Drugs, Sport, University

Jason Mazanov, PhD MAPS, Senior Lecturer, School of Business

AUG 2009, Opening Ceremony

An Overview of Drugs in SportLicit DrugsSupplements

Prescription SubstancesCaffeineAlcohol

Use Misuse AbuseIllicit Drugs

CocaineAmphetamines

Marijuana

DopingErythropoietin (EPO)

Human Growth Hormone (HGH/IGF1)

Androgenic Anabolic Steroids (AAS)

Beta AgonistsGenetic Manipulation

A Brief History of Drugs in Sport

• Ancient Olympics• Gladiators• Victorian England• Sport – The Laboratory of

Natural Science• The Rise of Pharmacology• World War 2• The Decline of

Amateurism• The Rise of Sport Science

Mazanov & McDermott, 2009

A Brief History of Drugs and Sport

• Socialising - the Germanic tradition• Deterrence hypothesis – sport protects participants from

drugs• Winning – the Cold War, amateurism and sport science• Sponsorship – tobacco, alcohol and supplements• Self-medicating – coping with sport, recovery

A Note on the Deterrence Hypothesis...

Dunn et al, 2011; Lisha & Sussman 2010

Sport Protects People From

Tobacco (excl. Baseball)

Range of Illicit Drugs

Sport Makes People Vulnerable to

Alcohol Abuse

Doping

A Brief History of Drug Control in Sport

1920s - Debate role of drugs in sport (incl. Hypnosis)1950s – Coherent anti-drug policies begin to emerge1967 – Cyclist Tommy Simpson dies; anti-doping

born1968 – First IOC drug tests (alcohol)1970s/80s – Anti-doping cynically administered by

IOC1988 - Seoul Olympics Men’s 100m Final1989 – Dubin Commission/Black Inquiry1990 - ASDA1998 - Tour de France/World Swimming

Championships2003 - World Anti-Doping Agency 20032006 – ASADA2013 – Lance Armstrong/ACC Report

Mazanov & McDermott, 2009

Anti-Doping: Protecting the Integrity of Sport

• WADC 2003, 2009, 2015

• “to protect the integrity of sport” (Mazanov & Connor, 2010)

• Defines doping as contrary to Olympism via “Spirit of Sport”

• 8 ADRV – 2 for a drug test, 6 administrative

• Athlete, coach, trainer, manager, agent, team staff, official, medical, paramedical, parent or any other person

Spirit of SportAggregate Male Female Do Not

Follow

N 168 85 83 19

Ethics, fair play and honesty 4.072 (1) 4.975 (1) 3.536 (2) 3.000 (1)

Health 1.161 (7) 1.240 (5) 1.083(7) 2.380 (2)

Excellence in performance 0.439 (8) 0.482 (9) 0.396 (9) 0.354 (10)

Character and education 0.426 (9) 0.515 (8) 0.330

(10)

0.500 (8)

Fun and joy 1.177 (6) 1.020 (7) 1.387(5) 1.026 (6)

Teamwork 1.551 (4) 1.438 (4) 1.689 (3) 0.894 (7)

Dedication and commitment 1.178 (5) 1.166 (6) 1.191 (6) 1.348 (5)

Respect for rules and laws 1.807 (3) 2.032 (3) 1.612 (4) 1.563 (4)

Respect for self and other

participants

4.024 (2) 3.296 (2) 5.431 (1) 1.944 (3)

Courage 0.336 (11) 0.342

(10)

0.330

(10)

0.302 (11)

Community and solidarity 0.378 (10) 0.314

(11)

0.445 (8) 0.488 (9)

Mazanov, Huybers & Connor, 2012

Drug Testing

• Nipple to knee• Doping control

officer• Paruresis (Elbe et al, 2012)

• Applies to any athlete

Athlete Whereabouts• Athletes must be available for Out-of-Competition testing• 3 months, in advance, nominate a location they will be at

for 1 hour per day they will be available for drug testing (incl. Christmas)

• Being unavailable results in sanction• Threats to freedom of movement, autonomy, privacy (Malloy &

Zuckus, 2002)

• Control order usually reserved for paedophiles/terrorists (Waddington, 2010)

• Subject of case in European Court of Human Rights

ASP Sanctions

• ASP get general idea, no idea how it works (Mazanov et al, 2013)

• TKD trainer at Canadian National Championships• Gave 16 year old banned diuretic by mistake• 5 year ban

• No record of ASP sanction in Australia• Sport science in focus

Critique of Anti-Doping

• Drugs inimical to modern sport• Doping scandal good for business• Unlikely to ever win the war on drugs in sport (Fahey, 2013)

• No definition of Spirit of Sport (Mazanov et al, 2012)

• Drug testing inherently flawed (epidemiology unknown)• Individually rather than institutionally focused• Impugns human rights to protect private institutional

interest• Intensely complicated system (biochemists; XZTT)• Focus on elite sport at expense of everyone else• Focus on doping at expense of other drugs• Fails to manage the role of drugs in sport (Mazanov, 2013)

• Need a new approach to manage drugs in sport

Drug use in University Sport

• We know very little about “doping” in non-elite sport• Would love to do the research, need access and funding• Substances of threat in university sport:

• Alcohol• Caffeine abuse• Contaminated supplements• Protein abuse• Prescription amphetamines

Drug use in University Sport

• Extension of Huybers & Mazanov (2012)• Model fit Elite Athletes 0.169 (good), University Athletes

0.028 (bad)• University athletes think about doping differently to elite

athletes• Different drug management required wrt doping

Main DifferencesInjury or Performance has no impact

on useMore sensitive to contractsHealth impacts irrelevantNo impact for small fines

No impact for other penalties

Managing Drug Use in University Sport

• Three groups: abstain, use, maybe• Focus on drug use rather than

doping• Cycling Australia Review

• Active rather than passive drug management

• Health less of an issue in elite sport• Folly of punishing A while hoping for

B

• Education around sports ethics – why rather than comply

• Education around what can be used safely and how

Doping in Sport, Doping in Society

• Performance enhancing substance use a societal phenomenon

• Ballet dancers, military, emergency services, truck drivers, surgeons, academics

• Cognitive enhancing drug use in universities• Sport a good testing ground before broader regulation