates violent crime.Some drug trafficking creates violent crime.6.6. Drug-crime affect is difficult to identify and Drug-crime affect is difficult to identify and

measure.measure.

Drugs & Criminal ActivityDrugs & Criminal ActivityThe Tripartite Conceptual ModelThe Tripartite Conceptual Model

Paul GoldsteinPaul Goldstein

1.1. Psychopharmacologically driven crime-When a Psychopharmacologically driven crime-When a drug drug causes causes someonesomeone to become violent and to become violent and engage in crime. Belief that this is rare, engage in crime. Belief that this is rare, usually attributed to alcohol (PCP).usually attributed to alcohol (PCP).

2.2. Systemic crime model-Drug trafficking is Systemic crime model-Drug trafficking is violent. The system it creates.violent. The system it creates.

3.3. Economically compulsive-Criminal behavior Economically compulsive-Criminal behavior that supports drug addiction.that supports drug addiction.

Major Categories of DrugsMajor Categories of DrugsPsychoactive DrugsPsychoactive Drugs

1.1. Hallucinogens-Marijuana, LSD, Psilocybin. Hallucinogens-Marijuana, LSD, Psilocybin. Create changes in one’s reality.Create changes in one’s reality.

2.2. Stimulants-Cocaine, Amphetamines, Nicotine. Stimulants-Cocaine, Amphetamines, Nicotine. Stimulate the Central Nervous System.Stimulate the Central Nervous System.

3.3. Opiates-Opium & its derivatives-Heroin & Opiates-Opium & its derivatives-Heroin & Morphine. Used as a sedative & for pain relief.Morphine. Used as a sedative & for pain relief.

4.4. Depressants-Alcohol, Ecstasy, Meth. Depress Depressants-Alcohol, Ecstasy, Meth. Depress the Central Nervous Systemthe Central Nervous System

Schedules of DrugsSchedules of Drugs54.1~345354.1~3453

Schedule I – Has high potential for abuse and no Schedule I – Has high potential for abuse and no medical purpose. Possession of is a Class 5 medical purpose. Possession of is a Class 5 Felony.Felony.

Schedule II – High potential for abuse, though Schedule II – High potential for abuse, though some medical purpose. Abuse may lead to some medical purpose. Abuse may lead to severe psychic or physical dependence. severe psychic or physical dependence. Possession of is a Class 5 Felony.Possession of is a Class 5 Felony.

Schedule III – High potential for abuse, though Schedule III – High potential for abuse, though widely accepted medical use. May lead to widely accepted medical use. May lead to moderate psychic or physical dependence. moderate psychic or physical dependence. Possession of is a Class 1 Misdemeanor.Possession of is a Class 1 Misdemeanor.

Schedules of DrugsSchedules of DrugsSchedule IV – Low potential for abuse, though Schedule IV – Low potential for abuse, though

widely accepted medical use. May lead to widely accepted medical use. May lead to limited psychic or physical dependence. limited psychic or physical dependence. Possession of is a Class 2 MisdemeanorPossession of is a Class 2 Misdemeanor

Schedule V – Low potential for abuse, though Schedule V – Low potential for abuse, though widely accepted medical use. May lead to widely accepted medical use. May lead to limited psychic or physical dependence. limited psychic or physical dependence. Possession of is a Class 3 MisdemeanorPossession of is a Class 3 Misdemeanor

Schedule VI – Any prescription drug, not covered Schedule VI – Any prescription drug, not covered by above schedule, which is required to carry by above schedule, which is required to carry the federal warning that it is a prescribed the federal warning that it is a prescribed drug. Possession is Class 4 Misdemeanor.drug. Possession is Class 4 Misdemeanor.

CrimeCrimeThe influence of Alcohol on CrimeThe influence of Alcohol on Crime

86% of Homicide offenders were drinking 86% of Homicide offenders were drinking at time of offense.at time of offense.

60% of Sexual offenders were drinking at 60% of Sexual offenders were drinking at the time of offense.the time of offense.

57% of Domestic Violence offenders (Men) 57% of Domestic Violence offenders (Men) had been drinking at the time of the had been drinking at the time of the offense.offense.

Victimless Crime?Victimless Crime?Drugs-the “victimless crime” and Drugs-the “victimless crime” and

defending legalization.defending legalization.

Marijuana for medical purposesMarijuana for medical purposesSorry, but there is a solution for medical Sorry, but there is a solution for medical

marijuana that does not require marijuana that does not require smoking weed. It is called smoking weed. It is called MarinolMarinol, a , a synthetic form of THC that is FDA synthetic form of THC that is FDA approved. It provides the same relief for approved. It provides the same relief for nausea, vomiting and appetite loss to nausea, vomiting and appetite loss to cancer and AIDS patients as inhaling cancer and AIDS patients as inhaling Marijuana (US DEA, 2009).Marijuana (US DEA, 2009).

Victimless Crime?Victimless Crime?Drugs-the “victimless crime” and Drugs-the “victimless crime” and

defending legalization.defending legalization.

Victimless:Victimless:1.1. Loss of income due to job attainment.Loss of income due to job attainment.2.2. Loss of income due to performance.Loss of income due to performance.3.3. Affect on families and society due to Affect on families and society due to

arrests.arrests.4.4. Violence associated with the distribution Violence associated with the distribution

of the drug. of the drug.

Drug InterdictionDrug Interdiction

Vehicle InterdictionVehicle InterdictionII

What can the police do?What can the police do?Where or how does it start?Where or how does it start?

1.1. Reasonable, articulate suspicion! Reasonable, articulate suspicion! 2.2. Leads to brief detention.Leads to brief detention.3.3. Which leads to Probable Cause.Which leads to Probable Cause.4.4. Which leads to search and arrest.Which leads to search and arrest.

Drug InterdictionDrug Interdiction

Vehicle InterdictionVehicle InterdictionIIII

What the police can do?What the police can do?

In consensual encounters:In consensual encounters:

No reason is needed. Anyone, at any time, No reason is needed. Anyone, at any time, is free to talk to anyone else. As long as is free to talk to anyone else. As long as a reasonable person feels free to leave a reasonable person feels free to leave the conversation, the “stop” no 4the conversation, the “stop” no 4thth amendment issue is violated.amendment issue is violated.