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Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
The Electronic Records Committee and State
Standards
Charles Arp, State ArchivistJudy Walker, Assistant State
Archivist
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Introduction• The Ohio Historical Society/State Archives
– Work with electronic records
• Problems with electronic records• The Ohio Electronic Records Committee
– The Electronic Records Policy
• H.B. 488 - UETA• Guidelines for Managing Electronic Mail• Joint Electronic Records Repository
Initiative
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
OHS and the State Archives• Section 149.31 of the ORCThe Ohio Historical Society, in addition to
its other functions, shall function as the state archives administration for the state and its political subdivisions.
It shall be the function of the state archives to preserve government archives, documents, and records of historical value which may come into its possession from public or private sources.
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
OHS and the State Archives• Section 149.31 of the ORCThe archives administration shall
evaluate, preserve, arrange, service, repair or make other disposition…of those public records of the state or its political subdivisions which may come into its possession under the provisions of this section.
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Problems with E-Records
“For years, computer scientists said the ones and zeros of digital data would
stick around forever. They were wrong.” Newsweek July 12, 1999
Tests by the National Media Lab found that magnetic tapes might last only a decade. The
fate of floppy disks, videotape, hard drives, and CDROMs is just as bleak.
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Problems with E-Records
Electronic Records are inherently unstable
• Hardware dependent• Software dependent• Inscribed on impermanent media
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Problems with E-Records
•Great for access and manipulation •Must be created reliably and
maintained authentically•Must include content, context,
and structure•Preservation is difficult and
expensive
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Problems with E-Records
Attributes that we take for granted are not always present
in e-records
Records Managers and Archivists must work together
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Problems with E-Records
• Reliability is the measure of a records authority and is a function of the records creation
• Authenticity is proven reliability over time and is a function of a record preservation
• System documentation• Metadata• Audit trails• Security Measures• Disaster Recovery
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Problems with E-Records
The cost of accessing and recovering digital information
may far exceed the cost of dealing with the year 2000
computer problemNational Science Foundation
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Problems with E-Records
The Gartner Group recommends:• that any record stored longer than
10 years should be stored in an "analog, human-readable form" such as paper or microfilm. – those formats are inexpensive – the media are relatively stable – they avoid problems with compatibility with
newer technologies.
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
E-Records Work
What has been done?• 1996 first Electronic Records Archivist• 1997 NHPRC grant
– Hedstrom report
• Digitization projects• GILS• Ohio ERC
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Current E-Records Work
• MN Educating Archivists and Their Constituencies
• OCLC Digital Preservation Project Partner• XML work with San Diego Supercomputer
Center– OBES email
• TIS Working Group• Database Subcommittee• JERRI
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Ohio Electronic Records Committee
• ERC made up of 30 - 35 members– IT professionals– records managers– archivists– attorneys– policy experts
• Meet twice a year
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Ohio Electronic Records Committee
– Electronic Records Policy adopted by DAS– Managing Email Guidelines– Digital Imaging Guidelines– Electronic Records Management Guidelines– General Schedules - Administrative
Electronic Records– Trustworthy Information Systems Handbook– Guidelines for responding to public records
requests for databases
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Ohio Electronic Records Committee
• Continue to meet to draft guidelines for specific issues– Recommendations on DOD 5015.2
software– Website Management guidelines
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
ER Policy
• 4.1 Electronic information is a record if it satisfies the criteria defined by Ohio law.– Records are compilations of data that document
the organization, functions, policies, procedures, operations, or other activities of the office ORC 149.011
– E-records may exist in non-traditional structures– E-records are subject to public records access
requirements– E-records are subject to audit and legal
proceedings
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
ER Policy
• 4.2 Electronic records should be managed effectively as part of a comprehensive records management program– “the head of each state agency, office,
institution, board, or commission shall…establish, maintain, and direct an active continuing program for the effective management of the records of the state agency…” ORC 149.34(A)
– Employing records management procedures will facilitate the most cost effective use of the state’s computer resources
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
ER Policy
• 4.3 State agencies, boards and commissions should keep and manage their electronic records in compliance with standards, best practices and guidelines– non-proprietary formats– ANSI standards, ITP best practices, ERC
guidelines– ERC subcommittees
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
ER Policy
• 4.4 Work processes and tools should support the creation and management of electronic records– provision for adequate maintenance, disposal,
and preservation of e-records should be built into work processes and tools
– capture of descriptive metadata at the time of creation
– records management should be designed into new systems
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
ER Policy
• 4.5 Electronic records should be create and maintained in reliable and secure systems– identify systems that create and maintain
records– reliability and authenticity– context, content and structure
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
ER Policy• 4.6 In most cases, electronic records
should be maintained in electronic fom, because preserving the context and structure of and facilitating access to those records are best accomplished in the electronic environment– system dependent records– system independent records
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
ER Policy
• 4.7 Maintaining and providing access to electronic records over time is a shared responsibility– records managers, IT managers, State
Records Administrator and the State Archives must work together to manage, preserve and provide access to electronic records
– transferring all historical significant e-records to State Archives is not feasible• SA will provide guidance
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Uniform Electronic Transactions Act
In 2000 the CIO and DAS – H.B. 488 passed - Section 1306 of the
ORC– Digital signatures and Electronic
Records Act or UETA– Legal foundation for the use of digital
signatures•Administrative rules for use of digital signatures
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Uniform Electronic Transactions Act
Gives DAS “in consultation with the State Archivist” the ability to create administrative rules that:– Document the migration of data (1306.20)– Provide minimum requirements for the
creation, maintenance, and security of electronic records... to ensure adequate preservation, disposition, integrity, security, confidentiality, and auditability of electronic records (1306.21)
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Managing E-mail
“Almost every workplace lawsuit today,especially a sexual harassment
case, has an E-mail component”
Nancy Flynn, executive director of the ePolicy Institute, which develops E-mail and Internet policies for employers. US
News and World Report
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Managing E-mail• Some consider email to be the most legally
risky form of business communication– users assume, incorrectly, that their messages
are private and not subject to public access requirements
– email encourages “chatty” modes of expression – used like voice-mail -- once it has been read, it
is presumed to have no more value– this email usage culture is entrenched and
difficult to change
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Managing E-mail
• Email use in the U.S. will grow from the current 3.2 billion messages daily to over 9 billion by 2003
• Critical Networks reports that 60% of business critical information is stored within messaging systems
• Many organizations estimate that up to 70% of the email data they currently receive is not necessary and could be eliminated prior to archiving
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Managing E-mail
• Email is a fast growing technology– 50 millions users worldwide
• Email has become so prevalent that it is now often used as the de facto tool for enterprise-wide communication and collaboration
• However….
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Managing E-mail• Email systems were never intended to
support the need to manage and archive an organization’s huge volume of business data.
• Many email systems have become long-term stores of business critical information– up to one-third of the information used by
employees of large companies resides within the email system
• An email system is a communication system, not a recordkeeping system
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Managing E-mail
• Need solutions– policy– tools
• Solutions need to take into account– IT issues (performance and storage
volume)– Records Management compliance– Business practices of the office– And they must benefit the organization
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Managing E-mail• Email - is it a public record?
– ORC 149.43• fixed medium• created, received by, jurisdiction of the office• documents the functions of the office
• Email must be filed and maintained per retention requirements– transient documents– correspondence– permanent record (executive level
correspondence)
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Managing E-mail
• The strategy that is used within an organization should be an analysis of several factors including:– how email is used and user sophistication– IT environment– records management environment– litigation concern– fiscal resources– support from upper management
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Managing E-mail
• Draft and Implement an email policy – circumstances under which email
messages are records– how should email be used (ex.
administrative use only)– retention requirements and
implementation– how to file and retain– backup and purge cycles
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Managing E-mail• Email backup and purge
– assure that email backups are deleted when all retention requirements expire• legal liability to maintain
– assure that users understand purge cycles and know what to do if they need to retain a message beyond the purge time period• save to hard drive or central file repository• print
• User Training is vital
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Managing E-mail -- options
1. Don’t use email 2. No organizational policy/guidelines
– let email users manage email however they want to
3. Policy stating email will be used only for transient communications
4. Print what is important and purge everything else
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Email -- options
5. Purge messages that aren’t needed; create simple file structures for some messages; print messages that are important – Where should messages be stored?
• Hard drive, email system, central filing repository
6. Develop an internal email/RM system – pop-up boxes, filing options, plan for
maintaining messages in the system, security
7. RMA
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
RMA• Records Management Application
– products based on the DoD5015.2 standard – software that incorporates recordkeeping into
the desktop• records retention schedules• security• versions• disposition of records• web pages• email
– Ohio Department of Insurance– MI NHPRC project
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
RMA
• Example– TrueArc– www.truearc.com– white papers about email– demonstration of email management
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Email -- options
• None of these strategies is without problems– decide what will work best in the organization’s
environment
• Make sure you do something to deal with email messages that meet the ORC definition of a “record”
• Ohio Electronic Records Committee Guidelines for Managing Electronic Mail– http://www.ohiojunction.net/erc
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Preserving Electronic Records
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Preserving Electronic Records• About 3-5% of all records have enduring
historical value and need to be preserved in the archives
• Preserving electronic records is more difficult than preserving paper and microfilm– hardware and software
dependence/obsolescence– proprietary formats– no standards
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Preserving Electronic Records• Eye-readable formats• Technology museum• Migration
– the period transfer of digital material from one hardware/software configuration to another
• Emulation– programs that mimic the behavior of other
(older) computers
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Preserving Electronic RecordsMigration
• Data Loss and Corruption– In one case involving FDA-mandated
records of drug testing, blood pressure numbers were randomly off by up to 8 digits following data transfer from UNIX platforms to Windows NT operating systems Business Week April 20, 1998
• It has to be done every 5 - 7 years
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Preserving Electronic Records• The migration must be documented
– ORC 13206.20 If a state agency... alters the format of the records, the state agency shall create a certificate of authenticity for each set of records that is altered - DAS in consultation with the state archivist, shall adopt rules IAW section 111.15 of the Revised Code that establish the methods for creating certificates of authenticity
• Cost– In some instances migration can cost up to 2.5 times
the original cost of creating the information in the first place
– IT managers routinely budget 20% to 30% of the cost of an application for upgrades
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Preserving Electronic RecordsEmulation
• Emulator will work for all records using that operating system– Emulator will be migrated, not the records
• Three commercial emulators available now:– SoftWindows and VirtualPC both run Windows
on Macintosh operating system– Wine runs Windows in Unix
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Preserving Electronic Records• Largely theoretical - no practical model
– Archivists have not used it for preservation yet
– Has been used for other applications - browsers and games
– University of Michigan and Leeds University are working on a model for archival preservation
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
JERRIJoint Electronic
Records Repository
Initiative
Goal: to create an archival
repository for electronic records and resources for
thestate and its politicalsubdivisions in Ohio
Partners– OHS/State Archives– State Library of
Ohio– DAS– Ohio
SuperComputer Center
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Conclusion
• State Archives will continue to work on these issues through– ERC– JERRI– other ongoing initiatives
• There are no easy solutions
Managing Electronic Records -- 1 Nov 2001
Questions???
Thank you