19
DUB BEL Handbook of Mechanical Engineering
DUB BEL
Handbook of Mechanical Engineering
DUBBEL
Handbook of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Edited by W. Beitz and K.-H. Kuttner English Edition edited by B.J. Davies Translation by M.J. Shields
With 1258 Figures
Springer-Verlag London Ltd.
Wolfgang Beitz, Professor Dr.-Ing. Technische UniversWit Berlin, Institut fur Maschinenkonstruktion, 10623 Berlin, Germany
Karl-Heinz Kiittner, Professor Dipl.-Ing. Formerly at Technische Fachhochschule Berlin Address for correspondence: Miillerstrasse 120, 13449 Berlin, Germany
Chairman, UK. Advisory Board
B.J. Davies, Professor 7 Queens Crescent, Putnoe, Bedford MK41 9BN, UK
Translator
M.J. Shields, FIInfSc, MITI Literary and Technical Language Services, Unit 10, Centenary Business Centre, Attleborough Fields Industrial Estate, Nuneaton, Warwickshire CVII 6RY, UK
ISBN 978-1-4471-3568-5 ISBN 978-1-4471-3566-1 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-1-4471-3566-1
British library Cataloguing in Publication Data Dubbel: Handbook of Mechanical Engineering
I. Beitz, Wolfgang II. Kiittner, Karl·Heinz III. Shields, Michael J. 621
library of Congress Cataloging·in·Publication Data Dubbel, Heinrich, 1873·1947.
[Taschenbuch fur den Maschinenbau. English 1 Handbook of mechanical engineering / Dubbe! ; [edited by 1 W. Beitz and K.·H. Kiittner.
p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Mechanical engineering-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Beitz, Wolfgang. II. Kiittner, Karl·Heinz. III. Title.
TJ151.D8131994 621-dc20
94·16420 CIP
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as perntitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transntitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior perntission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.
© Springer-Verlag London 1994 Originally published by Springer-Verlag London Limited in 1994 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1994
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the infor· mation contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
Typeset by Photo· graphics, Honiton, Devon
69/3830-543210 Printed on acid-free paper
UK Advisory Board
Chairman
Professor B. J. Davies, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
Members
Dr. J. N. Ashton, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
Dr. N. C. Baines, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Professor C. B. Besant, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medi-cine, London
Dr. B. Lengyel, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
D. A. Robb, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Dr. C. Ruiz, University of Oxford
Professor J. E. E. Sharpe, Lancaster University
Dr. D. A. Yates, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
Contributors
B. Behr, Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen
Professor W. Beitz, Technische Universitat Berlin
Professor A. Burr, Fachhochschule Heilbronn
E. Dannenmann, Universitat Stuttgart
Professor L. Dom, Technische Universitat Berlin
Dr. K.A. Ebertt, Hattersheim
Professor K. Ehrlenspiel, Technische Universitat Munchen
Professor D. Fenler, Batelle-Institut e.Y., Frankfurt a.M.
Professor H. Gelbe, Technische Universitat Berlin
Professor K.-H. Habig, Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und-prufung (BAt\1.) , Berlin
Professor G. Harsch, Fachhoschschu1e Heilbronn
Dr. K. Herfurth, Verein Deutscher GieBereifachleute VDG, Dusseldorf
Dr. H. Kerie, Technische Universitat Braunschweig
Professor L. Kiesewetter, Technische UniversWit Cottbus
Professor K.H. Kloos, Technische Hochschu1e Darmstadt
Professor K.-H. Kuttner, Technische Fachhochschule Berlin
J. Ladwig, Universitat Stuttgart
G. Mauer, Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschu1e Aachen
Professor H. Mertens, Technische Universitat Berlin
Professor H.W. Miiller, Technische Hochschu1e Darmstadt
Professor R. Nordmann, Universitat Kaiserslautern
Professor G. Pahi, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt
Professor H. Peeken, Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschu1e Aachen
Professor G. Pritschow, UniversWit Stuttgart
W. Reuter, Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschu1e Aachen
Professor R. Roper, Universitat Dortmund
Professor J. Ruge, Technische Universitat Braunchschweig
Professor G. Rumpel, Technische Fachhochschu1e Berlin
Professor G. Seliger, Technische Universitat Berlin
Professor K. Siegert, Universitat Stuttgart
viii Contributors
Professor H.D. Sond.ershausen, Technische Fachhochschule Berlin
Professor G. Spur, Technische Universitat Berlin
Professor K. Stephan, Universitat Stuttgart
Professor H.K. Tonshoff, Universitat Hannover
Professor H.-J.Warneeke, Universitat Stuttgart
Professor M. Week, Rheinisch-WestfaIische Technische Hochschule Aachen
T. Werle, Universitat Stuttgart
Professor H. Winter, Technische Universitat MOnchen
H. Wosle, Technische Universitat Braunchschweig
Preface to the English Edition
It has been an education and a pleasure to assist in the preparation of this first English version of the widely used "DUBBEL: Taschenbuch fUr den Maschinenbau", which has been a standard mechanical engineering reference book in German-speaking countries since 1914.
All the chapters of primary interest to English-speaking mechanical engineers have been translated. I trust that this "Pocket Book" will be a ready and authoritative source of the best current practice in mechanical engineering. It is up to date, having been revised regularly, with the last revision appearing in 1990.
It provides an easily accessible theoretical and practical treatment of a wide range of mechanical engineering topics with comprehensive explanatory diagrams, tables, formulae and worked examples.
Much care has been given to ensuring a correct and easily understood translarion of the German text. For completeness, it was felt necessary to retain many German references and also DIN Standards. Where possible, ISO equivalents have been given. It is unlikely that this complex exercise is entirely error free but I believe that faith has been kept with the original text.
B. John Davies Emeritus Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, UMIST
May 1994
Introduction
Since 1914 the Dubbel Handbook of Mechanical Engineering has been the standard reference text used by generations of students and practising engineers in the German-speaking countries. The book covers all fundamental Mechanical Engineering subjects.
Contributions are written by leading experts in their fields. This handbook is not primarily intended for specialists in particular areas, but for students and practitioners, who, within the framework of their responsibilities, also need to know about the basics outside their own special area.
The handbook deliberately focuses on fundamentals and on the solutions of problems, but it also covers a wide range of applications. Charts and tables with general material values and specific parameters are included. As a German handbook, it relies more on the German Industrial Standards (DIN) and focuses on the components of German manufacturers. This should not be a problem in this English-international edition owing to the exemplary character of these applications and examples; and with the increasing referencing of EN- and ISO/IECstandards, the national DIN standard becomes less significant.
In parallel with the complete German edition, the selected subjects in this edition combine the fundamentals of theoretical sciences, materials and engineering design with important mechanical engineering applications.
I would like to thank all those involved in the production of this handbook for their enthusiastic co-operation, since this has made an important standard mechanical engineering text available to an international readership.
w. Beitz Technische Universitat Berlin
November 1993
Contents
A Mechanics
I Statics of Rigid Bodies
1. 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Combination and Resolution of Concurrent Forces. 1.3 Combination and Resolution of Non-Concurrent Forces 1.4 Conditions of Equilibrium ..... 1.5 Types of Support; the 'Free Body' 1.6 Support Reactions .... 1. 7 Systems of Rigid Bodies 1.8 Pin-Jointed Frames 1. 9 Cables and Chains 1. 10 Centre of Gravity 1. 11 Friction . . . .
2 Kinematics .
2.1 Motion of a Particle. 2.2 Motion of a Rigid Body
Al
Al A2 A4 A5 A7 A7
AlO AlO A12 A13 A15
AI9
A19 A22
~ Dynamics........ A27
3.1 Basic Concepts of Energy, Work, Power, Efficiency A27 3.2 Particle Dynamics, Straight-Line Motion of Rigid Bodies A28 3.3 Dynamics of Systems of Particles. A30 3.4 Dynamics of a Rigid Body. . A33 3.5 Dynamics of Relative Motion A39 3.6 Impact ............ A39
4 Mechanical Vibrations . A40
4.1 One-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 4.2 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems (Coupled Vibrations) 4.3 Non-linear Vibrations .................... .
A40 A44 A48
S Hydrostatics......................... A49
6 Hydrodynamics and Aerodynamics (Dynamics of Fluids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASI
6.1 One-Dimensional Flow of Ideal Fluids . . . . . . . . . A51 6.2 One-Dimensional Flow of Viscous Newtonian Fluids A52 6.3 One-Dimensional Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids A59 6.4 Forces Due to the Flow of Incompressible Fluids. A60 6.5 Multi-Dimensional Flow of Inviscid Fluids A60 6.6 Multi-Dimensional Flow of Viscous Fluids ..... A63
xiv Contents
7 Similarity Mechanics .
7.1 Introduction . . 7.2 Similarity Laws .
8 References . .
B Strength of Materials
1 General Fundamentals.
1.1 Stress and Strain . . . . . . . 1.2 Strength and Properties of Materials. 1.3 Failure Criteria, Equivalent Stresses
2 Stresses in Bars and Beams .
2.1 Tension and Compression . . . . . 2.2 Transverse Shear Stresses ..... 2.3 Contact Stresses and Bearing Pressures 2.4 Bending ...... . 2.5 Torsion .............. . 2.6 Combined Stresses ....... . 2.7 Statically Indeterminate Systems
3 Theory of Elasticity .
3.1 General ........ . 3.2 Axisymmetric Stresses 3.3 Plane Stresses . . . . .
4 Hertzian Contact S1:resses (Fonnulae of Hertz)
4.1 Spheres ........... . 4.2 Cylinders .......... . 4.3 Arbitrarily Curved Surfaces
5 Plates and Shells ... .
5.1 Plates ............ . 5.2 Discs, Plates Under In-Plane Loads. 5.3 Shells ................. .
6 Centrifugal Stresses in Rotating Components
6.1 Rotating Bars. . . . . 6.2 Rotating Thin Rings. 6.3 Rotating Discs ....
7 Stability Problems
7.1 Buckling of Bars . . . . 7.2 Lateral Buckling of Beams 7.3 Buckling of Plates and Shells
A69
A69 A69
A72
Bl
B1 B4 B6
B7
B7 B7 B8 B8
B27 B31 B32
B36
B36 B36 B37
B~8
B38 B38 B38
B39
B39 B41 B41
B43
B43 B43 B43
B45
B45 B48 B48
8 Finite-Element and Boundary-Element Methods . B50
8.1 Finite Elements .. 8.2 Boundary Elements
B50 B53
9 Theory of Plasticity ...... .
9.1 Introduction to Theory of Plasticity 9.2 Uses .................. .
10 Appendix B: Diagrams and Tables
II References.................
C Thermodynamics
I Scope of Thermodynamics. Definitions
1.1 Systems, Boundaries of Systems, Surroundings . 1.2 Description of the State of a System. Thermodynamic
Processes ..... .
2 Temperatures. Equilibria .
2.1 Adiabatic and Diathermal Walls. 2.2 Zeroth Law and Empirical Temperature. 2.3 Temperature Scales
3 First Law . ..
3.1 General Formulation 3.2 The Various Forms of Energy 3.3 Application to Closed Systems 3.4 Application to Open Systems
4 Second Law
4.1 The Principle of Irreversibility 4.2 General Formulation 4.3 Special Formulations
5 Exergy and Anergy
5.1 Exergy of a Closed System 5.2 Anergy ..... . 5.3 Exergy of an Open System 5.4 Exergy and Heat. 5. '5 Exergy Losses
6 Thermodynamics of Substances
6.1 Thermal State Variables of Gases and Vapours . 6.2 Caloric Properties of Gases and Vapours ... . 6.3 Solids .. : . . . . . . . ......... . 6.4 Mixing Temperature, Measurement of Specitk Heat
Capacities. . . . . . . . . . .. ..... .
7 Changes of State of Gases and Vapours .
7.1 Changes of State of Gases and Vapours at Rest 7.2 Changes of State of Gases and Vapours in Motion
8 Thermodynamic Processes .
S.l Combustion Processes . .
Contents XV
B55
B55 B56
B59
B76
CI
C1
Cl
C2
C2 C2 C2
C3
C3 C4 C4 C5
c6
C6 C6 C7
C7
C7 CS CS CS CS
C9
C9 C10 C12
C13
CI4
C14 CI5
CI6
C16
xvi Contents
8.2 Internal Combustion Engines 8.3 Cyclic Processes ... 8.4 Cooling and Heating
9 Ideal Gas Mixtures
C18 C19 C22
9.1 Dalton's Law. Thermal and Caloric Properties of State . C23 9.2 Mixtures of Gas and Vapour C24 9.3 Humid Air ..... C24
10 Heat Transfer . . C26
10.1 Steady-State Heat Conduction . C26 10.2 Heat Transfer and Heat Transmission C27 10.3 Instationary Heat Transmission C28 10.4 Heat Transfer by Convection C30 10.5 Radiative Heat Transfer C33
11 Tables . . . C34
12 References CS4
D Materials Technology
1 Fundamental Properties of Materials and Struc:tural Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dl
1.1 Load and Stress Conditions 01 1.2 Causes of Failure ...... D2 1.3 Materials Design Values .. D5 1.4 Effect of Materials Structure, Manufacturing Process and
Environment Conditions on Strength and Ductility Behaviour D8 1.5 Strength Properties and Constructional Design ... DlO 1.6 Loadbearing Capability of Structural Components. D 13
2 Materials Testing D17
2.1 Fundamentals 2.2 Test Methods ....
3 Properties and Application of Materials
3.1 Iron Base Materials . . 3.2 Non-Ferrous Metals . . 3.3 Non-Metallic Materials 3.4 Materials Selection
4 Plastics ...... .
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . 4.2 Structure and Properties . 4.3 Properties ......... . 4.4 Important Thermoplastics 4.5 Fluorinated Plastics ... . 4.6 Thermosets ......... . 4.7 Plastic Foams (Cellular Plastics) .. 4.8 Elastomers .... . 4.9 Testing of Plastics .......... .
017 D18
D26
D26 D43 D49 D53
D54
D54 D54 D54 D55 D57 D57 D58 D58 D59
4.10 Processing of Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11 Design and Tolerances of Formed Parts. 4.12 Finishing ..
S Tnbology.
5.1 Friction ... 5.2 Friction States of Oil-Lubricated Sliding Pairs . 5.3 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication ....... . 5.4 Wear ........................ . 5.5 Systems Analysis of Friction and Wear Processes 5.6 Lubricants ................. .
6 Appendix D: Diagrams and Tables
7 References.................
E Fundamentals of Engineering Design
1 Fundamentals of Technical Systems
1.1 Energy, Material and Signal Transformation 1.2 Functional Interrelationship .. . 1.3 Working Interrelationships .. . 1.4 Constmctional Interrelationship 1.5 System Interrelationship . . . . . 1.6 General Objectives and Constraints
2 Fundamentals of a Systematic Approach .
2.1 General Working Method .... . 2.2 General Problem-Solving ..... . 2.3 Abstracting to Identify Functions. 2.4 Search for Solution Principles. 2.5 Evaluation of Solutions .
~ The Design Process.
3.1 Defining Requirements. 3.2 Conceptual Design 3.3 Embodiment Design .. 3.4 Detail Design ...... . 3.5 Types of Engineering Design
4 Fundamentals of Embodiment Design .
4.1 Basic Rule of Embodiment Design 4.2 Principles of Embodiment Design 4.3 Guidelines for Embodiment Design
Contents
S Fundamentals of the Development of Series and
xvii
D62 D66 D67
D67
D67 D67 D68 D70 D71 D72
D76
D121
El
E1 E1 E2 E4 E4 E4
E4
E4 E4 E4 E5 E6
EI0
EIO Ell E12 E12 E12
EU
E13 E14 El6
Modular Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E20
5.1 Similarity Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E20 5.2 Decimal-Geometric Series of Preferred Numbers (Renard
5.3 5.4
Series) . Geometrically Similar Series . Semi-similar Series. . . . . . .
E20 E21 E21
xvi i i Contents
5.5 Use of Exponential Equations. 5.6 Modular System ........ .
6 Fundamentals of Standardisation and Engineering
E21 E22
Drawing ... E23
6.1 Standardisation. E23 6.2 Basic Standards E24 6.3 Engineering Drawings and Parts Lists E25 6.4 Item Numbering Systems E30
7 References........ E31
F Mechanical Machine Components
1 Connections...
l.1 Welding .... l.2 Soldering and Brazing l.3 Adhesive Bonding ... l.4 Connections with Force Transmission by Friction l.5 Positive Connections ..... . 1.6 Bolted Connections ...... . 1.7 Selecting Types of Connection
2 Elastic Connections (Springs)
2.1 Uses, Characteristics, Properties .. 2.2 Metal Springs ............ . 2.3 Rubber Springs and Anti-vibration Mountings 2.4 Fibre Composite Springs . 2. <; Gas Springs ................ .
3 Couplings, Clutches and Brakes .
3.1 Survey, Functions . . .. . ...... . 3.2 Permanent Torsionally StifI Couplings. 3.3 Permanent Elastic Couplings 3.4 Clutches ...... . 3.5 Automatic Clutches .
4 Rolling Bearings
4.1 Fundamentals .... 4.2 Types of Rolling Bearings 4.3 Load Capacity, Fatigue Life, Service Life 4.4 Lubrication of Rolling Bearings ... . 4.5 Friction and Heating ........ . 4.6 Design of Rolling Bearing Assemblies
5 Plain Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fl
Fl F18 F21 F23 F28 F34 F47
F50
F50 F51 F59 F62 F63
F64
F64 F65 F66 F69 F74
F75
F75 F77 F79 F84 F87 F87
F89
5.1 Fundamentals of Plain Bearing Design. F89 5.2 Calculation of Plain Journal Bearings Under Steady Radial
Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F89 5.3 Calculation of Plain Journal Bearings Under Variable Radial
Load. . . . . . . . . . F92 5.4 Turbulent Film Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F92
5.5 Calculation of Plain Thrust Bearings. 5.6 Form Design of Plain Bearings ... 5.7 Lobed and Multi-pad Plain Bearings 5.8 Bearing Seals ............. . 5.9 Dry Bearings ......... . 5.10 Bearing with Hydrostatic Jacking Systems 5.11 Hydrostatic Bearings ....
6 Belt and Chain Drives .
6.1 Types, Uses .. 6.2 Flat Belt Drives 6.3 V-Belts .... 6.4 Synchronous Belts. 6.5 Chain Drives ...
7 Friction Drives
7.1 Mode of Operation, Definitions. 7.2 Types, Examples ...... . 7.3 Principles of Calculation .. . 7.4 Hints on Use and Operation
8 Gearing.
8.1 Spur and Helical Gears - Gear Tooth Geometry . 8.2 Tooth Errors and Tolerances, Backlash . 8.3 Lubrication and Cooling .............. . 8.4 Materials and Heat Treatment - Gear Manufacture 8.5 Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears 8.6 Bevel Gears ...... . 8.7 Crossed Helical Gears ... . 8.8 Worm Gears ......... . 8.9 Epicyclic Gear Arrangements 8.10 Design of Geared Transmissions
9 Kio.etnatics.
9.1 Systematics of Mechanisms 9.2 Analysis of Mechanisms . 9.3 Synthesis of Mechanisms. 9.4 Special Mechanisms ..
10 Crank Mechanisms
10.1 Kinematics . 10.2 Dynamics .. 10.3 Components of Crank Mechanism
11 Appendix F: Diagrams and Tables
12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents
G Hydraulic and Pneumatic Power Transmission
1 Fundamentals of Fluid Power Transmission Systems . ........................ .
xix
F92 F96 F98 F98 F99 F99 F99
F101
FlOl FlOl F107 Fl09 F109
FllO
FllO FIll Fl12 F1l5
F1l6
F1l7 F124 F125 F126 F128 F137 Fl39 Fl39 Fl43 F153
F157
F157 F16l F166 F168
F168
F168 Fl70 Fl72
F176
F194
G1
XX Contents
1.1 The Flow Process 1.2 Hydraulic Fluids 1.3 Systematology ..
Gl G2 G2
2 Components of Hydrostatic Transmissions G4
2.1 Pumps....... G4 2.2 Hydraulic Motors GS 2.3 Valves....... G9 2.4 Hydraulic Equipment G12
3 Structure and Function of Hydraulic Transmissions G 12
3.1 Hydraulic Circuits ............ . 3.2 Operation of Hydraulic Transmissions. 3.3 Control .................. .
4 Configuration and Design of Hydraulic Transmissions . . . . . . . . .
4.1 Hydraulic Circuit Arrangements 4.2 Design of Hydraulic Circuits
5 Pneumatic Installations.
5.1 Pneumatic Components 5.2 Circuits ......... .
6 Water Hydraulic Systems .
7 Appendix G: Diagrams and Tables
8 References.................
H Components of Thermal Apparatus
1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 Heat Exchanger Characteristics . . . . . . . . 1.2 Thermodynamic and Fluid Dynamic Design 1.3 Heat Exchanger Flow Arrangements and Operating
Characteristics . . . . . . . 1.4 Efficiency, Exergy Losses ......... .
2 Apparatus and Piping Components.
2.1 Basis for Design Calculations ....... . 2.2 Cylindrical Shells and Tubes Under Internal Pressure 2.3 Cylindrical Shells Under External Pressure 2.4 Flat End Closures and Tube Plates 2.5 Domed End Closures 2.6 Cutouts ... 2.7 Flange Joints .... . 2.S Piping ........ . 2.9 Shutoff and Control Valves 2.10 Seals ............. .
3 Types of Heat Exchanger .
G12 G12 G13
G15
GIS GIS
G16
G16 G17
G17
G18
G20
HI
HI HI
H4 H4
H5
H5 H6 H6 H7 H7 HS HS
HlO H14 HIS
H21
Contents xxi
3.1 Tube-Bundle (Shell-and-Tube) Heat Exchangers H21 3.2 Other Types .............. . H22
4 Condensers and Reflux Coolers H23
4.1 Principles of Condensation ..... . H23 4.2 Surface Condensers .......... . H24 4.3 Injection (Direct-Contact) Condensers. H25 4.4 Air-Cooled Condensers ......... . H26 4.5 Auxiliary Equipment .......... . H26 4.6 Indirect Air Cooling and Cooling Towers. H27
5 Appendix H: Diagrams and Tables H29
6 References . . . . . . . . . . H31
J Machine Dynamics
K
1 Crank Operation, Forces and Moments of Inertia, Flywheel Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 Graph of Torque Fluctuations in Multi-Cylinder Reciprocating
Jl
Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 1 1.2 Forces and Moments of Inertia J4
2 Vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . JI0
2.1 The Problem of Vibrations in Machines. JlO 2.2 Some Fundamental Concepts . . . . . . . Jl1 2.3 Basic Problems in Machine Dynamics. . J14 2.4 Representation of Vibrations in the Time and Frequency
Domains ........................... J16 2. '; Origin of Machine Vibrations, Excitation Forces F(t) . J18 2.6 Mechanical Equivalent Systems, Equations of Motion. J21 2.7 Application Examples for Machine Vibrations J25
3 Acoustics in Mechanical Engineering
3.1 Basic Concepts ............ . 3.2 The Generation of Machine Noise .. . 3.3 Methods for Reducing Machine Noise.
4 References............
Manufacturing Processes
1 Survey of Manufacturing Processes
1.1 Definition and Criteria 1.2 Classification .
2 Primary Shaping
2.1 General . . . . .... 2.2 Shaping of Metals by Casting 2.3 Forming of Plastics ....
J29
J29 J31 J33
J36
Kl
Kl K1
K2
K2 K3
K15
xx i i Contents
L
2.4 Forming of Metals and Ceramics by Powder Metallurgy 2.5 Other Methods of Primary Shaping
K17 K19
3 Metal Forming . . . . . . . . . K19
3.1 Classification and Introduction. K19 3.2 Fundamentals of Metal Forming K20 3.3 Theoretical Models . . . . . . . . K23 3.4 Stresses and Forces in Selected Metal Forming Processes K25 3.5 Technology. K28
4 Cutting.. K35
4.1 General... K35 4.2 Machining with Geometrically Well-defined Tool Edges K35 4.3 Machining with Geometrically Non-defined Tool Edges K50 4.4 Chipless Machining . . K57 4.5 Shearing and Blanking . . K61
5 Special Technologies . K67
5.1 Thread Production .. . . K67 5.2 Gear Cutting . . . . . . . . K70 5.3 Manufacturing in Precision Engineering and Microtechnology K81 5.4 Surface Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. K90
6 Assembly... K91
6.1 Definitions . . . 6.2 Tasks of Assembly. 6.3 Realisation of Assembly
7 Production and Works Management
7.1 Job Planning ...... . 7.2 Manufacturing Systems. 7.3 Quality Engineering. 7.4 Operational Costing . 7.5 Basic Ergonomics . .
8 Appendix K: Diagrams and Tables
9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing Systems
1 Machine Tool Components .
1.1 Fundamentals 1.2 Drives ..... 1.3 Frames ....
1.4 Linear and Rotary Guides and Bearings
2 Control Systems
2.1 Fundamentals of Control. 2.2 Means of Control . . . . . 2.3 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) .
K92 K93 K93
K96
K96 KlOO K103 K105 K107
KI09
K118
L1
L1 L4
L21 125
L34
L34 L37 L41
2.4 Numerical Control (NC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Equipment for Position Measurement at NC Machines.
3 Shearing and Blanking Machines .
3.1 Shearing Machines 3.2 Blanking Machines 3.3 Nibbling Machines 3.4 Beam Cutting Machines
4 Presses and Hammers for Metal Forging
4.1 Characteristics of Presses and Hammers 4.2 Mechanical Presses ..... . 4.3 Hydraulic Presses . . . . . . . 4.4 Hammers and Screw Presses 4.5 Safety ............. .
5 Metal-Cutting Machine Tools
5.1 Lathes. 5.2 Drilling and Boring Machines . . 5.3 Milling Machines ........ . 5.4 Horizontal Boring and Milling Machines 5.5 Machining Centres . . .. ....... . 5.6 Planing, Shaping and Slotting Machines. 5.7 Broaching Machines ..... 5.8 Sawing and Filing Machines. 5.9 Grinding Machines 5.10 Honing Machines ... 5. 11 Lapping Machines . . . 5.12 Multi-machine Systems
6 Welding and Soldering (Brazing) Machines
6.1 Arc Welding Machines ...... . 6.2 Resistance Welding Machines .. 6.3 Soldering and Brazing Equipment
7 Industrial Robots . . . . . . .
7.1 Systematics of Handling Systems 7.2 Components of Robots ..... . 7.3 Kinematic and Dynamic Models 7.4 Characteristics, Accuracy .... 7. 'i Industrial Robot Control Systems. 7.6 Programming ............ . 7.7 Main Applications and Selection of Robots.
8 References...................
Contents xxiii
L42 L48
L52
L52 L53 L53 L54
L54
L54 L55 L60 L61 L65
L66
L66 L73 L79 L83 L83 L85 L86 L87 L89 L92 L94 L97
L97
L97 L99
LlOO
LI00
LlOO LlOI Ll02 Ll02 Ll02 Ll04 Ll07
LlO8
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ............... 1
