Duration Required for Mold Growth Arising from ... · • Senn, M. A. Commercial Real Estate...

IAQA 19th Annual MeetingIAQA 19th Annual Meeting

Duration Required for Mold

Growth Arising from

Condensation Development

on Interior Surfaces

Christopher Martinez, MSME, EI, CIE, MRSA

Holmes Engineering Group

[email protected]

Office Number: 727-873-3907

mailto:[email protected]

IAQA 19th Annual Meeting

Acknowledgements

• IAQA

• Co-Author:

Ralph E. Moon, Ph.D. CIAQP, CHMM

• Reviewers:

Julie Kahn, MSBE

Ross Montgomery, PE

Raymond Patenaude, PE– only their names and affiliations can be listed ( John Doe – Acme Company)

• No Images or Logos allowed

• No emails or phone numbers allowed


Overview

1. Introduction

2. Building Material Properties

3. Condensation

4. Microbial Growth

5. Condensation and Microbial Growth

6. Limitations and Future Work

7. Conclusionsontent


1. Introduction


Introduction

A


2. Building Material

Properties


Thermal Conductance

Building Material Properties


Vapor Permeability



Moisture Content



Moisture Content and Thermal Conductance



3. Condensation


Condensation

Water Vapor


Condensation

Water Vapor


Condensation

Vulnerability

1. Dew Point

2. Surface Temperature


Condensation

Relative humidity (RH) is just that, its

relative!

• Dew Point

• Humidity Ratio


Condensation

Visible thin film condensation:

Glass, metal, vinyl, etc.


4. Microbial Growth


Microbial Growth

Mold Growth

Spores

Moisture Nutrients

Suitable Climate


• Non-porous condensation means aw = 1.0

• Some fungi aw <0.65

• Most filamentous fungi aw >0.90

Microbial Growth

Water Activity

(Aw)

Moisture Content

(MC)

Moisture available Moisture within

0 to 1 0 to 100%

Porous or non-porous Porous only


5. Condensation and

Microbial Growth


Buildings are dynamic …

Condensation and

Microbial Growth


… even when unoccupied

Condensation and

Microbial Growth


Interior Moisture Sources

• Occupants (Perspiration and respiration)

• Their activities (Cooking and sanitation)

• Free water releases (Plumbing leaks)

Condensation and

Microbial Growth


Locations Vulnerable to Condensation

• AC components

• Window assemblies

• Poorly ventilated areas

• Overcrowded areas

• Exterior walls, especially those with thermal

bridges and thermal breaks

Condensation and

Microbial Growth


Condensation and

Microbial Growth


Thermal Bridging – Passing highly conductive

materials through insulation layers …

Condensation and

Microbial Growth


• A glimpse at condensation modeling with

Nusselt number based estimations

• 3 ft. by 3 ft. non-porous material

symbolizing a window

• Various dew point and surface

temperatures

Modeling Condensation



Dew Point

(°F)

Surface Temp.

(°F)

Maximum

condensation

film depth

(mils)

Total

condensation

rate

(oz./min.)

62.5 40.0 7.54 34.8

62.5 60.0 4.27 7.04

65.0 60.0 5.03 12.0

67.5 60.0 5.57 16.3

82.5 60.0 7.17 40.2

85.0 60.0 7.10 47.1

87.5 60.0 7.22 51.5

82.5 80.0 4.04 7.74



• 8,000 ft3 space with 62.5°F dew point and

air temperature has 14 oz. of water

• So when windows do feature 1/16 in. of

condensation …

• Condensation results from a sequence …

Moisture Source

Moisture

Diffusion

Persistent

Conditions


Modeling Microbial Growth

Model/study assumptions:

• No previous microbial growth

• Limited environmental variables

• Scenario and variability limitations



Despite these limitations ...

• 70% RH = Summer season

• 85% RH = Within a week

For condensation, benefit can come from

understanding the fungal genus Cladosporium



Cladosporium

• 0.80 Aw 0.90

• Frequents areas of condensation

– Goldstein 2011

– Internal case study review

• 20 samples surfaced, present in 18

• Aspergillus second most frequent, present in 3



Cladosporium

• Clinical detection:

– 7 day average

– 14 day maximum

• Growth identified on wetted building

materials on day 14

• Growth diameters:

– 0.008 to 48 mm in 14 days

– 32 to 64 mm in one month


Relating the microbial studies to residential

condensation

• A failure must occur

• Latent time period

• Microbial studies are often ideal or worst-

case scenarios

• Therefore, the mold growth timelines are

often extended

Condensation and

Microbial Growth


Cladosporium growth arising from

condensation development on interior

building surfaces requires a two-week

minimum duration of elevated moisture

exposure. This duration includes the

time required for moisture accumulation

and mold growth.

Condensation and

Microbial Growth


6. Limitations and

Future Work


Limitations and

Future Work

Limitations

• Hot and humid U.S. climate

• Residential activity and occupancy

• Cooled and dehumidified by an air-

conditioning system


Limitations and

Future Work

Future Work

• Experimentally verified condensation

references

• Hygrothermal analysis

– Building components

– Transient behavior

• Encourage Standard and Guideline

adherence


7. Conclusions

• Conclusions can be listed here.


Conclusions

• Mold can be costly

• Buildings are dynamic

• Sequence of events

• Cladosporium

• Two-week duration

• Hot and humid U.S. climate


Bibliography

• ASHRAE. 2013 Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2013.

• ASHRAE. 2015 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2015.

• ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2013 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human

Occupancy. Standard, Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2013.

• Bensch, K., U. Braun, J. Z. Groenewald, and P. W. Crous. The genus Cladosporium.

doi:10.3114/sim0003, Utrecht: www.studiesinmycology.org, 2012.

• Building Technologies Program. Building America Top Innovations Hall of Fame Profile:

Building Science-Based Climate Maps. U.S. Department of Energy, 2013.

• Callister, Jr., W. D. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 7th Edition. New

York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.

• Cooper, S. C. The Truth About Mold. Chicago: Dearborn Real Estate Education, 2004.

• EPA. A brief guide to mold, moisture, and your home. Guide, Washington, DC: U.S>

Environmental Protection Agency, 2010.

• Flannigan, B., R. Samson, and J. Miller. Microorganisms in Home and Indoor Work

Environments. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2011.

• Florida Building Commission. 2004 Florida Building Code, Building. Illinois: International

Code Council, Inc., 2004.

• Georgia-Pacific Gypsum LLC. 2014. ToughRock. Material Specifications, Atlanta: Georgia-

Pacific Gypsum LLC.

• Goldstein, W. E. Sick Building Syndrome and Related Illness: Prevention and Remediation

of Mold Contamination. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2011.


Bibliography

• Harriman, L. G., and J. W. Lstiburek. The ASHRAE Guide for Buildings in Hot and Humid

Climates, 2nd Edition. Atlanta: American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-

Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 2009.

• IICRC. IICRC S520 Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Mold Remediation, 2nd

Edition. Standard and Reference Guide, Vancouver: Institute of Inspection, Cleaning, and

Restoration Certification (IICRC), 2008.

• Incropera, F. P., D. P. Dewitt, T. L. Bergman, and A. S. Lavine. Introduction to Heat Transfer,

5th Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.

• Moon, R., M. Bass, and C. Yang. "Fungal Growth Sequence on Gypsum Board Wall

Assemblies." IN Indoor Air Quality Association Conference Proceedings. Tampa: HSA

Scientists & Engineers, 2012.

• Moran, M. J., and H. N. Shapiro. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 6th

Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008.

• Morris, A. J., T. C. Byrne, J. F. Madden, and L. B. Reller. "Duration of Incubation of Fungal

Cultures." Journal of Clinical Microbiology (Journal of Clinical Microbiology), 1996: p. 1583-

1585.

• Petty, S. E. Forensic Engineering: Damage Assessments for Residential and Commercial

Structures. Hoboken: CRC Press, 2013.

• Salisbury, J. K. Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, Power Volume 12th Edition. New

York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950.


Bibliography

• Senn, M. A. Commercial Real Estate Transactions Handbook, 4th Edition. New York:

Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2014.

• Shu, J. "Laminar Film Condensation Heat Transfer on a Vertical, Non-Isothermal, Semi-

Infinite Plate." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2012: 1711-1721.

• Spicer, C. "Handling Building Contamination Claims: Beware of the pitfalls of mold testing."

Claims Management, 2013: October.

• Trechsel, H. A. Moisture Analysis and Condensation Control in Building Envelopes. West

Conshohocken: American Society for Testing and Materials, 2001.

• United States Environmental Protection Agency. Mold Testing or Sampling. October 23,

2013. http://www2.epa.gov/mold/mold-testing-or-sampling (accessed November 6, 2015).

• Vereecken, E., and S. Roels. "Review of mould prediction models and their influence on

mould risk evaluation." Building and Environment, 2012: 296-310.e referencing any

publications, list them here


Questions?

Name

[email protected]

Instruction – this slide cannot have

logo or images. Only what is shown

Thank you!

Addendum (Created by Christopher Martinez on 1/27/2016) – This “image citation slide” was not

included in the original presentation delivered at the January 25, 2016 IAQA Conference in Orlando

Image citation:

Slide 4: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/FEMA_-_44263_-_Mold_Remediation_Awareness.jpg

http://employmentlawottawa.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/82fd77ca-5eba-43a7-874f-53730fe4facb.jpg

http://hikingartist.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/4-money-fight.jpg

Slide 5: Building Technologies Program. 2013. Building America Top Innovations Hall of Fame Profile: Building Science-Based Climate Maps. U.S. Department of Energy.

Slide 6: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/BuildingSite.jpg

Slide 10:http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3367/4609211551_91e0c05201_z.jpg

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_URcAKDWDKrc/TKsYuFxxGMI/AAAAAAAAETg/n-e13H2VNeE/s1600/puffer+jacket.jpg

Slide 11:https://room34psglossary.wikispaces.com/C

Slide 12:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Condensation_on_water_bottle.jpg

Slide 13:http://i.stack.imgur.com/MZNcs.jpg

Slide 14:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/LG_refrigerator_interior.jpg

Slide 15:http://procesosbio.wikispaces.com/file/view/carta.jpg/289563525/carta.jpg

Slide 16:http://jcruz661.wikispaces.com/file/view/Condensation%202.jpg/430786944/719x473/Condensation%202.jpg

Slide 17:http://tse1.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.Md6fe8e51118470505ebbeaf3d3a6e271H0&pid=15.1

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/kitzmann_step/Image4.gif

Slide 20:https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/9/16210287_5dc1a0fd87_z.jpg?zz=1

Slide 21:https://yy2.staticflickr.com/7035/6572965025_20d464f955_z.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Haneda_Airport_Terminal1_MarketPlace.jpg

Slide 22:http://tse1.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.M9f13e652ee0f522e7d5f3a6fbc399f2eH0&pid=15.1

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GF1997firebeforeafter.jpg/215px-GF1997firebeforeafter.jpg

Slide 25:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ewMrenGzd1o/VgHjsIy2-VI/AAAAAAAAokc/2-vzsHYuFZ0/s800-Ic42/2009424251_6_FS.png

Slide 26:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Construction_of_the_InterContinental_Hotel_San_Francisco_2007-01-28.jpg

Slide 36:http://www.deniseroadwatch.com/TrafficLight3YELLOW.gif

Slide 39:http://www.investitwisely.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/CollegeGraduation.jpg

Slide 44:http://theanimalkingdom.wikispaces.com/file/view/dialeggggg.jpg/215944050/dialeggggg.jpg

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