Durbin Feeling - CWY English Dictionary

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A Learner’s Guide to the Cherokee-English Dictionary (CED) Draft, August 2006 prepared by Christian Koops (Rice University) for the Cherokee Education Degree Program at Northeastern State University PLEASE NOTE: The orthography used in this Guide is not yet completely consistent with the orthography of the dictionary. There is no separate syllabary representation of each linguistic example, and tone information is not yet available for all examples that are discussed. Later versions of this Guide will be completely consistent in this regard.

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Table of Contents 1. Introduction …………………………….……………………………………… 3 2. Cherokee sounds and Cherokee orthographies ……………………………….. 3

2. 1. Why are there different ways of writing Cherokee? …………………….. 4 2. 2. What is there to represent? ……………………………………………... 4 2. 3. Basic sounds in the CED ………………………………………………. 5 2. 4. Vowel length in the CED ……………………………………………… 6 2. 5. Tone in the CED ………………………………………………………. 7 3. Looking up words in the CED ………………………………………………… 10 4. What information goes into a dictionary entry? ………………………………… 10 5. The architecture of a verb entry ..…………….……..……………...…………… 12

5. 1. The PRESENT form ……………………………………..………..…….. 13 5. 2. The REMOTE PAST form ………………………………..………..…….. 14 5. 3. The PRESENT HABITUAL form ………………………....………..…….. 14 5. 4. The IMPERATIVE form …..……………………………....………..…….. 15 5. 5. The INFINITIVE form ……..………..…………………....………..…….. 15 6. How to put together new verb forms with the CED ……………………..……... 16

6. 1. Isolating the left end of the verb stem ……………………..……..……... 16

6. 2. Working with the 5 aspect stems ………….……………..………..……... 17

6.2.1. The PRESENT stem ……….………..……………..……..……….. 17 6.2.1. The PERFECTIVE stem ……….…….……………..……..……….. 18 6.2.1. The IMPERFECTIVE stem ……….………..……………..……….. 19 6.2.1. The IMMEDIATE stem ……….…………………..……..……….. 21 6.2.1. The INFINITIVE stem ….…….…………………..……..……….. 22

6. 3. Summary: Stem forms …….………………………………..……..……... 23 6. 4. Summary: Suffixes …….…………………………….……..……..……... 24 7. Special cases ………………………………………….…………………..……... 24

7.1 Verbs with partially identical stem forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 7.2 Verbs in which pre-pronominal prefixes are obligatory …………………. 24 7.3 Verbs which lack certain or all stem forms ……………………………… 24 8. Additional Information……………………………….………………….. ……... 25

8.1 Phonological Rules ……………………………………………………… 25 8.2 Cherokee in conversation and speech ……………………………………. 26 8.3 Next steps in learning …………………….……………………………… 27 9. Further reading……………………………….……….…………………..……... 27

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1. Introduction The Cherokee-English Dictionary (CED), authored by Durbin Feeling and edited by William Pulte in 1975, is the most sophisticated Cherokee dictionary to date. This Guidebook is designed for second-language learners of Cherokee who use the CED in their studies. It shows students how to best utilize this important reference work. Having worked through this Guide, you will be in a position to understand and make the most of the different types of information which the CED provides. For example, you will be able to create and recognize grammatical forms of words which you may never have heard or used before. The CED comes together with the Outline of Cherokee Grammar (OCG) in one volume. The Dictionary makes up the first part, and the Grammar is the second part. The two parts can be studied independently, but they are designed to be used together. For example, the same orthography is used for both. You need not understand and memorize everything in the Grammar section in order to use the Dictionary. However, the more aware you are of the information in the Grammar, the more you will be able to appreciate the information in the Dictionary. This Guide includes occasional references to particular sections of the Grammar where appropriate. It also provides some additional grammatical information, beyond what is contained in the Outline of Cherokee Grammar, in particular regarding the issue of aspect stems. However, the Guide is not designed to replace it, but to complement it. To familiarize yourself with the Cherokee-English Dictionary, it is best to read the Introduction (pages vii-xix) now, before going on to work through this Guide. Also, after having read through this Guide, you should go on the work through the Outline of Cherokee Grammar. This will be necessary because not all of the information in the OCG is summarized in this Guide. There is a lot more to be discovered! Finally, in order to become seriously engaged in the study of the Cherokee language, it is inevitable that you consult some of the primary literature written by linguists, especially the major grammatical descriptions by Duane King and Bill Cook, and Janine Scancarelli. These works are more technical than this guide or the OCG. But they present the state-of-the art when it comes to explaining Cherokee grammar in scientific term. At the end of this Guide you can find references the these and other works for further reading. 2. Cherokee sounds and Cherokee orthographies The first things you might notice about the Cherokee-English Dictionary is the way in which Cherokee words are written in it. Understanding the orthography (the writing system) used in the CED is extremely important to understanding the information contained in it. Open any page of the Dictionary, and you will see that every word is given in two different writing systems. First, they are written in a alphabetic orthography designed for students of Cherokee. This writing system is based on the letters of the Latin alphabet. In this Guide, we will refer to this system as the “CED orthography”. In addition, words are additionally written in the Cherokee syllabary. The first, alphabetic representation may remind you of what many people refer to as “Cherokee phonetics”. Like the traditional “Cherokee phonetics”, the CED orthography

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aims to give a representation of the sounds of Cherokee based on the Latin alphabet, thus allowing those who do not know the Cherokee syllabary to learn it. However, the CED orthography differs from “Cherokee phonetics” in that it is a complete representation. What that means is that it gives you all of the information that is required to pronounce the words like a native speaker would. This includes long and short vowels and tone information. For this reason, it is the best suited orthography available today for second-language learners, and it is important to become familiar with it from the beginning. 2.1 Why are there different ways of writing Cherokee? There is no single, best way to write Cherokee, or any language for that matter. How to best write down a language depends on who is going to read it. And there are at least two different audiences. If you are a native speaker of Cherokee, you don’t need a full representation of all the details of pronunciation. That is because you already know the words which you are reading, including all the information about their pronunciation. All you need to do is recognize them. Then, once you have recognized them, you will be able to say them. The Cherokee Syllabary was designed for native speakers of Cherokee. It includes the information needed by a native speaker to recognize the words. At the same time, it ignores certain details – such as long and short vowels, tone, and most aspiration contrasts. There is nothing wrong with that because a native speaker will automatically fill in these aspects of pronunciation. In fact, adding all of this detail would probably be unnecessarily cumbersome for the purposes of a native speaker. Second-language learners, on the other hand, are not in a position to fill in any missing information. Rather, in order to know how to pronounce a given word, the writing system must represent all relevant aspects of pronunciation. In order to know how to say a given word a full representation is needed, if a second-language learner is to be able to say Cherokee words like a native speaker would. It is necessary because second-language learners will frequently have to say and pronounce words which they have never heard before. The CED is designed to satisfy both of these audiences, which is reflected in the fact that every word is given in two different modes of representation. It is important to point out that the two orthographies that you find in the Cherokee-English Dictionary, the Syllabary and the CED orthography, are both equally valid ways of writing the language. The difference between them is that they are designed for two different jobs. The syllabary is designed for native speakers (and, perhaps, advanced learners). The practical orthography is designed for second-language learners of Cherokee. 2.2. What is there to represent? In the following, we will go through CED orthography in detail. To start out, we need to ask: What is there to represent? What phonetic information is it that we need to write in order to write Cherokee? There are basically three types of information that need to be

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included in the written representation of a Cherokee word in order to give second-language learners a chance to pronounce it correctly.

1. Basic consonants and vowel information – for example, is the given consonant d or t ? Is it y or hy ? Is the vowel a or v?

2. Vowel length – for example, is the vowel long (e.g the a in gadu ‘bread’) or

short (e.g. the a in gadu ‘top’)?

3. Tone– for example, is a given vowel pronounced with a low tone (e.g. the first a in ạ2ma ‘water’), high tone (e.g. the first a in a3ma ‘salt’), or some other tone category?

As you can see from this list, vowels pose a much greater challenge than consonants in Cherokee. That is because every vowel has both a short and a long variant, and can carry one of 7 tones. This means that each of the 6 vowels can, in theory, be pronounced in 14 different ways! This gives you an idea of the amount of information which is lost if you write Cherokee in a system that ignores length and tone. To be fair, there are fewer different pronunciations than this in practice. But the number of different pronunciations is still great and there is, in most cases, no way to predict what it will be – unless it is part of the written representation. You may have heard that Cherokee has nasalized vowels. That is true. The difference between nasal and non-nasal (oral) vowels actually adds yet another dimension to the complexity of Cherokee sounds. However, unlike lenth and tone, whether or not a vowel is nasalized is completely predictable. What that means is that second language learners can learn the system very quickly and soon won’t need the aid of the writing system any more. What is there to learn? In Cherokee, one vowel is always nasalized: the vowel that is written v. The other 5 vowels are normally not nasalized, but they, too, become nasal when they occur at the end of a word. Teachers of Cherokee report that nasalization is rarely a problem for learners, and since the rules are easy to learn and understand, we won’t say anything more about them here. 2.3. Basic sounds in the CED Given this complexity, what solution have the authors of the CED arrived at? First, every sound has a letter, or letter combination. In this alphabet, there are 6 vowels and 22 consonants. The vowels are the same as those used in the traditional syllabary transliteration: i, e, a, o, u, v. The consonants are more complicated, because there are more of them. But there is an easy way of simplifying the system. Most of the 22 phonetic consonants of Cherokee form pairs of aspirated and unaspirated sounds. The difference between an aspirated and an unaspirated consonant is, roughly, the same as that between the English “voiceless” and “voiced” versions of the same sound, for example k (as in kill) and g (as in gill). The two columns below show the Cherokee sounds which come in such pairs, written as they appear in the CED orthography. On the right are the sounds which don’t come in aspirated-unaspirated pairs.

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unaspirated: aspirated: Sounds which don’t follow this pattern: d t m, >, h, s

g k j ch dl tl gw kw

w hw (or: wh) y hy (or: yh) n hn (or: nh) l hl

Look at the two columns on the left for a minute. Note that many of the sound contrasts are familiar to English speakers. For example, it should not be a problem for a learner to pick out the difference between d and t or between j and ch. That is why the CED authors have opted to use those letters, and this is what makes their orthography “practical”. However, note that other sounds don’t occur in English, at least not regularly. The sounds hw and hy may be somewhat familiar from words like which or hue. But, the sound hn (known as a “voiceless nasal”) does not ever occur in English. It is therefore important to pay extra attention to this sound. It is very easy to overhear hn, and beginners are likely to hear it as n. Finally, the hl sound does not exist in English either, but it appears to be easy hear because it is sufficiently different from l. The only issue in connection with hl is that, as you may know, native speakers will sometimes, or always, use hl for tl and in some cases dl. Note that the CED orthograpny has two different ways in which the sounds hw, hy, and hn are written. This sound is written as hw before vowels (e.g. ahwi ‘deer’) but as wh before consonants (e..g. jịgowhtịha ‘I see it’). It is important to understand that these are not different sounds. In this Guide, these sounds are consistently spelled with an initial h (hw, hy, hn) which is also how they appear in all linguistic work on Cherokee. There is one more issue in connection with aspiration. In Cherokee the s sound aspirates sounds which directly precede it. For example, the world nigalsdi ‘it’s happening’ is actually pronounced nigahlsdi. This effect is completely predictable. Because it can be predicted, the authors of the CED do not write such sounds as aspirated. The sound s has a similar effect on short (but not long) vowels that precede it. If a short vowel precedes s, you will hear a faint h sound right before s. This h sound is, essentially, the apiration associated with s. For example, the word ụsv>i ‘night’ sounds like ụhsv>i. Since this h sound is completely predictable, it is not written in the CED orthography. There is one letter in the CED orthography that does not exist in the Latin alphabet: the glottal stop. This letter is written as a dot-less question mark - >. 2.4. Vowel length in the CED In their “normal” form, the letters i, e, a, o, u, and v represent long vowels in the CED. The short counterpart of each vowel is marked by a dot under the letter: ị, ẹ, ạ, ọ, ụ, v.

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This sounds easy enough. However, there are two complications associated with the short-long distinction as it is written in the CED. 1. In Cherokee, if a word ends in a vowel, that final vowel will be short. In other words, there are practically no words which end in long vowels (a few exceptions exist, but you can remember this as a very useful rule-of-thumb). Given that for these final vowels, the long-short distinction doesn’t exist, final vowels are not given an underdot – although they are (predictably) short. For example, the word ạya ‘I’ has two short vowels, even though only the first one is marked as short. 2. Another class of vowels is actually short, despite the fact that the CED uses no underdot. These are vowels in closed syllables. What is a closed syllable? Syllables which end in a vowel are called “open” (e.g. ga in gadu ‘bread’) and those that end in a consonant are called “closed” (e.g. gahl in gahljode ‘house’). Note how the word ‘house’ is represented in the dictionary:

The a is not given an underdot, although it is short! That is because it is predictably short. 2.5. Tone in the CED It was the creators of the CED, in collaborations with linguists, who first gave a full account of the tone categories found in Cherokee. Before this time, there was a general awareness that Cherokee had some kind of tone system, but it wasn’t clear what those tones were. According to the present knowledge of Cherokee, a vowel can carry one of 7 tones, i.e. it can be pronounced with one of seven different pitch contours. What does this mean? When you pronounce a vowel you can do so it with a higher or lower “hum” or pitch. You can also pronounce it with a moving pitch, i.e. a pitch that goes from high to low or a from low to high. The pitch range that is needed to describe Cherokee can be divided up into four levels. You can think of this like a musical scale: The lowest pitch level is called 1, and the highest pitch level is called 4. The tones of Cherokee inhabit this pitch range between 1 and 4. The 7 tones, and how the CED writes them, are summarized below:

low a2

high a3 rising a23

falling a32

extra low fall a1 extra high rise a4

extra high fall a

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Tones 2 and 3

2 3 (short vowels) 2 3 (long vowels)

Tones 2 and 3 are easy to understand, because they are level tones. A level tone is a steady, non-moving tone. You can think of it like “holding a tune”. The pitch stays at one level. The simplest tone is a tone at level 2 because this tone is the ‘normal’ pitch. Slightly further up is level 3. Tones 23 and 32

23 32 (always on long vowels)

The next two tones are called 23 and 32 because they represent a rise from low to high, or a fall from high to low, respectively. Such tones are known as contour tones. Tones 23 and 32 are fairly subtle. They are easily confused with level tones. While the 23 tone is fairly common, the 32 tone is rather rare. Tones 1 and 4

1 4 (always on long vowels)

Unlike what their name suggests, the tones known as 1 and 4 are not level tones – they are also contour tones. They are easier to pick out than the other two contour tones because they reach into more extreme pitch ranges. The first of them, tone 1, is a falling tone that starts roughly at level 2 and falls from there. It is the only tone that falls lower than level 2, and therefore easy to hear with some practice. Tone 4 rises higher than the 23, i.e. it goes up further than the normal “high” level. That is why it is called “4”. Where this tone begins depends on the preceding tone. If the preceding tone ends at level 2 or lower, than the 4 tone will start roughly at level 2. If the preceding tone ends at level 3, then tone 4 will start at level 3 and rise from there. Tone 4 can be recognized by its very steep rise, which is often accompanied by some additional loudness. It may appear that there is a “stress”.1 Tone on word-final syllables

(always short) Tones in the final syllables of words (e.g. wesa ‘cat’, hị?a ‘this’) are unmarked. This doesn’t mean that there is “no tone” here. Such syllables are pronounced with a distinctive 1 There is no such thing as “stress” in Cherokee (despite what some people may tell you). What you find is tone, and it is extremely important to pay attention to tone distinctions from the first day of your Cherokee studies – even if it is very hard and frustrating to do so at first, while your ears are not tuned to it yet.

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tone, which only occurs here. This tone is very high and falls shaply, described above as an “extra high fall”. It should be easy to remember this tone because it is found only on the last vowel of words, and also because this is precisely the vowel that is normally omitted. Different tone notation systems The pitch notation system is only one of many ways in which these categories can be marked. The numbering system may appear cumbersome, perhaps even confusing, to you. You may find the visual system, which was newly developed for this guide, easier. Below is a summary of the 7 tones followed by some examples of Cherokee words written in this format.

2 3 2 3 23 32 1 4

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1 ạda ‘wood’ (also: ạma ‘water’)

2 jisgwa ‘jisgwa’ (also: ama ‘salt’)

3 nvya ‘rock’

4 wạlosi ‘frog’

5 kạmama ‘butterfly’

6 wesa ‘cat’ (also: yona ‘bear’, doyi ‘outside’,

7 gadu ‘bread’ (also: osda ‘good’, egwa ‘great’)

8 gạdạ?a ‘it’s hanging’

9 dihnạwo ‘clothes’

10 ạgisdi ‘something to eat’

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3. Looking up words in the CED Although its name would suggest the opposite, the CED actually works both ways: from Cherokee to English and from English to Cherokee. The Cherokee-English section is the first part. It is far larger than the second. In this Guide, we are concerned exclusively with the first part, the Cherokee-English part, because it is here that the crucial grammatical information about the Cherokee words is listed. Nevertheless the English-Cherokee part is important as well. It may happen that you don’t know the Cherokee word that you want to find information about. More likely, you may know the word, but you may not know what form it is listed under. In those cases, you will want to take a detour and go to the English-Cherokee part first. You look up the English translation of the word you’re looking for, find the Cherokee word (hopefully), and then look that up in the first part. Let’s start by looking up a word. We’ll keep it simple and begin with a noun. Imagine you’ve heard the word digwenvsv, which someone has told you means ‘home’, as in ‘I went home’. You want to find out more information about it, for example how to pronounce it. So, you look it up the the Cherokee-English part – but you don’t find it listed. Does that mean that the word ‘home’ is not in the Dictionary? Or that you’ve not heard it correctly? Perhaps, but not necessarily. To be sure, you go to the second part and look up ‘home’. You find juwenvsv?i. Now, you look this up in the Cherokee-English part. As you look through the Cherokee-English part, note that the words in the CED are arranged alphabetically. You can look words up using the familiar order of the alphabet. However, one letter, the glottal stop, is new in that it is not part of the Latin alphabet. This sound is “ignored” by the CED order. That is, words are listed as though it was not there. For example, juwenvsv?i comes in the same spot where you would expect the word “juwenvsvi”. Now that you have found the word juwenvsv?i, you see that it means ‘his home’. (Actually, it could equally well mean ‘her home’ – the CED always gives only the masculine version in cases such as this.) What happened? It turns out that you were looking for the word ‘my home’, but the CED has such words listed under ‘his/her home’. 4. What information goes into a dictionary entry? Now let’s look at a dictionary entry in more detail. Compare the entries for hlgv?i ‘tree’ and alsdvhnịha ‘He’s shaking his head.’

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What is the main difference between the two entires? Obviously, there is a lot more information contained in the verb entry (‘shake one’s head’) than in the noun entry (‘tree’). In fact, the additional piece of information that is found in the noun entry – besides the example sentence “Cut down all the trees” – is the plural form ‘trees’: dehlgv?i. You may wonder: Why is he plual included? The answer to this question also gives you the answer to the question, why are noun entries so much simpler than verb entries? Essentially, a dictionary entry includes all of the information which a student needs about the relevant word that cannot be derived from general rules of the language. As it turns out, there is no general rule of plural formation in Cherokee. Different types of nouns form the plural in different ways, and some nouns have no plural form at all. What this means is: In many cases it will not be predictable how the plural is formed. Therefore, this information needs to go into the entry. Compare this to English. There is a very general, and almost completely regular rule in English by which the plural form of nouns is formed by adding –s to the word, e.g. shoe, shoes and test, tests. Once you know this rule, plural formation is no longer an issue, because it can be predicted for any nouns (with a very small number of exceptions) what it will be. How does this help us understand why verb entries are so complicated in the CED? Again, think about English. In English, verbs don’t change their form very much to begin with. Moreover, to the degree that the do change, these changes are very predictable (although the number of “irregular” verbs is larger than that of “irregular” nouns). There are only a handful of endings that can be attached to a verb, and once you know these endings, almost any new verb can be dealt with. He wants to jump (work, listen, etc.) He’s jump-ing (work-ing, listen-ing, etc.) He jump-ed (work-ed, listen-ed, etc.) He jump-s (work-s, listen-s, etc.) Of course, there are “irregular verbs” in English, such as “see”, which changes to “saw”. But the vast majority of verbs work this way. As a consequence, once a student of English has

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learned how to attach the endings –ing, -ed, and –s they can create all verb forms. All that needs to be learned is the verb, e.g. work, and the rest will be 100% predictable. In Cherokee, different verbs change in largely unpredictable ways. In other words, to form the different verb forms, you can’t just memorize one basic form and a small set of rules (as in English). Instead, as it turns out, you need to memorize 5 basic forms (see the discussion of “aspect stems” below). This is why all of these forms are listed in the dictionary. 5. The architecture of a verb entry Next, let’s see in more detail how verb entries are organized. We will deal almost exclusively with verbs from here on because verbs in Cherokee are by far the most complicates word class. Once you have fully understood the way in which verbs change, noun structure will pose no problem. Take a minute to look over the entry for the verb ‘speak’.

As we have seen alreay, not one but about half a dozen forms of the same verb are listed. Of these forms, only the first one is translated into English: gawonịha ‘s/he is speaking’. Moreover, this form is given a privileged position: it is the form which the verb is listed under. In other words, it functions as the “name” for the verb as a whole within the CED. Because this form is used to represent the verb, it is called the citation form of the verb. In the CED, the citation form of the verb is the 3RD PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT form of the verb. What does that mean? It means that this is the form used to say that a person is doing the action right now (for example, ‘he’s speaking’, ‘she’s jumping’ etc.). We will look at this verb form and what it is made of in more detail below. You may wonder why is should be this form of the verb that was chosen as the citation form? The authors of the CED explain that this is “since verbs occur very frequently in the third person singular and because third person singular forms are relatively short and grammatically simple.”(page xii)

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To the right of the citation form is given the syllabary representation of the first form. And to the right of this you find the word class – in this case, verb – and information about whether the verb is transitive or intransitive. In the case of ‘speak’, you read v. i., which stands for ‘verb, intransitive’. What does it mean for a verb to be transitive, or intransitive? Essentially, a transitive verb describes a situation involving two people or things, whereas an intransitive verb describes a situation involving only one person or thing. For example, the verb ‘see’ involves someone who sees, and someone (or something) that is being seen. This second participant is what makes it transitive. Our example verb ‘speak’ involves only one person, the speaker. That is why it is intransitive. Other examples of intransitive verbs are ‘jump’ or ‘sleep’. Next, you see a very short translation of the citation form. This translation is very brief, and more like a practical gloss than a true definition. The dictionary doesn’t provide a more extensive definition of the verb because the creators of the CED had to save space here. Incidentally, for the same reason only the first verb form, the citation form, is translated into English. The other forms are not given a translation. You simply need to know what they mean. But figuring out their meaning is easy to do once you become familiar with the basic architecture of the dictionary entries, which we will outline in the rest of this section. Below the citation form are five additional verb forms. These are not any five forms of the verb. There is a good reason why these particular forms are given for each verb. Together with the citation form, these particular forms make it possible to construct all basic grammatical forms of the verb. In particular, they make it possible to isolate the five “stem forms” (aka. “aspect stems”) and to create new verb forms from them. This is the subject of the next Section. For now, let’s run through each of the forms. 5.1. The Present form The first two verb forms in every verb entry go together. They both illustrate the Present tense form of the verb. This is the form used to say that the action which the verb describes is happening right now. This is why the form typically translates into English as ‘He or she is doing X’. The difference between the first and second form is that the first is is the 3rd person singular ( = someone else, i.e. ‘he’, ‘she’, or ‘it’), and the second form is the 1st person singular ( = ‘I’, the speaker ). For example, in the entry for ‘speak’ we find gạwonịha ‘He’s speaking’ as the first, and jịwonịha ‘I’m speaking’ as the second form.

You may wonder why the authors decided to include both of these forms. After all, looking at the verb ‘speak’ it would appear that one could derive the second form by simply exchanging the pronoun prefix ga- ‘he/she/it’ with ji- ‘I’ because apart from the prefix, the two verbs are identical. In other words, their stem ( = the part which the prefix is attached to) is exactly the same, which is not surprising because they both illustrate the

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PRESENT stem. In other words, for ‘speak’ the second form is predictable from the first form – and this is precisely not the kind of information that we want in a dictionary. To see why it is useful to include the second form, take a look at the entry for the verb ‘shake one’s head’.

In this case, note that the two verb forms differ not only in their prefix, but also in their stem. If you remove the pronoun prefixes (a- and ga-) there is still a difference! Take a close look at the stems – you will see that, depending on which prefix is put on the verb, the verb changes its form slightly. In those cases where the two forms differ, the first form shows the stem in the “h-mode” (or: “h-grade”), while the second shows the stem in its “glottal stop mode”. For more on these terms, ask your Professor about “h-metathesis” and “glottal stop lowering”. These changes are extremely difficult to anticipate (although they do in fact follow regular rules). For this reason, the authors include the first sigular form here. As long as you deal with intransitive verbs like these, you will have to worry about these changes only in connection with the 1st person singular prefixes ji- and g-.Therefore, for beginning students it may be easiest to remember that this happens with the 1st person singular prefixes. 5.2. The Remote Past form Let’s go on to the next verb form. The third line of our sample entries ‘speak’ and ‘shake one’s head’ is the form of the verb which describes the action in the past. ‘S/he shook his head.’ ‘S/he spoke.’ Again, no translation is given. But it’s easy to remember that this verb form corresponds – roughly – to the English Past tense (“He spoke”) or Present Perfect (“He has spoken”) – both translations may apply, depending on context. This particular form is called the Remote past in Cherokee grammar. The word “remost” means “distant” or “far”. The tense form is called “remote” because it differs from another verb form, called the “Recent past”, which is used to describe an action as having occurred “just now”, as in ‘She just spoke.’ We will look at the anatomy of this verb in more detail in the next Chapter. For now, note simply that this form ends in the Past suffix –v?i You can see this by comparing what the two verb forms above and seeing what they have in common. 5.3. The Present Habitual form Take a look at the next verb form in the list. This form form describes the same action as occurring periodically, i.e. on a regular basis.

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‘S/he speaks (regularly).’ ‘S/he shakes her head (regularly).’ This form practically always translates into English as the Present tense, as in examples like ‘He speaks (fast)’, ‘She shakes her head (whenever she sees me)’. Another way of saying that something happens periodically is that it happens habitually. That is why this Cherokee verb form is called the Habitual Present. Again, let’s ignore the details of these verb forms for now. But note what they both have in common: They end in –o?i (with a long o in the first and a short ọ in the second case). 5.4. The Imperative form Now consider the fifth form in the list. This verb form is used to ask someone to perform the verb action. ‘Shake your head!’ (talking to one person) ‘Speak!’ (talking to one person) This verb directly translates into the English imperative, i.e. as the form Speak! or Shake your head! In Cherokee grammar, this particular form is also called the Imperative. There are other ways of asking someone to perform the action in Cherokee, and this is only one of them. To distinguish this verb form from others, it has been called the “Present Imperative”. 5.5. The Infinitive form Now look at the last verb form entry. The fifth, and last verb form is what is called the Infinitive. ‘for him/her to speak’ ‘for him/her to shake his/her head’

Here, there is a direct parallel to English. Just as in English the verb ‘want’ goes with an Infinitive verb form, the Cherokee verb want goes with the Infinitive. uwonihịsdi udulịha ‘He wants to speak’ ulsdvnhdi udulịna ‘He wants to shake his head’ This verb form is the only form of the forms listed in the dictionary that cannot be used by itself as a “complete sentence” (at least not with this tone pattern). The Infinitive form is not used by itself. Rather, it functions in connection with other verbs. This concludes our run-down of the verb forms in the dictionary.

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6. How to put together new verb forms using the CED To create a new verb form means to put together existing pieces in a new way in order to express a new meaning. But recall that the CED only lists complete verb forms, i.e. forms which are readily usable by themselves as complete sentences (with the exception of the Infinitive form). What this means is that, in order to put together new verb forms, you first need break down the forms that are given in the dictionary into their component parts. After this, you can change some parts, while leaving others the same. 6.1. Isolating the left end of the verb stem Perhaps the first thing you have learned in your Cherokee course when it comes to the structure of verbs is how to put a different pronoun prefix on a verb. For example, you will need to know how to change a form that means ‘I know’ to a form that means ‘He knows’. Obviously, in order to create such a form we need to find the boundary between the prefix and the stem. Which part means ‘I’ and which part means ‘know’? Then, we need to replace the ‘I’ prefix with the ‘s/he’ prefix. The problem is that the left end of the stem is not always clear from simply looking at the citation form, i.e. the first form. The problem with this form is that the 3rd person singular form often changes the form of the stem. To see exactly what this means, let’s look at an example in which the verb stem is changed. Compare again the two verb entries for ‘speak’ and ‘shake one’s head’.

What would happen if we tried to isolate the verb stem simply by subtracting the pronoun prefix of the citation form? We know that the two prefixes are gạ- and a-. (You should have a chart that gives you this information). We would have to assume, then, that the verb stems are wonịha and lsdvhnịha. But this would be wrong. The verb stem of ‘shake one’s head’ actually starts with an a. How do we know? We can see this if we look at the Imperative forms: hịwonihi ‘Speak!’ and halsdvhnga ‘Shake your head!’. You know that the 2nd person singular prefix ( = ‘you’, when speaking to one person) is hị- and that this prefix is reduced to h- before a vowel. Looking at the form of the prefix in halsdvhnga, we must assume that the stem starts in a because the prefix is not hị- but h-! Thus, we isolate the following Present tense stem form for ‘shake one’s head’: alsdvhnga. Now that we have isolated the left end of the stem, we can use this stem with any of the large set of Cherokee pronoun prefixes.

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In conclusion, when isolating the the stem, look at the Imperative form – this form almost always starts with h(ị)-. (The only exception are cases where h(ị)- has metathesized.) An alternative strategy is to look at the second form, which works even where metathesis has occurred, is to use the 1st person singular (‘I’) form. This prefix also never affects the stem. You just subtract jị- or g- (depending on which prefix you find) and you also get the same stem form. Try it for ‘shake one’s head’ above – it works!

6.2. Working with the 5 aspect stems Let’s now turn to the right end of verbs. Just as we can separate out a piece on the left, we can separate out at least one piece on the right. Speaking more technically, each of the verb forms listed in the dictionary includes a suffix, which is attached to a stem (just like the left-hand part of the verb can be separated into a stem and a prefix). In the rest of this section, we’ll take a look at each of the verb forms, see what the suffix is, and then try to see how this suffix can be varied, and what the resulting grammatical forms are. Another way in which verb forms differ is in their tone pattern. 6.2.1 The PRESENT stem Look at the Present form of the verb. Recall that this is the form which is found in the first two verbs in the list. Flip through the dictionary and see what all Present forms have in common. As you can see, there is not much that they all share. Still, you will probably have noticed one thing: almost all of them end in a, and a small number of them end in i. Technically speaking, this final a (or final i) is a suffix. In other words, one can separate Present Tense forms into a Present stem (everything between the pronoun prefix and -a / -i) and the suffix, as shown below: PRESENT FORM gạ- wonịh -a ‘He is speaking’

Pronoun PRESENT PRESENT prefix stem suffix It may seem unnecessary to you to separate out a Present stem and a Present suffix like this. After all, they both include the meaning of ‘present’. And it’s true – practically speaking, it is perfectly okay to ignore the fact that the Present tense consists of a stem + suffix at the beginning studying Cherokee. In fact, it won’t be necessary to know this to understand any of the verb forms discussed in this Guide. You can simply treat the Present Stem + Present Suffix as a single unit which happens to always end in a (or i). You might wonder which verbs end in –a and which verbs end in –i? For one thing, there is some variation between speakers. Some people will prefer –a where others prefer –i. In addition, there is some regularity. Many (though not all) verbs of motion take –i, while verbs which are not describing motion never take –i. You can see this as you flip through

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the dictionary. Verbs which have a Present form ending in –i include, for example, ‘walk’, ‘run’, and ‘fly’. 6.2.2 The PERFECTIVE stem Recall that the next verb form in the list is the Remote Past form, e.g. ‘S/he spoke’ or ‘S/he has spoken’. As we’ve seen earlier, this form ends in the Past Tense suffix -v?i. But note that this is not the only difference between it and the Present form. In other words, you can’t get from the Present to the Remote Past form simply by switching the suffix.

gạ- wonịh -a ‘S/he is speaking’ u- wonis -v?i ‘S/he spoke / has spoken’

Pronoun Stem Suffix Prefix Not only the suffix, but also the stem – the part between the pronoun prefix and the Past tense suffix – is different. The stem which is used to build the Remote Past verb form is called the Perfective stem, or Stem form II. (We’ll call the Present stem Stem Form I.) REMOTE PAST verb form u- wonis -v?i

Pronoun PERFECTIVE PAST TENSE prefix stem suffix ‘S/he spoke (reportedly)’ Let’s see what else we can do with this stem form. We can, for example, replace the Past tense suffix –v?i with the “reportative” suffix –e?i. As explained in the Outline of Cherokee Grammar (p. 290), this suffix is used to express that the speaker who says the sentence did not witness the action personally. Instead, it implies that the speaker is merely reporting the event, perhaps after hearing it from someone else. For this reason, this verb form is called the Reported Past. REPORTED PAST verb form u- wonis -e?i

Pronoun PERFECTIVE REPORTED PAST prefix stem suffix ‘S/he spoke (reportedly)’ You may be wondering about the change of pronoun prefix here as well. The last two verb forms which we discussed take the 3rd person singular B-prefix u- rather than the A-prefix gạ- / a-. This is a requirement whenever the Perfective stem is used to talk about a past event with –v?i or -e?i. This goes for all pronominal prefixes, or, more precisely, for those pronominal prefixes which switch back and forth between A- and B-prefixes.

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Another verb form that is based on the Perfective stem is the Future tense. This verb form requires not only a particular suffix (here, the Future suffix –i) but also an additional prefix, the Future prefix da-. FUTURE verb form dạ- gạ- wonis -i

FUTURE Pronoun PERFECTIVE FUTURE prefix prefix stem suffix ‘S/he will speak’ Please be aware that the Future suffix dạ- changes its form somewhat depending on the following sound. For the varying forms of this suffix, see the Outline of Cherokee Grammar, pp. 249-251. Also, note that although we are calling the suffix –i a “future suffix”, it does not do the job of indicating the future by itself. Rather, when it is used to express a future event, it is always used in connection with the prefix dạ-. You will find that some verbs don’t form the Future in this way. That is, rather than being used with dạ- … –i, these verbs have a simpler way of forming the future: they use the Future suffix -esdi. Moreover, verbs which have a future form with dạ- … –i also have the form with –esdi. For more on this topic, see the following section. 6.2.3 The IMPERFECTIVE stem Next, consider the Present Habitual form, which is the fourth line of our verb entry. As we saw earlier, this form ends in the suffix –o?i. This suffix is called the Habitual suffix, because it portrays the situation described by the verb as recurring regularly. From this verb form we can isolate another stem form: the Imperfective stem. The strategy to do so is the same as before. The stem consists of everything in between the Pronoun prefix and the final suffix. PRESENT HABITUAL verb form gạ- wonisg -o?i

Pronoun IMPERFECTIVE HABITUAL prefix stem suffix ‘He speaks (habitually)’ Don’t be confused by the term “imperfective”. Perhaps you can make sense of it by thinking back to when you learned Spanish or French, and your teacher talked about the corresponding ‘past imperfective’ forms. In any event, you can also remember this stem form as Stem form III.

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Let’s see what else can be done with this Stem form. One thing we can do is to take the past tense suffix –v?i. and attach it to the Imperfective stem. This gives us the Past Progressive form. PAST PROGRESSIVE verb form gạ- wonisg -v?i

Pronoun IMPERFECTIVE PAST prefix stem suffix ‘She was speaking’ As a result of switching the suffix, we get a different meaning. Now the action of speaking is portrayed as ongoing at a moment in the past, as in the English past progressive (‘S/he was doing x’). In other words, this form is the equivalent of the Present, but transposed into the past. Rather than saying that the action is ongoing right now, it portrays it as ongoing right then. The imperfective stem can also be modified by means of the Future suffix –esdi. As one would expect, the result of using this suffix is that the action of speaking is said to be ongoing in the Future. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE verb form gạ- wonisg -esdi

Pronoun IMPERFECTIVE FUTURE prefix stem suffix ‘She will be speaking’ Note that we now have two ways of talking about the Future. Just as there are several ways of expressing an event in the past, there are several ways of referring to events in the future. In other words, there is no one “Past tense” in Cherokee, as well as no one “Future Tense”. At this point, you may wonder what construction is used to talk about past habitual actions. In some cases the same construction as the Past Progressive also applies here, but when you’re talking about people and their actions, you may need a different construction. This construction is also based on the Imperfective stem, so we will deal with it in this section. You may already be familiar with this construction because it is also used to create nouns from verbs. For example, to say that someone is a speaker, in the sense of ‘someone who speaks regularly’, e.g. for a living, you can take the Imperfective stem and use it in connection with the A-Pronoun prefix and the nominalizing suffix –i and create the noun: gạ-wonisg-i ‘speaker’. Now, to say that someone ‘used to speak’ would require the same form as to say that he or she used to be a speaker –in addition to the verb ‘be’ with the Past suffix -v?i.

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PAST HABITUAL verb form gạ- wonisg -i gees-vv?i

Pronoun IMPERFECTIVE PAST s/he.was prefix stem suffix ‘She used to speak’ As you can see, the Imperfective stem form is very versatile. It can be combined in various ways with other suffixes to create a range of grammatical forms. It is in particular the Imperfective and the Perfective verb forms (Stems II and III) which get used in these multiple ways. The other three stem forms (The Present stem, as well as the remaining two stem forms) do not work like this. Rather than taking different suffixes to arrive at different meanings. They carry the same suffix. The tricky part of working with them, as we’ll see, is that they undergo tone changes. 6.2.4 The IMMEDIATE stem The next verb form in the list of verbs provided in each entry is the Imperative. Recall that this is the form used to issue a request or command, to someone. We can break this form down as follows: IMPERATIVE verb form hị- wonih -i / -a

Pronoun IMMEDIATE Suffix prefix stem ‘Speak!’ In this case, we have a similar situation as with the Present Form. We don’t really have any need at this point to distinguish a Stem and a suffix here – as long as we deal with the simple verb forms which are covered in this Guide. The only reason for doing so now would be to take account of the fact that speakers often substitute -a for –i. But of course, you could equally well remember that the Imperative form sometimes ends in -a and sometimes in –i (depending on speaker and on dialect). Note that you can use the Imperative not only with the prefix hị- ‘you’, but with other pronoun as well, to make various kinds of “imperatives”. Other IMPERATIVE forms hị- wonih -i / -a ‘Speak!’ ini- wonih -i / -a ‘Let us (two) speak!’ gạ- wonih -i / -a ‘Let him speak!’

Pronoun IMMEDIATE Suffix prefix stem

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The same form, if pronounced with a slightly different tone pattern, gives you another tense form: The Recent Past. This is the counterpart to the Remote Past verb form. If you refer to something that happened fairly recently (roughly, on the same day, but especially just before), you need to this form. IMMEDIATE PAST verb form gạ- wonịh -a ‘He (just) spoke.’

Pronoun IMMEDIATE Suffix prefix stem Another usage context for the Immediate Stem is in expressions which translate into English as ‘can’, ‘may’, or ‘might’. For example, to express that someone can speak, or might speak, you can use the word eligwu ‘it’s possible’, in connection with the Immediate Stem (with the suffix –a) and the “conditional” prefix yi-. eligwu yị-gạ-woniha ‘S/he may speak!’

Note the different tone patterns of these different ways of using the Immediate Stem form. Also, note that in some cases the vowel length may change.

hị-wo1ni4hi ‘Speak!’

gạ-wo2nị2ha ‘He (just) spoke.’

eligwu yị-gạ-wo3ni2ha ‘He may speak.’ 6.2.5 The INFINITIVE stem The last stem form in the list of verbs given in the Dictionary is the Infinitive form of the verb. This form can be broken down into an Infinitive Stem and an Infinitive Suffix, but, as with the Present stem and the Immediate Stem, this not of particular importance at this point. So, just for the record: INFINITIVE verb form u- wonihịsd -i

Pronoun INFINITIVE INFINITIVE prefix stem suffix ‘for him/her to speak’ The Infinitive stem has at least two uses which are important at this point. As in the case of the Immediate stem, the different depends on the tone pattern. The first is the use which we already saw, and which corresponds fairly closely to the Infinitive in English. This is the form used, for example, in connection with the verb ‘want’. uwonihịsdi udulịha ‘He wants to speak.’

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The other use of the Infinitive form is a way of expressing the idea of of ‘have to’ or ‘need to’, and related notions. This form can be used all by itself as a sentence: uwonihịsdi ‘He needs to speak.’

Or you can use the word ase to stress the idea of must, i.e. the idea of obligation. ase uwonihịsdi ‘He must speak’ Again, note that the difference depends on the tone pattern: u2wo1ni23hị3sdi udulịha ‘He wants to speak’ u2wo1ni23hị2sdi ‘He has to speak’ ju2lv23hwị3sdahn1di udulịha ‘He wants to work’

ju2lv23hwị2sdahn1di ‘He has to work’

6.3. Summary: Stem forms Cherokee verb stems always appear in particular stem forms. There is no single, “neutral” form of the verb. For most verbs there are 5 basic stem forms, which are then combined with a final suffix to make a complete verb stem. Stem I: Present stem gạ-wonịh-a ‘he/she is speaking (now)’ Stem II: Perfective stem u-wonis-v?i ‘he/she spoke’ u-wonis-e?i ‘he/she spoke (reportedly)’ dạ-gạ-wonis-v?i ‘he/she will speak’ Stem II: Imperfective stem gạ-wonisg-v?i ‘he/she was speaking’ gạ-wonisg-esdi ‘he/she will be speaking’ gạ-wonisg-o?i ‘he/she speaks (habitually)’ Stem IV: Immediate stem gạ-wonih-a ‘he/she spoke (just now)’ hị-wonih-i ‘Speak (now)!’ Stem V: Infinitive stem u-wonihịsd-i ‘for him/she to speak’ u-wonihịsd-i ‘he needs to speak’ 6.4. Summary: Suffixes which go on different stem forms -v?i past tense -e?i reported past -o?i habitual -esdi future

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7. Special cases Given what we have said so far, you will be in a position to create and try out a lot of novel verb forms. However, you will also find out that not all verbs work in quite the same way. In this section we will go over some additional complications arising in connection with forming new verb forms. 7.1. Verbs with partially identical stem forms This is not really a problem, but it should not surprise you that some verbs don’t distinguish all 5 Stem forms. Most frequently, the Present and the Imperfective Stem are the same, but in other cases the Present and the Perfective may be identical. 7.2. Verbs in which pre-pronominal prefixes are obligatory There are also verbs which are always used in connection with particular pre-pronominal prefixes. Most frequently, this involves the plural (aka. distributive) prefix de-. For example, the verb ‘work’ requires this prefix in all cases. It is not be possible to omit it. dagịlvhwsdanẹha (not: agịlvhwsdanẹha) The reason why this matters when you use the dictionary is that such verbs will be listed under “d”, rather than “a”, “g”, or “u”, like most other verbs. 7.3. Verbs which lack certain or all stem forms There is a small class of words in Cherokee which do not have different aspect stems at all. Some of these still distinguish an Infinitive stem, but all other stems are the same. This does not mean that all grammatical forms are the same. Rather, suffixes are attached directly to the stem. As an example of such verbs, take a look at the verb ‘to stick out’.

If you subtract the Present Suffix -a, the Past Tense suffix –v?i, and the Habitual suffix –o?i, you see that all stem forms, except that the Infinitive, are essentially the same (with a

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small tone difference in the first form). Note also that this verb forms the Imperative (“Be sticking out!”) with -esdi. Other verbs work the same way. 8. Additional Information This guidebook provided a brief description on the Cherokee-English Dictionary regarding its uses, organization, and basic ideas. With the CED, students can produce a wide range of forms in various tenses, grammatical complexities, and with proper tonal structure. However, the CED does not provide all of the information useful or necessary in creating forms. While it is not possible to account for all of these other areas here, a few of especial significance can be highlighted. The first deals with phonological rules in the language, the second regarding concepts of “speech” for Cherokee, and the third and final covers next steps beyond the CED. 8.1. Phonological rules

Phonological rules (Sound Rules) are an important part of language learning since, in Cherokee, many forms will sound and look different than what the grammar predicts IF these rules are not used. Many of these rules are basic and common processes that occur in daily speech, and the rules given here fall within that range. Note, however, that this is not a comprehensive list, and there are many other rules relating to other phonological rules and what are called “morphophonological rules” (sound rules that occur due to the use of affixes on words or forms).

The rules you see here are not given in any particular order, but there are a few that are more important in terms of their frequency.

/agi-/ ‘I’ becomes /ak-/ before the consonants /t/, /d/, and /s/ (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs)

/ak-tvdasdi/ ‘I’m listening’ /ak-dlvga/ ‘I’m sick’ /ak-tadegi’a/ ‘I’m thirsty’

/ak-sganoli/ ‘I’m slow’ /ak-sdayvhvsgi/ ‘My wife’

/ja-/ ‘You’ becomes /ts-/ before the consonants /t/, /d/, and /s/ (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs)

/ts-tvdasdi/ ‘You’re listening’ /ts-dlvga/ ‘You’re sick’ /ts-tadegi’a/ ‘You’re thirsty’

/ts-sganoli/ ‘You’re slow’ /ts-sdayvhvsgi/ ‘Your wife’

/iji-/ ‘You all’ becomes /ijch-/ before the consonant /t/ /ijch-tvdasdi/ ‘You all are listening’ /ijch-tadegi’a/ ‘You all are thirsty’

/u-/ ‘S/he’ deletes the vowel /a/ on any word (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs) /u-aduli/ ‘S/he wants it’ /u-adanhta/ ‘S/he is feeling’ /u-anhta/ ‘S/he knows’

/u-adegi/ ‘Pitcher’ /u-atana/ ‘big’ /u-adanhti/ ‘friendly’

/hi-/ ‘You’ Set A Form moves when any of the prefixes of /yi-/, /wi-/, or /ni-/ are put in front of it (known as “h- metathesis” in the literature)

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Verb “Doing” Verb “Saying” Negation & Movement

/ni-g-advneha/ ‘I’ /ni-ji-we’a/ ‘I’ /h-ega/ ‘You are going’

/tla h-y-ega/ ‘You are not going’

/h-n-advneha/ ‘You’ /h-ni-we’a/ ‘You’ /h-w-ena/ ‘Go (away from me)’

/di-/ ‘Plural Command’ marker deletes /a-/ ‘S/he’ Set A Pronoun and the initial vowel /a-/ of /ani-/ Set A Pronoun

/di-aktosda/ ‘Let him/her watch them’ /di-agowata/ ‘Let him/her see them’

/di-anaktosda/ ‘Let them watch them’ /di-anigowata/ ‘Let them see them’

*Note that this ONLY deletes /a-/ if it’s the pronoun marker; if the vowel /a-/ is part of the verb, /a-/ does NOT delete on the “s/he.” However, since the Set A Pronoun /ani-/ ‘They’ uses /a/ as part of its form, this will always be deleted on all forms.

/d-ahltaduga/ ‘Let him/her jump’ /d-asega/ ‘Let him/her count’

/di-n-ahltaduga/ (di-an-ahltaduga) ‘Let them jump’ /di-n-asega/ (di-an-asega) ‘Let them count’

/ji-/ Past Time Marker becomes /ju-/ before the prefix /wi-/ /ju-weda/ ‘S/he went there’ /ju-wani’luhgi/ ‘They got there’

/wi-/ motion distance marker becomes just /w-/ when /ji-/ Past Time Marker or /yi-/ conditional marker precede it

/ju-w-geda/ ‘I went there’ /tla yu-w-gena/ ‘I didn’t go there’

/yi-/ Conditional Marker becomes /yu-/ before the prefix /wi-/ /tla yu-w-ji’luhgi/ ‘I didn’t get there’ /yu-wena/ ‘If she went’

/a/ and /a/ will combine to make one sound /v/; this occurs when any prefix ending with /a/ is next to a prefix that begins with /a/ or a verb stem beginning with /a/ - the three pronoun prefixes this happens with are /a/ ‘S/he’ Set A, /ani-/ ‘They’ Set A, and /agi-/ (or /agw-/) Set B; it also occurs in normal speech when one word ends in /a/ and the next word begins in /a/

/tla yi-g-v-ga/ ‘S/he can’t eat it’ /ga-/ prefix and /a/ ‘S/he’ Set A Prefix: /ga-a-/ = /g-v-/

/tla yi-g-v-ni-gowata/ ‘They can’t see it’ with /ga-/ prefix and /ani-/ ‘They’ Set A Prefix: /ga-ani-/ = /g-v-ni-/

/g-v-gw-alenhdi ga’isv’i/ ‘since I started walking’ with /ga-/ prefix and /agw-/ ‘I’ Set B Pronoun Prefix - /ga-agw-/ = /g-v-gw-/

/utan v-chuja/ ‘big boy’ with /a/ on end of /utan-a/ ‘big’ combined with the initial /a/ on /a-chuja/ ‘boy’ to make /v/

/de-/ Plural Marker becomes /di-/ after the prefix /wi-/ /widijigi/ ‘I got those things’ /widigutagi/ ‘I went and picked those things up’

8.2. Cherokee language in conversation and speech Another aspect of language learning to note regards Cherokee in conversational and speech form. As with any language, the cadence and rhythm of spoken speech provides a different

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pattern that with words given in isolation. Thus, a word given by itself may have certain features, but when “spoken” as part of a longer statement, will have others. One dominate feature of spoken Cherokee is the practice of “shortening” words. Often, final vowels are dropped, words will be combined when possible, and other vowels within words will often drop as well. Only through conversational practice can this area of Cherokee be learned and mastered. 8.3. Next steps in learning Cherokee This guidebook and the CED are a good starting point for learning Cherokee, but obviously it represents only an entry into the process. Beyond this, there are other concepts that learners will need to develop in mastering Cherokee. These include acquiring conversational conventions of speech (how ideas are expressed in Cherokee in everyday conversation), learning about semantic categories of knowledge, but also learning how to apply grammatical processes to speech. The next section, “Further Reading,” offers a list of sources useful in this basic endeavor. 9. Further reading The most useful book for you to continue with is the Outline of Cherokee Grammar, contained in the same book as the Cherokee-English Dictionary. The outline gives a brief, yet extensive, overview on the basic grammatical concepts as they apply to Cherokee language forms. Outside of the CED, the following titles provide linguistic descriptions of Cherokee grammar which may be useful: Cook, William H. 1979 “A Grammar of North Carolina Cherokee.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University. Feeling, Durbin 1994 A Structured Approach to Learning the Basic Inflections of the Cherokee Verb. Muskogee, OK: Indian

University Press, Bacone College. Feeling, Durbin, Craig Kopris, Jordan Lachler, and Charles Van Tuyl 2003. A Handbook of the Cherokee Verb: A Preliminary Study. Tahlequah, OK: Cherokee Heritage

Center. Holmes, Ruth Bradley, and Betty Sharp Smith 1976 Beginning Cherokee. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. King, Duane H. 1975. “A Grammar and Dictionary of the Cherokee Language.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of

Georgia. Montgomery-Anderson, Bradley 2009 “A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kansas.

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Scancarelli, Janine 1987 “Grammatical Relations and Verb Agreement in Cherokee.” Ph.D. dissertation, Department

of Linguistics, UCLA. Van Tuyl, Charles 1994 An Outline of Basic Verb Inflections of Oklahoma Cherokee. Muskogee, OK: Indian University

Press, Bacone College. Walker, Willard 1975 “Cherokee.” In: James M. Crawford (ed.) Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages. Athens:

University of Georgia Press, pp. 189-236.

CWY - fins

J a l a g i - Yonega

Cherokee - Engl ish

?- n.pref. third person animate He's thinking about raising chicks. (see Gram. 11, A) cf: agina

a - v.pref. third person subject (see Gram. I, B)

-a v.suf. present tense (see Gram. 1 , Dl

?'chu4ja D ~ C n. boy

?2ni2chu4 ja DhdC

Na anichuja sgwahlesdi dananelohvsga. e D M C axLaJ Lomaas. The are playing ball.

a2chvZya DC@ n. male (animal)

?2ni2~hv2ya DhC@

Jitaga anichvya ugitsdeyi anayhgo7i. IrWS DhC@ BYbaSJ3 DBB AT. Roosters crow at dawn.

cf: julichvyasdi

a2da D L n. wood

Hila jugvwahldi sagwu igasvti &? AW dEGGJ t13 TSRa a? How much does one rick of wood - cost?

D L n. young animal (animal born in litter or hatched)

a2ni4da DhL

Jitaga anida jutvhisdohdi adanhteha. IrWS d V B V 1 DLD-a+.

a1da2de3ga DLSS v .i. it 's bouncing

ga2d?2de 3ga S LSS

u1da2di23nv32sv237i BLJORT

a1da2de3g037i DLSAT

u2da2di2 3nv 32di B L JDJ

Eladi wudina sgwahlesdi udadinvsv7i. RWI 9 1 e anar a=r. When he threw the ball down, & bounced.

cf : a1d?2de3ga (limp), adadinvdiha

a1d?2de3ga DLSS v.i. he's limping

ga2d?2de 3ga S LSS

u1d?2de3sv237i BLSRT

a1da2de3g037i DLSAT

ha2da2du . . l ga +LSS

~ ~ d a ~ d i ~ ~ n v ~ ~ d i OL1OJ

Ayo'uhli asgaya adadegv jigowhtiha. D m D @ S 3 DLSE IrAG2.L. I see a lame man limping.

cf: a1d?2de3ga [bounce)

a1da2di23nv32di2ha DLJO1.L v.t. he's bouncini it

g?2da2di23nv32d12ha S LJOJ+

2 adadlohiha

ha2da2d02 lil sda C-6 VP@L

Na alasgalisgi sdayi adadinvdiha sgwahlesdi. 0 DW@SPAY 2 1 ~ 5 D l A 0 ~ f . G , 2 8 L @ A . The ball player is bouncing the ball hard.

cf: a1da2de3ga (bounce)

a1da3dlo2hi3ha DL-IA.t. v.t. he's putting 0,. a belt

g?2da3dlo2hi3ha 5 LefM

~ ' d a ~ d l o ~ h l v ~ ~ ? i Q L r f P P

a1da3dlo2hi2h03?i D L6,3j T

ha2da1dlo2 3ga G l. tf .S

u2da1dloZ3 sdi Crl f 3 A

Uwoduhi adadlosdi ~ldadlohlv?i digaduhv uwena. Q C S J D L d J A O ' l t X 7 .dS YG Q&8. She put on a pretty belt when she - - - - went to town.

cf: adadlosdi, gadlohiha

Adadlosdi zginesv Danisdayohihvvi. D L d 3 A DY. lR L h2L f i G > T . I got a belt for Christmas. - cf: adadlohiha

?2da2d0231i32sdi DLVP3.d n. prayer

Adadolisdi utayahlv ahljadohvsgi. DL 1. P;3A BWfiP l) l- 'CVdi.L~. The preacher asked for riayers,

cf: adadolisdiha, gadoliga

a ' ~ i a ~ d o ~ ~ 1 i ~ ~ s d i ~ h a DLVP2.d.I. v. i. he's praving

ga2da2d02 31 i "sdi2ha S G V P.2.1.G

u1dn2d0231i32stB2nv23?i Q L L T f 2 U 0 T

?1; i ; ' do231i32~di25gc j ' i . Pl . ! , !J i ) . I , ; ,17

Jo?i iyuwakdi ad;ldolisdisgo siga. KT TGGYA D L V P J A m A b S . He prays three times a day. - cf: adadclisdi, gadoliga

g3da2ge4?i D l k T adj . 1. tender 2. very young, new

a2ni3da2ge4?i D h L P T

Anidage tuya anije duhwasv didana?- nv?i. p h l P S 3 DhY SGR A L e D T . She bought tender green beans at the store. Adage ayohli unvdigwu iga aditasgo7i. D&k DfiC (PO-.& T S D I W A A T . A very young child drinks only milk. -

?'daZgeyh2di D L k G A n. love

Adageyhdi ulsgeda. DLPG.1 O l : , F l . . Love is important. - cf: udageyuha

a2da23hi2hi D L 4 4 n. thing that kills

a2na2da23hi2hi D ~ L . ~ , Q

Igada dikisdi anadahihi tsgwisdi yidakisa. 7 5 6 A Y N A D B L A A b P 2 A :5L.Ybr. Some pills are killers if too many are swallowed.

cf: ahiha, didahihi

a2da2hli2ne3sah12di D L C M P A n. purse

di2da2h1i2ne3sah12di A b C : W P J

Ije adahlinesahldi unvnelv usdayvhvsgi. IY DLCIWPJ @@A*? Q 3 L B C 2 . He gave his wife a new purse.

cf: kanesahla

?2da2%neh2di DL./LI n. gift

di3(!a2'hneh2di J L A A I 3a?isdayohihv na7v yigi, didahnehdi i

adahyoneha 3

anadananesvhvsgo yvwi. Lh,?Lfi.%r Qi h Y d u D8LBilR115tA B 8 . When ~ t ' s close to Christmas, people shop for gifts.

cf: ahneha

3 2 a1dg2hno ye ha D1,ZB.G v.i. he's fanning himself

ga2da'no3yc2ha S 1, Z8.E-

~ ' d ~ ~ h n o ~ y e ~ h v ~ ~ ~ i Q L Z89,7.

a1da2hno3ye2sgo37i D L U S A 7

hs'dg2hno2yv231a .GL ZBM'

Udahnoyehdi uduli asehnv hla adahnoyo - yuwzya. @ I , L B . ; QSP 0 4 0 P D b Z f i GG2. She wants to fan herself, but she has - -- no fan.

cf: adahnoyo, kanoyeha

g2da2hno2yo D L Z f i n. fan

~ i ~ d ? ~ h n o ~ y o JL Z f i

Udihlehga. Hudalv7vga adahnoyo Q J L S . rL4iS ufi.

It's hot. Plug in the - fan.

cf: adahnoyeha, kanoyeha

a'da2hwah2tv2hi2 3do 32ha DGG6"AV.C. v . i . he's visiting

g?2da1wah2tv2hi23d032ha S L G PA\' ~JJ

u1da2hwah2tv2hi23d0321v23?i QLGPAV97

a1da2hwah2tv2hi23d032h03?i DLGPAL-8 T

Hla ayv agwenvsv yigi ahani. Gada- - wahtvhidohagwu. c DB ~566~53.' D . c . ~ . s LGVAV.GJ. This isn't my home. - I'm just visiting.

cf: ahwahtvhidoha

a1da2hya32sd12ha DL&d+ v.i. he's stretching

Usgwa'da gohweli degohwelisgv, uda- - hvastanv'i .

RerP SRT/PJE .. QLGLWOT. Nhen he finished wrlting letters, he - stretched.

a2da2hye4sgi D L B A Y n. cancer

Adahyesgi udlvgv ajinvwanv'i. -

D L B H V OPE D b K Q T . He was cured of his cancer.

cf: gahye'a, gahyesdi

a1dr!2hyi3ha i7L.W v.t. he's denying him, it

Unosgisv agu9istana, udahyilv7i. QZAYI< DJTAWQ. QGJ39T. When he was accused of stealing, - he denied it.

-

Jiyada?yiha, hlahehno yijiyoliga. 3 1 6 4 . C 3 Z h f r f i f S . +i. I am enylng him because I don't -- - know him.

a1da2hyo3ne2ha Dlfi.4.C v.i. he's committing adultery

Chaneline dikanowadvsditlhlesdi jada- L

hyonelv'i" adiha. c n r ~ J @ Z G ~ J "Lad CLBA4T"DJ.G. 'The eighth commandment says, "Thou

4 adahyonehdi

shalt not commit adultery." - cf: adahyonehdi, adahyonehi

g2da2hyo2neh3di D l fi/U n. adultery

Galvkwdi gohweli asgaga adahyonehdi. S W I A D P D @ S f D L f i I U . The Bible reproves adultery.

cf: adahyoneha, adahyonehi

g2da2hyo2ne4hi D L f i A A n. adulterer

Jani osda kanohedv chaneline ayatohlv aj ine7isdi adahyonehi agehya. Ch 6 @ L a236 C/U'A D 3 V P D k A T @ J D L f i A B D F 3 .

An adulteress is mentioned in chapter eight of the book of John.

cf: adahyoneha, adahyonehdi

a1da2ja2g?2113ha D L C S P . 6 v.i. it's ripping

g+2da2j?2g?21i 37a S L C S P . 6

u1da2j?2gg21v2hv23?i Q L C S 4 G T

Uwet i ahnawo ahida geso udaj agahldi. a m ~ t s DAL F+ a c e s r - I . An old cloth is easy - to a. cf: gajagaliha

a2da2 jvy4sgi 0 6 ~ 7 ~ n. something that stings

Gohusd usdi tsgoya adajvysgi uwajvhyv

Some kind of a stinging bug stung him on his hand.

cf: gajvysga

a1da2ke3ha D1k-G v.i. he's looking 'at himself in a mirror

Dlv uwenvsdi yadvnv7isdi adakesgo7i. P 860a W T @ J D L F a A T . When he's getting ready to go somewhere, he uses a mirror. --- cf: adakehdi

?2da2keh3di D L F J n. mirror

di2da2keh3di J L f J

Utana adakehdi nuwanhdi disehisdivi. @We D m 9 G 0 J 1 4 B J J T . She has a big mirror on the dresser.

cf: adakeha

a1da21e2ni3ha D L G h + v.i. it's beginning

Unalasgahldi yuhli7ilohla adalenisgo analasgalisgv7i. @0W@f P J GC TGC D L G h a A DQWaS P 2 E T . When it's time for them to play ball, the ball game begins.

cf: aleniha, didalenisgv7i

a1da2na2ne3sv2hy3sga DL Q M & f v . i . he1< shopping

gg2da2n?2ne3sv2h~3sga f L Q M & f

u1da2na2ne3sv2hnv2 37i O'L Q M 0 T

a1da2na2ne3sv2hy2sgo3?i D L O M Q A T

h?2da2n?2ne1sv2hv lga +L Q M $ f

~ ~ d a ~ n ? ~ n e ~ s v ~ ~ h \ ! ~ s d i QL 0M&A

Tsgwisdi udananesvhvsdi uduli asehnv tsgwisdi dagvwahldida7na. h T @ J O'L Q M & J d O'SP D 4 0 I r V a J L E G P J L O .

adanhteha 5

She wants to do a lot of shopping, but the prices are too high.

cf: adana3nvVi

a1da2n?73nv43i DL007 n. store

Adanavnv dagilvhwisdaneho gogi yinulstana. DL80 LY4B@LAJ AY d?P@W8. - I work in a store in the summer.

cf: adananesvhvsga, udanavni

a1da2naw32sd~3ha D8L [email protected] v. i . he's taking off running

ga2da2naw32sdi3ha . . S L 8GJJ.G

~ l d ? ~ n a w ~ ~ s t ? ~ n v ~ ~ ? i B L eG@WOT

a'da2naw32sdi23sg?37i D L 8G@J@AT

ha2d?2naw1 sda .GL @GAL

Gihli dasuhwisgv utvgana, udanawsta- nvvi . - YC LGQ@E 86"s 8 . 8 1 8Q@WOT. When he heard the dog bark, he ran. --

a1dg2ne23dli3yy23a D L K B D v. i . he, it's changing

Gigage ajvstv adanedliyvna. Y S j DC36 D L K B B . The red lig-t changed.

cf: ganedliyv3a

a'dB2ne23dli3yv'~di2ha DLKB2J.G v.i. he's taking turns with him

ga2da2ne23dli3yv1sdi2ha . . S LKB2J .G

~ ~ d g ~ n e ~ ~ d l i ~ y v ~ s t g ~ n v ~ ~ ? i BLKBaWO7

a1dg2ne2 3dli 3yv1sdi2sgo39i D L K B 3 J d A T

ha'd?2ne2dli2yv'sda +I K B d l . 23.. . - c i l "y~l\-1sdch2di Pl.!K8;\ -1

Duyaweja ahyvki aktiyv, unali'i uda- nedliyvstanv'i. S a C DBY D S J B ~ B8PT BLKB@WOT. When he not tired of guarding the - prisoner, his friend -- iook hi; place.

cf: adanedliyvsdisgi, ganedliyv7a

2 2 3 1 d? ne23dli yv sdi4sgi DLKB@JAY n. 1. alternate 2. substitute

a2na2da2ne23dli3yv1sdi4sgi . . . D 8 L K B a J A Y

Anadanedliyvsdisgi danhtihneho analasgalisgi. DBLMB@IAY L8;IAI DBW@SP@Y. The ball players always have substi- tutes.

cf: adanedliyvsdiha

a1da3ne2hlv4?i DLAPT n. provisions, supplies

E.lsdayhdi adanehlv duhnelv juniyo- sisgi. DP@LBJ S A 4 d h f i b z . He gave a supply of food to the hungry.

a1da2ne231v43i DLA4T n. building

~Ia'da~ne~~lv~3i L LA41

Unole uyostanohnv adanelv7i. B Z 6 BfiJWZD DLA4T. A tornado destroyed a building.

cf: didanelvvi

?2danh2do DLOV n. heart

di2danh2do JLOV

Adanhdo yulehwistana, ayohusgo yvwi. DLOV G6B@Wi8, DfiF3A B B.

Whenthe heart stops, a person dies.

cf: udanhdo

a'danh2tg3ha D1OE.G v.t. he's thinking

6 adanhtehdi

Gad0 usdi hadanllteha? sv s , ~ . G I Q ~ . G S What are you thinking about? - cf: adanhtehdi, adanhtehilo?a

a2danh23teh2di D L Q ~ J n. thought

Gosdigwu i j adanhtehdi i jvneha. .4 2JL PC L 0 % "1 :%A-G . I'm just giving you something - to think about. -- cf : adanhteha

a1danh2te23hi31p2?a DLQT,!WD v. i. 1. he's pondering 2. he's considering

Gosdi jinohiselv adanhtehilo?a. .~a.l h z ~ 4 9 D L Q X , ~ He's considering something I told him.

cf: adanhteha

a1dg2n02hyv2h1~2sdi 3ha 11 L 7 B C d I / v.i. he, it;s making noise

g?2da2n02yv11~2~di 3ha S I Z B PC,) I+

~ ~ d ? ~ n o ~ h y v ~ h l ~ ~ s t ? ~ n v ~ ? i 8[, 7 B C . L 9 e 1

a1d?2n02hyv2hli2sdi23sgS,3?i Dl, 7 B C C k . l J , i 7

Doya na?v yiga?luchela adanohyvhli- sdisgo?i. Vu? Oi v3SMYW D l ZB(;311Kl .1T. When you get close to a beaver, - it makes noise. -- cf: ganohyvhlisdiha, unohyvhga

a1dan2si23ni D L O b h v.i. he's crawling

ga2da2na1si23ni f L O h h

Utana inada adansini. O W 8 T O 1 D L 8 b h . A big snakecrawling. - cf: gansini

a1da2nu3te2yp3ha DL'1Zifi .G v.i. it's twisting

Agaluga uwahnila hlgv?i udanuteyolv?i. D S M f BGhW 8 E T B L 9 6 f i ; 7 T . When the twister hit the tree, it - twisted.

cf: ganuteyoha

a1da?3ny2?a D L Q D v.i. he, it's moving from one place to another

g?2da?3ny2?a S LQD

~ l d ~ ? ~ n v l s v ~ ~ ? i 8 1 Q R T

Sgohi judetiyvda uneladv?i Daligwa, kila udulvhv uda?nvsdi?i . J A A d S J B L BACVGT l f 2 . .YIY 0'5;79, 0 ' C Q ; ; I J T . He lived in Tahlequah for ten years, then he wanted to move. - --

a1d?2nv23sga D L Q J S v.t. he's ordering it

2 2 g? d? nv3sga S l Q 2 3

~ l d ? ~ n v ~ ~ s v ~ ? i 8 L O R 7

a1d?2nv23sgP3?i D L O A A T

ha2da2nv231a C LOW

~ 2 d a ~ n v ~ ~ s d i @ l @ j A

Sudetiyvda iyudali ije dagwalela adanvspo7i. esnBc TGCP 77' CZ6W DC02A7. He orders a new car every year.

a2da2sdayh1di4?i ~ d 3 C A ~ f 7 n, kitchen

Adasdayhdi aya?a ditelido degvdiye7a. &&&&J D 2 D ..&PI' S F-131). She's in the kitchen washing dishes.

cf: adasdayvh~isga, didasdayvhvsgi

a1da2sda32yv2h\!3~ga [)/,&[,86& V. i. she's cooking a meal

Hla ase jadasdayhdi yigi, hlaheno yagiyosiha. C D4 CC@f B . 1 hY, Cr '7 u Y f i b 4 . You d o n m e to cook, because I'm - -- not hungry.

cf: adasdayhdi?i, didasdayvhvsgi, gvh~lisdiha

a2da2 3we3hi nl,fi.g n. magician

a2ni2da23we3hi p h[,g 9

Igada Anijalagi unilvkwdi anidawehi junihnohehdivi. 7 S 1% 1)11(.12.\' Dh9YJ DllLQi3 dh7?JT . Some Cherokees like to talk about magicians.

cf: ?'daZ3we4hi (magical)

a2da23we4hi Dl.L(.J adj . magical ?%~i~da~~we%i DhGSc3

Doyu anidawehi geso igada Anijalagl. I'G U!,1,6(1) ti- I S 1 ph(:M')'. ~omeChiokees are very magical.

cf: a2da23we3hi (magician)

a1da2we23183gi3'7a D(,J(C(\.n v.i. it 'S burning (flames)

g?2da2we2 la3gi2?a S IBMYD

u1da2we231a3gv237i 8 1 9 ( K L l

a1da2we231r?3gi1sgo37i DLLJIJMYdb47

Aj ila gohlvhdi adawelagi7a. DkM' '4P.I DLScM'YD. The match is burning. - cf: a2da2we231a2gi lsgi (flame)

a2da2we2 31a2gi lsgi DIPW.YnY n. flame . . di2da2we231a2gi'sgi d69@MYo3Jr

Adawelagisgi duleyhtanv gasohivi. DGSCM'Y~IC Scr7'WIk 5-1-47. The flame burned his back.

cf : ad~welagi ?a, ?2da2we21a2gi'sgi (gunpowd ,T 1 ;

a2da2we21?2gi lsgi DGdMY&,\' n. gunpowder

Adawelagisgi ullohlvhdi jul~hwisdanelv edoda. !lC9(M'YAs\' PZPJ J90fiC.l:? Ri ' i . . My dad has worked at a piace where they make gunpowder.

cf: adawelagj 7a

a'da2we3s021v23sd~ 3ha DI,d .f- I i J

v.i. he's resting

Hadawesolvsda. Dotastaye-ega, : iii-I- 'f,, 1 . 'I \\ >c\\ 3: 5 . - Rest. You'll eet exhausteu

cf: gawrsolvsdiha

.4' 'da 3wi 1)I. C: I:. .4dar2

nohehdi. d V T L D J f 3 BSP @LCZ?1.

A man named Adam wants to speak to you.

a1dg2w03"a DLUD v.i. 1. he's bathing 2. he's swimming

ga2d?2wo 37a SCUD

~ ~ d ~ ~ w o ~ 7 v ~ ~ ~ i BLUi T

Jalvkwdis j adawosdi ? cw12 CLU21? Do you like0 swim? -- cf: adawosdi'i, dadawo?a, gawo'a

a2da2w01sdi47i . . DLPJJT n. swimming pool

Uweyv agwadawosdi ugodi agilvkwdi sihnv adawosdi gesv7i. 0 9 9 B DXLB@l 0iZd DY9YI 6 0 D L C @ l F R T .

I like to swim in a creek more than in a swimming pool.

cf: adawo'a

?2da2yv231?2ty2sgi DLBWPJY n. television

di2da2yv231?2ty2sgi ALBWo12Y

Hadlv jagise na ulsuhwid adayvlatvsgi? - +P CY4 8 BPK8L L B W 6 Y? Y Where did you get t e color television?

cf: udayvlata

a1de3ha DS+ v.t. he's giving him a long object

j i2de 3ha hS+

BS 9 T

a1de3h037i DSb T

hi2di1si Adb

u2deh3di 0.31

Tje digohwelodi udelv didehlohgwasgi. TT nmon n s a x a . He gave the student a new pencil. - cf: ahneha, gakaneha, ganehneha,

ganvneha

a1de2hloh2gwa3?a DSdXD v . t . he's learning, hers learning it

g?2de 110h2gw?37a f SOXD

~ ~ d e ~ h l o h ~ g w a ~ ? v ~ ~ ? i BSdXi T

a1de2hloh2gwa32sgo 37i DSdX2AT

ha2de2hloh2gwa +SdX

u2de2hloh2gwa1sdi ~~pf121

Ahidas adehlohgwasdi Jalagi gawoni- hisdi? DAL2 DSdX21 CWY fBhA@l? Is it easy to learn to s~eak Chero- ' -- kee?

cf: didehlohgwasgi, junadehlohgwasdi?i

a1de2h023hi3sdi2ha DSb,g@I+ v.t . he em6arrassing him

j i2y?2de2?023hi 3~di2ha kJSbjA@l+

~lde~ho23hi~sta~nv~~'i BSbA2WOT

a1de2h023hi 3sdi2sgo37i DSbA212AT

hi2y?2dc2702hi2sda AJSbjA2 L

3sdoh2di BSIA2VI

Udehohisdohdi anehldiha. -

1 DACd+. w e s trying - to embarrass him.

cf: adehosga

a1de2h023sga DSb@f v . i. he's embarrassed

2 27 23 g? d$ o sga SSbj@f

~ l d e ~ h o ~ ~ s v ~ 7 i BSb RT

a1de2h023sgg,3?i DSb2AT

h?2de2h02 3hi +SbA

~ ~ d e ~ h o ~ ~ h i ~ s d i BSbA@-I

Agehyuja uktasdanela udehosv'i.

DFGC BS \Y2LAW O'SFRT . When the girl winked at him, -- he got embarrassed.

cf: adehohisdiha, udehohisdi, udehosati

a1de2hv3sga DS&@S v.i. he's being born

ga2~e2?v3sga f S i a S ~ l d e ~ h n v ~ ~ ? i @SOT

Hisgi iyuwahnilv jigesv kohi sunale

He was born at five o'clock this --- morning.

a'de231a DSW n. money

"Adeia ageyhdi gesv didaleni asgahni." "D.CH' - D f G 1 F R J L c f h Dash." "The love of money is the root of evil .I1

cf: adelvvi

32de123diyh2di4?i, a2de123ju2niyh2di4?i ' ll,SlV_117, D.Y u d h d f n. bank

Yijadulas adeldiyhdi di jalvhwisdanhdi? LICSH';: DSlY11 1C 4 8 @ L A l ? Would you like to work in a bank? - cf: adela, ahvsga

a'de123ju23hlv4?i DSKdPT n. Cali- fornia

Adeljuhlv uwenvsdi uduliha. D S H J P a,r(oa~ a s p + . She wants to go to California.

cf: adela, uhla

a1de2102h02sga DSGJ3S v.t. he's finding it out

Udelohosv aj ilonu?esgv?i . O'SGF R DbG 9RZE7 . He found out that he was being --- cheated.

?3de21v4?i DY4T n. dollars

Hi?a alsgwetuwo sgo adelv jugvwahldi. nn ~rarzsc. @A os.1 ~ E G C I . The price of this hat is ten dollars.

cf: adela, uhnosda

a1de2tv3sga D.Sb'oc,S v.i . he's diving

Agwadetdi agilvkwdi yigadawo7a. DZS.21 DY 4tTJ hf 6GD . I like to dive when I ' m swimming. - --

a1de3y92ha D3fi .G v.i. 1. he's going around a curve 2. he's turning off the road 3. he's circling it

ga2de 3y02ha S Sf i+

ulde23y0321V23?i (j'.f fi q'!'

a1de3y02h03?i D.S' f iJ T

ha2de2ya2ga +.f G'S

u2dey2 3sdi @ .$;JJ

Adanelv gadeyoha. -

Dl.,'lq I am circling a building. - - cf: adeyohv?i, gadeysdiha

a1de3y92hv4?i W f i d 1 n. curve

da1de3yq2hv4?i L.S f i87

Ayanuli ahi?lisv iyusdi dunvdv - ade- vohv?i . D;qr D9PR T G A l SO6 D 3 f i d T . Because he was driving fast, he - mis5t d the curve. --

cf: adeyoha

a'di3?a DAD v.t. he's laying a long object down

a1di32sgo3?i Dd1,1A7

hi 'da H I

u2di ' sdi QA2d

Ahani daji?di hi?a suhdi. D L h ..Ill Cd. I am going to lay this fishing pole - - -- - - - here.

cf: ahvsga, gakqtv;ga, ganehvsga, ganvysga

a1di2di3ha Ddd,L- v.i. he's rising from a prone position

Sudali iyuwahnilv sunale gadidisgoTi. CLI: TGGh? Z6'8 S 162.47. I rise at six a.m. -- cf: dalehvsga

a1di2ga21e23ya39a fl-i~d;j~ v. t. he's scattering it

g?2di2g?21e2 3y?3?a S AS en3D

~ ~ d i ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 e ~ ~ v ~ ~ ~ 1 B d f cfB T

a1di2ga21e2 3ya32sgo3?i ,,/sc*2&1T

h?2di2g?21e2 3ya PdS d@

~ ~ d i ~ g ? ~ l e ~ ~ y a ~ ~ s d i OAS8&d

Digohwel gasgilv duhlaTv dudigaleyv digohwelcd uhyala. .I IdP SAY? Sf i Ydf oqB d t i ijJ BLIP . He scattered the papers on the table -- when he looked for his pencil.

af: adigaleyoga

a1di2g+21e23y032ga DdSdh'S v.i. it's

scattering

Ahnawo uligvhaluhyv udigaleyojv sdaya unolvna . ! i Dt8 BPEGMB BdSdfiC ,t L2 B Z 9 8 . ! Pieces of cloth scattered - xhen the wind blew hard. I

I cf: adigaleya?a

a'di3gw+21~2de3y02ha DdT'3Sfi.G -. . he, it's spinning, rotating

ga2di 3gw?21v2de3y92ha jdS7Sfi.G

u'di3gw~21v2de23y0321v2 37i BJTqSfi 11.

a1di3gw~21v2de3yq2h03~i DlT 9.Y 6 fi T

ha2di 1gw?21v2de2yg2ga .GAT qS.2S

u2di ' g ~ ? ~ l v ~ d e y ~ 3sdi QdX'3S A,?,[

Ayanuli adigwalvdeyoha gagwatv al5- hwisdohdohdivi. D34P 0dTq.Yfi.G S X6" Dd82VL' A T . The wheel is spinning too fast to - stop.

cf: gadigwalvdeysdiha

a1di2ha Dd+ v.t. he's saying it

ga2di 3?a SAD

~ l d v ~ h n v ~ ~ ? i QfQT

a1di23sgq37i D,1JAT

ha2da '+ L

u2tdi 836

Gado usdi adiha? ST.; QJd Dd.G? What is he saying? --

a1di23nv32di2ha ~dOd+ v.t. he's running over him, it

j i2y?2di23nv32d12ha, ga2diL3nv32di2ha kZd@d+, S d@J+

Bd@w@T

a1di2 3nv 32di2sgo3?i D.I@d,?AT

a'di2ta3sga DAYn\..,S v. t. he's drinking it

ga2di'ta3sga S d\Y12 S Nvnohi dejinadiwsgv ale dagwalela nagwadinvtanv3i.

~ l d i ~ t ? ~ h v ~ ~ ? i B J b d T

02,9 .Qh.O.lQJE D$ IXJM' &Z'dO.WDT. a1di2t?2sgo3?i DJ\\ ,?A1 Crossing the road, L w a s almost - run h?2di23ta +A\\' over by a car. -

u2di 2ta2sdi O J W ~ L ~ a1di2sgS2hlY3sga DJ;SP;IS v.i. he's Kemili tsgwisdi ama anaditasgovia

hiding I .HP kPZiJ D8' OJ\\I'L!AT.

g?2di1sg?2hly3sga SJZ 'SPAf Camels drink a e_T lot o water.

Dinadaniyisgi dugoha didahihi udi- -- sgahlanv?i. .-

../or, h m ~ SA+ d c n n m. V;!'hrn the killer saw the police - he hi(:. -. .

cf: gvsgahlvsga, udisgahla

h-.di32si2ya3?a Ddb@D v. t. he's leaving a long object behind

j i2di32si2ya3?a k J b 3 D

uldi 32si2yv23?i QJbBT

Hidisiya gasgilo. Hla yudlanvda galadisdi dagwalelu'i. A J b 2 S3YG. C GAOL SM'J3J I.TFMP. Leave the chair. There isn't room to put it in the car.

cf: ahiya?a, gakahiya'a, ganehiya'a, ga?niya?a

a2di23ta2sdi ' 2 n. something to drink

cf: aditasdi

a2di2toh3di D L r n. spoon

di2di2toh3di d i I / d

Aditohdi gvhdi aditasga ugama.

' J Ed DJ1'2S O ' Y T. k% drinking soup with a spoon.

a2dla DW n. 1. rubber 2. chewing gum

Adla agoh-sgv duks\:sdv j igowhtiha. - Do% D;',ICJE SSR13.Y kAG..i'+. - I see smoke from burning rubber.

a1dla2g02ssga DhA@f v. t. he s scratching

Dosa usga5: jv adlagosga achuj a. 17u O X PC D h A X D J C . The boy is scra7chj~r;g where a mosquito bithim.

cf: gajaligosga

a'dla23wc??3dv4?i DoSC$>T n. pocket

da1dla2 3wa?3dv4?i l 0 3 G 3 ~ 1

di2di23ta2sdi J.iW,AJ Gasaleni adlawa?dv degahla adela. SH<' f . = S S P DSM'.

Gado usdi aditasdi jaduli? The r!oney is in the coat pocket. S l ' @2,J DJ\\'i -f CSP'? What kind of a drink do you want? , 'dIe3,,: -- D I P v i . he's turning off cf: aditasga : ! .c road

12 adlecheha

Hadlv iyv udlese?i? W TB @L4T? Where did he turn off? ---- cf: adlesgv?i

a1dle3che2ha DLYG v. t. he's taking revenge against him

a1dle3che2h03?i DL?" i

Udlechehdi udulvhv asesgini hla vsgi yinudvnele?i. OLYJ QSU D42Yh L i5Y h46"/16T. He wanted to take revenge against him - -- but he didn't do it.

cf: adle?isdi, udlega

?2dle'?i 3sdi DLT2-l n. revenge

Hlesdi adle?isdi yijahyohesdi

LAJ DL721 iXfi?Ad. Don't be looking for revenge.

g2dle1sg2do DLBV n. apron

di2dle'sa2do JLBV

Adlesado adlesadvysgo adasdayhdi yidulvhwisdanela. D&V DLB572A Dl21 8 6 dS98JlAW. She puts on an apron when she works in the kitchen.

a'dle3sgv4?i DL@ET n. turn-off

Hla yij igowahta adlesgv?i

L &AGW DLJET. .

I didn't see the turn-off.

cf: adle?a, adleyo?a

a1dli3?a DCD v.t. he's pouring liquid into a container

Gado usdi adli?a? Ama, unvdike? --

SV 0'21 DCD? Dd", QDJI-? What is sKpouring? Water or milk? -- cf: gahlvsga, galadi?a, galvysga

g2d1i2??2do DCDV n. earring

di2dli2?a2do . . JCDV

Juwoduhi didlivado duniha Anijalagi Unohlvhnvnv Unadana?nv?i Daligwa. JUSA J_CDV S h G DhCWY B Z P O U QBleD-T LET. They have some pretty earrings at the Cherokee Arts and Crafts in Tahlequah.

cf: udli?ada

a'dli32ga DCS v.i. 1. it's pouring into a container (liquid) 2. 2. it's filling

Gadawosgv, ama udlijv ji?leni. Slt"JE, D T QCC b6h. While I was swimming, water filled my ear.

cf: adli?a

a'dli23ha DCG v.t. he's drawing a liquid out of a container

adolanvsdi 13

Ama adliha svdoni7i. D$ RVhT. He's drawing water from a barrel. - cf: adlila, adlisdiha

a1dli32sdt2ha DC2d.G v.t . he's pouring a liquid into a container

j i2dli32sdi2ha [email protected]

~ ~ d l i ~ ~ s t ~ ~ n v ~ ~ ? i O'C2WO.T

hi2dli1sda ACJC

Gado usdi adlisdiha? ulvsa7dis, guguke? SV B@d DC@d+? B 4trJ2, J J P ? What is she pouring it into? A glass -- -- or a bottle?

cf: adlisdohdi, gahldiha, galadi- sdiha, galvdiha

?3dli1 sdoh2di DC,?Vd n. container (for liquid)

Hisgi go?i didlisdohdi dagwaduliha. AJY AT d l L X S P + . I want five oil containers.

cf: adlisdiha, gahldohdi, galadisdohdi, galvdohdi

a1dlo2hy13ha D6JN v.i. he's crying

Hlesdi j adlohyilv7i. LJd C d h . 7 T . Don't crv.

a1dloy3sga 06725 v.i. he's getting off

ga2dloy 3sga 56725

~ ' d l o ~ ~ s v ~ ~ ~ i 8tJTRT

a1dloy3sgo37i DtTTJAT

hs2dlo1hi dd.9

u2dlo1h13sdi BtTA@d

Agayvliyv iyusdi, segajv udloysv sogwili7i. DfBPB TGJd 4SC BpfTR +'PP 7 . Because of his old age, he barely got off his horse. --

a'dl~~~kwsga DP'P;)f v.i. he's bragging

g?2dlv23gwa32sga SPZaS

~ ~ d l v ~ ~ k w s v ~ ~ ? i DP XRT

a1dlv23kwsg?37i DP P2A T

h?2dlv2 3 k ~ a +P Z

~ ~ d l v ~ ~ k w i 3sdi DPPJJ

Adlvkwsgvgwu iga geso yuwonisa. DPP?E3 75 P.1. GOhtr. All does is just brag when he speaks.

a1dlv2ta3sga DPWaS v.t . he's catching up with him, it

Eligwus hyiyadlvta heli? RPJ@ E W ?I)? Do you think'you can catch LIJ- with - him?

2 2 2 do 1% nv3sdi DVWDZd n. walking cane

di2d021a2nv3sdi dl/~O;~d

Didolanvsdi degohlvsgo ada day.~illv- sgv?i. L

cf: dadlohyiha

.IifCI/Oc2,1 C.lP f i l l ] ) I . L f i P J E T . He makes walking canes by carving wood, ---

a2d023ni'+sgi 1 n. sorcerer

Hiyoligis kilo adonisgi adehlohgwasgi? .t~firya YC; P I ~ . ~ ; J ' D.;+JTJY$ Do you know anyone who is an appren- tice sorcerer?

a2du2da21e4sdi 1 , n. freedom

Hadlv ahwahtvhdi ad~idalesdi?

4-P D(iT.1 DSL(T2-I? Where does one find freedom?

cf: gudaleva

+'dy2ji D6-h. n. 1. Dutch 2. German

~ ~ n i ' d ~ ~ j i D h~i,'~

Hi?a Advj i oginali7i. .JD D , P ' I T ~ S . Y O I - I . ~hisyerman is my friend.

a1dv3ne2ha DiYjlQ v.t. he's doing it

gg2dv bg2ha Soi,l&

u1dv3ne21v2 37i 85'11 37

a1dv3ne2h03?i DKlk I

ha'dvl ga l.7 s

u2dvnh1di iYf'A.1

Gado hadvnehesdi Dodagwidena? Slf hW.1 1.1 @ P O ? What will you be doing Saturday?

aldv3ne21i3ha 1 \ i . i. he's actl~lg siilY

ga2dv3ne2113ha S ):lPC

u ldv3ne21v2hnv2 37i 8o7/l X?l

a l d ~ ~ n e ~ l i ~ ~ s g ? ~ ? i DY lP,AT

ha2dvlne231a bTi 1 CV

u2dv1neh123di Br,fC,I

Ajiyejasdohdi udulisgv iyusdi advneliha. ! 7 , E 1 IPP . D+h- He's acting silly becau,e e wants to - be laughed at.

a2dv1ne231i4~gi DII'..IP*I.Y n. actor

a2na2dv1ne231i4sgi . . DOj7/Ip>Y

Advnelisgi iyulsdohdi adehlohgwa?a didehlohgwasgi. - DsT:lPi1.Y -PGP O'V "1 D.SdXD . I S ~ T ; I Y . The student is studying to become an actor.

cf: advneliha

a1dv2nv3?i2sdl3ha DbVT3d.G V. t . 1. he's preparing it 2. he's getting ready

g?2dv2nv3?i2sd1 3ha SPOT2J.G

Dlv agwenvsdi gadvnv?isdiha P D;;Od?d S 6W7.2-I+. I'm getting ready to go somewhere. - Tsgwisdi alsdayhdi advnv?isdisgo Danisdayohihv?i.

She prepares a lot of food at Christmas.

cf: udvnv?isdi

a2ga2da2ha47i DS L +7' adj . dirty (animate)

?2ni2ga2da2ha4?i DhS L,&T

Gadohi yidunanelohna diniyohli, - ani- gadaha nanalsdisgo?i.

When children play on the ground, they become dirty. cf: gada, gadaha?i

a2ga2hli4yi DSC.5 adj . , adv. eager 2 2 62ni g? hli4yi DhSCh

Nigohilv agahliyi geso udasdehldi9i h.4.94 DSCh I - $ 0 L,ilSCdT. He's a-s eager to help.

31ga31i2ha Df/',b v.i. it's (sun or moon) shining

c f advneha, advnelisgi

Usgosdi agalisgo nvda iyuhno kali nvda yigi. BJAad DSPa7A OC TG2 aP @ L H. The moon shines brightly if it's a full moon.

a'ga132sga D ~ W J ~ v.t. 1. he's breaking a flexible object 2. he's cutting a flexible object

j12ga132sga I ~ S WAS

u1ga132sv23?i BS WRT

algal 32sgo3?i D S M1@A7

hi2gg?'1a ASW

u2ga11sdi B f W@d

Na agehyuja ustihgv ugalsdi uduli. 8 D K C 0.a E B f W@d BSP . The girl wants to cut her hair. -- Juwoyeni gvhdi ugalsv asti. dC8h Ed BSU'R Dan. He broke thetring with his hands. -- cf: asgwalsga

a2g?21u23ga D f M f n. twister

Igada agaluga jusdi geso, igadahno jutana. TfC D f M f d@d k?. T f I 2 dWQ. Some twisters are small and some are big.

a1gg2naZ3di3?a D f 8dD v.t. he's licking it

j i2gg2naZ3di 3?a h f OdD

u'gg2na 3dv2 37i B f 8GT

a1gg2na23di32sgo3?i DS8dJAT

h12g?2na2 3da ASQC

u2gg2na2 3di32 sdi B f 8 d J d

Ama uniganadisdi unilvkwdi wahga. Dg B h f 8dAd Bh4lrd G S . Cows like to lick salt

cf: ganhlga (tongue) ganhgo7i

92ga?3na2kti D f O f 2 n . doctor a2ni2gg?3ng2kt i DhSOf2

Agavnakti uyvsdi wi j iya3v?i. - ~p

D S 19s 2 T B G ~ Oh32 7 . I was in the doctor's office. --

a1ga2nawh2d?3ha ~f W A G v .t . he's warming it

2 2 ji2ga2n92wo'di3ha, ji ga n+2wo'di3ha

h f 0Cd.i., h.E%d+

t11ga2nawh2ta2nv3?i @ S %\I OT

z1 ga2nawh2di2 3sg5,3?= D f E1d2AT

Julasihdeni daganawhdiha. JB:b.Eh I f 8C>d.I6. 3e's warming his feet.

.f: aganawosga, uganawa

2 2 3 :;a*-ngwo sga D ~ @ ( ~ J s v.i. it's getting warm

Gogi yinulstana aganawosgo7i. AY h?Pa'W'8 i l S 8 f " J A l . When it becomes summer, it getswam. - - cf: aganawhdiha, uganawa, uganawosga

a1ga2sga ~ ~ ; r ? f v.i. it's raining

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - u2ganh2di O,S@d

Tsgwisdi agasga dlv envsdi kohi iga. h a , d DSdS P RO,>.d A.0 T f . It's raining too much to go some- -- here today.

16 agasuyeda

?2ga1su2ye4da DSZ8 L adj . a person who has been chosen

Hi?a asgaya ase agasuyeda uwonihisdi7i. AD D 2 S 3 0 4 DSe8.I O'@h,9@lT. This man is a specially selected speaker.

cf: asuye?a

?2ga2y?21u3di D f @,\lJ n. seine

di2ga2yg21~3di J S 3 M . l

Agayaludi anhdisgo jisdvna daniniyi- sgv Anijalagi. DSaMJ DOd2A 6J6-8 L h h m E DhCWY. Cherokees use a seine to catch crawdads.

?2gg2yv41i D S B P adj. old (animate)

Agayvli saloli juhyo gihli uwaka eduj i. m P brGP J f i YC O'Ga RSh . My uncle has an old squirrel dog. - cf: uweti

q2gg2yv231i3ge4?i D S B P P T n. old woman

g2ni2gg2yv2 3113ge4?i Dhf BpI.7

Na agayvlige talsgohi nadetiya nidi- gvdehyohvsgo7i. 8 D f B P I . WP@AA 8S.23 hJESfi8J24T. The old woman has been teaching for -- twenty years.

cf: agayvli

a3ge4 D I . adv. over there

& widagedoli hlega. 8IFVP L f .

1 a m going over there for a while. --

?2ge23hya D I . 3 n. woman

g2ni2ge2 3hya DhI.3

Gag vsgina agehya? S A i z e - D G ? Who is that woman?

g2ge2hyu4ja D ~ G C n. girl

82ni2ge2hyu4 j a D h f - ~ ~

Anijalagi anigehyuja unilvkwdi una- lasgahldi7i. DhCWY DhKC B h W l O'QWJSCJT . ~ h e r o k e e s like to play ball

cf: agehya

agi- v.pref. first person singular subject (see Gram. I, B)

a1g13?a gyg v.t. he's eating it (a single solid food)

j t2gi37a ~ Y D

u1gv23?i O'ET

a1gi32sgo37i DYJA7

hi2ga AS

u2gi1 sdi O'YJd

Selu gadu unigisdi unilvkwdi Anija- lagi. 4M f S B h Y 2 l O'hWJ DhCWY. The Cherokees like to eat corn bread. -- cf: agisdi, asdigi?a, gahye?a

a1gi3?a DYD v.t. 1. he's picking j.t up 2. he's getting it

j 1 2gi 37a hYD

~ ' g i ~ s v ~ ~ ? i BYRT

Adel ugoha gadohi ahv ugisvqi. D.YW @A+ SVA D 8 B A T . When he saw money on the ground, he - picked it up. Tavli ijudetiyvda iyudali ije dagwalela agisgovi.

W P TJSJBI TGLP TY ITdW DYdAI. He gets a new car every two years. - cf: ayiha, gane?a, ganegi?a

?2gi2hli4yi DYCA n. agony, pain

Anijalagi Digeji3ilvstanv agihliyi. Gese?i. cf: agehyuja

DhCII.J' .lkh.T 92\'!?\YO DYC45 - k 4 T . The Trail of Tears was agony for the Cherokees.

cf: agihliyoga

a1gi2hli23y032ga DYCfif v.i. he's in agony, pain

j?2gilli?3 32 YO ga IrYPfi S .lgi2h] i23y032jv23?i O'YcfiCT

a1gi2hli23y032g037i DYCfiAl

Ta7li jusvhida igohid ugihliyojv7i. \\'/- JTi.9 L 1A.O L OYCfiCT . He was in pain for two days. --- cf: agihliyi

g2giL'na DJ'Q n. young animal (not born in litter or hatched)

Sogwil agwajeli agina uwakaha. $ ' P f DTYP m8 O C u f , . My horse has a colt. - cf. a?da

g2gi23si DYb n. female animal

2 .2 .23si D ~ Y L g nl gi

Sgohi iyani7j j itaga anigisi dejigo- whtiha, sagwuhnv achvya.

M A L I T 2 h 7 h . U f DhYb SkAG.T.G, tl>@ T ) c;j . I see ten hens and one rooster. -

a1go3hY2sdi3ha DA@,tJ.1 v .t . he's burning him, it

j i2ya3g02hv2sdi . . . 3ha, ga3go2hv2sd? 3ha 1r;,4dMiJ.L , s .4d;d.[

~ ~ g o ~ h ~ ~ s t g ~ n v ~ ? i O Ad ,?\'!'@T

a1g?3hy2sdi23sgp3?i DAdZJJAT

hi2ya2gq2hY2sda, h92g02hv2sda H S A L , L . +AhdL

u2gp2hv3sdoh2di 8 A&,,17d

Digohweli juweti dagohvsdiha. J M P d&(a 1, AS.Z.1.C.. He's burning old papers.

cf: agohvsga

a1gp3hY2sga ~ ~ 1 1 5 ; ~ v.i. he, it's burning

a3gi1sdi DLYkll n. something to eat (single solid)

Gohusd agisdi higisv didana?nv?i. 11rJ.1 DYZlJ &Yl{ JL 807. - Get something to eat at the store. -- cf: agi?a

:, 'gi32sdo2?a D,\';,IrD v. t. he's chewing it

Na agehya nigohilv j j lali agisdosgo'i .- 0 1 1 . F ~ 1143q Irll./ L \ r l L141 . The woman always chews gum.

cf: agi?a, asdo7a

Dagwalela duhlihgwadina agohvsgv udalenvhv7i. 1. 7 ; y n M . SC7.10 DAS, P @1,d'@61 . \Then the car overturned it started burning.

cf: agohvsdiha

?2g021a 4 n. perch

Anigola anosda digahyesd,. DhAH DZotL. J f B 2 d . Perch are good to eat.

- , aLgo'li"ye3?a D l / - 8 D v.t. 1. he's

reading 2. he's examining him, it

, 18 agona

Oginali7i nidayunvnv gohwel jigoliyeva. ,5,Y8['1 hl ,G00. l L (P !r lP,311. I am reading a letterfrom a friend. - - Aga7nakti ugoliyedi udulisgv udlvgi. D S B S J BAPXI B C P ~ F O T Y . The patient wanted a doctor - to examine him.

Agonas j alosvhi? =,\ CGl t3? Have you gone through famine?

Hlas hyigowhti? LZ ,&&J? Don't you see it? --- cf: agowhtvhdi , agowhtvhdiha

62gowh2 3tvh2di DAG6'.,1 n , sight

Ije ganulvsv dohiyu uwoduhi agowhtvhdi * geso7i.

7~ ssqn b 3c s c s ! ~ L I ~ G ~ J F ~ T . The green grass is really a beautiful ; sight,

cf: agowhtiha, agowhtvhdiha a

3 2 a go ni3ha D.4h-G v.i. he's target 1 practicing a1gowh2tvh2di 3ha D,-lG6.l-L v. t . he Is i

showing it to him ga3go2n; 3ha SAh+

j i2gowh1tvh2dl3ha h.iiLo7.1,G u3g02nv2hv237i @,,10.8.7

u1gowh2tvh2ta2nv37i @.4C,r\VD7- a3g02ni23sgo3?i LI.4h.2.47

a1gowh2tvh2di23sg5,3?i Dtl(X'.l< AT ha1g023na ;G.1 H hi2gowh1tvh2da BAG S ' I , < u lgonh2 3di 0.i0.J

u2gowh2tvh2doh 3di Q AG S"V "1 - Ije gahlja7di gvhdi agoniha. 17 S I ' C . 1 E.i MI. Jej ahlilostanv ugowhtvhdi uduli jaj i .

YCCR,,W/O @,lGT'J B SP C h . I He's target pacticing with a new bow.

Your mother wants to see a pictcre -- a2g03sda2gi 32sdi D l,Ly,~( n. lettuce of you. I Jisdu gvwsvhnelv agosdagisdi. 1 r i S E(;kL 7 D 3 4 x LY r (. Rabbits ate up her lettuce.

cf: agowhtiha, agowhtvhdi

.!2g~23sa D J n. Creek

cf: agisdi, agosdi t2ni2gu23sa ~ h . J u

a2g04sdi D I d 1 adj . raw a2niLgo4sdi D h 1 , 1

'The lion c.te some raw meat.

Hi7a achuja Agusa Ayvwiya?i. I D DJC n l?@&lT .

This boy is a Creek Indian.

cf: Guso7i

?'gv2d?2ge4ni I . n. his forehead I !

1 7 2 a g o h t ~ ~ t -h-i 1) l(.,.l i 11. t . h e 5,:t-s im , Ga?ni;.isgi sgwahlesdi gaoniyisgv

i 7 dunvda agvdageni uwahni lv7i. 1 1; 5,,'.\. rL.r.i S t1.5,; F YO;' D F L F h

i

B C h . ) l . When the catcher missed catch in^ - the ball, it hit him on his fore- -- head.

a1gv2hB21i3ha DE4.P.C. v.t. 1. he's cutting it 2. he's slicing it

ji2gy2?+21j3ha h L D P +

u'gv2h?21v2hv2 3?i 0 E . L ~ S - T

a1gv2ha21i23sgp3?i DE.LP3.47

l-Li'gv2h?21a i3E.IU'

u2gv2hah12di @ E,.l.C .I

Asano uwohlvhdi ugvhalvhv?i. Dl3 7 B( '~ 'P .I P E.l, 9d. T . She cut a pattern for a dress. -- Hayelsdi gvhdi agvhali g a d ~ uganasda. ..E.dPiA LA - DEOGO SLY B f 0 2 1 . . She's slicing the cake with a knife.

cf: agvhaluysga, agvhalvda

a1gv2h?31uy32sga DL.I.Ff;AS v.t. hers chopping it up

j ~2gy2?~21~y32sga h E D M Z , S

u1gv2h?21u32hyv23?i 0 E . L M B T

u ~ ~ v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ sdi 0 E.E.MG.2;jl

Juganhdena gvhnisdohdi higvhaluhya. JSOSO Ehx j l ' l AE.LhI;. Chop u l some cabbage to cook.

cf: agvhaliha, galuysga

?igv2ha21v4da DE+?L adj . a piece of something that's been cut

Gadu uganasda agvhalvda skvsi. S $ @ S G x L D t . t . 7 L @ E h . Give me a piece of cake. - - cf: agvhaliha

?2gv23hn?3ge4?i DE- t f I n. black person, Negro

62ni 2gv23hn?3ge4?i D h E t f T

Ayonegas sdaliTi, agvhnageTihe?

Dfi./lS 2 G l l . l ' T , D E f f - T I - ?

Is your friend a white person or black?

cf: gvhnagevi

a1gv2sgo231v32sga DE2A92.S v. t. he's scolding him

Na asgaya uweji achuja agvsgolvsga. 8 D 2 5 3 Q S ' h D d C DEG,A*?;;S. The man is scolding his son. -

a1gv2sgwo3?a DEG)I'"D v.i. hers washing his face

u2gv2sgwo1 sdi 8 E21f '~ .d

Wesa yulsdayvhnohna agvsgwosgo?i. Lcl3 GP211. B Z t D E21rJAT . A cat washes its face after it eats. --

agw- (see agi-) ~ . ~ r e f , first persbn subject (see Gram. I, B)

a2ha21a4da . . D$II b n. loudmouth

di2ni2h?21a4da dh.~-Mi .

Hla kilo yulvkwdi ahalada. C ,YG C.)lrd D a . Nobody likes a loudmouth.

a1h?21u23gi3Ta D+,Z~.)-L) v.t. 1. he's diverting him, it 2. he's flagging him, it down

ji27a21u23gi37a h . D M < Y D

32sv23?i 0+41Yli7

a1hG21u2 3gi 32sgo3?i D6MYG A 7

hi2?a21u23gi . . .3Dh1\

2 0 ahani; ahni

Hi?alugi na dagwalela dDMY 8 LJ'dW. - Flag that car down. - 3 ha 2 ni, g3hni ~ + h , ~h adv. here

Ahani donadlosv?i kohi yv?i. V W R T '4A B T .

Let's meet here after a while. - cf: na

a2hg2wi, ?'hwi D+@, D @ n. deer

Ahwi hawiya osda agisdi. - D8 G 8 3 6031 l?,Yd.l. - Deer meat is good to eat. -

a1h?2w03sdi2ha DK;d.d.G v. t . he's smothering him, it

hi2?g2wo sda d D E 2 1

When I closed the windows, I - smothered it. -

?'hi4da 0131 adj . , adv. easy di2hi4da -1.41

Igada inada hla ahida yigi digowhtvhdi . P S L T 8 6 L' 027. .3JV AilGI)",[. Some snakes are not easy to see.

a1hi23d032ha DAV+ v.t. he's handling it, he has it in his hand

. ' 27i2 3d032ha I ? h l l L u1hi23d0321v23?i 84Lr9T

a1hi23d032h039i DBVI P

hi2hiZ3da 1 3 L

u2hi2 1da32sdi 8 3 1. ,?A

Gado xsdi hihidoha?

S ! ~ 9' ,;.. i .>"I 1; L ,; - --

What do you have in your hand? ----- cf: gahnidoha, ganhjidoha, ganidoha

a1hi3ha Dd+ v.t. he's killing him, it

j i27i3ha h. T+

~ ' h l v ~ ~ ? i B P 7

a1ht2h03?i Ddl T

hi21ulga ,911 f

u2hi2sdi B.9uc'd

Gahlgwogi iyani?i saloli degajilv aginohalena.

S P V Y T2hP t /GP SSh- "?YZGde. I killed seven squirrels when I went - hunting . cf: adahihi, didahihi

a1h;T31e2ha DAd+ v.t. he has possession of a vehicle

ji2?i31e2ha h 70%

Udoda ujeli dagwalela ahi?leha. QL'L 87'P 1 -6dW DddG. He's driving his dad's car. - cf: ahi?lvsdi?i

a1hiT31i 0 3 P v.t. he's driving it (vehicle in motion or animal)

j 127;31i ir 7-P

~'hi?~lv3sv~3?i B.9'1RT

a1hi?31i3s03?i DAPI. T --------------

~ ~ h i ? ~ l v ' sdi B A 32.1

Dlogesi didla dahi7li wahga d k h -MI 64P G S . He's drivxg the cattle toward the pasture.

cf: ahi?lvsdi?i

a2hi?21~ lsdi4?i 1 , . n. steering wheel

~li?hi?~lvlsdi~?i . [ L ] ~ , ~ - [ T

Gohusdi galsda ahi?lvsdi7i. .lr,?.l sf21 ~.-3q; ' .11 . Something happened to the steering wheel.

cf: ahivli

a'hi2ya3?a n.3;n v. t. he's leaving it behind

Hihiyvvi na dagwalela ihahnigisv?i. .3!3R 1 0 1,lci"M 7.1 11 ''1; 1 . Leave the car when vou ao back.

cf: adisiya?a, gakahiya?a, ganehiya?a, ga?niya?a

a1hla2hY3sga D P & ; S v.t. he's placing it on something

Gasgilv hihlahvga na gugu. Y o L . ' - ' 7 .3pcs 0 J J . Put the bottle on the table. - - cf: ahlohdi

a1hl;!2~i2di3ha 1 v . i . he's taking off'flying, it's flying away

Gohusdi yusgasdanela jisgwa, ahlahi- di sgo?i. 4rK.l ( , X S , , ~ i ~ i I I H I , P L P / , , 11. When sorncth~ng scares a blrd, it - flies aha?. --

cf: ahlawidisgi, ahlawitdiha

?2hla2~i2di 4sgi nLFJ.ld.\ n. something that flies

di2hl?2~i2di4sgi . d L ? ( 4 . l F Y

Gohusdis ahlawidisg jaduli? 41; dd DPF.I,V (. S P ? Do you want something that flies? -- cf: ahlai,ridlha, ahlawitdiha

a'hla2wi2tdi3ha l?ffJ.l.II. sat. he's making him, it fly

j i 2ya2dl?2wi2tdi'ha, ga2d1?2wi2tdi3ha

Jiyu dinehldohdi ulvkwdi uhlawitdohdi. Ir(; .lAC17.1 0' 91".1 O,L'031..6 . He likes to flv a tov airolane. - -- cf: ahlawidiha, ahlawitdisgi

a2hla'wi2tdi4sgi 1 n. person who makes it fly

Nihis hahlawitdisgi hi?a jiyu? h. %;, 4.r @.7..J;,'T .9 P /rc-'! -- -

Are you the one who flies this plane? ---- cf: ji.yu dihlawitdisgi

a1hliZgi3?a T)C.iT1) 11. i . hets having a nightmare

Tsgwisdi ulsdaphnv yigi ahligi5go7i. - h.3'fl.f 61f,tl.l10 "5.i' I)Cl',c -- 1 1 . When he has eaten a lot, he has a --- nightmare.

3 3 - - ahli3il idoha

a1hl~33j21i23d03'ha [ )CTpL .C v. i . it's taking timi.

Hila igohid uhli?ilidole etsdoyesgv? 11.v 1 1.11. qc* rrr cgn RC,Lr8Jf?

How long did it take for you to get --- a haircut?

cf: hila ahli?ili, juhli?ilvstanv3i

a1hli2103?a DCGD v. t. he's measuring it

Dihnesgesgi ahlilosdi kdisgo ahlilosgv iyv usgwalsdi3i hyahtena. ul.'\,ckG,J' 1lCG0al f-.I;!.-l DCGG)F T B L . ;iao. A carpenter uses a ruler in measuring the place where h e cut the board.

cf: ahlilosdi

a2hli2104sdi DCc:;J n. ruler

Ahlilosdi esgidisi llc(:,c.I R*ir.ltl. --

Hand me a ruler.

cf: ahlilo3a

a1h1~2yvh2gw~2dv32sga DCRV8,7;)s v .i . it's bending

getv, uhliyvhgwid~nv~i.

r. iu'lt' r.f O'G h\\. \/ VY,;" , PCB ~ ' 1 ' 0 7 . When he hit the steel post with a car, it bent. -- cf: ahyvhgwidvsga

a1h1~2yv23s?3na,1sdi3ha DCBUr)G3A1.(. v.i. he's snorting

Gohusdi yasgasdaneh ahwi, ahliyvsa- nawsdisgovi. .,Ir,Yl.l ,1,, S31:1 D 8 , DCBUOG;Zilfir 4 7. Khen a deer is trying to scare something, it snorts -

ah11j?2d023hy3sga DrCr/&.;S v.i. he's preaching

Suhliloda igohida uhljadohnv?i. ZCc; 1. 7 2t31 @PC-C'QT . He preached for one hour. - cf: ah1 jadohvsgi

ah12ja2d04hv2sgi Df(,i S c,v n. preacher

Jo3i iyani3i juwej i anichuja anahl- jadohvsgi nunalstanv?i.

Three of his sons became preachers.

cf: ah1 jadohvsga - - - - - - - - - - - - - - u2hli2yvh2gwi2dv 'di O.C'RPY.1 ah11k02dv2sga DPdS?GsS v.i. it's

shattering Dagwalela gvhdi ur~ahnila talugisgi

Sgwahlesdi uwahnila jolani, uhlkodv- hnv7i. - d1'Li.i PGhM' K M h , BfAi'OT. When a ball hit the window, - it shattered.

cf: ahlkotdiha

ah11k02tdi3ha i)l;Af'.l.l. v.t. he's shattering it

Dayohihv dahlkotdisgo gugu. L fi2a I PAGJAA J J . He shatters the bottles by shooting - them.

cf: ahlkodvsga

a3hloh2di D9. I n. phonograph record

diZ3hloh2di dd.d

Dihlohdi digwanehldohdi agilvkwdi J.JJ .i,r./lcrd D J - + W J . I like to play records.

cf: ahlahvsga

a1hlo2sga DYT;s v.t. he's beating him at a game

Oginvsa oginalasgalvha, jihlosv7i. 13.vU.U j3.j Rl ldS ?-I, h J R l . When we laved ball bv ourselves. I * d - beat him. --

ahl1ta2wo3?a DI"\\('n v.i. he's combing his hail.

gp21i1tp2wo"a s I-\\'(' D

&I 1ta2,,r03?v23?i @f\\ CT'j T

ah11ta2w03sgo37i DP\\(.,iiAT

hah12ta2u023ja &(.\kc C:

uh12ta2u01sdi 0. l; \\/Ck "i

Nigohilv ahltawosg~, - vsgihnv iyusdi uwoduhi justihga. liA.39 DF\\'(";AT. -- -

i i? .O IC',i;.l BC:.YLJ J , d J S . She combs her hair all the time, and ---- that's why she has pretty hair.

cf: ahltawosdi , atal,,07a

ah12ta2w03sdi Dl;\YICMd n. comb

dihl 2ta2woSsdi .IP\'c/C'l,d

Ahltawosdi akiwahisdi agwaduli DPGt7J.d D3GJ9,,Ld D d S I - .

1 want to buy a comb. - cf: ahltawova, atawova

ahl'te'lv2hy 3sga 01-L .lLdS v.i. he, it 's moving (without changing location)

ga21i1te31v2h23sga f f ~ 9Lx

uh11te31\,2hn\~2371 BP b 407

Hla ulihwojv yigi na inada. Si ahltelvhvsgagwu.

J? O f f C- 0 f OT. . h DI-Ti 'dd 2 s ~ . The snake isn't dead. It's still - movine . cf: atelvhvsga

a1hna2w?39i2yv3?a D t i ; T R v. t . he's changing his shirt

ga2ni1w? 37i 'yv 37a S hGIHD

u1hna2wa3?i2yv3~~23?i BtG7HI(7

a1hna2w?37i2yv3sgo3?i D t G . I f i n .41

ha2hna2wa27i2yv23na , I ,&(; T08

u2hna2wg2?j 3p32sdi (kf,~7~fi:~,/

Gadaha nulstana uhnawo, uhnawa7iyv- sv7i. fl.~ ~ P J Y E J B ~ C , Brir . When his shirt got dirty, - he changed it. - cf: ahnaweTa, ahnawo, ahnawo7a

a' hna2we37a DtScD v. t . he ' s taking his shirt, coat off

Uganawosa, uhnawesv gasaleni. BSQC'H, 8 t U R SHr?h. W e n it got warm, he took off his --- coat.

cf: ahnawa?iyv?a, ahnawo, ahnawo7a uhnawo

62hn62wo DtC; n. 1. shirt 2. cloth

Wahga ganega gohlvhtanv ahnawo agina?a. G f fAf .qP\Y/D DYOD. I have a shirt made of cowhide.

cf: ahnawa7i)v7a, ahnaiv.e7a, ahnauo7a uhnario

a1hna2w037a I ) t C , l l i.. t . he's putting on a shirt, coat

Tje gasnlcni a j invnelv ti5eh.n~ h:n yilhna:~o"e'?~ .

? t ' ' ; l j ' . ~ / , Ill?!. .!, '7 /)'LO r (: I , , R l , -- -- She \+!as g i i .cn a new coat , o i ~ t qhe

. -- i ~ . d r i ' t bear i r . - .. ..

a1hne2ha D.li. v.t. he's giving it to him

j i1ne2ha hi1 ;G

~ ' h n e ~ ~ l v ~ ~ i 8fl"lT

a1hneZ3ho3?i DAET

hi2?v2si . . .3i 6

u2hneh3di B ~ l d

Sgohi adelv uhnelv uweji achuja. ZilA DS.? 8,14 @Oh. DJC. He gave his son ten dollars. -- cf: adeha, gakaneha, ganehneha,

ganvneha

Aniyvwiya unilvkwdi unahnesdi. D hB 021 ;I h W.l O'O!l,d.l. Indians like to wrestle. - cf: dihnehihi

s1hneh13di2ha D/IC.l.l- v. t . he's interpreting, translating it

ga lnehl 3di2ha S ,lC.I+

ulhnehl 3ta2nv237i BLlC\kO-I

alhnehl 3di 'sgo3?i D,IC-l,L!T

ha2hnehl 2da C:1C L

u2hnehl 3doh2di @,ICVul

Gawonisgi gawonisgv ahnehldiha. S[ ' :h,~,v S C ' h,?L D/1C.I,C . tle's interpreting the speaker's speech.

cf: ahnehltanv7i

;12hneh1 3ta2nv47i D.'1C\\'DT n. interpretation, translation

Hi'a gc8t,rqeli a h n e h l t a n v a g w a d u l i h a . -- --

n n A[(/. D lruo nssr+. I want a t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h i s l e t t e r .

c f : a h n c h l d i h a

a 1 h n e Z J p 3 s g a D l l K ~ f v . i . h e ' s f r o l i c k i n g

ga 'ne ' j u 3 s g a f ,'lKK!S

~ l h r , e ~ j o ~ n v ~ ~ ? i O A K 0 1

a 1 h n e 2 1 0 3 s g o 3 ? i D f K H A7

ha'hne' J 0 2 7 v 1 g a +AKi S

u2hne2 j o l d i BAK J

G a n u l v h i a n a h n e j o s g a d i n i y o h l i . S4.7,3 LIOAK2f J h f i C . The c h i l d r e n - a r e f r o l i c k i n g i n t h e g r a s s .

~ l h n e ~ s ~ ~ ~ h a D,q,,)f.t- v . t . h e ' s b u i l d i n g a h o u s e

N 3 d i h n e s g e s g i u t a n a j i t a g a u n i p s d i u h n e s g e h v 7 i . 8 .I , l ; . f , .v 8U10 h.\lf 8 h R i : . . l CL.'l92jfST . The c a r p e n t e r b u i l t a b i g c h i c k e n h o u s e .

c f : d i h n e s g e s g i

! ' : l i 2 g i 3 9 a D h y n v . i . 1 , h e ' s l e a l r i n g 2 , i t ' s s t a r t i n g

gainf 'g i39a f h Y D

O.h?/l<T

a ' h n i 2gi " s g o " ~ D h Y 2 . 1 7

ha2hn i 2gl i-hY

u23h;i 3gi l s d l 0, hS .L 1

%.hi s u n a l e j i g e s v j u h n i g i s v ? i . Rli cYOir / r f R 3 h Y R 7 . Hc l e f t y e s t e r d a y morning. -- I j e anaga l i s g i u h l a n a , a h i d a uhni g i 3 \ d a g w a l e l a .

TY DOf PLY @ L O , D.31. 8 h Y R LTdU . When h e p u t a new b a t t e r y i n t h e car , i t s t a r t e d up e a s i l y . - c f : a h n i g i s d i h a

a 1 h n i 2 g i 3 2 s d i 2 h a DhY2J.i. v . t . h e ' s s t a r t i n g i t

Dagwalela u h n i g i s d o h d i u d u l i , asehnv h l a d i s d u 9 i s d i y iduwaya .

1Su"M' BhYAliil C L S P , D 4 0 C J 2 S T A J J~SG 3 . He w a n t s t o s ta r t t h e c a r , b u t h e - -- d o e s n ' t h a v e t h e k e y s .

c f : a h n i g i 9 a

a l h r ~ ~ ~ h l i ~ ~ n e ~ ~ g a DZC.' l f v e t . h e ' s c a r r y i n g a l o n g o b j e c t on h i s s h o u l d e r

g a l n o 2 h l i 2 3nc32ga S ZC/1 S

8 Z C 0 R I

a 1 h n c L h l i 2 3ne3'Fo37i D 7 C , l A I

ha'hnn2hl i 2 n u ga .E2C 9f

~ ~ h r ~ ~ h l i ~ ~ n v " ~ d i [email protected]

J o T i h a d i g e t v s d i d u h n a h l i n v s v 7 i . h7 .1 IF6 ' , , 1 5 Z C I ) R T . He c a r r i e d t h r e e ~ o s t s o n h i s s h o u l d e r .

a 2 h 0 4 1 i I J k f n . h i s mouth

Ahol i u l e p s : . u d i h l e L , g i u g w a a d i t a - s g v T i .

nfir O'CI'BR CY.ILY P S j LI/T\\ J ~r . He burned h i s mouth d r i n k i n g h o t s o u p . --

a1hu 'd i3"a D l 1 r . t . h e ' s p u t t i n g a long o b j e c t i n l i q u i d

h a alidlisgv dahudi7a selu. ,!IS ,!IPC,<E 411. She's putting some corn - in the boiling water . cf: guhvsga

a2hu1 ja2wo?3!a3dv4di D~CYCC'P..~ n. stove pipe, iar,? chimney

di2hu1 j?.'w~~~ la2dv4di .lr(,f:CYr.l

Hadlv yidejiyvwahta osi dihujawoladvdi? LP .P5SlrBG'L ,51> .I[( "WJ",".~? -- Where can I find some stove pipes?

cf: ahujawoladv?i

a1hu3 j?2wor31a3dv"?i D ~ - c : e ' k V f ' T n. chimney

da1hu3jarLwo231a3dv'?i [.rJ<KI?T

Sdikidagwu aksgaili didla y ~ d i jakahnana, yuhwigot.;.nhta ahuj :iwoladv7i . - ,c,.lY[,A D'j .;S h .lo% (".l~;dtzO G6I:lC\Yi n c c . +-, . ! + j ' ' I you will lcok just a little to the left, you \ : 1 1 see 3 chimney.

cf : ahuj awoladvdi

?'hu21i Dr/, r.. drum

di2hu21i .I[ F

.\niyvwiya anahyvlegv ahuli anhdisgo7i. DhU67.Z D O B , ; r Pit ,!If? 1, I T . -- Indians use a - drum ~ h e n they chant.

a1hu21v3ni2ha D[':lh I- v . t. he's hitting him on tk,e rnauth

j i2'u21v3ni2ha MY : I t , 6

ulhu:lr23ni3?lv23?i (pr :]r a1hu21v3n?2h03'i Di ,') hfi 1

hi.-'-qu:lv 'nilga .D '4 11 ,<

u2hu:!1v2 ? n i 32,.di (?/- :I 11 , < ' . /

8r3h,r.l DSPJijF, D40 c~.,f'Il . He wanted to hit him on the mouth, - but he got scared.

a1hv3"a DPD v.t. he's moving it from one place to snather

i 11?v3? J .

a hi D

~ ' h v ~ s v ~ ~ ? i O ' J ~ R I

a'hv3sgo3?i D J L K . i 1

5i2hv23na I$-0

u2hv1sdi Qd,,.I

- - ,

L I E 5 .ln ~ t . Move the car. It's in the wav. -

a1hy3sga D~.,,,s v.t. he's s.:tcir~g i c down

1 ,2?y3sga ,!r i L S

. ~ l h n v ~ ~ ? i 1,)' 3 7

a1hy7sgo3?i / )LC , .i/

hi 'hviga .).C C

~~'kidi {r I

Set the grcceries Jowr . --

a1hwah2ti3ha . v.t. he's tlilcii;; him, it

j i 'wah2ti3ha hC.3 i.

~ ' h w a h ~ t v ~ h v ~ ~ ? i C? G ; 'dm. I

a ' h ~ a h ~ t i ~ ~ s ~ ? ~ ? i DGJ >,)A I'

hi lwah2ta, hi2hwah2ta ..)G\\;. , .?(;\\

u'hwah2tvh2di (PC Z'.I

Gohusdi yag~sgalanela ahida ahwahti- s9137i. -- - lr L - ~ ,LL% S H ~ , ~ C C 0 1 1 clL r K I I . hhen something LS hi 'den from '.~m, k:o finds it ea7; 12. - --

ahyani ha 2 7

a l h ~ a h ~ t \ . ~ h i ~ ~ d o ~ ~ h a D G " d 1 . i v. t . a1hyah2keZ3tsga D i 3 . i , L S v .t . he's he's visiting him peeling it

j i l ~ a h ~ t \ . ~ h i ~ ~ d o ~ ~ h a /,.i,'[i':>\'i. ji1yah2ke23tsga Lr,z f J 2 S

u1hk lah '~~r2h i23d0321 \ r2 37j &C.j1):)1' q -J u1hyah2ke2 3ts\f37i O > $ f . i R 7'

a ' h ~ a h ~ t v ~ h i ~ ~ d o ~ ~ h o ~ ~ i l)C'T:31'1. I a1hyah2ke23tsgo37i 11a'f .4sL'4 I

Gago hi~<ahtvhidasdi jaduli? Nuna tihyahketsa. > 1 ;',lL;-! C S P ? S O J a F . 4 R . Who du you want to visit? -- Peel some potatoes. - ci: adahwahtvhidoha, ahwahtiha a3hyah12di DJC.1 n. necklace

a1hwi2di3ha D8J.t v.t. he's taking it somewhere

a'hw>.qdi23sgo3?i [email protected] .I !I

hiihwiZ3da .,? C? 1,

u21 1. , 'tdi a m - f Ju\\,envsv uhwidvhv sgwahlesdi . . rcon o m . . ,IILJJ . !ic took the ball home with him. -- c f : ayvhwidiha, ganehwidiha,

ganawidiha

a1hwi2sga D@&S v.t. he's planting it

Anij ilvsgi duhwis~ adanelv na?v?i Dhh9,4).Y S L R DT.il'l Q i 7 . She planted flowers near the building. -

a2hyG2dlv4di 1);~P-l n. necktie

Ahyadlvdis chawahisdi jaduli? DuP.fx CG 3.r.I ('SF? Do you want to buy a necktie?

cf: gahya7dlv?i

Uwoduhi ahyahldi ugisv udetiyisgv7i. OC' 7 13 DZ~ 0J.n n snlsx~ I 7 . She recelved a pletty necklace for her birthday.

a1hyah'tv23hy3sga 7 2 d L 5 v .i. it's (the ground) becol?ing frosty

Uhyahtvhne?is usv j igesv?

m O R h f R ? frost last nigh:? ---

a'hyg'ni3ha D u h i v.t. I , he's calling, inviting him 2 , he's receiving, getting him

Wahga uhyona gvhdi ahyaniha gihli. GS O'fiCI t . l D;hC . J C . He's calling the dog with a cow horn. - Hadlv hiyanvhe hi?a gihli? .(,P ,'3;r?07 .9D .YC? Where did you get this dog? --

28 ahyega

a ' h ~ e ~ ~ a DBS v.t. he's taking it ~ ' h y e ~ ~ h l ~ ~ l v ~ ~ ? i B B C 4 T somewhere by hand a1hye23hlo3h03?i D d d l T

j i ' ~ e ~ ~ a h B S hi'ye2laZga, hi2hye21?2ga

~ ' h y v ~ s v ~ ~ ? i O'BRT A B W S , 9 8 W S I

D B A T ~ ~ h y e l ~ ~ s d i 0 8 P @ d I

a1hye3g03?i I

hi2 hyu' ga K S Didahyehlohi udlvgi ahyehloha. !

u2hyv'sdi 8 B @ d .ILEefA O P Y DBpf.G. i The surgeon is operating on the -

Hadlv hihyega sgwahlesdi? patient. +P A 8 S J X L d d ? - cf: ahyelsdi Where are you taking the ball? - cf: ahyeha, gahnega, ganega, a1hye21i3?a DBPD v.t. 1. he's imi-

I ganh j ega tating him, it 2, he's mocking

I him I

a'hyg2ha D8.L v.t. he's holding it in his hand

ji'ye21i3?a h 8 P D

j i'ye2ha Ir 8 .t. ~ l h y e ~ l i ~ s v ~ ~ ? i 8 8 P R T

a1hye2hv23?i D B a T a1hye21i3sgo3?i D8 P A A T

a'hye2h03?i D P I I ' h i l ~ e ~ ~ l a nsw

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - u2hye21i'sdi 0'8 P d d

Sgohi adelv jugvwahldi sagwu iyana- danhtehdi dahyehv?i. 2A23 D S q J E G C d t/2 T 3 0 L & d &T. He had ten dollars worth of pennies -- in his hand. --- cf : gahneha, ganeha, ganhj eha

a'hyeh2ga2hlv3sga D B S P 3 S v. t. he's &lting it

a'hyeh2g?2hly 3sgp37i D ~ S P J A T

hi2hyeh2ga2hlv'ga A E S P S

u2hyehZgahl 2di B B S C - I

Unega ujilv gvhdi uhyehgahlanv?i. I)',.lS BIr 4 E d B B S C O T . She quilted it with white cotton. - - cf: hyehgahli

a1hyeZ3hlp3ha D R d G v.t. 1. he's making an incision 2. he's operating on him

Jisgwa dahyelisgo gasvhgv?i. h d X LBP,?A S R E T . He imitates birds with his whistling. - Gago hiyeli?a?

S A ABPD? - ~ - Who - are you mocking?

B2hye12sdi, h+2ye12sdi GE P J d , .GE P J d n. knife

Jino?alidohv agiyohuselv hayelsdi. b Z D P V B D Y f i r 4 4 .LBP@d. I lost my knife while hunting,

cf: ahyehloha

a'hyp3ha Dfi+ v.t, he's looking for him

j ilyp3ha hfi+

~ ' h y ? ~ l v ~ ~ ? i 0'284T

a'hy92h03?i D f i k T

hiyhlga Afi S

uy2sdi 8,226

Oginali?i jiyoha, Hadlv wigalohi? 75YOPT h.fi.L. +P @ S O B ? I'm looking for my friend. Where m m -

ahyvht eva 29

cf: uhyoha

a1hyS13?i2ne3ga DGTAS v.i. he's swimming (propelling himself through water)

galF37i2ne3ga SCTAS

O'GTQRT

a l h E 3?i2ne3g03?i DGTAAT

ha2hE2?i2nu1ga K T 4 s

~ ~ h ~ ~ ? i ~ ~ n v ~ ~ s d i O'GT026

Hila iyudanvhida eligwu hyahuvinuga? AW TGLQAL R P J X T 4 S ? How far can you swim? -

a1hyv2dg2gwg2103?a DBLEGD v.i. it's thundering

-------------- ~ ~ h y v ~ d ~ ~ g w ? ~ l o ~ s d i D'B L ZG@d

Hatvgivas ahyvdagwalosgv? W Y D J DB L XG@E? Do you hear it thundering?

cf: ahyvdagwalosgi

p2hyv2d?2gw?2101 sgi DB L XGJY n. thunder

HisgahoTis ahyvdagwalosgi? A@SE T@ D B b EGJY? Are you afraid of thunder?

cf: ahyvdagwalo?a

g2hyv2dlg2di1sdi4sgi D B l d J d J Y n. 1. refrigerator 2. air conditioner

Ahyvdladisdisgi uhwahisdi uduli gogi iyv?i. DBld2d@Y O'G,92d WSP AY T B T . He wants to buy an air conditioner - in the summer.

cf: u1hyv2dla (cold, v.), u2hyv4dla (cold, adj . )

a2hyvh2dlo DBJ n. ladder

Sudal ilasihdi iganvhida ahyvhdlo uwohlvhnv?i. r 1 P 7161 T f QAL md B W Q T . He made a six-foot ladder.

a1hyvh2gw?3dv32sga DBPPZS v .t . 1. he's bending it 2 . she's hemming it

Hlesdi jihihyvhgwidvni! Ldd IrABPPh !

- -

Don't bend it ! Jisgwa~jiyewisgv hyehgahli daj iyvhgwidvni . ba7X'G b 8 8 d E 8 f C L b B P r h . When I finish sewing the quilt, -- I am going to hem it. ---- cf: ahliyvhgwidvsga

?2hyvh2je4ni DBYh n. his neck, throat

Ahyvhjeni daj iyolisv j isdu asehnv dej invdvvi. DBYh LhfiPR h 3 S 04.0. ShQPT.

I was going to shoot a rabbit in his throat but I missed.

cf : uhyvhj invtga

a1hyvh2te3?a D B X D v. t. he's kicking him, it

jiZya1yvh2te3?a, ga1yvh2te3?a ' r = B % D . S B X D

~ l h y v h ~ t e ~ s v ~ ~ ? i DBZRT

Askoli galvladidla uhyvhtesdi unehl- tanv7i. D,>A/- S qCl.[o% OBa2.l WAC\ QT , He tried to kick above his head. - --

30 ahyvki

a2hyv4ki DBY n. prisoner, captive

Igada aniyosgi anihyvki nunalstana. I f L Dh152Y D h B Y 9 8 P 2 W B . Some soldiers have become prisoners.

cf: ahyvkidi7a

a I h y ~ ~ ~ k i ~ d i ~ 7 a D B Y J D v.t. he's capturing him

jilyv23ki 3di27a h-BYJD

~ l h y v ~ ~ k i ~ d v ~ ~ ~ i Q B Y P T

a ' h y ~ ~ ~ k i ~ d i 'sgo37i D B Y J S A T

h i l y ~ ~ k i ~ ~ d a A B Y L

~ ~ h y v ~ ~ k i ~ d i ' s d i Q B ..Y &..I

Dinidahnawi uhyvkidv a7yosgi. d h L 28 DECAY. The soldier captured his enemy

cf: ahyvki

v.t. he's hitting him on the nose

jilyv23 sde31u2hy2sga hB2.SMdLAS

~ ' h y v ~ ~ s d e 31u2hnv237i QBi2S!rfQI

a1hyv23sde31u2hy2sgo3?i DBJSMSr,,;.41'

hi 'yv2sde21u2hv1ga ~3 B 2.9 IMQ S

Gago uhyvsdeluhne?i? S A QB@SMAT? Who hit him on the nose? -----

a ' h ~ y ~ s ~ i ~ ~ ~ i ~ h a D B 3 Y . W v.t. he's choking him

Ahnawo gahyadlv uhyvsgiyiha. -

D t V f 2 QB2YJS.G. The shirt collar is choking him. - -

cf: ahyvhjeni

a37i DT v.i. he's walking I

ga37i S T

a37i2sv237i DTRT I I

a37i2s037i DT+T 1

Didanelv didla wa7i kilo. J 6 A 4 J d G T Y G ~ Someone iswalking toward the building,

g2j?72di DCJ n. fish

Hila iyani7i aja7di dehiniyvhe? AW T 3 h T DCJ S A h B ? ? How many fish did you catch? -

b2jah2da DCL n. Choctaw

Ajahdas na asgaya, Ajalagike? D C I 2 8 D a S 3 , DCWYF? 1 s a t man a Choctaw or a Cherokee?

a1j?37i27a DCTD v.i. it's hatching

gg2jg37i27a f CTD

3?i1sv23?i Q C T R T u I?

hC2 j a27i W T

u2ja27i1 sdi 8 C T a d

Hila iyani7i jitaga anida unaja?i- seTi?

&W T 3 h T b W f DhL 8 h82F4 T? How manv chicks hatc e .

cf: aja7vsga

1. 2 2 a 1% nv sga DCOJS v.i. he's dressing up

2. 2 1 g? 1% nv sga. f C O A f

u1 j a2nv2hnv237i 8 C W T

a' jg2nv2sgo37i DCD.,?AT

ha2 j a2nv2 3na + ~ O O

u'j a2nvh2di 8 C O d

a j i l v h i 3 1

Utana digaduhv yuwena 8W8 ASS9 G Q 8 DCOJA When he goes t o t h e c i t y , - he d r e s s e s

9.

a' jB37y2sga D G i J S v . i . h e ' s g e t t i n g i n a c a r , box, e t c .

Dagwalelu h a j a7vga GIdM + C I S .

Get i n m c a r . -- c f : a j a 7 i 7 a

a1 je231 i32sdv4 ' i DYf%6,7 n . grave

A j e l i s d v duhlvnv a n i j i l v s g i . DYPZZ' SPO 8 hh ?3'.

She p u t f lowers on t h e grave .

1 . 2 a l e l v2sga 1 ) 7 / 9 ~ ~ v . i . h e ' s a c t i n g l i k e him

2 2 1 gg j e l v sga f Y.7,; S

u1 je21v2hnvz37i 8Y.?OT

a1 je21v2sgo37 i DY?,ll

Ayvwiya a j e l v s g a . DB83 DY?As .

He's a c t i n g l i k e an Ind ian . - - 2 . 2 ? j e sdo DYJV n . m a t t r e s s

d i 2 j e2sdo JYJV

Aj esdo gana7v anahnehihv an ichu j a

The boys were u r e s t l i n g on t h e m a t t r e s s .

a 1 j e 2 3 w i 3 7 a 1)7.81) v . t . 1 . h e ' s sp j ! l j n g i t (a l i q u i d o r nn:; l i q u i d l i k e s a l t , s ~ g a r ) 2 . :

pouring i t on t h e ground ( l i q u i d o r n o n - l i q u i d ) 3 . h e ' s be ing was te fu l (of money, e t c . )

g?2 j e 2 3 ~ 1 3 7 a SYBD

.l je3,237i 87'6 7

Gadohi a j ewi7a ama. SV.9 D y B D Dr. He's s i l l i n water on t h e ground. Tsgwisdi a e l a y iduha , d a j e w i s g o 7 i g w . -9ag ~ ' I P ; - I DSM' AS+, I Y ~ Z A I L C . When h e ' s go t a l o t o f money, - he just wastes - i t .

? 2 j i 2 3 1 a D ~ W n . f i r e

A j i l a ahv anadeyoho a n a l s g i s g v g a t i y o 7 i . JbJ' D9. DeS f i j DOPJYfilE S 3 f i T . A t t h e stomp grounds, t h e y dance around t h e - f i r e .

2 . . 2 3 g ]I l a Dl,& n . w a t e r c r e s s

Amayi e h i a j i l a i g ihya luga . 3 ,y / j R.1 DhW lY=MS . L e t ' s g o x k f o r some w a t e r c r e s s .

c f : amayi, e h i

t 2 j i 2 31a ~ e ~ h l ? ' h i DhH' k d 9 n . C a t h o l i c

A j i l a Gehlohi uwonisv danadlosgv7i . DhW fe fA 80"hR L W , m E T . --

A C a t h o l i c spoke a t t h e meeting.

c f : g 2 j i 2 3 1 a ( f i r e ) , gehloha

a 2 j i 2 3 1 a go3hlvh2di DhM' AP.1 n . match

d i 2 j i Z 3 1 a d i2g03hlvh2di .l/~Il . / lP.1

A j i l a gohlvhdi s g i d i s i . DblZ IP 1 ,d' . lb . -- Give me a match.

32 aj ilvsga

Ajilvhi wudinvsv chinosga. Dk ?A J l o R h. Z J S . He threw coal into the fire. --- cf: ?2ji231a (fire)

a1ji21v2sga D ~ ~ J S v.i. it's blooming

Gogeyi anijilvsgo anijilvsgi. AI.4 Dhh42A Dhlr92Y. Flowers bloom in the spring.

cf: ajilvsgi

g2ji21v4sgi ~ b q a n. flower

g2ni2ji21v4sgi ~ h b q ~ y

Anijilvsgi dunvsi kilo'i. Dhh9AY Sob Y G T . someone gave her some flowers.

2. .2 g 1: na Db8 n. cedar

Ajina nigohilv ije geso'i. hR94 TY F f T .

A cedar is always green.

a1ji3slY2sga ~ b J . 1 2 5 v.t. he's lighting a fire, match.

Ajil gohlvhdi gvhdi uj islanv?i goksdi. D b W APl E l @b@WOT A Y J l . He lit the cigarette with a match. -- cf: ?2ji231a (fire)

a1j03tg2sga DKWZS v.t. he's blowing, he's blowing on it

gg2j03tg2sga S K W K S

u1 jo3tg2hv23?i Bk\\ 9 r a1 DK\\ ,.I r

Kahwi udihlegi ajotasga. 9 8 O I L Y DKWJS. He's blowing on the hot coffee.

a1jv2sty3sga DC3oTa?S v.t. he's turning on a light

Sudali iyuwahnilv sunale dehijvsta- nv?i .-. -. C ? TGG h 9 C 8 6 SAC2VOT. Turn on the lights at six o'clock --- in the morning.

cf: ajvysdi

?'jvy4sdi DCJl n. lamp, light

Unagalvha, anagalisgi dijvysdi duhdlosv?i. P O S ~ . + , Uosrrn'Y lm W R T . When lightning flashed, the electric lights went out.

cf: ajvstvsga

ak- (see agi -)

g2k?2ne23sdi D9,1@l n. 1. badge 2. pin

di'kg2ne'3sdi .19A,i,l

Akanesdi ajjnelv eidaniyisgi. L)9112'~1 9tf!l '2 . i l. h. 'J,, Y . The policeman was given a badge.

i Z ~ ~ 2 s g e :1i i ~ o r J k / ~ n. h i s hip

a g e ~iwc!iisdarlel~' 11~~vja. - - / I & ;k /, 02, ):; !,. 1 3 0 LL(; . -- He hur: his when he fell

-.

alke23he32ga D P P S v.t, he's chasing him, it

Wahga yidugoha gihli, dakehegoTi. G f ASAQ Y C , 1I .PAT. When the dog sees cows, - he chases them. -

a2ki2h193~~1~di4?i . . DYPfRdd7- n. steps, stairs

Hadlv iyv gohlv akihlosvsdiTi? d-P 7.B AP DYdRJdT? - -

Where are the stairs?

cf: akihlosga

a1ki21v32di2ha DY.7d.L v.t. he's riding it (anything that can be straddled)

ji2ya1ki21v32di2ha, ga1ki21v32d12ha

Tavli digagwati ukilvdohdi ulvkwdi. WP AS XJ QY4Vd O'Qtrd , He likes to ride a bicycle. - --

g3ki2sdi DYA4 n. pill

diZ3ki2sdi AY2d

AgaTnakti dikisdi duhnelv udlvgi D S Q f J d a A SA.7 8 P Y . The doctor gave the patient some pills.

cf: akisga

a1ki2sgo3?i DYdAT

hi2ki2hi . . AYB

u2ki2hi2sdi . . @YA@d

Jiyvhjeni agwehisdanehv iyusdi segajv . -

j ivgisga. hBYh Ds,Q3LAd TG@d 4SC B. I am barely swallowing because my - - - - throat hurts.

cf: akisdi

a2ki2yu2sge DYGJI. n. elbow

di2k?2yu2sge dyG@I-

Akiyusge agigohv galohisdi wudlanv- dv?i. DYGAI- DYAS. SGB@d J 0 8 W T . I saw an elbow through an opening in the door.

cf: akiyusgeni

a2ki2yu2sge4ni DYGaf-h n. his elbow

di2ki2yu2sge4ni dYG3I- h

Dikiyusgeni digadaha nidulstanv udansinvsa. dYG2I.h dSd+ hSP2YO BLebDtl . His elbows got dirty when he crawled. - cf: akiyusge

a1koZ3dc3?a DASD v.t. he's shoveling it

j i1k023d$3?a hASD

u1k023de32sv23?i 0'113RT

a1k023de32sgo3?i DASJAT

hi2ko2daZgi AALY

~ ~ k o ~ ~ d e ~ ~ s d i B AS@d

Anijilvsgi juwakohdi akode?a. D h h 43Y JG Ad D&D .

- -

She's shoveling a place to set out flowers.

cf: akodesdi a1kl2sga DYJS v. t . he's swallowing

34 akodesdi

+2k023de4sdi DAS@d n. 1. shovel 2. spade

di2k02 3de4 sdi dASd7J

Akodesdi guhahldi gohlvsga. DASaA J K d AP@S . He's making a handle for a shovel.

cf: akode?a

a2ksga2ni D a s h n. left

Aktisi didla wudlesv anisovihno aksgani didla wunadlesv7i. D f 3 b 60% J L R DhITZ DSJSh JO% JBLRT. He turned right but the others turned left.

cf: aksganida, aktisi

?2ksg?3ni4da Df@ShL adj . left- handed

Hi7a alasgalisgi aksganida. AD DWJSPJY DSaShL. This ball player is left-handed.

cf: aksgani

a1ksQ3sga DSIJS v.i. he's going down hi1 1 1 3 j12ga sp sga hSIo3S

u'k~p~sv*~?i OSIRT

a1ksq3sgo3?i DS+@AT

?2kta D S W n. eye

di2kta JSW

Akta ayelvhi akahna sagwu7i. - D S W D84A D Q f t13T. - He has one artificial eye.

cf: aktohdi, aktoli

a1ktg2ha DSW-G v.t. he knows how

jlzga1tg2ha h S W +

Hiktahas Jalagi jawonihisdi? ASW.GJ CWY c v m a d ? Do you know how to speak Cherokee? - -- cf : aktahi , aktahna?i

?3kta2hi D S W B n. witness

?2ni23ktg2hi D ~ S W A

Gaeo aktahi nulstanidolv?i.? SA" .- D S W ~ ilP@WhV4T? Who is a witness to what happened?

cf: aktaha

g3ktq2hn?27i D S W t T adj . knowledge able

?2ni23ktg2hnB2?i D hSWtT

hi2kso1hi A S I A Hi7a asgaya udohiyu aktahna?i.

u2kso1hi2sdi BS+A@-I AD D J S ~ QVAG D S W ~ T . This man is very knowledgeable.

Ganvhida aksosgv aksosgo ama yunegisena. SORL DSI@E DS+@A Dd" GAY3B. cf: aktaha, aktahi

He goes down a long hill when he goes - -- - after water. a1kt?2hv3?a DSW&D v.i. 1. he's

turning back 2. he's turning cf: aksosgv?i (his head or body)

a1kso2sgv4?i DSIaET n. down-hill gg2ga1t?2hv37a S S W&D route u1ktg2hv3svi3?i 8 5 W&RT

da1kso2sgv4?i L S,F@ET a1kt?2hv3sgo37i DSW&@AT

Aksosgv wuwasadohyv dagwalela. DSIJE JGEIVB LZdW. He pushed the car down-hill.

akt iyi 3 5

Kilo uhyanisgv utvgana uktahvsv'i. YG 0'3haE 0'658 QSW8RT. When he heard someone calling him, he turned around. - Winuluhjvnagwu uktahvsdi udulvhvTi . 84MCm Qf W8aJ QS49.T. He wanted to turn back before he got --- Zere . cf: akta, ahv7a

a'kta32sd12ha DSW3J.G v. i. he's winking

gg2ga1ta32sdi2ha SSW.1.G

~ ' k t a ~ ~ s t g ~ n v ~ ~ ~ i Q S W2W0T

Na achuj a agehyuj a aktasdaneha. 8 DJC DFGC DSWa1A.G. The boy is winking at the girl. - - cf: daktanawsga, daktasdiha

a1kte21u2hy3sga DSTM9.aS v. t. he's hitting him on the eye -

j i2ga'te21u2hy 3sga hS% M&aS

~ ' k t e ~ l u ~ h n v ~ ~ ~ i PS5MQT

a'kte21u2hy2sgo37i DSX M8aA7

hi2ga1te21u2hv'ga AS5M8S

Nvya gvhdi ukteluhnv achuja. Q@ EJ BS5MQ DJC. He hit W o y in the with a rock. -- -- cf: akta, aktoli

a2kte23na32sdi47i DST 8JJT n. scenery

Uwoduhi geso aktenasdi gogeyi. @USA PS Df582d Afd. The scenery is pretty in the spring.

cf: aktenoha

a1kte3np2ha DSTZ.G v. i. he's looking around

ji2ga1te3nq2ha 1r53 Z+

0 s ~ Z ~ T

Hla gohusdi yagwaduli. Jigatenoli- dohagwu . t ATaJ 3ISP. bS5 ZPV.G3. I don't want anything. I'm just looking around.

cf: aktenasdivi

a'kti2ha DS3.G v.t. he's peeking through

gG2ga'ti2ha S S2.6

~'kt?~hnv~~?i 0SWO.T

a1kti23sg937i DS3dAT

hf2kta +SW

u2ktoh2di PS V J

Jolani aktiha kilo7i. Kwh YGT. Someone is peeking through the window. - cf: akta, aktohdi

a2kti2si DS3b 1. n. right position, right hand 2. adj . right-handed

g2ni.2kti2si

Aktisi gvhdi udego sgwahlesdi. D x b EJ QSA JILaJ. He throws a ball with his right hand. - -

a'ktiZ3ya DS33 v.t. he's waiting for him, it

1 .23 ji2ga1ti23ya, ji2ga tl ya Irsaa, hS33

~ ' k t i ~ d v ~ ~ 7 i QS3PT

Sgiktiyesdi. Kilagwu dvj i'luhj i. aYS382J. Y O 6'IrMh. Wait for me. I'll be rieht back.

q2kti4yi DfJd n. guard

3 6 aktohdi

Adela diyhdi aktiyi agasuyesv?i. DSW J J D s n n DSeL3RT. He was chosen to be a guard at the bank.

B3ktoh2di D S V l n. telescope

Aktohdi uduli udetiyisgv'i. D S V l B S P BS-7&JET. He wants a telescope for his birthday.

cf:. akta, aktiha, diktohdi

a1kto32hy2~ga D f V&@S v. i. he's becoming wise

Achujagwu j igesv ukto'vsv'i . DJQ b f R B S V i R T . He became wise when he was just a - boy.

g2kto41i DSVP n. his eye

Aktisi aktoli nigohilv udehyahtoh- disgo'i . D f J b W P h a 9 O S 3 V l J A T . His right eye is always bothering - him.

a l k t ~ ~ ~ s d i D f V2-J v .t. he's looking at him, it

2 2 ji y? ga'toZ3sdi, g?2ga1t023sdi ~ S V A J , S S V J J

~ l k t o ~ ~ s t ~ ~ n v ~ ~ 7 i OSVAWDT

aI:kt~~~sdi~sgo~?i D S V a l a A T

hi2y?2ga1t023sda, h?2kto23sda A 3 S V A L , b S V@L

Jalvkwdis adayvlatvsgi haktosdohdi?

C W.62 D L B WVaY b f V J V J ? Do vou like to w a m e v i s i o n ?

?2ktc2?y2hi3~di D f Vi ,Q,JJ n. wisdom

Igada Anijalagi akto'vhisdi uniha. TSC DhCWY D f V i B @ l B h b . Some Cherokees have wisdom.

a1ktv31e2sga D S S 8 2 S v.t . he, it's going through it

Segajv uktvlesv usdi udlanvdv'i. 4 S C B S V 6 R 8 2 J B W T . He barely went through the small - opening.

a1kuZ3gi3'a DJYD v .t. he's dipping iiquid

j i72g~2 3g1 3?a ~ J Y D

u1k~23gi32~~23?i B J Y R T

a1kuZ3gi 32sgo3?i D J Y J A T

h?2ku23gi A J Y

u2ku23gi 32sdi B J Y J l

Svdoni akugi'a ama. R V h DJYD DS. She's dipping water from a bucket.

cf: akugisdi

?'ku2 3gi4sdi D J Y J l n. dipper

Hadlv akugisdi? Ama aktadegi7a. bP D J Y J J ? DS DXWSYD. Where's the dipper? I'm thirsty (for water) . cf: akugi?a

a1kwi2yi3ha DPJ5.G vet, he's paying

alasgalisgi 37 - -

a1kwi,2yi23sgQ33i D'P&AT

ha2kwi2ya M3

u2 kwiyh2di B'PBJ

Sudalsgo adelv gagwiyiha dagwalela s invda . cYIPJAA DSq = l I6W b0.l . I'm paying sixty dollars a month for - my car.

cf : akwiyv?eha

a ' k ~ i ~ ~ v ~ ? e ~ h a D'PBRG v.t. he's paying him

2 2 ji y? gwi2yv3?e2ha bX'BRG

~ ' k w j ~ y v ~ ? e ~ l v ~ ~ ? i OBBR9T

a1kwi2yv3?e2h03?i DBBRl T 2 2 2 1 hi y? gwi yv si A&TB b

u2kwi2yv2?eh3di DBBRJ

Hila iga hiyagwiyv?ele? AW TS A X B R g ? How much did you him? - - cf: akwiyiha

?2kwsdo DBA1/' n. pillow

Jugidahli diganhdi dikwsdo dunilv- kwdi Ani jalagi. d Y l C JS0.J J S V S h w J DhCWY. Cherokees like feather pillows.

a11a32sd?2?e2ha DWJLR.G v .t. 1. he's tromping on him, it 2. hefs speaking badly of him

j i2F21a32sd?2?e2ha, g?21a32sd?2?e2ha

Alasda7esgv uhlv inada. p w a ~ m ~ ap T ~ L . He killed the snake ktromping on it. -

Nigohilv yvwi dalasda3esgo?i. hAA4 B8 LWJLRJAT. He always speaks badly of people - - cf: alasdvysga

1 32 a la sdy2sga DWaPaf v.t. he's stepping on him, it

ji2y?21a32sdy2sga, g?21a32sdy2sga

h a w s a s , s wxas

Tsgoya adansini. Hiyalasdv?vga! 6Aa DLBbh. AmTJ6 iS : There's a bug crawling. Step on it!

cf: alasdaveha

a11a32sg921 j3ha DM'JSPG v. i . hef s playing ball

g321a32sg?21~3ha S WAS P.G

u1 la32sg?21v2hv23?i @WAS 91eT

a11a32sg?21i23sgg3~i DWaSPaAT

hg21a1sg?21a W a s w

Uwoyeni uwehisdanehv iyusdi hla yulasgalvhe?i. 0'08 h 0'99AJLflB TGJJ I? GWAS 9 3 T . He didn't play - ball because his hand - was hurting,

cf: alasgalisgi, unalasgahldivi

?21a1sga21i4sgi DWJSPAY n. ballplayer

Judodagwvda analsinahvsdisgo analasgalisgi . d V L E L DQPbeAJJJA DBWJSPJY. The ballplayers practice every day.

cf: alasgaliha, unalasgahldi3i

a1 1a32sgv2?a DWJED v. i. he's taking a'step

g?21a32~gy2?a S WAED

BWJERT

a1 la32sgv1sgo3?i DWZEJAT

ha21a1 sgv23na W @ E 9

u21a1sgv1 sdi B W 2 E @ l

Ayo?uhli asgaya uksesdi alasgvsgo?i. DfiBC D @ f 3 8 5 4 2 1 DWGIEJAT. A crippled man -- takesa step carefully.

g21a1suh123di D W N I n. law suit

Alasuhldi dulvhwisdanehv ulenvhv ditiyohihi. D W K I S 4 B J G A 8 B f P 8 J J f i A A . The lawyer began working on a - law suit. -

a21a1su2310 DWrG n. shoe

Dilasulo iulonedi uwakewa. = d G A l @GI-G . He forgot to polish the shoes.

g21e Dd' adv. almost

Ganulvhi galisv - ale inada nijiyala- sdvtanv?i. f 4 4 A S T R L8 T9G hhi2WJGWO.T. As I walked along the grass, I almost stepped on a snake.

?21e Dd' conj . 1. and 2. or Anisgaya - ale anigehya gajigowhtiha. DhdSJ D M J fhi1GJ.G. I see men and women. Jenvsdi yijaduli, ale hla yigi osigwu. - Y @ A J h C S P , D6 .f 6 6 3 . If you want to go - or not, that's just fine .

a11eh2di3ha D f l + v.t. he's placing long object in an upright

position

g?21e1di3ha f d ' l+

u11eh2ta3nv3?i B dW1O.T

a l ~ e h ~ d i ~ ~ s g ? ~ ? i Dd'AJAT

Talugisgi gageda ulehdohdi unehltanv?i. W M Y a f f G 8 6 V J 0ACWO.T. He tried to stand a heavy piece of - -- steel in an upright position. -- cf: dalehdiha

a11e2hy3sga D f D @ f v.i. he's standing in a certain spot

gC2102?y3sga f 6 i @ f

u1 1e2hnv23?i 0d'O.T

Ahani ayehli halehvga. D+h D-BC s. Stand here in the middle. -- cf: dalehvsga

a11e2hwi2sdi3ha Dd'8Jl.G v.i. he, it's stopping

gg21e1wi2sdi3ha f d'@@l+

u1 le2hwi2st?2nv3?i Bd'8.JWO.T

a11e2hwi2sdi23sgp3?i Dd'@@l@AT

hG21e2hwi2sda W @ J G

u21e2hwi2sdoh3di Bd'@@VJ I Kilo uhyanisgv utvgana, ulehwista- nv?i. - I

Y G B 3 h @ E B V f 9 , 0 ' 6 8 2 W 0 T . When he heard someone calling him, 1 he stopped. - cf: alehwisdoiidiha I

a11e2hwi2sdoh3di3ha D&@@Vl+ v .t. iets stopping him, it

j i2y?21e1wi2sdoh3di3ha, g?21e1wi2- sdoh3d13ha

h3d'@@Vl+, fd'B@Vd+

u '1e2hwi 2sdoh 3tg 3nv2 31i @&@@vWQT

hi2ya21e1w~2sd~h2da, ha21e2hw?2- a21i2gv2du210 . . DPESO n. mask 'sdoh2da di21~2gv2d~21~ JPESO

A ~ $ @ ~ v L , . G ~ B ~ V G Dinhdladisgi dilsdehldohdi diligvdulo

u2 1 e2hwj2sdoh3doh3di 8fBJVVd danhdisgovi . Halehwisdohda dagwalela. 968aVG LXdW. Stop the car. cf: alehwisdiha

a11e2ni3ha D8h.G v.i. he's starting, 'beginning

ga2 1e2ni3?a S 8hD

ulle2nv2hv23?i 88DieT

a1 le2ni23sgf,3?i D$h@AT

ha21e23na .G88

u21enh2di 88C-J

Hilayv eligw h alen dejalvhwisdanehv? + AWB RP3 3$8 SC @@GAB? - When can you start working? cf: adaleniha

a21i DP n. sweat

Ali dutevesv uhnuwvvi . - LP SERR 846T. His shirt was soaked with sweat.

a11i2dli3ha DPC+ v.i. it's boiling

Kahwi alidliha. 96' Dm. The coffee is boiling. -

-fD.daJa~~ JPaS ?VJ dl) ESG G DJ@,41'. Firemen use protective masks.

a11i2he231i32~hp2ha DP?PW v.t. he's thanking him

j i2ya21$2?e2 31i32ch92ha b3PRPY.G

8P?PY4T

a' li2he231i32che2h033i DP?P7'J T

hi'yg21~2~e21i1~h12si A3PRPh b

~ ~ l i ~ h e ~ ~ l i ~ ~ c h e h ~ d i 8P?PYd

Uwej i achuja yusdelvha dulvhwisdanehv, alihelichehovi . 8dh DJC G2S4.G S 4 When his son helps thanks - him.

@@LA& D P 3 P W T . him work. he

a11i2he231i32ga DP?PS v.i. he's happy, thankful

2 2 ~ ~ 2 3 ~ ~ 2 2 ~ ~ g? 1: f PRPS ulli2he231i32jv23?i 8P?PCT

a11i2he231i32g03~i DP?PAT

h?21i2he21i'gi +r ?PY u21i2he21i3sdi 8P?P@d

Gado uyehldi aliheliga? SV 8BCd DP?PS? For what reason is he happy? -- cf: alihelicheha

a21i2?i DPT n. friendship

Ali?i ulsgeda yvwi anehvvi. ?21~2gv2da2n~23~doh2di DPEL ZJVJ - DPT QP2FG BQ DA9,7.

n. headband Friendship is important in the lives of people.

di21i2gv2da2n02 3sdoh2di JPEG avJ cf: unali?i

Na ganvhida ustihgi jigi Ayvwiya aligvdanosdohdi uduliha. a11i3?i2di;3?a DPTJD v.t. he's 8 S0f36 @GUY bY DBQ3 DP EL Z2Vd exchanging, trading it 8 P.G. 2' T e Indian with the long hair wants ga21i 3?i2di 3'?a SPTdD a headband.

Inalivida hayelsdi. TOPTI .GBPJJ. tet's trade knives. --

a11i2ti37a DPJD v.i. 1. he's running away 2. he's escaping

g?21i1ti37a S PJD

~ l l i ~ t i 3 s v ~ ~ ~ i BPJRT

Jisdu jiniyvhvvi svhi asehnv ~ w a l i - tivelvvi. hJS hhBBT IUI 040 DZPJR4T. I caught a rabbit yesterday, but - it ran away from me. - -- Junadasdudi ayavv ulitisvvi. d8lJSJ D3i BPdRT. He escaped from jail. -

a21i2ye1su210 . . DPBCG n. glove

di21i2ye1su210 JPBCG Diliyesulo dagiyohusi. JPBCG IYfiTb . I lost some gloves. - cf: daliyesuleva, daliyesuliva,

duliyesula

alli2ye32~~2~tgi3va D P B C a Y D v. t. he's taking his ring off

Yudawovena aliyesustgisgo?i. G6VR8 DPBCXIYJAT. When he goes swimming, he takes his --- ring off. -

cf: aliyesusto, aliyesustvsga, uliyesustga I

621~2ye1su23sto DPBCJV n. ring I

Utana aliyesusto gohlvsga. OW8 DPBCaV M A S . I am making a big ring. cf: aliyesustgiva, aliyesustvsga,

uliyesustga I a11i2ye32su2sty 3sga DP8CX'X

v.t. he's putting a ring on his I finger >

3

g?21i2ye32s~2sty3sga S P B C ~ ~ S : i

~ ~ l ~ ~ y e ~ ~ s u ~ s t ~ ~ n v ~ ~ i BPBCAWOT

Jovitsgwa adelv jugvwahldi aliyesu- 1 . .

sto uliyesustga. KThZ DS4 JEGCJ DPBCAV BPBCXIS . She has a three hundred dollar ring EThherfinger. -- : I cf: aliyesustgiva, aliyesusto,

uliyesustga I I a21iZ3yo DPfi n. sock

di21iZ3yo JPfi

Digigage diliyo duliyoha. JYSF SPfi+. He has on red socks.

cf: daliyogiva, daliyohiha, daliyosiha, duliyoha

a11ji3kwsga ~ p h p ~ ~ v.t. he's spitting I gal 2j i 3kwsga S P ~ ~ V ~ S

ul 1ji3kwv23vi Bph&T

a1 l j i 3kwsgo 3v.i Dl) hVJAT

ha12ji1kwa +PhZ

I

Hlesdi hyaljikwidohesdi. 1

LJJ 3PbVV3JJ. Don't go around spitting. I

i

a11sg21g2di3?a DPtlWlD v. i. he, it's h a ~ ~ s d e ~ ~ l a +PaSW asclnding, raising u12sdeh12di 8 P a S 4 l

2 1 2 2 gg li sg lg d?3'7a S P t l W l D Gahljode danahnesgesgv ull sg21?2da32nv23?i QPblCt LOT ~ P K S L ~ A J F @ E D P ~ S P ~

a1 1sg2192di32sgo3?i DPblHIaAT He helps in the building of houses. -

ha12sg21?2dv1ga +PtlWGS cf: alsdehldohdi

Halsaladvga hlega. +PBRGS LS . Raise awhile.

a l l ~ d u ~ ~ l $ ~ ? a DP@S8D v.t . he's taking off his cap

g?21i1sdu231e3?a S P a S 8 D

3?i Q P a S 8 R T cf: asaladiva a l ' s d ~ ~ ~ l e ~ ~ s g o ~ ? i D P @ S f a A T

a13sdayh1di D P a L B I n. 1. food ha12sdu21?2gi + P ~ S W Y 2. groceries ~ l ~ s d u ~ ~ l e ~ ~ s d i ~ ~ a s ~ a l

Alsdayhdi udananesvhvsdi uduliha. Gahljode uyvhla ulsdulesv?i. D P ~ L B I Q L e A R a a d QSP+. She wants to shop for groceries. S P K S Q B f @ P @ S $ R T .

When he entered the house, he took -- cf: alsdayvhvsga -- off his 3.

a11sda32yv2hy3sga DPaL Bd@S v.i. he's eating a meal

g?21i1sda32yv2h?r3sga f P@LBd@S

BP@L BOT

a1 1sda32yv2hy2sgo3?i DP@L Bd@AT 2 1 ha12sda1yv hv ga +P@LB&S

u12sdayh1di Q P J L B I

Svhiyeyi utana alsdayvhvsgo?i. R R B d Q\Ve D P J L B d a A T . In the evening he eats a big meal. --- - cf: alsdayhdi, junalsdayhdivi

a1 2sdeh1 23doh2di D P 2 S q V - f n. aid, assistance (financial)

Alsdehldohdi utayohlv didehlohgwasgi. D P ~ S ~ V J owylfi~ J S e f x a Y . The student asked for assistance.

cf: alsdeliha

a1 lsde21i3ha DP@SP+ v. i. he's helping

g?21i1sde21i3ha S P@SP+

ul l ~ d e ~ l v ~ h v ~ ~ ? i 8 P a S . 1 8 T

a l l ~ d e ~ l i ~ ~ s g ~ ~ ? i DP@SP@AT

cf: alsduliva, alsdulo, ulsdula

a l l ~ d u ~ ~ l e ~ h a DP@S8+ v. i. he's washing his hair

Hila igohid ahilidoho ~lsduleha? AK T A A L DAPVI GP@S8+? How long does it t a k e e n she -- washes her hair?

all~du~~l;~?a D P J S P D v, t . he 's putting on a cap

g921i1sdu231i 3?a S P@SP D

ul 1sdu231a32nv23?i QP@SWL)T

Halsdulanv hinugojv'i, uhyvdlaheno doyi.

42 alsdulo

+raswa AQACT, O B M Z V J ~ . Put on a cap when you go out because --- it's cold outside.

cf: alsdule?a, alsdulo, ulsdula

a12sdu210 DP@SG n. cap

di12sdu210 I P a S G

Hadlv janese hi?a alsdulo? +P C A 4 AD DPJSG? Where did you get this cap? cf: alsdule?a, alsduli?a, ulsdula

a11sdv2hly3sga D P m a S v.i. he's taking a seat

gg21i1sdv2hly3sga SP&5T@S

u11sdv2hly3nv3?i O P J 5 V O T

a1 ' ~ d v ~ h l ~ ~ s g ~ ~ ~ i D P m @ A T

ha12sdv2hlu1 ga +Pam' S

u12sdv2h1y3sdi OP2PO'@J

Gawonisgi gadogv na?v ulsdvhlunv?i. SOhaY SVE 8 i O P m O T . He sat down close to where the speaker --- was standing. . cf: uwohla

a1 l sdv2hni 3ha D P 3 h . G v. i . he's shaking his head

gg21i1sdv2hn~3ha S P 3 h . G

~ l ~ s d v ~ h n i ~ l v ~ ~ ? i OP@6'h9T

a11sdv2hni3hg3?i DP,;3G'hET

ha1 2sdvnh2ga + P a p h S

u12sdvnh2di O P X ' h J

Gohusdi uwahnil aktol, ulsdvhnilv7i. AT@I OGhW DSVP, B P 3 h 9 T . When something hit him in the eye, - he shook his head. ---

a11sgi3?a DPJYD v.i. he's dancing

gg21 i l sgi 37a S P a D

~l'sgi~sv~~?i O P a Y R T

a11sgi3sgo3?i DPaYaAT

ha12sgi + p a y

Igada Anijalag anigehyuj unilvkwdi unalsgisdivi. TS L DhCWY DhfGC O h 9 Y J 8 8 P 2 , Y a J T . Some Cherokee girls like to dance.

a-

all s g ~ h l ~ d a ~ ~ n ~ ~ h a DPaA9LA.C v.t. he's permitting him

2 2 j i y? l i ' s g ~ h l ~ d a ~ ~ n ~ ~ h a b3P@A4LA+

ul ' ~ g o h l ~ d a ~ ~ n e ~ l v ~ ~ ? i OP@A4 LA 4T

a1 ~ g o h l ~ d a ~ ~ n e ~ h o ~ ? i DPaA9 LAic T

hi2y?21i1sgoh12da1si B 3 P a A 4 L b

u12sgoh12da1neh3di O P J A 9 L A I

Sgwalsgohldasi agiwonihisdivi. @XP@A 9 L b DYV h A @ J T . permit me to speak. -

a11sgu32sga D P U @ S v. i. he's nodding his head

ga21i1sgu32sga S P ~ J S

ul 1sgu32hyv23?i O P ~ B T

a1 l ~ g u ~ ~ s g o ~ ? i D P X J A T

ha12sgu1hya + P a 3

u12sgu1sdi O P 2 J a J

Halsguhya dehadanilvgesdi. + P a 3 S+L h 9 f J I . Nod your head if you accept. - -

a1 l sgwa2di 37a DPaXJD v . i . it 's ending

-- --------- --- ~l~sgw?~di'sdi O P ~ X J ~ I

Kila agi?luhjv ulsgwa?dv daniwoni- sgv?i. YW DYMC OPJX6' L W h a E T . I had just arrived when their speeches ended.

cf: asgwadiva

a11sgwg21u23di3?a DPJXMJD v .i. he's sticking his head out

Jolani ulsgwaluda usdi achuja. Kwh O'P@XML Q@J DdC. A little boy is sticking his head -- out the windor

a11sgwe3tuh2gi3?a DP@JSYD v.t. he's taking his hat off

u12sgwe1 tuh2gi1 sdi QP@J,SY2J

Halsgwetuhgi. Jigoliya. GP@JSY. hAP&. T a k e o u r hat off. Let me look at ---- it.

cf: alsgwetuhvsga, alsgwetuwo, ulsgwetuhga

3 2 3 allsgwe tv h! sga DP~LSS,ZS v.t. he's putting his hat on

Digaduhv yuwena judanvgalvda dahna- wosgo?i osdahno alsgwetuwo alsgwe- tuhvsgo?i. JSSB Gd(0 dLOSqL LtC34T h 3 1 Z DP@JSC' DP@>SB;lAT. When he goes to town, he puts on - clean clothes and a good hat. - - cf: alsgwetuhgi?a, alsgwetuwo,

ulsgwetuhga

al2sgwe1tY2wo DP2JSW n . hat

Hila iga jakwiyvhe na alsgwetuwo? A W TS CBB? 8 DP@JSU? How much did you pay for the hat? - cf: alsgwetuhgiTa, alsgwetuhvsga,

ulsgwetuhga

a l l ~ o ~ ~ s d i ~ h a DP.I.@J+ v.t. 1. he's setting a goal 2. he's aiming

ga21i1s023sdi3ha SP$@J+

u ~ ' s o ~ ~ s t ~ ~ n v ~ ~ ? i QP.I.JWOT

a l ' s ~ ~ ~ s d i ~ s g o ~ ? i DP.I.@J@AT

ha12s02 3sda +P.I.@l

~ l ~ s o ~ ~ s d o h ~ d i QP.I.@VJ

Gado udvnhdi alsosdiha? SV QPAJ DP.I.SJ+? What is he aiming to do? - - cf: dalsosdiha

a l l ~ v ~ ~ s d i ~ h a DPR2J.G v.t. he's smelling it (sniff)

g?21i1sv32sdi3ha SPR@J+

u l ' ~ v ~ ~ s t ? ~ n v ~ 37i BPR@WOT

a l ' s ~ ~ ~ s d i ~ s g o ~ ? i DPRJJJAT

ha12sv1sda +Pn;3L

u12sv1sdoh3di QPmVJ

Anij ilvsgi julsvsdohdi ulvkwdi. D hh q@Y dPRJVJ Q 9V"d. She likes to smell flowers. - --

a2ma D8' n. water

Ganugogv ojinegisgoama ogaditasdi. S 9AE hhAY2A D8' dSdW/@d.

~ -

We get our drixing water from a spring . cf: amayi

a3ma D8' n. salt

Ama higisv digaduhv hwedolv?i. FAYR JSS8 99VqT. Get some salt when you go to town. -

a2mah13di4?i DJ'PJT n, water well

Gago usgose?i hi?a amahldi?i? f A QdA4T A D D P J T ?

4 4 amahldohdi

Who dug this water well? -- g2mahl 3doh2di D R V d n. waterbucket

Amahldohdi hikali j a. D P V d B P C . ~ i l c the waterbucket.

2 3 3 4 ma ye hli DrBC n. United States

Amayehli digwenvsv ayv. DrBC d=R D B . Myhome is in the United States,

cf: ?2ma (water), ayehli

2 23 q ma yi DrJ5 adv. in water, into water

Amayi witahltaduga. @ BWPWSS . Jump into the water. - cf: ?2ma (water)

92ma2yuh14di D K C d n. 1. shore 2. bank

Amayuhldi daginawhtvhv hi'a dilasulo. D G C d G Y 0 G 6 8 AD AWcYG. I found these shoes by the shore.

cf: ?2ma (water), uhldidlv7i

B2me3gwo47i D W T n. ocean

Amegwo anehi aja7di junatana gesovi D / ~ A DCJ J e w e f t ~ .

The fish in the ocean are big.

cf: g2ma (water), egwa

a1ng2da2g02n?2tdi23~g~47i D 0 G A 8 J d 2 E T n. contest

Junoduhi anadagonatdisgv uteladv'i. J Z S A D B L A G J J 2 E D Z W P T .

~ - -

She entered a beauty contest.

a1ng2da3h1i2si3ha D0GCb.L v.i. they are gathering

~'j?~da~hli~s?~ha d3CGCb.G

~ ~ n ? * d a ~ h l i ~ s ? ~ h n v ~ ~ 7 i 88GCUQT

a1n?2da3hli2si23sgq37i D e G C b 2 A T

i1 j92da1hli23sa TCGCU

~~n?~da'hl iZ3soh3di 80GC-I .d

Tsgwisdi yvwi anadahlisiha digaduhv7i kohi iga.

h P J J B B DeLCb+ d S S B A4 T S . A lot of people - are gathering in town today.

cf: gahlisiha 1 3 2 2 3 a n a g? li ha D0SP.L v.i. it's

lightening

Tsgwisdi anagaliha doyi dinehldi'i. h P 2 d DBSP% V & - I f l G d T . It's lightening too much to play - outside.

?2na'gg21i23sgi D e S P A y n. 1. lightning 2. electricity 3. battery

di2na1g?21i23sgi d e S P 2 . Y

Ulihwojv anagalisgi unulvhnv uhnigisdohdi dagwalela. BPVC D G S P ~ Y D 440 ohyavd 1 x 8 ~ . The dead battery couldn't start the car.

cf: anagaliha

?2na2hli2nv4d1i DBCQC n. brothers (more than two)

Hi?a hisgi iyanivi anichuja nigada anahlinvdli. AD AAY T 3 h T D h J C h S G D O C K . These five boys are all brothers.

cf: dinadahnvhli

a'ng21i3g02hy3sga DBPA&aS v. i. 1. they are getting together 2. they are dating (when the dual form is used)

u1ng21i3g02hnv23?i 8 BP AQT

i1 jg21i1g02hv1ga TCP AillS

~~n?~li'kdi ~ P A J

Hi?a agehyuj a achuj ahno unalikdi unaduliha. no DFGC D J C Z s e r A r sesr+. This boy and girl want - to together. cf: unaligoha, unalivi, unalikdi

a l ~ ~ e h l ~ ~ d i DACd n. doll

Junsdi anigehuja dinehldi dananehldi- SEO?~. 6821 Dhl-GC A C l L B A C l a A T . Little girls play with dolls.

cf: danelohvsga, dinehldohdi

a3neh12di3ha DACl+ v. t. he's attempting it

~ ~ n e h l ~ t ? ~ n v ~ ? i BACWOT

Dagwalela uhnigisdohdi anehldiha. GIGW B h Y a V l DACd+. He's trying to start the car. -

a1ne231q3di2?a DAWJD v. i. he's getting married

ga2ne231g3di2?a f A W l D

B A WGT

Neladugwu nudetipha uneladv?i oginalivi . A W S J q S d B + BAWGT 6 Y B P T . My friend ot married as soon as he f- turned eig teen.

cf: anineli, ganeli

anh1dq2di3?a DOLlD v.t . he's remem- bering him, it

ji2ya2nv1d?2di3?a, ga2nv1dq2di3?a

h3QGdD, f O L d D

~nh'd?~dv~ 3?i BOGPT

anh1dg2di 32sgo3?i DOG -GAT

hi2ya2nv1da2da, hanh2da2da A a L G , W'LC

unh2dg2di sdi 001,

Hanhdadi3as nagiwesv gohigip jigesv? W G d D a BYDR ABYB hl-R? Do you remember what I said long ago? -

g?3ni ~h n. strawberry

Tsgwisdi a?ni anatvhisdisgo Sdila- weli . h V @ l D B G B a l a A 2dWSPP. They grow a lot of strawberries in Stilwell.

a1ni2d032nq2?a DhVBD v. i. they are standing (congregation)

o'j i2d032 21, "0 6 h V B D a1ni2d032nq2?v23?i D h V B i T

a1ni2d032n92?03?i Dhl'OkST

Ta?li iyuhliloda igohid anidonavvvi. YVP TGCOL 1'AOL D h V B i T . They were standing for two hours.

cf: gadoga

a1ni2hli3na D h C B v.i. they are asleep (more than two)

olj i2hli3na 6 h C B

Sa?du iyuwahnilv usv gayula anihli- nv?i. - U S TGGh4 O R SGW D h C D T . At eleven o'clock last night, they were already asleep. - cf: gahliha

a1niv3na D h B v.i. they are sitting (congregation)

4 6 anineli

o1 jiv3na Ah 8

a1ni?3nv23?i DhDT

a1ni?3n03?i DhZT

Ehlawe ani?nv?i. RfO W T . They sat quietly.

cf: uwohla

?%i%e41i DhAf' n. her husband

Junadehlohgwasdi dadehyohvsgo anineli. deStfI03-f LSfiBJA phllP. Her husband teaches at school. - cf: aneladiva, ganeli

+2ni2sgwa2ni4?i Dh@IhT n. Mexico

Anisgwani dagesi gogi iyvvi. DhaIh LI-b AY TBT. I'm going to Mexico in the summer.

cf : Asgwani, sgwani j esdv?i

2 .2 ? nl y93sgi47i DhfiAYl' n. military service

Jo7i judetiyvda agiyvhlv aniyosgi7i. KT dSJBL DYBP DhfiAYT. I was in the military service for three years.

cf: avyosgi

h1sgv2ti D h @ U n. May

Ansgvti hisgine udetiyisgi eji. p h E A 2 A QSJJXJY Rh . My mother's birthday is fifth.

2 2 A nv hyi DO-6 n. March

Anvhyi ka?lv adalenisgo gogeyi. D@J5 3 4 DL Gh@A AI-~3. Spring begins in the month of March.

a1sg2dv 32sga DbrPJf v.t. he's setting a trap

j i lsg2dv 32sga hU6"JS

Kvhli usadvnv asehnv hla yuniyvhe?i. EC PUP- f GhBi'T. He set a trap for a raccoon but he --- didn't catch it.

cf: sadvdi

a l ~ g ~ l ? ~ d i ~ ? a DUWID v .t . he's liking, raising him, it

j i1s?21?2di37a hUWJD

u1sg21?2da32nv23?i QbrWLDT

DbrWJaAT

hi 'sa2la2dvlga, . . hi2sa21a2dv1ga . . . AUWPS, AUWPS

~ ~ s g ~ l ~ ~ d o ' d i QbrWVJ

Jolani hisaladvga. Kwh AbrWPS. Raise the window.

cf: alsaladiva

42sg2ma4di DUTJ adj. smart

92ni2sg2ma4di Dhbr TJ

Gago ugodi asamadiya, nihi ejadoke? SA QAI DUTJ3, hA RCVI-? Who is smarter, you or your sister?

a1sg2no DUZ n. dress

dil~?~no I U Z

I j e asano agwadul i . TY ~TDISP. I want a new dress.

cf: usano

2 3 a1sda2gayh di ha D@LSBJ+ v.t. 1. he's making it crisp 2. he's starching it

j i 'sdq2gayh2di 3ha h@G f BJ+

u1sdq2gayh2tq3nv37i QJL SBWDT

a1sdg2gayh2di23sgp3?i D@L SBJJAT

Anineli juhnawo dasdagayhdiha. D M P dm L2LSBIG. She's starching her husband's shirts.

cf: asdagayvhiha, usdagayvhida

2 2 2 alsd? g?yv hi3ha D2LSBA.G v.i. it's becoming crisp

-------------- ~ ' s d ? ~ g ~ ~ y v ~ h l v ~ ~ ? i @@I SBPT

a l ~ d ~ ~ g ? ~ y v ~ h ? ~ h o ~ ? i DAIS BAB T

Agalisgv wunvna inada ganega usdaga- yvhlv?i. D S ~ E s ~ e TeL SAS B~LSBPT. When he put the snake skin out in the sunshine-, - it became crisp.

cf: asdagayhdiha, usdagayvhida

a lsda2nv2hnv4?i D 2 L W T n. line

da1sd?'nv2hnv4?i L@LWT

Hila dasdanvhnv tisdawaduga A D L 2 L W 62LGSS. Follow these lines.

cf: asdanvhnvsga

a1sda%v2hny3sga D@LW@S v . t. he's drawing a line

Gigage digohwelodi gvhdi usdanvhna- nv?i.

J M G I El O'JLOdiOT. He drew a line with a red pencil.

cf: asdanvhnv?i

a l ~ d a ~ ~ w g ~ d e ~ g a DGLGSS v.t. he's following him, it

u2sdalwa2dv lsdi @@I GF@1

Na usdi achuja udoda asdawadega. 8 021 DJC BVL D2GGSS. The little boy - is following his father.

a1sde21i3ha D2SP.G v. t . he's helping him

Gahl j ode ahnesgesgv j isdeliha. S PKS DA@F@E h2SP.G. I am helping him build a house. -- -

a1sde3y02ha D2Sfi.G v. t. he's braiding it

j i1sde3yq2ha Ir2Sfi.G

u1sde23y0321v23?i B@SfiqT

a1sde3y02h03?i D@SfiB T

hi2sde2y?2ga A@S@S

~ ~ s d e ~ 3 y o ~ ~ d i B23fiJ

Ustihgv asdeyo agehyuja. Q,VE DFGC. The girl is braiding her hair. - cf: sdeyida

a l ~ d i ~ ~ g i ~ ? a D@IYD v.t. he's eating a long object

j i'~di~~gi~?a h@dY D ~ l s d i ~ g v ~ ~ ? i @@JET

a1sdi23gi32sgo3?i D@JY@AT

h$2sdi23ga A@lS

~ ~ s d i ~ ~ g i 32sdi 821~21

4 8 asdigisdi

Gagama usdigisdi uduliha. f S &" O'@JY@J 0SP.G. He wants to eat a cucumber. - -- cf: aAgi3?a (he's eating it), asdi-

gisdi, gahye?a

g2sdi23gi1sdi D@JYaJ n. something to eat (long)

Digohwelodi hla asdi isdi yigi. I M G I e D ~ I Y J + A pencil is not- something -- to eat.

cf: asdigiva

a1sdo3?a D@VD v. t. he's crushing it

ji1sdo3?a h@VD

u'sd~~?v~~?i B @ V i T

a1sdo3sgo3?i DJV@AT

hi2sdo2 j a A@VC

u2sdo1 sdi B@V@J

Nvyas usdosdi jaduli? o a B ~ s P ? Do you want him to crush some rocks? --- cf: asdosgi?i

82~do1 sgi4?i D@V@YT n. crusher

di2sdo1sgi4?i I @ V a Y T

Gado galsda asdosgiTi? SV SP@L D@V@YT? What happened to the crusher?

cf: asdo?a

a1sdo2ye3ha DJV8.G v.t . he's trimming it (boy's hair, grass, hedge, but not paper, cloth)

The barber trims his son's hair. -- - cf: didasdoyesgi, dilsdoyhdi

32 2 alsdu hy sga D @ S d a f v.t. 1. he's closing it 2. he's jailing him

Hisduhvga galohisdi?i. . A ~ S & S S G A ~ J I T . Close the door. Uhyvsdeda yigi kilo asduhvsgo?i. BB@SL 2iY Y B DJS&@AT. If someone is drunk, he jails - him. - cf: didasdudi?i, sdudi

a1sdV3?i2?a DaSTD v . t . he's opening it

j ilsdy 3?i2?a h@S TD

u1sdy3?i'sv23?i B J S T R T

aAsdy3?ilsgo3?i D@ST@AT

hi 2sd~2?i A@S T

u2sdy2?i lsdi B A S T @ I

Gahlgwogi iyuwahnilv asdu?isgo adana?nv?i . SCTY TGGh4 D@ST@A DLBDT. He opens the store at seven o'clock. - cf: sdu3isdi, ulsdu?ida

g2sdv23h92hli D 3 K n. sandwich

di2sdv23hg2hli J X K

Jo?i disdvhahli dugv?i. KT IX+€ S E T . He ate three sandwiches.

cf: asdvhahlvsga

a l ~ d v ~ ~ h ~ ~ h l ~ ~ s g a D@6"+P@S sandwiching it

v.t. he' -

Na didasdoyesgi uwej achuja asdoye- sgovi. j i ' ~ d v ~ ~ h ~ ~ h l ~ ~ s g a h X . G P @ S

8 J L @ V B U B&h DdC D@V8@AT. u1sdv23hQ3h192nv23~i @@f%f@T

asgaha 4 9

--

it between the bread. - - cf: asdvhahli

a2se3dv3 0461 adv. maybe, perhaps

Dagutahnis heliva? Asedv. L JWh@ ?PD? D4r. Do you think it's going to snow? Maybe.

q2se4gi D4Y adj., adv. peculiar

Asegi agwadanhdavdv hlega. D4Y D X L 0 6 6 L S . - I felt peculiar for awhile.

a1se2he3ha D4P.6 v.t. he's showing him

j i2ya1sg2he3ha b34?%

84?qT

Gavluhjv hiyasehelv uhna uhdi dagwalela. SMC ,93424 B t 8 J L 1 6 W . When he gets here show him where to -- park the car.

a2se3hno, a2se3hnv D4Z, D40 conj. but

Doyi dagesisv asehnv do uhyvdla. V A LFbR ~-m. I was going to go outside but - it's too cold.

a1se2sdi3ha D421.6 v.t. he's including him, it (in counting)

Uwakewsv usesdohdi oginalivi. BGF8R 8 4 @ v J biY8PT. He forgot to include my friend. - cf: dasehiha, disesdi

a3se2si3ha 046.6 v.t. 1. he's with- drawing (a motion) 2. he's with- drawing (his candidacy) 3. he's pulling it out (a drawer)

ga3se2si3ha 546.6

~ ~ s e ~ s v ~ h v ~ ~ v i 84RBT

a3se2si23sgQ3?i D462AT

h a l ~ e ~ ~ s a .64U

u1seZ3svh3di 8 4 R J

Ugvwiyuhi yigalsdisgi gesv usesvhvvi. BEBGA A S P @ J Z FA 84RdlT. He withdrew his candidacy for presi- - dent.

cf: disehisdivi

a l ~ e ~ ~ s v ~ d a D4RL adj . withdrawn d i l ~ e ~ ~ s i ~ d a J4RL

Na asaladv asesvda nigalsda. 8 DblW6" D B h f P 2 6 . The motion has been withdrawn.

cf: disehisdivi

a l ~ g a ~ ~ g a D @ S S v.t. he'erepri- manding him

ji 1sga32ga h@S S

u1sga32jv239i B a s CT

a l ~ g a ~ ~ g o 3vi D@S AT

hi1sgalgi, hi2sga1gi A@SY, A@SY

u2sgay sdi B@S@J

Achuja jolani uyostana, udoda usgajvvi. DdC Kwh Bfi@WB, BVL 8@SCT. When the boy broke the window, his father reprimanded - him.

a l ~ g a ~ ~ h a DJS.6 v.i. he's afraid

50 asgahlga

j i l ~ ~ a ~ ~ h a b@f %

u1sga31v23?i B @ f 9T

a1sga3h03?i D@f fiT

hi2sga23ya A @ f 9

u2sga1 sdi B @ S @ l

Na utana gihli jisgaha. 8 OW8 Y C b 2 f G . I'm afraid of that big dog. - cf: asgasdaneha

a1sgah12ga DaSCf v.t. he's biting him, it

Asgaya usgalsdi unehltanv gihli. D 2 f 9 B@SP@l BACWO Y C . The dog tried to bite the man. --

a2sgg2hni D 2 S h n. evil, sin

Gado usdi wutanv asgahni? SV 821 J W 0 D@fh? What is the biggest - sin?

cf: asganvga

a2sgg2na4?i 0 2 5 8T n. sinner

g2ni2sgg2na4?i Dhaf 9 T

Kilovis eha asgana nigesvna? Y G T ~ R+ ~ a f e h F n e ? Is there anyone living who is not a sinner?

cf: asgahni, asganvga

2 32 alsg? nv ga D a f Q f v.t. he's committing a crime, sin

j i l ~ g g ~ n v ~ ~ g a 1raf0f u1sgg2nv32jv23vi 8 2 S D C T

a1sga2nv32g03vi D@S@AT

hi2sgg2nv1gi ,9af OY

u2sga2nvy 'sdi P @ f 0Ta- I

Hla usganvysdi yuduliha.

f O a f Q T a J GSP%. He doesn't want to commit a crime. - -- cf: asgahni

2 2 g sg? ya D @ f 3 n. man 2 a2 2 ni sgg ya Dhaf 9

Hiyoligas na asgaya? A f i P S a 8 D@S9? Do you recognize that man? -

?2sg?2ye2gv4sda D @ f 8 E@d adj . handsome

"Asgayegvsda osdineli," udvhnv agehya. " D @ f f l E 2 d bj@JAP," 850 D I . 3 . The woman said, "My husband is - handsome. "

?2sg?2ye2gv23sda Daft3 E@d n. officer

?2ni2sg?2ye2gv23sda D&fS Ead

Asgayegvsda dodvgoliye?i aniyosgi dunahnuwvvi . D@SflEJd V5APf lT D h f i a S 8 9 6 T . An officer is going to inspect the soldiers' uniforms.

92sgi23na Day8 n. demon, devil

g2ni2sgi23na D h a 8

Gado usdi dudalehna?a asgina, Seda- nihno? f V 821 S d d t D m e , 4 d h Z ? ?hat is the difference between a devil and Satan?

cf: dasginadiva, jvsgino, Sedani

a1sgi2tsga D a J @ f v.t. he's dreaming about him, it

Gado usdi tsgitse usv jigesvvi? sv 021 c a a 4 BR W R T ?

asgvdageni 5 1

What did you dream about last night?

a1sgo2gi3?a DaAYD v. t . he Is gnawing it

j i1sgo2gi3?a k@AYD

u ' ~ g o ~ g v ~ ~ ? i P ~ A E T

a1sgo2gi 3 2 ~ g ~ 3 ? i DJAYJAT

hi2sgo23ga AaAS

32sdi O J A Y a 1

Asgogisgv galeyvsdisgo dluhgv doya. D J A Y J E S c f B a J a A IT E V 3 . A beaver makes a tree fall by gnawing it.

a l ~ g o ~ ~ h n i ~ h a D2Ah.G v.t. he's mourning for him, it

j i ' ~ ~ o ~ ~ h n i ~ h a 6aAh.G

0 a A h 4 T

D a A h l T

hi'sg~nh~~ga, hi2sgonh23ga A a A h S , A J A h S

~ ~ s g o n ~ ~ s d i @@A had

Usdi achuja gihliulihwojvusgohnilv?i. @ad DdC Y C @PUC O d A h 4 T . The little boy mourned - for a dead dog.

2 .23 alsgo 11 ye3?a DJAPBD v.t. he's rubbing him, it

ji2ya1sgo21i23y~3?a, ga1sgo21i23yt3?a b&APBD, SJAPBD

@@APB i T

DaAPBJAT

hi2ya1sgo21i23ya, ha2sgo21i23ya

A&AP3, G J A P 3

~ ~ s g o ~ l i ~ ~ y e ~ ~ d i B J A P B 1

Jiskoli hasgoliya, agwehisdaneha. b 2 A P + a A P 3 , DJAdLA+. Rub my head, it hurts. -

a ' ~ g o ~ ~ l v ~ d ~ ~ ? a DaA41D V. t. he's erasing it

j i'sgo2 31~3di2?a k d A 4 1 L

Dudo?v usgolvdv gohweli?i. S V i OaA.16" M P T . He erased his name on the paper. - cf: asgolvdisdi, asgolvga

92sgo231v4di lsdi D@A4&1 n. eraser

di2sgo231v4di lsdi J a A 4 1 J 1

Na disgolvdisdi dodiskvsi. 8 J a A 4 1 2 1 V J a E b . Hand me those erasers.

cf: asgolvdi?a

a'sg0~~1v~~ga D@A4S v.i. it Is fading

Uwoduhi ulsuhwisv ahnawo asgolvga. @ U S A BPGBR DtU D@A4S . The pretty color on-shirt is - fading.

cf: asgolvdiTa, asgolvdisdi

a'sg~~~sga DaAaS v. t. he's digging it

ga'sg~~~sga S a A a S

u ' ~ g o ~ ~ s v ~ ? i @@ART

DJAJAT

ha2sgo231a +JAM'

~ ~ s g o ~ ~ s d i @ @ A 2 1

Amahldi gasgosga. D ~ J f a A @ S . I am digging a water well. --

2 2 4 92sgv d? ge ni D 2 E L k h n. his shin

di2sgv2d?2ge4ni & E l k h

Disgvdageni dusgoliye" ulehwistana atlisv?i.

J@Elk h SAAPBi 0'882W8 DJCRT. He rubbed his shins when he stopped -- running.

a l ~ ~ w ? ~ d i 37a D@XJD v. t . he's finishing it

j i l~gw?~di37a h@XJD

ulsgwa3dv237i B@XPT

a lsgwa2di 32sgo 37i D@IJ@AT

hi 2sgw? 2da A@I L

u2sgw?2di lsdi [email protected]@J

Nvhgi ayehli asgwadisgo dulvhwisdane- hv7i. OY DBC D@IJ@A S46'@LA&T. He finishes his work at 4:30. - cf: alsgwadi3a

?2sgw?2ge4ni D@Ik h n. his side

di2sgwa2ge'+ni J@Ik h

Asgwageni uwehisdane udanawstanv7i. D@Ik h 899A21A 8 L 88JWOT. His side is hurting from running. --

a l ~ ~ w a ~ ~ h l e ~ 7 a DJILD v.t. he's catihing a falling person, object

j i l~gwa3~hle~7a h@ILD

ulsgwa32hle1sv237i BJILRT

a l ~ ~ w a ~ ~ h l e ' s ~ 0 ~ 7 i D@IL@AT

hil~gwalhl?~gi, hi2sgwalhla2gi BAIL?, AAIPY'

u2sgwa1hle1sdi 0@ 5LJJ

Sgwahlesdi wagadinela usgwahlesv7i. @IL@J G S A W OAILRT. When the ball was thrown to him. he caught it.

cf: sgwahlesdi

a2sgwa21a4?i DJIWT adj . short di 2sgwa21a47i J @ m T

Asgwala digohwelodi ayvhwahta. D @ I W J M G J DBGW. He found a short pencil.

a l ~ g w a ~ l o ~ ~ ~ a D X G S v.t. 1. it's getting shorter 2. he's getting short on...

u2sgwa2loy lsdi 8 a 1 ~ T@J

Digohwelodi yikdlvha asgwalogo7i. J M G J ASP+ DJIGAT. Whenever you sharpen a pencil, - it becomes shorter.

cf: asgwala7i

alsgwal 32sga D J I ~ J S v.t. he's breaking a long object

Na asgaya galuysdi guhahldi usgwa- IsvTi. - - -~

8 0 2 5 3 SM&J J K J @@IPRT. The man broke an axe handle.

cf: agalsga, ayosdiha

a1sgwa21v3ni2ha DJI4h.G v.t. he's ' hitting him on the head with a long object

Gosdvnisdi gvhdi usgwalvnisdi gihli unehltanVi. A,3Pt63J Ed O@I4h@J YC BACWQT. He tried to hit the dog on the head -- --- with a bat.

~ ~ s g w a ~ n i D@Ih n. Mexican

A2ni2sgwa4ni D h@Ih cf: asgwaloga

asini 5 3

Nvdagi tsgwisdi Anisgwani aneha. @LY hPaJ DhaIh DA+. A lot of Mexicans live in Texas.

cf: AnisgwaniTi

a' sgwg2ni2g02 3sga DaPhAaf v . i . he s amazed

Usgwanigosv nahidiyv udehlohgwa?~ ugoliyedi uweji achuja. B@XhAR eAJB -@&fIi - B A P ~ J Bdh DJC. He was amazed at how East his son -- learned to read.

cf: usgwanikdi

a1sgwg2nu32tsga DaP4h.5 v.t. he's sucking it

j i ' s g ~ ~ ~ n u ~ ~ t s g a h.AP9h.f

u ' s g ~ g ~ n u ~ ~ t s v ~ ~ ~ i 02X43RT

a1sgwg2nu32tsgo3~i DaXUJAT

h~2sgwg2nu1tsa A@P U U

~~sgw?~nu'tsdi BaX9h.J

Tamahli uwansv asgwanutsga. W K BGhR D@X?hS . She's sucking on a ripe tomato.

a1sgwo2hg21v3n~2ha DX.G4h.G v. t. he's hitting him on the abdomen with a long object

j i 1sgwo2hg21v 3n12ha hX.G.7h.G

u1sgwo2hg21v23ni321v23~i B;V.G4h4T

a1sgwo2hg21v3n~2h03~i DaV.G4 hfi T

hi 'sgwo2hg2lv2ni 'ga AaV.G4 h f

u2sgwo2hg21v2 3ni 32sdi B ~ V . G ~

Gihli duktilena gansda gvhdi usgwo- halvnilv3i. YC s s ~ d e f o a l E J C P G Y ~ ~ ~ T . When the dog attacked him, he hit it ---

in the stomach with a stick. -- a'sih2tg2d13?a DbWJD v.t. he's

placing his hand on him, it

Unali3i ganvwo usihtadvvi. @OPT S O 6 BbWG'T. He placed his hand on his friend's - --- shoulder.

cf: iyasihtadisdi

a1sih2tv3ni2ha D6G'h.G v.t. he's slapping him, it

ji2ya1sih2tv3ni2ha, g a l ~ i h ~ t v ~ n ? ~ h a h 3 b 6 h 6 , f bPh+

Gohusdi nuyehldvna akwsihtvniga. AraJ 48CP0 DXbG'hf . He slapped me for no reason. - - cf: dasihtvniha

a3si 2ne3ga DbAf v . i . he's backing up ga3si2ne 3ga SbAf

~ i ~ s i ~ n v ~ s v ~ ~ ? i BbORT

a3si2ne3g03?i DbAAT

Hasinuga gadvnv, hasinesv3i. . G + S6'0, .GbART . When I say back 2, back up. cf: asini, ega

a1si2ni Dbh adv. backwards

5 4 asiyvwi

da'~o~~hyv~7i LIBT Gado asini cha?i? SV L ~ T ? Why are you walking backwards?

cf: asinega

2 4 g2si yv wi DbB@ n. individual, one person

?2ni2si2yv2wi2ha D hbB 8.6

Asiyvwi uwonisv danadlosgv7i. DbB8 BVhR L W J E T . One person spoke at the meeting. -

+2sk~41i D@AP n. his head

Inada askoli j iyolv gahlida gvhdi . T81 D@AP b f i4 fC1 E l . I shot a snake in the head with an --- arrow.

cf: uska, uskoli

a1s1?2di37a DaWJD v. t . he's roping him, it

j i1sla2di37a b@WJD

~ ~ s 1 ? ~ d v ~ ~ 7 i BJW6"T

a1s1?2di32sgo3vi D@WJ2AT

hi'~l?~da, hi2s1?'da A@WL , d2WL

y ~l?~di'sdi 82WJ3J

Sogwili gehyahtahi usladv7i. IVP E. =A B@WGT . He roped a wild horse. -

a l ~ o ~ ~ h y ~ ~ h a DIfi.6 v. t . he's building a fence

Asohyv uki7la j itaga achvya. DI B BYW h W S DC3. he rooster is sitting on the fence. cf: asohyoha

a1s021v2da2gi37a DI 4IYD v.i. he's waving his hand

ga1s021v2da2gi3~a SI 9 LYD

u1s02~v2da2gi3sv237i BI 4LYRT 1 2 2 2 a so lv d? gi3sgo37i D146YJAT

h92s021v2d?2gi .GI 4LY

~ ~ s o ~ l v ~ d ? ~ g i 'sdi 01 4 1 ~ a . i

Unali7i ulosa usolvdagi?elv?i. BBPT BGB BI41YR4T. When his friend passed by, he waved -- to him. --

a l ~ o n ~ ~ s d i ~ h a D.f.0aJ.6 vat. he's pressing down on him, it

ji2ya1son32sdi3ha, ga1son32sdi3ha h s 02J.6, s IUJJ.6

~ ' s o n ~ ~ s t ~ ~ n v ~ ~ 7 i B I 0 @ ~ 0 f

Sdaya hasonsda. 2 1 3 +maL. - ~~-

Press down on it hard. --A-

1 2 2 a so nv sna DI@@S v.t. he's wo;nding him, it

ji1s02nv2sga ir102f

~ l s o ~ n v ~ h n v ~ ~ 7 i BIDt)T

a1s02nv2sgo37i DI02AT

hi lso2nv2 3na A1 0 8

Ije usohyalv dlogesi. u2s02nv2sdi BI 0 2 J

I Y B I 3 3 9E.b. Dahnawa ahlihv ajisonvhne asgaya. He built a new fence around the garden. --- L t G DCa DbIQA D 2 S 3 . cf: asohyvvi The man was wounded fighting in a -

war.

a1s023hyv47i D1BT n. fence ?%ti DX n. 1. string 2. thread

I

asul igoga 5 5 I

Hila iganvhida asti jaduli? u3su21g3?i2yv3~~23?i BCWTBRT I AW T S W 1 m?

How long a string do you want? a3su21?37i2yv3sgo3?i DCWTB@AT

ha1su21g2?i2yv2 3na WM'TB 8 a1su3?a DCD v.t. he's sopping it 1 2 3 3 2 1 u su lg ?i yv sdi BlfWTBd?d

1 3 ga su ?a SCD Dlogesi yidodayulvhwisdaneli, asula- u ~ s u ~ s v ~ ~ ? ~ OCRT ?iyvsgo?i.

a1su3sgo3?i DCSAT d f b J ~ V L G ~ ~ J L A P , DCWTBZAT. Whenever he is going to work in the

2 23 ha su ja W C garden, he changes his pants. - - u2su1sdi OC@J cf: asuleva, asulila, asulo

Asusdi gasu?a. DCaJ SCD. a3su21e3?a DCGD v.t. he's taking

his pants off I am sopping gravy. - - 3 2 cf: asusdi ga su le3?a S C ~ D

u3su21e3sv23?i BCGRT a l ~ u ~ ~ h y ~ s g a DC&@S v.i. he's fishing a3su21e3sgo3?i DCGJAT ga's~~~hy 3sga SC8JS ha1su21g2gi W W Y ~ ' s u ~ ~ h n v ~ ? i BCQT ~ l s u ~ ~ l e ~ ~ s d i OCGJd a1su23hy 3sgo3?i DC&@AT Asiladv adawohiladisgv uyostana usulo

2 2 1 ha su hv ga el2 S usulesv osda nuwanelvvi.

u2suh3di BC1 D ~ W G DLVBWJAE Bfiasve BCG BC"$R dJ@l 4GA4T.

Hadlvyv asuhvsga? .GPB DC&af? Where is he fishing? - - cf: suhdi

When he tore his pants while crossing over a fence, he took them off and ---- mended them.

cf: asula?iyv?a, asuli?a, asulo

a1suZ3hwi3sga DC8Jf v. t. he's a3su21i3?a DCPD v.t. he's putting painting it his pants on

Gado usdi ulsuhwida tisuhwis gahljode? Nudale kilo usulo usulanv?i. f V B@J @PC81 3C82 SCKS? 4 1 d' Y c" BCG 8CWO.T. What color are you going to paint the - - - - He put on someone else's pants. house? cf: asula9iyv?a, asuleva, asulo, cf: disuhwisdi, ulsuhwida usula

a3su21+39i2yv37a DCWTBD v.t. he's alsu 2 1; - 2 go3ga DCPAf v.i. he's changing his pants quitting

ga3su21+3?i2yv3?a SCWTBD j i 1 su 2 . 2 1; go 3 ga bCPAf

5 6 asulo

1 2 -2 3' 239; $CPACT U SU 11 go JV 2 .2 3 alsu 1~ go go3?i DCPAAT

hi2su21i2gg2?i MPAT

~ ~ s u ~ l i ~ ~ g ~ s d i BCP fla1

Hilayv tsuli o'e hoksgv? AWB CCP d? When did you quit smoking? -

a1su210 DCG n. pants

di1su210 ICG

Hila iganvhida asulo hasulisgo? AW TSQAL DCO =A? What lengthof pants do you wear?

cf: asula?iyv?a, asule?a, asuli?a

a2su3sdi I n. gravy

Hiktahas asusdi johlvhdi? ASW+J ~ ~ 2 1 KPI? Do you knowhow to make gravy?

cf: asuva

a1su2ye3?a DCBD v. t . he's choosing him, it

ji2ya1su2ye3?a, ga1su2ye3?a h Z 8 D , SC8D

u ~ s u ~ ~ ~ ~ S V ~ ~ ~ ~ QCdRT

Hasuyagi iyusdi jadulisgv?i, KG3' TG@I CSPJET. Choose the one that you want. cf: agasuyeda

a1su3yq2ha DCB+ v.t. he's stirring it

hq2su2yv2 31a K B W

Hasuyvla na ugama. E B W 6 B S g . Stir the soup. - 1 2 3 a su f i sga DCB@S v.t. he's mixing

it in 1 2 3 ga su f i sga f CBJS

ulsu2yv3nv23?i oy?BQT

a'su2yv3sgo3~i DCBJAT

! L . j 2 5 12y\!27~1ga K B i f

~'su'~v 'di BCBI

Svgi inage ehi yunvhnistana Anija- ?agi, juwej i dansuyvsgo7i . lV TOP RA G@hJWB DhCWY. dflh 1 WBaAT . When Cherokees cook wild onions, they mix them with eggs. ---

a1sv32ga DRS v.t. it smells

j i ' s ~ ~ ~ g a hRS

a1sv32g03?i DRAT --------------

Gosdi uyo asvga. 421 Bfi DRS . Something smells bad.

cf: uwawsvga

+2~v2gw~2101sgi4~i DRIGJYT n. sawmill

Hiyoligis kilo asvgwalosgi julvhwisdanehi ? AfiPYJ YG DRIGJY d 48@GAA? Do you know anyone who works in a sawmill?

a1svh2dlv4?i DRPT n. bridge

da1svh2dlv4?i GRPT

Unohugana igada dasvhdlv duyostanv ama . f f Z r S 6 T S I I R P sfiawo ~ g . When it floodyd, the water destroyed some of the bridges.

atalesga 5 7

a1sv2hni3ha DRh+ v.t . he's touching him, it

Uwoyeni uleyvsv udihlehgi osi - usv- hnila. BWBh B&BR O I L Y h b B&W. He burned his hand when he touched -- a hot stove.

a1sy2hy3sga DR&f v.t. 1. he, it's using it up 2. he's drinking, eating it up

j i1sv2hv3sga . . ~ R & @ S

u1sy2hnv3?i @ROT

a1sy2hy3sgo3?i DR&@AT

hi2sy2hna A R t

Suhliloda go?i usvhnv?i. i?CG L AT @ROT. It used 2 one gallon of oil. -- Ulvsa?di kali unvdi usvhnv?i. B 4 U l aP @ D l @ROT . He drank 2 a glass full of milk --

q2sv2n02 3yi DRZd n. Nighthawk

!2ni2sv2n023yi DhRZd

Elisi Asvnoyi gesvpi. RPb DRZd FRT. My grandmother was - a Nighthawk. cf: svnoyi

a4ta DW n. young woman

Hi?a achuja anata juhlinohehdohdi ulvkwdi . AD DdC - D8W dCZ?Vl 8 4 1 r l . This boy likes to talk to young women.

cf: atanuja

2 2 2 2 . 2 ? t? hl? wo h; sdi D W ~ O A a J n. rage

Janhtas iyusdi gesv atahlawohisdi? C w a T G a l F R D W E U A ~ J ? Do you know what rage is? cf: utahlawosga

a1tg2hwo3sdi2ha DW@l+ v.i. he's holding his breath

g??2d?2hwo3sdi2ha f LU@l+

~ ~ t ? ~ h w o ~ s t ? ~ n v ~ 3?i BWJWDT

a1t92hwo3sdi2sgo3?i D W a l a A T

h?2t?2hwo1sda W@ L

~~t?~hwolsdoh~di B W @ V l

Ta?li iyatahwostanv igohida utahwo- stanv?i. - - - - - . - -

WP T 3 W a W Q TAB L B W J W O T . He held his breath for two minutes. --- cf: iyatahwostanv?i, uhawosdiha

a1ta21a2di3?a . . D W W l D v.t. he's mooring a boat

hi2t?21?2da AWWL

~~t?~l?~di'sdi ~ W W J J J

Hitaladv na jiyu hasuhnohnvpi. AWWG' 8 b c W Z D T . F'EFthe boat when you're through --- fishing.

a1tg21e2sga DW&af v. t. he's drilling a hole

hi2taZl.?2ga AWWf

~ ~ t ? ~ l e ~ s d i @ W & ~ J

Ditalesdi gvhdi utalesv hyahtena. -iw&al EJ BW&R a@. He drilled a hole in the board with - -- a drill.

cf: atalesvPi, ditalesdi

a1 ta21e2sv4? i DWGRT n . h o l e

Nvya junsd i gvhdi t i k a l i j a d a t a l e s v nvnohi . 03 6821 Ed 3 9 P C lm Om. F i l l t h e h o l e s i n t h e road wi th g r a v e l .

c f : a t a l e s g a , d i t a l e s d i

a1 ta2n0231e32ga DWZGS v. i . it I s

s teaming

a1 tg2n0231e32g037i DWZ$AT

W i g v l i d l i s g i y a t o t a n a ama a t a n o l e g o p i . 8 E P C J Y 3 V W 8 DcT DWZ$AT. When you h e a t water t o i t s b o i l i n g p o i n t , it steams.

c f : u tanolvda

a2 ta2nu4 j a DWqc n. ado le scen t g i r l

H i l a iyudet iyvda j e j i a t a n u j a ? AW TGSJBL Y b DW?G? How o l d i s y o u r t e e n a g e daughter?

c f : a t a

a1t?2sgi3 '?a DWJyD v . i . i t ' s exploding

Gotv wudina adwelagisg i u t a s g i s v v i . A6' J d e DLOWYSY B\Y'AYRT. When he threw t h e nun~owder i n t o t h e - a

f i r e , it exploded. - c f : a t a s g i s d i h a , a t a s g i s g j

a1 t92sgi3sd12ha DWaY@d+ v . t . h e ' s exploding it

Kayegwona nvhgine d i t a s g i s g i danhta- s g i s d i s g o yvwi. 9 B Y 8 0YA -AVJY@d L h W a Y a d J A B 8 . On i u l v f o u r t h ~ e o ~ l e f i r e f i r e - c r a c k e r s .

c f : a t a s g i v a

?2t?2sgi4sgi DWaYJY n. exp los ive

d i 2 t ? 2 s g i 4 s g i NaYaY

Ganayego goksdi d i t a s g i s g i dasgwa- nigodv navvvi . S a y AS@d . JVaYaY 1 2 I h A 6 ' 8 i T . I t ' s dangerous t o smoke n e a r a p l a c e where exp los ives a r e s t o r e d .

c f : a t a s g i v a

a1t?2we23d03?v2sga DW99ViJS v . t . he ' ; k i s s i n g h e r

j i 1da2we23d?3?y2sga b l 9 9 V i J S

u1t?2we23d032nv23?i BW99VDT

a1ta2we23d03?v2sgo3'?i . . DW9PViaAT

hi2da2we2dq2?v lga A l b V i S

u2t?2we2 3do 32d i BW99Vd

Uwej i agehyuj a agvdageni utawedonv7i. BSPb D f G C D E l f h O'\VflV@T. She k i s s e d her daughter on t h e f o r e - head.

a1ta2w03?a DwD v . t . h e ' s combing someone's h a i r

j i1t?2w03?a b WD

~ l t a ~ w o ~ ? v ~ ~ ? i B W i T

a l tC2wo 3sgo 3?i D W a A T

hi1tg2w023 j a A W G

~ ~ t ? ~ w o l s d i (?Wad

Uwej i achuja atawo9a. B o b DdG W D .

atli 59

She's combing her son's hair.

cf : ahltawoTa, ahltawosdi

alt?2y02hi3ha DWfiA$ v.t. he's asking fo; it

hi2t?2y02 3ha 4Wfi.G 2 2 u2t+ yo sdi owfia1

Hlesdi hyisgahesdi tstayosdi?i. La1 rnS?@1 GWfi21T. Don't be afraid to ask for it. ----

a1t821g2di3?a D5WJD v. t . he's joining

2 2 1 u2tC 1? di sdi 8% W12J

AniTyosgi uteladisdi uduliha. DhfiaY 85 W121 8SP.G. He wants to join the military service. - - cf: keladidoha, keli

g2te21i23do DaPV n. dish, plate

~ I i ~ t e ~ l i ~ ~ d o A P V

Ditelido degvdiye7a, JZPV SE18D. She is washing dishes.

3 2 3 alte lv hy sga D54aaS v.t. he's shaking him, it 3 2 3 j ilte lv hy sga ba was

3 2 2 alte lv hy sgo33i D% 4aaAT 1 23 2 1 23 hixte lv na, hi te lv na

A%.le, ,9546 u2tehl 'di 85.11

Hlesdi j ihitelvhni ayvhdlo . Lad b ~ a 4 h DBG.

Don't shake the ladder.

cf: ahltelvhvsga

a3tih12di DJCJ n. shirt, blouse

Atihldi uwohlvhnv anineli uhnawosdi. DJCJ 8e.7~0- DMP otva1. Shemade -- a shirt for her husband to wear.

cf: kihlvsga

a1ti3hni Djh v.t. he's leading him

j i2ya1ti3hni b a h 1 2 3 23Ti u ti hnv sv O'JORT

a1ti2hne3g03?i DJAAT

hi2ya1ti2hnu1ga A a 9 S

u2ti2hnv1sdi 030-21

Dikewi asgaya at ihni . 11.8 D@SJ a. He's leading a blind man. - cf: didatihnidohi

a1ti2y023hi3ha DJfi4.G v. i. he's arguing 2 - 2 23hi3ha ga-' d; YO . S 1fiA.G

u1t~2y023hlv3?i @LJfiP T

a1ti2y023h+3h03?i DJfiAET 2 .2 23 h? t+ yo ga .GJfiS 2 2 23sdi u ti yo O'Jfiad

Gado j i j alvkwdi j atiyosdi? sv h e w 1 wfiad? Why do you like to argue?

cf: atiyosdi, ditiyohihi

2 2 g ti yo23sdi DJfia1 n. argument 2 .2 23sdi di t; yo ~fi2-i

Nigohilv atiyosdi uhyoho3i. hA.04 DJfi21 8fiJ T. He's always looking for an argument.

cf: atiyohiha, ditiyohihi

1 a tli D1Cv.i. he's running

g?2di1tli S1C

Kilo dvtli. YO X C . Someone is running in this direction. - --

a1toh2gi23y?3?a DVY3D v.i. 1. he's racing 2. he's running for office

ga1toh2gi23ys3?a S VY3D

BVYB T

DVY&AT

ha2toh2gi23ya +VY3

u2toh2gi2 3ya32sdi BVY&J

Gago yidadakiya yisdatohgiya? SA 6 6 6 Y 3 &6VY3? Who would win if YOU two raced?

cf: atohgiyasgi

Gago utolstane?i na dagwalela? SA BVP@WAT 8 LZ6W? Who loaned him the car? - cf: atolida, atolsga, didatolsdisgi

a1to12sga DVP@S v. t. he's borrowing him, it

Hila igohida utohlisdi uduli? AW TAB1 BVC@J BSP? How long d o e s e - want to borrow it? - - cf: atolida, atolsdiha

q2toh2gi3ya1sgi DVY&Y n. 1. candidate 2. racer a ' t ~ ~ ~ y a w ~ ~ s ~ a DvX@S v. i. it's

flashing (reflected light) di2ng2toh2gi 3yalsgi J8VY2dY -------------- Na asgaya jigawoni Amayehli ugvwiyuhi yigalsdisgi atohgiyasgi. u1t023yaw32sv237i B V X R T

8 0asa b s v h D ~ B C BEBGA ds r@JaY D V X ~ A T DVYGUY. -------------- The man making the speech is a candidate for president of the United ~ ~ t o ~ ~ y a w ~ ~ s d i B V X @ J - States.

Gohusdi ato aws j igowhtiha. cf: atohgiya7a ATdJ DV-+.

I see something flashing. +2t0231:2da DVP6 adj . borrowed di2t0231;2da J v p ~ a1tsde3?a Db@SD v.t. he's taking a

bite Atolidas hi?a didahlilosdisgi? D V P L J AD JLcOaJaY? I s i s camera borrowed7

cf: atolsdiha, atolsga a1tsde3sgo3?i Db@S@AT

a1to12sdi 3ha DVP@J+ v. t . he's hg2tsdg2gi +b@ 6 Y loaning it to him u2tsde1sdi Bb@S@d

Selu gadu utsdesvvi. 4M SS QbaSRT. He took a bite of corn bread. ----

a ' t ~ g o ~ ? ~ ~ s g a DhAiaS v.i. he's lying

gg2ji 2sga f h a A i a S

~ ' t s g o ~ n v ~ ~ ? i O h AOT

a1t~go3?y2~go3?i DhAiaAT

h?2tsg92?v1ga .Gh A i f

u2tsgo1di B h A l

Sgwatsgonehas? JXhAA+J? Are you lying to me?

cf: gayhgogi

a1tuZ3gi3?a DSYD v.t. he's taking a drink (alcoholic beverage)

g+?2du23gi3?a f SYD

~ l t u ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ s v ~ 3 ? i BSYRT

altu23gi32sgo3?i DSYJAT

hg2tu23gi .GSY

32sdi Q S Y J J

Hla vulvkwdi utueisdi. .. k G ~ J B S Y J J . He doesn't like to take a drink. - ---- cf: atugisdi

62tu23gi4sdi DSYJI n. alcoholic beverage

Atugisdi unehnelv7i. DSY@l B M .1 T . He gave him a drink. -- cf: atugi7a

a1ty3?i2sdi3ha DST2I.G v.t. he's promising

ji1ty3?i2sdi3ha bS T2J.G

u'ty3?i2stg3nv3?i o s T~\V 'UT

a1tV3?i2sdi2 3~gp3?i DSTJJAAT

hi2tv2?i2sda AS T a L

u2tV2?i2sdoh3di QSTJVJ

So?ika?lesdiuwedasdi utu?istanv?i. I T c3cfJI VDLJJ 0ST2WUT. He promised to come over next month. -

a l t ~ ~ d a ~ ~ s d i ~ h a D61aJ.L v .t. he's listining to him, it

Sgohi iyatahwostanv igohida iiyatv- dastanv gawonisgvvi . JA.O T82\YO@\Y'D TRQL hiX'LJWU SGh2ET. I listened to him speak for ten -- iiiinutes . cf: atvgi?a

a l t ~ ~ ~ d v ~ h ~ ~ s g a DPP8,1f v.t . 1. he's asking him a question 2. he's asking a question

j i2ya1tv23dv3hv2sga, g a l t ~ ~ ~ d v ~ h ~ ~ s g a bG%'P8@f7 f6682f

~ l t v ~ ~ d v ~ h n v ~ ~ ? i Q66UT

Hiyatvdvhvga nididvnelisvTi. AGTPIC'S h J W P R T . Ask him what he's going to do. --

a'tv2gi3?a DVYD v.t. he hears him, it

ji2ya1tv2gi3?a, ga1tv2gi3?a b26'YD. SPYD

u1tv2ga32nv23?i @ 6 f @ ~

Sdaya yigawonisa kila atvgisgovi. @ L 3 J3fVhtl YW DPYAAT. He hears only when you speak loud. -- cf: atvdasdiha

6 2 atvhisdiha

a1tY2hj2sdi3ha DP.02l.G v.t. 1.he1s raising him, it 2. he's growing it (plant)

Junoduhi anij ilvsgi datvhisdisgovi . d Z S A Dhh42.Y 66"BadAAT. She grows beautiful flowers. - cf: atvsga

a1ty2sga 06-25 v.i. he, it's growing

g??2dy2sga 56-25

ulty 2sv2 37i B P R T

a1ty2sgo39i DP2AT

Udohiyu atvsga. BVG m. He is really growing. -- cf: atvhisdiha

?2wi4na D 8 8 n. young man

Hiyoligas na awina? B f i P S 2 8 w F Do you recognize that young man? - cf: awinuja

g2wi2nu4ja D84C n. adolescent boy

g2ni2wi2nu4j a DhB4C

Hla yagwanhte anita?li aniwinuj a dej akahvqi . L' 3x0'6 D hWP D h 8 q C SCXdIT. I didn't know you had two teenage boys. cf: awina

?2w023h9?31i W.GP n. eagle

Odalv galvladi danahnesdahlahvsgo awohavli. d L 4 S 4 W 1 L ~ A @ L ~ & I A m P . Eagles build their nests on mountain tops.

alya3?a D 3 D v.i. he's inside e.2 3.7 3; Y? a 630

Gado usdi kanvsulv aya?a? SV Sad a W 4 - DJD? Which room is he in? ---

a2ya2nu41i D34P adj., adv. fast

di2ni2ya2nu41i I h 3 4 P

Ayanuli a?isv3i. D34P D T R T . - He was walking fast. - cf: gajanuli

a1ya32tQ2hi3ha DdV4.G v.t. he's distributing it

k3VA.G

u1ya32t92hlv23?i W 3 V P T

a1ya32tQ2hi2h03?i D 3 V A i T

ht2ya1 t ~ ~ h i A 3 V A

u2ya1tq2hi3sdi 8 3 V A 2 1

Tsgwisdi nunadvhnv yvwi uyatohlv alsdayhdi. k ~ @ ~ - 4 8 6 - 0 B8 - B S V P D P J L B J . He distributed food among a lot of people.

cf: ayatohihi

g3ya1t92hi2hi D3VAA n. 1. one who distributes 2. deacon

q2ni23ya1tq2hi2hi Dh3VAA

GaTlohni tavlsgo hisgine, sohneladu isgohitsgwa gahlgwasgo jo?i ayatohihi nulstanv?i. SG h WP2A A a A , f A W S T @ A A h I S C I 2 A I KT D3VAA 9P@\VIOT.

He became - a deacon on August 25, 1973. a1ya32t92hlv4?i DJVPT n. chapter

da1ya32t?2hlv4?i LGVPT

Hila ayatohlv higoliyeva? AW m P AAPBD? Which chapter are you reading?

D B f v.i. he's waking up

ji2ye3ga b8 f

~ ' y e ~ j v ~ ~ v i BBGT

DBAT

hi2yelgi ABY

u2yF2?i2sdi 0'8 T2d

Hiyegi agosela, uyejvvi. ABY DA4W, BBCT. When he was told to wake 2, he woke -- UD . cf: ayevisdiha

92ye4hli D8C n. 1. center, middle 2. half 3. half dollar

Ahani ayehli johlesdi . D+h K L @ l . Sit here in the middle.

a1ye3?i2sdi3ha DBTa1.G v.t. he's waking him up

j i2ye3?i2sdi3ha hB TJ1.G

u1ye3v12stg3nv3'?i BBTJWOT

Hlesdi j ihiyevistani usdivi . L J 1 hAB TaWh Ba1T . Don't wake the baby. -- cf: ayega

+2ye21v4vi DgqT n. his body

Ayehli iyv ayelv duleyvsvvi.

DBC TB DB.l S O R T . He burned half of his bodv.

1 3 ayh d l ha DBJ.G v.t. he's putting him inside (somewhere large enough to move around in)

j i2yv1di3ha b B 1 . G

~yhlt?~nv~?i BB WOT

ayh1di23sgq3?i DBJJAT

hi2yv1da AB L

uyh2doh3di BBV1

Sogwil uniyvsdi uyhtanv sogwili. 1.61) BhB@J B- I V P . He put the horse inside the barn.

D B f v. i. it's crowing (rooster:

gaYh3ga f B f

u3yvl2sv23?i BBPRT

DB AT

ha'y~~~la +B W

~ l y v ~ ~ h l i ~ s d i BBCaJ

Tstvganvvis jitaga agisi ayhgvvi? CPfOTJ b W f DYb DB ET? Have you heard a hen crowing?

a1yi3ha DJM v.t. 1. he's getting a long object 2. he's picking up a long object

j i2yi3?a hJ3D

~ ' y v ~ h v ~ ~ v i BBBT

Hisgi dije digohwelodi duyvhv dida- navnvvi. A 3 17' 1 M G l SB& JLeOT. He ot five new pencils at the store., n a k w a y a digohwelodi. RWJ L ~ R ~ ~ G J . She picked up a pencil from the ground. - cf: agiva, ganeva, ganegiva, guteva

a1y02da32hlg2hv4vi D f i LCBT n. floor

da1y02da32h1?2hv4vi LfiLCBT -A

Ama uj ewasdohtanv ayodahlahvvi .

~r o?/(;avw@ D ~ ~ L C B T . Sheaccidently spilled water on the floor. -

a1y03ga D f i S v.i. 1. it's breaking 2. he's becoming spoiled

a l y 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ 9 i D f i A 7

u2yoy lsdi Dfiad Gugu uyojv uwohosa. JJ ~fi~'oe7fiEr. The bottle broke when it dropped.

cf: ayosdiha, uyojv7i

a'yo2hi3ha DfiA+ v. t. he's shooting him, it

Ganohalido gahlida gvhdi uyohlv ahwi. S Z+PV S C L Ed W P D8. The hunter shot adeer with an arrow. - cf: dasdayohiha

a1y03hi2sdi3ha DfiA@l+ v. i. he's taking a break

Hila ahli7ilisv hiyohisdisgo dejalvhwisdanehv? AW DCTPR Afifi3JaA SC482LAB? What time do you take a break from your work?

?2y04hli DfiC n. 1. child 2. small

object

Diniyohli sgwahlesdi dananelohv dhf ic axLad L e ~ ~ a a s . - The children are playing ball. Diyohli nvya duwutesv7i. Ific 03 SSXRT. He picked up some small rocks.

a1y02hly3sga D f i P a ~ v.t. 1. he's whittling it 2. he's carving it 3. he's hewing it

Ilvsgi iyaniqi anisgaya didisdi daniyohlvsga. T92Y T3hT DhaS3 1 J a d LhfiPZS. Several men are hewine railroad ties

?2y02h~2h;2sdi DfiTAaJ n, death Hla kilo yvgvdisgalas ayohuhisdi. f YG BEAJSWa DfiTAaJ. No one can hide fromeath. - cf: ayohusga

a1y02hu2sga DfiTJS v.i. he's dying (human)

Hila iyv jigesv uyohuse7i? AW TB hfR @fiT4T? When did he die? -- cf: ayohuhisdi, galihwoga, ulihwo-

jvvi, uyohusvvi

a'yo31i2ha DfiP+ v.t . he Is greeting him

ayvhwahtiha 6 5

Junsdi anichuja anahlihv uyo?istanv?i. d e a d D h d C D 8 C a BfiT2WO.T. He broke 9 a fight between the little boys.

3 .2 alyo 1i ha DfiP+ v.t..hels greeting him

Nigohilv yagigoha agiyoliho?i. h A A 4 @YA+ PYfiPE T . Every time he'sees me he greets me. - -

alyo3sdi2ha Dfi2J.G v.t. 1. he's breaking it 2. he's spoiling him

Ama adlisdohdi ulvsa?di uyosdohtanv?i. D T DC@VJ 8 4UJ Bfi@WI/QT. He accidently broke a water glass. - - cf: agalsga, asgwalsga

3 2 -+? y~ sgi D f i a n. soldier

2 .3 2 g n1 YQ sgi D h f i J J

Jo?i judetiyvda G : g i gesv?i. KT J S J B L bfiav - . . . - . - - - 1 was a soldier for three years. - - cf: aniyosgi'i

3 3 a ' y ~ ~ s t ~ ~ n q hy sga Dfi@W/Z&2f v.t. he, it's destroying it

2 3 2 3 ji yo st3 nQ hy3sga hfi@WZQS

~ ' y o ~ s t ~ ~ n q ~ h n v ~ ~ i (PAaWZDT

a'yo3stg2nQ3hy 3~go37i DfiaWZdaAT 2 1 2 2 hi yo stg nq hna A f i @ ~ ~t 2 1 3 3 u yo sta2nQ hy sdi BAaWZ&J

Uhlinigida ganolvsgv uyostanohnv usdi adanelvvi . (PChYL S Z 4 a E (Pfi@WZQ 821 D L A 4 T . The strong wind destroyed the small building.

cf: ayosdiha

42YQ27~4hli D m C adj . lame, crippled di2yQ2?u4hli Jfi(PC

Ayo?uhli asgaya adolanvsdi utayohlv7i. DABC D@S@ DVWDaJ QWfiP T . =crippled man asked for a walking cane.

g2p, ?2ya DB , 03 pron. I, me, we us (see Gram. 111, A)

Ayas agwenvsdi jaduli? D a a J CSP?

Do you want me to go? - a1yv2hi3ha DBA+ v.t. he's entering it

ji2yy2?i3ha h B T+

P B P T

alYv2hi2h03?i DBAIl T 2 23 hi yv ha AB + 2 2 u yv sdi BB@J

Gahl j ode agiyvhlv ugahnanihla. S P K S m P D S t h P . I entered the house when the rain came. - cf: ayvsdohdi?i

a1yv2hwah2ti 3ha DBG2.G v. t . he 's finding a long object

a1yv2hwah2ti23sg?3?i D B U @ A 7

hi 2yv2hwah2ta ABGW

u2yv2hwah2tvh2di BBGPJ

Na achuja ij e gosdvnisdi uyvhwahtvhv7i.

6 6 ayvhwidiha

0 DdC TY A X h @ d BBGPJLT. The boy found a new b a t .

c f : ahwahtiha, ganawhtiha, ganehwah- t i h a

a1yv2hwi2di3ha DB8d.G v . t . h e ' s t a k i n g a long o b j e c t somewhere

j i2yv1wi2di3ha I;. B 8d.G

~ ' y v ~ h w i ~ d v ~ h v ~ ~ ? i BB8PJLT

DB8JaAT

hi2yv2hwi23da AB8L

u2yv2hwi2tdi BB 8 2 1

Hadlv dehiyvhwidi ada? .GP SABBI DL? Where a r e you t a k i n g t h e wood? - c f : ahwidiha, ganawidiha, ganehwidiha

2 2 9 yv sdoh3d i4? i DB@VJT n . e n t r a n c e

d i2yv2sdoh3di4? i dB@VJT

Sdudi k t o ? a ayvsdohdi d l o g e s i . 2SJ EVD DBaVd 6 F b . There is a g a t e a t t h e en t r ance t o t h e p a s t u r e

c f : ayvhiha

?2yv2wi, yv2wi DB8, B8 n. person , human, .people

?2ni2yv2wi DhB8

Gado anadvne aniyvwi? SV DePA m?

What a r e t h e people doing?

c f : ayvwiyavi

2 2 2 4 yv w i y a 4 ? i DB83T n . Ind ian

Hi?a achuja a k a l i Ayvwiya?i. AD DdC DaP DB83T. This boy i s a f u l l - b l o o d Ind ian .

c f : ayvwi, -ya

3 3 2 3 2 a2yv w v ne gay 32yo n e ga DBJAS, DfiAf n. wh i t e person

2 . 2 3 2 2 . 2 ? n l yv3wu ne ga , ? n l yo3ne2ga DhBSAS. DhfiAS

Tstvganv7is ayonega J a l a g i gawonisgv? CPSOTd D f i f l f CWY SVhaE? Have you heard a white person speak Cherokee?

c f : ayvwi, unega

~ h ? ~ n e ~ ~ l a , CAW, JAW a d j . e i g h t

Chanel ade lv t i v v s i . c/lW DS.1 n i b . Give him e i g h t d o l l a r s .

2 2 c h i no s g a frzaf n . c o a l

Chinosga agohvsdisgo o s i uganawohi- s d i v i .

DAJL2daA Ab B f W A @ d T . He burns c o a l i n h i s h e a t i n g s t o v e . -

~ h u h ~ ~ a d f n . f l e a

Chuhgas d ih isdohd janeha? d f @ -IA@Vd CA.G? - Do you have some - f l e a k i l l e r ?

d- ( see de-)

da- v . p r e f . f u t u r e t e n s e ( see Gram. I , A)

da- v . p r e f . motion toward speaker ( see Gram. I , A)

da1da2hnaw32sdi3ha L Lt8ad.G v . i . h e ' s making an X

Dudovv uwohwelodi asdanvhnv dudahnaw- s t a n v v i naktahvna gesv i y u s d i Gil isi uwohwelodi7i. SVi Be5SPGd D 2 L W S L t@@WOT OSklB8 F R TGad YPb BUdGdT. He made an A on t h e s i g n a t u r e l i n e

dadehyohvsga 67

because he didn't know how to write English.

cf: dadahnawsdvvi, didahnawida

da1da2hnaw32sdv4?i n ~ ~ n o ~ ~ h i L L t 8 X T

DZA n. crossroads

Dadahnawsdv nvnohi dunadlosv?i. L L t 8 3 0223 S W R T . They met at - a crossroads. cf: dadahnawsdiha, didahnawida

da1da2hne2se3?a L LA4D v. i. he 's conjuring

de2gg3da1ne2se3?a SS LA4D

d ~ l d a ~ h n e ~ s a ~ ? v ~ ~ ? i SLAtli T

da1da2hne2se3sgo3?i L LA4aAT

t?2da3hne2s?2ga WLAUS

Gadohv hla yidojadanvdistane? S VB E J ~ V G L DdaWA? Why didn't you dodge?

cf: ganvdiqa

da1da2w03?a L L B D v.i. he's performing baptism

de2g?3da2w03?a SS LBD

d ~ l d a ~ w o 3 ? v ~ ~ ? i SLBi T

da1da2w03sgo3?i L LBaAT

ta2da3w02j a WLBC

ju2da2w01sdi d LB@J ju2da2hne2se lsdi d L h 4 a J Uhyvdli iga dudawo?~ ah1 j adohvsgi . Dadahnesesgv uwhtanidasdi uhyalv BBC TS DPCVB2.Y. judahnesesdi aj itayosela. The preacher performed baptism on a LLA4aE BGWhI@J 8 3 9 JLA4@J DbWfi4W. cold day. He looked for his conjuring material cf: adawova, didawosgi when he was asked to conjure. - - cf: didahnesesgi

da1dg2ni21v3ga LLh4S v.t. he's accepting him, it

2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 . 2 de ji y? d? ni lv ga, de gg dg ni -

Dodvdanilvjis heli? VPL h4h.a ?I)? D o - i n k he is going to accept? -- - cf: didanilv?isdi

1 2 23 dadanv di32sdi2ha LLOJa1.6 v.i. he's dodging

da1da2yC3sga L L f i 2 S v.i. he's giving UP

Gohida duwetinv kila dudayosv?i. R9L S82O YW SLf iRT. He lasted a long time, then - he gavs 2- cf: dayosga

da1de2hyo23hy3sga LSfiBaS v. t. he's teaching

68 dadlohyiha

Gogi danadehlohgwasgv dadehyohvsgo?i. AY I 8SefXaE ISfiQAT . She teaches summer school. - cf: didehyohvsgi

da1dlo2hyi3ha IPfJ3oG v.i. he's weeping

de2ge3dlo1yi3ha SfefJS.6

du1dlo2hyi31v3?i Sef64T

da1dlo2hyi3hq3?i I e f J S P T

t?2dloyh3ga Wef JSS

ju2dloy2sdi deTJ3;3J

Wasnwalahiw udahlav Galvkwdi Gohweli. "~isa dudloh ilv?i I' adiha. G S X W A m ! l M P , "btl

rn ," DJ+. e s ortest verse in the Bible says,

"Jesus =.'I

cf: adlohyiha

dalgg2chv3sdi2ha t fQJ+ v.i. he's being 'married

d ~ ~ ~ w g ~ c h v ~ s d i ~ h a 6"XQJ.G

da1g+2~h~3stg2n~23?i I SC;;3W@T

da1g52~h~3sdi2sgo3?i I f C a J S A T

~ i ~ d e ~ ~ j ~ ~ c h v l s d a 8SCQI

j?2g?2chv1sdoh3di C S C ~ V J

- JhWBaJ S f S m W O + T ba*?T. The were married in a chapel last m&-

cf: dichvsdi

dg2gv23na I E8 n. 1 . oyster 2. ?sari 3. pimple

Dihyahldi danohlvndisgo?i dagvna. J 3 P J I ZPOJJAT m. They make necklaces out of pearls.

da1gv2wah12di3ha EGG& v .t. he's setting a price

de2j i 3gv2w92101di3ha 3bEGQJ.G

d ~ l ~ v ~ w a h l ~ t ? ~ n v ~ ? i S EGQWOT

da1gv2wah12di23sgq3?i L EGGJaAT

Nigalstanvgwu iga dehigvwahltanv gvyagwiyv?elv?i . hSPdWO3 T f SAEGGWO EGYPBR4T. Whatever price you set I'll pay you. - cf : jugvwahldi

dg2gwg21e31a LZdW n. car, wagon

Digaduhv wigaluhjv asgaya, dagwalela dayuhwasi. J S S & 8SMC Daf 3 , 6 1 6 W LGGb . - When he gets to town, the man is going to buy 5 - car.

da1hlih2ge3ha LCF+ v.i. he, it's rocking

de2g+?31ih2gp3ha SSPF .G

d ~ l h l i h ~ ~ e ~ ~ h v ~ ? i SCF&T

Gasgilo dihlihgesgi uwasa dahlihgesgv ugohv?i,

~ - ~ ~

She saw a rocking chair rocking by itself.

cf: gasgilo dihlihgesgi

da1hli2103sdi2ha IC4aJ.G v. t. 1 . he's drawing a picture of him, it 2. he's photographing him, it

Yona duhli1ostanv')i. A 6 SCQaWOT. - He drew a picture of a bear. -

dahvtvsga 6 9

cf: didahlilosdisgi, didahlilostanv?i

da1hli2n02hg3ha ICZ3.G v.i. he's conversing

de2gg31i1no2hF3ha S f PZ3.G

d ~ l h l i ~ n o ~ h e ~ ~ h l v ~ ? i S C Z 3 P T

da1hli2n02he23sg?3?i I C Z 3 2 A T

t?2hli3n02hv21a VI'C Zdi W

ju2hli2n02heh2di dC 231

Dihlinohehdi degalinohesgv?i. 1 C Z 3 1 S S P Z 3 a E T . I was conversing on the phone. -- cf: dihlinohehdi, dihlinohehdi?i

dah11tg2de3ga I P W S S v. i. he's jumping

de2g?31i1ta2de3ga S S P W S S

d~hlltg'di~~nv~~sv~~?i S P W J O A T

dahl ltC2de3go3?i I PWSAT

tahl 3t?2du1ga V P W S S

j ~ h l ~ t ~ ~ d i ~ ~ n v ~ ~ d i J P W d O d

Hila iyagalvladi eligwu yidehahlta- duna? A

AW T 3 f 4 W 1 R P 3 i S . G P W S S ? How high can you jump?

cf: dihltadegi

da2hn?2wa I t G n. war

IlvhiyuTis to?i nidagalstani heli dahnawa?

-

1'4.QGTa V T h I S P a W h 3 P I t G ? Do you think that war willver - cease?

cf: dinidahnawi

da'hn?2w?3?i2yv3?a I t G T B D v. t. he's changing clothes

~ l e ~ g g ~ n i ~ w ? ~ ? i ~ y v ~ ? a S f h G T B D

d.sihn?2w?3?i2p?r3s\r23?i S t G T B A T

da1hna2w?3?i2yv3~g~3?i I t C i T F z A T

ta 2hn?3w82?i2yv2 3na W t G T R ! )

ju2'r..r,rt2~;!2?iZ3y~3*sdi J . L S T ~ B ; ! " ~ - . L. . p a d c l i d ? d:,!~ri >I.?.- d~lh:-,a\:a'i)-:~ sv "i. ----- -.. .

J S S P L S 4 6 S t G T B R T . He changed his wet clothes. - cf: dahnawo?a, dihnawo

da1hng2we3?a I t d D v.i. he's undressing

de2g?hi 'we3?a S f M D

d ~ l h n ? ~ w e ~ s v ~ ~ ? i S t d R T

da1hng2we3sgo3?i I W a A T

ta2hng3wG2gi W t G Y

ju2hng2we1sdi J t d 2 1

DeganiweTa aksvsdi ugvwahli. 3 S M D DYIQJ B E G C . I am undressingto go to sleep. -- cf: dahnawo?a, dihnawo

da1hn?2w03?a I W D v .t . he's putting on clothes

de2g?3ni lwo3?a S S hOD

d ~ l h n ? ~ w o ~ ? v ~ ~ ? i stf'cj 7'

da1hnit2w03sgo3?i I W J A T

tg2hn?3w02j a W W C

ju2hn<: 2w01sdi d W 2 l

Judanvgalvda tahnawo j a. J I O S . 7 1 W-.

----

Put on some clean clothes. -- cf: dz.hnawe?a, dihnawo

~ a ~ h n u ~ ~ o ~ v i 1 4 A T n. Vian

Dahnugo na?v gohlv gatiyo?i. 19-1 8.i AP S d S T . - There is a stompground near Vian. -

da1hv2ty3sga I W 2 S v. t. he's putting fuel (solid) into a fire

de2j i3?v2ty3sga Skid761S

d~ilhv~t?~nvj?i SGWOT

d ~ i l h v ~ t ~ ~ s g ~ ~ ? i I 8~at1 7

ti2hv3tvlga J W S

jcLhv2tdi J C.2.i

He put green wood into the stove. - ---- da1hyv23g~3?a LBYD v.t. 1. he's

tickling him 2. he's spurring a horse

de2ji32yv23gi3?a .FhBYD

d ~ l h y v ~ g v ~ ~ ? i SB ET

d a l h y ~ ~ ~ g i 32sgo3?i L BYJAT

ti 32yv23ga 2 BY

j ~ ~ h y v ~ ~ g i 32sdi JBYJJ

Hlesdi jidoskiyvgi galisdayvhvsgv?i. LJJ hV2YBY SP@LB$@ET. Don't tickle me while I am eating.

cf: dihyvgisdi

da1je23h1a I Y f adj., adv. better

Gado usdi dajehla? f v @@"A L y P ? Which one is better?

3..2 da J ; hly3sga LIrT@f v.i. he's squatting

de2ga32j i2hlV3sga S f N @ f

du3j i2hlv3nv3?i ShF@T

da3j i2h1y3sgq 3?i L hF@AT

ta3ji2hlu32ga WhF S

j~'ji,~hl~~sdi JhFaJ

Unulvhnv julehdi degaj ihlgv?i. 89.10. J$J SShFET. He couldn't get up from - a squatting ~osition.

~lalkg~ne~~hi~ha L9ilA.G v.t. he's tying it

da'kg2ne23hyi3ha I9AJS.G v. t. he's untying it

de2 j i3ga1ne23hy13ha ShSAJS.G

du1kg2ne2 3hyv3hv2 3?i S9ABd.T

da1kg2ne2 3hyi 3sgo 3?i L9A&AT

ti2k?3ne2hya 3 ~ v 1 3

ju2ka2ne2 3hyvh3di J9ABJ

Dulasuhlv dukanehyvhv dulasulesa. SWrP SaABJL SWrd'V. He untms shoes when he took - them off.

cf: dakanehiha

da1k?2n02wg2di23d032ha LaZGJV+ v.t. he's looking after him

de2j i3ga1n02~?2di23d032ha S h f 2GJV.G.

du1kg2n02wg2di23d0321~23?i SaZGJV?T

da1kg2n02wg2di23d032h03?i LaZGJV i T .

ti2ga32n02wa2di2 3da J ~ Z G J L

j ~ ~ k ~ ~ n o ~ w ~ ~ d i ~ ~ d a ~ ~ s d i JC~ZGJL@J

Gago dejakanowadidoha? S A SCil ZC,JV+? - - - - . . . Who is looking after you? cf: dikanowadidohi

da1keZ3wa3'ga L P G f v.i. he's becoming blind

de2ji?3ge23wa32ga ShFGS

du'ke23wa32jv23?i SPGCT

dalke23wa32go3?i LPGAT

tt2ke3walgi JP GY

ju2keZ3wa3?i2sdi JPGT2-I

Gohida ulsihgv yvya?a yidvkewagi. AAL BPbE B 3 D B'PGY. If you're in the dark for a long time, you'll become blind.

cf: dikewi - j ~ ~ k g ~ n e ~ ~ s d i 69AAJ

da2ksi LYb n. terrapin Dakwalvsa?dv dagikaneheha. - LX4VP IYaA3.G. Daksi nvnohi dunadiwsidisv jigowahta. He is tying my shoe laces for me. -- - -- La 0.23 SBJ8bJR hAGW.

I saw a terrapin crossing the road. cf: dakanehyiha -

daktinvtvsga 7 1

da2ksi I Y b n. 1. padlock 2. door knob

Uyanv gvhdi usdu?isv daksi. 8=0 E l B @ S T R w b . He opened the - lock with a wire.

da1ksv3sdi3ha ISR2J .G v.t. 1. he's making smoke 2. it's smoking

de2ji3galsv23sdi3ha S k S m I . G

dul k ~ v 3 s t ? ~ n v ~ ~ ? i S 5 m W O T

dalksv3sdi3sgo3?i L S R 2 l a A T

ti3ksv2sda 3 S m L

ju2ksv23sdoh3di d S R 2 V l

Dinagalisgi juyanv duksvstanv dute- wsa. j e s ~ a y S S ~ W O S I B B .

G The electrical wires smoked when they became hot.

r cf: juksvsdi

r dalkt?2na~~~sga LSWBGJS v.i. he's

blinking I

de2g?3galt?2naw32sga S S SWBG@S

d~lkta2naw3~sv~~?i SSWBGRT

da lkta2naw32sgo3?i L SWBGJAT

ta3kta2na lhwa WSWBG

ju2kta2nawlsdi dSWBG@I

DuklaneSv iyusdi daktanawsgv?i . SSWAR T G A l L SWBGJET. She was blinking because she had -- tears in her eyes.

cf: aktasdiha, daktasdiha

~lalkta~~sdi~ha L5WJI.G v.i. he's cloiing his eyes

2 3 de ga ga1ta32sdi2ha S 5 S W a l . G

d ~ l k t a ~ ~ s t a ~ n v ~ ~ ? i SSWAWOT

da1kta32sdi2sgo 3?i L 5 W a I J A T

ta 3kta lsda WSW@L

ju2kta1sdoh 3di d S K I J V I

Duktastanv usgosdi ajvstv duktoyvsa. s swawo B ~ A ~ I DCS S S V B B . He closed his e es when he was - -5 blinded by a brig t light.

cf: aktasdiha, daktanawsga

da1kti231e32ga L S J f S v.t. he's attacking him, it

de2ji3ga1ti231e32ga, de2ji3ga1tiZ3- le32ga S k S 3 f S ,

S k S 3 f S

Hlvdaj i disinahvsdisgi hlvdaj i duktilvsv?i. P L k I b B & @ l a Y P L k S S 3 4 R T . A lion attacked the liontamer.

da1kti2nv2de3?a LS3OSD v.t. he's taking off his glasses

Yiduktinvdesa hla osda yagowhtisgo?i. ZSS30;S'B C ,3JL 3 A G J J A T . When she takes off her glasses, she ----- doesn't see well.

cf: daktinvtvsga, diktinvtdi

da1kti2nv2tv3sga LSJDd"a5 v.t. he's putting on glasses

de2g?3ga1ti2nv2tt13sga S S S 3 O C 2 S

du1kti2nv2ta3nv3?i S 5 3 W O T

da1kti2nv2tv3sgq3?i L S 3 W A A T

t?3kti2nv2tv1ga W 5 3 0 6 S

Igada agalisgv yanedoha julsihgi diktinvtdi danaktinvtvsgo?i. T S L DSP@E 2dlV.G J P b Y J S 3 Q J I L BS3Dd"@AT. When some people are in the sun, - they put on dark glasses.

cf: daktinvdeva, diktinvtdi, duktinvta

72 daktliha

da1ktlf3ha ISCf+ v.t. he's shelling corn

de2jh3ga1tli3ha 9fiSC.G

d~'ktlv~hv~~?i .CSP&T

dal ktli23sg93?i I S [email protected]

ti3ktla 3 SJ?

ju2ktlvh2di d f P J

Suhliloda iga selu duktlvhv sogwili ugisdi. CCGL T f 4 M SSP& +PP O'YAJ. - He shelled a bushel of corn for the - 6rse to eat.

da1kw?'la2gi3?a LTWYD v. i. he's snoring

de2 j i32kwa21a2gi3?a S h W Y D

d ~ ~ k w ? ~ l a ~ g i ~ s v ~ ~ ? i ,yXW.YRT

da1kwg21a2gi3sgo3?i LXWYJAT

tj2kw?31a2gi 3 XtVY

j~~kw?~la~gi'sdi d x ~ y 2 - i

Gago dakwalagisge usv jigesv? f A LTWY2)F OR k f R ? Who was snoring last night? -

da1kwa2y03?y2sga L S f i i S f v. t. he's sprinkling it (with a liquid, powder, salt, etc.)

\! sga Slr ,Z ' f i i@S de2j i32kw?2y03?

d~'kw?~yo~nv~~?i .YjSfiOT

da1kwg2y03?Y2~g03?i L X f i idAT

ti2kw?3y02?v1ga 3 . T f i i S

ju2kwa2yo 'di JJfi d

Ama dakwayo?vsga dihnawo jutesdi. D&' l , X f i i 2 S J t U d '62J . She is sprinkling water on the -- clothes she is going to iron.

cf: ,iasdudli?a, dikwayodi

da2kws?3ni LiPHh n. turnip

Dakwsanis di jaivkwdi? I, ,Pb' .h@ .IC W J ' -- Do ) ou like turnips?

d?21a71a LX'lY n. woodpecker

Dilala uniyvhv wesa. -- L iVW O hB8 dtJ . - A cat caught - a woodpecker.

da11a32~u2hlv3~ga LWfPAS v. t . he's on shoes

Dije dilasulo julasuhldi uduli Wili. JY rwm J W ~ P r Q s r sr . Bill wants - to put - on some new shoes. cf: alasulo, dalasula?iyv?a, dalasu-

1e7a

da11a32su21a3?i2yv3?a GWCWTBD v.t. he 's'changing shoes

de2g?31a32su2193?i 2yv 3?a SSWCWTBD

SWCWTBRT

Dulasula?iyvsv diganvhidi gesv iyusdi dilasulo. SWCWTBR JSDAJ F R TGJJ JWc?G. He changed shoes because they were - too long.

cf: alasulo, dalasuhlvsga, dalasu- 1e7a

da'la'2su21e3?a ICVCcfD v.t. he's taking off his shoes

Aktisi didla jalasuhlv halasulagi. D S l b doS CWrP WZ"WY. Take your right shoe off. - -- cf: alasulo, dalasuhlvsga, dalasu-

la'iyvqa

da11eh2di3ha Ld'J.6 v.t. 1. he's hilping him up 2. he's standing it up (object with legs)

Unulvhvsgesdi julehdi dehiyaletanvli. 044d2JI.a-J dd'l SAW0.T. If he can't get up, help - him % . cf: alehdiha

da11e2hi23si3ha LOb.6 v.i. he's recuperating

Junidlvgi waya?v dalehisiha. dhPY G3i L8Ab.G. He's recuperating in a hospital.

cf: dalehvsga

2 3 dalle hy sga L6DJS v.i. he's getting up (from sitting or from involuntarily assumed prone position)

de2gt31e2?v3sga . . SSd'iaS

d ~ l l e ~ h n v ~ ~ ? i SGDT

dal le2hy2sgo3?i 6

tg21e3hvlga WGDS

ju21eh2di dd'l

Dijalehvga gadvnv nigad dejalehnv3i. 1CdDf 56'0- hSL 3Cd'DT. When I say stand 2, everyone standup. cf: adidiha, alehvsga

~ ~ ~ 1 i ~ ~ w a LPI n. Tahlequah

LPI CWY DBC BVPRTdJSWPH. - Tahlequah is the capitol of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma.

da11i2ye32su21e3?a LPBCd'D vet. he's taking off his gloves

de2g?31i3ye32su21e3?a SSPBCd'D

du11i2ye32su21e3s~23?i SPBCd'RT

dal li2ye32s~21e3sgo3?i LPBC62AT 2 3 1 2 3 t? I? ye su 15 gi WPBCWY

ju21i2ye1su231e32sdi dPBC6a.J

Nihina?

sloves off.

cf: aliyesulo, daliyesuli?a

da11i2ye32su21i3?a LPBCPD v.t. he's putting on his gloves

2 3 3 3 2 2 3 de g? 1; ye su 1: ?a SS PBCPD

du11~2ye32su21a32nv23?i SPBCWDT

da11i2ye32su21i32sgo3?i L PBCPJAT

t?21i3ye1su21v32ga WPM 4 s ju21i2ye1su231032di dP8CG-J

Degaliyesuli dodvgilvhwisdanelihehno. SSPBCP VbT4826AP3 2. I am putting on loves because I am -- - going to work.

cf: aliyesulo, daliyesule?a

da11i23y03gi2?a LPfiYD v.t. he's taking off his socks

de2ga31i23y03gi2?a SSPfiYD

du11i23y03gi1sv23?i SPfiYRT

da11i23y03gi1sgo3?i LPfiYaAT 2 3 2 ta li yo gi WPfiY 2 .23 3 .1 ju 11 yo gi sdi d~fi ~ 2 1

Dulasulesv ale dulivorrisv3i. w

SWCd'R D6 SPfiYRT. He took off his shoes and socks. ----- cf: aliyo, daliyohiha, daliyosiha,

dul ivoha Daligwa Jalagi Ayehli udohlvsv3i Ogalahomi.

7 4 daliyohiha

da11i23y03hi2ha LPfi4.G v.t. he's cf: alsosdiha putting on his socks

de2ga31i23yF,3?i2ha SSPfiT+ da2mq3ga La n. horsefly

d ~ ~ l i ~ ~ y o ~ h l v ~ ~ ? i S P f i P T Damaga sdaya adasgahlgovi. La @ L a D L A S P A T . -

da11i23y03hi2h03?i LPfiAP T - A horsefly bites hard.

da1ng2da2hi?31i23d032ha L 0LAPV.G v they are having a trial

Daliyohihv igohida kilo dunosgise dolj ?2da2hi?31i23d032ha iulasulo. V C L A P V + L P f i A B T A A L Y Q S m Y 4 JWCQ. While he was putting on his socks, -- --- someone stole his shoes.

cf: aliyo, daliyogi?a, daliyosiha, duliyoha

da11i23y03si2ha LPfi6.G v.t. he's changing his socks

Taliyosa digadulida dejaliyohv3i. WPfibr J S S P L S C P f i B T . Chanee your wet socks.

cf: aliyo, daliyogi?a, daliyohiha, duliyoha

da11s02sdi3ha L P I @ J + v.t. 1. he's aiming at him, it 2. he's aiming it

de2j i3y?21i1s023sdi3ha, de2gg31i

sdi 3ha S h 3 P f @A+,

S S P f @ J + du11s023stg3nv23?i S P f @ W D T

Hlesdi kilo galogwe gvhdi yitiyaliso- sdisgesdi. L@J Y Q S Q 3 EJ L Z 3 P f @ J @ P @ J . Don't aim at anyone with a gun. --

Unadodagwohnv danadahivlidohesdi. Q 0 V L Y D L 0 L A P V ? @ J . The will be having a trial on 2-- -- Monday.

cf: didahi?lidasdi?i

da1ng2dlo2sga L W @ S v.t. 1. they are meeting 2. they are meeting someone

dolj ?2dlo2sga V&@S

d ~ l n ? ~ d l o ~ s v ~ ~ ? i S W R T

da1nq2d102sgo3?i G W @ A T

dil jq2dlo3hi J W A

Tsgwisdi Anijalagi dunadlosv Daligwa ugvuiyuhi gawonisgv unatvgodi uni- yelvsv?i. h.9'21 DhCWY S W R L P I Q E B G A SVh@E Q 0 6 A J Q h8 4R. A lot of Cherokees met - at Tahlequah in order to hear the chief speak.

cf: didlohisdi'i, dudlosga

1 2 2 2 3 da nq gg le ni ha L 0 S d h . G v.i. they are separating

dasdlusga 7 5

Gadohv dunagal envhe? SV& SBSO"O?T? Why did they separate? cf: junagalenvda

2 3 da3nehl d; ha IAB1.G v.t. he's playing with him, it

2 3 2 32 de ji ya3neh12di3ha, de ga neh12di3ha S b a B J . G , SSA(3J.G

du3neh12tg3nv3?i SAG WOT

da3neh12di23sg03?i GAGJaAT

ti2ya32neh12da, ta3neh12da . T a B L , WAG I

j ~ l n e h l ~ ~ d o h ~ d i d f 16' V 1

Gado usdi danehldi na usdi achuja? sv @ a d L A ~ J e 02-4 o d e ? What is the little boy playing with? - cf: danelohvsga

3 2 2 3 3 da ne lo hy sga IAB&S v.t. he's playing

2 32 2 23 3 de ga ne lo hy sga SSAGdaS

d ~ ~ n e ~ l o ~ ~ h n v ~ v i SABOT

Sgwahlesdi dodaganelohni sunale udodagwada. J X L ~ J V G S A B ~ ees svLaL. I am going to play ball all day -- - tomorrow.

cf: anehldi, danehldiha, dinehldohdi

da1ni21a32wi1ga I hWBS v.i. they're having church services

Anijalagi Unadodagwidena usv danila- wieo?i . D ~ C W Y ovGvse O R L ~ W B A T . Cherokees hold church services on Saturday nights.

-

cf: digalawisdivi

Gado usdi jagise Danisdayohihvvi? sv 021 C Y ~ ~ h a t f i ~ ~ ~ ? What did you get for Christmas?

dalni2ye21i2sga L hBP@S v. t. they are adj ourning

Hila iyv dodvniyelisi? AW TB VPhAPb? - -

When are they going to adjoprn? - -

da1sda2y02hi3ha IaLfi4.G 1. v.t. he's shooting at him 2. v.i. he's shooting

de2j i32sd92y02hi3ha S b a I f i N

d ~ ~ s d ? ~ y o ~ h l v ~ ~ ? i SaI fiP T

da1sdg2y02hi2h03?i LaLfiAiT

ti32sda2y023ha, ti2sd?3y02ha [email protected], 22Lfi.G

Segajv dusdayohlv galogwe asdayv gojanesdivi iyusdi . 4SC SaLfiP SG3 DaLB ACAaJT T G a 1 . He barely shot the gun because the - trigger w a x r d to pull.

cf: ayohiha

d a l ~ d l u ~ ~ s ~ a Lm@S v .t. he"s splitting it

de2j i 32sdlu32sga Sb.Xf'@S

d ~ ~ s d l u ~ ~ h y v ~ ~ ~ i S X B T

Osi adasdayhdi juhvtdi ada dasdlusga. b b DLaLBd d U d DL L n @ S . He's splitting some cook wood. -

da1sdu2d1i37a LJSCD v.t. he's sprinkling it (with a liquid)

Gagama dakiwisv ama dejisdudli7a. Sf T LYBR Db" S k a S C D . I am sprinklingwater on my cucumbers. -- cf: dakwayo7vsga

da1sB2hi3ha 14A.G v. t. he's counting it, them

Adela aktiyi adela dasehiha. DSW DSJA DSW L4A+. The treasurer - is counting money.

cf: asesdiha, disesdi

d a l ~ g i ~ ~ n a ~ d i ~ v a LaYedD 1. v.t. he's cursing him, it 2. v.i. h c ' s cursing

de2j i 32sgi23na3di27a S b 2 Y e d D

saYem d a l ~ g i ~ ~ n a ~ d i lsgo 37i L2YedaAT

ti32sgi23na3da, ti2sgi3na2da J a Y e L , 3 a Y e L

j~~sgi~~na~di'sdi 6 3 0 ~ 2 ~

Dasginadisgo gosdi phnalvstana. L 2 Y e d a A A26 G t . 1 2 W e .

He curses when something makes him - angry.

cf: asgina

da1sih2tv3ni2ha Lb6'h.G 1. v.t. he's clapping his hands 2. v.i. he's applauding

Ugvwiyuhi uwonisohna dul:ssihtvnilv - - yvwi. ~ E B C A BVMt S e b P h 4 B Q . When the president finished his speech, the people applauded.

cf: asihtvniha

2 2 da3stg ye sga LaWB@S v.i. he's getting exhausted

de2ga32stg2ye2sga SS@WB@S

d ~ ~ s t ? ~ y e ~ s v ~ ~ ? i SaWBRT

da3stg2ye2sgo3?i L@W8@AT

ta3stg2ye23hi WaW8A

ju1stg2yeZ3hi 3sdi dJW8AaJ

Hlesdi vsgi isdayi yidijalvhwisda- nehesdi , dotastayesis . Lad iU T a L b d.JC.18aLA?@d,

b%%%$rk so hard - or you'll get exhausted .

da1sv2hwi3sga LC(3.25 v.i. it 1s barking

de2ga32sy2hwi3sga SsCBaS

du's~,~~hwi~sv~~?i SCBRT

j ussv2hwi 'sdi d~~ 82 J

Usv yinulstana gihli aasuhwisgo?i. 3 R 54PaW0 YC LCBaAT.

. - %en it becomes ::it, t4e ioz > a t i s . --

deganadiwsga 7 7 I

/ da1sv2sdi3ha LR2J.G v.t. he's I I sGheduling a time

Unadodagwohnv usv uwonihisdi dusvsta- nv?i gvwhtayosela uwonihisdi7i. -

BOh9@dT. He scheduled his speech for Monday - night when asked to speak.

1 23 date sga 652s v.t. he's ironing

de2ji32te23sga S h ~ @ f

d ~ l t e ~ ~ s v ~ ? i SERT

da1te23sg93?i LE@AT

ti2tv 31a 3VW

j ~ ~ t e ~ ~ s d i 66 2 J

Hila ahlivilisv jalenvhe dehitesgvyi? AW DCTPR 6801 SAEaET? What time did you start ironing? cf: ditesdi

d?2wi23sg?31a L@@SW n. flint

Dawis ala gohlvhtanv gahlida uska &?i. L@@SW APWO S C L w a BGssT . He found an arrowhead made out of flint. .

d?2wi2sgv4hi L @@EA adj . slippery Yunesdalada deganvhnv dawisgvhi nidegalsdisgovi. GA@L W L S f OO L @@ELI h S f PJJ2AT. When it freezes,the roads get slippery

i?'-w~~li LOP n. mushroom

Sgada dawoli anosda diganyesdi 'cadahno anadahihi. 'i s i LOP D Z ~ L ~ ~ a d T S L Z DQLAA. - :-;::.z mushrooms aye good to eat b:-t

-:rs are pc:.s:.. : ~ .

2 3 . 2 4 d? wo 11, yu sdi LOPG@J n. cork

Dawoliyusdi gvhdi usduhnv?i svdoni gvgusgv?i. LOPG@J Ed BJSOT RVh EJaET. He stopped the leak in the tub with a cork. --

~a'yq~s~a L f i @ f v.t. he's releasing him 3 3 de2ji yg sga Shfi2.S

SfiRT

dalyq 3sgo 3?i 1 fi@AT

Tiyohi j isdu . ~ f i ~ h a s . Let the rabbit go. cf: duyosga

de- v.pref. plural object (see Grain. I, A)

de3gah12di S f PJ n. sack

Degahldi kali duwutesv sohi. S S P l 63P SJER # A . She picked a sack full of hickory nuts. --

de2g?31v2dv23ni 32sdi2ha S f 4VhaJ.G v.t. he's slamming him, it

3 2 de2ji 31v2dv23ni32sdi2ha, de2ji 1v - d ~ ~ ~ n i ~ ~ s d i ~ h a Slr 4Vh2d.G,

Slr 4Vh2J.G

S 4VMWOT

de2ga31v2dv23ni32sdi2sgo3?i S f 4VhJJ2AT

Sdudi dulvdvnistanv unvgo j a. 2.Y J S 4VhJWO BOAC . He slammed the door when he went out

:'E23ng2diw3sga S f QJ@@f v . t . he's crossing (a roa.d, bridge, erc.)

78 degano j ahlvsga

Nvnohi deganadiwsgv ahwi jigovv usv j igesvvi. OZ9 S S 8 1 8 a E D 8 b A i B R b F R T . I saw a deer crossing a road last night.

cf: degasohga

de2g?3n02j?2h1y3sga SS ZCP@S v. t , 1. he's advertising it 2. he's announcing it

de2j i3n02j??21y 3sga S b ZC42.S

d~lno~j?~hl?~nv~?i S ZCCDZ

ti2n03j?2hlv1ga 3 ZCP S

Gohusdi diginojahldi agwaduliha. A T 2 1 JYZC9-J D2'SP.G. I want to announce something. - - cf: diganojahldi

de2ga3soh3ga S S # S v.t. he's c r - . ~ ~ ~ , it (a body of water)

Amegwo da isoh'v aniyosgi j i j iya7v?i. -+-+ D W Dh 2Y b b 3 i T . I crossed the ocean when I was i n the Kilitary service.

cf: deganadiuhza

de2ge3ty2sga SFPAS v .t. he's enduring it (idiom)

de2gt?3dy 'sga SFPaS

du1we2ti 3nv3?i SO3 OT

Udodagwada duwetinv udihlehgi dulv- hwisdanehvvi . BVGIL - B J L Y S 4 8 a G A a T . He endured working in the heat all Z y .

cf: getvsga

de2g032si2si3ha SA6b.G v.t. hels expliining it (a Biblical text)

de2g032si2si3ha SA6b.G

d u l ~ o ~ s i ~ s ~ ~ h n v ~ ~ ? i SObtlOT

de2g032si2si23sgg3?i SAbbaAT

to3si2sa Vbtl

Unadodagwasgv Dinadehlohgwasgi dige-

The Sunday School teacher explained what they had read.

cf: digosisohdi

deZgu3kdi3ha SJA1.G v. t. he's deciding

d ~ ~ w u ~ k t ? ~ n v ~ ? i S J AWOT

tuZ3kda SAG

jy2wu2kdoh3di 63 AVJ

Uhlisdi duwuktanv?i. @ c a d SJ AWOT . He d e c i d e d o quickly. - cf: digukdisgi, digukdohdi

deZgv3diz3ye3?a SE&D v .t . he's washing (dishes)

de2gv3diZ3ye3?a SEJBD

du1wa2di23ye3?~23?i S G J d i T

de2gv3di23ye32sgo3?i SE15aAT

tv2di3ya P 1 3

jy2wa2di23ye32di dG&1

dichvsdi 7 9

Yunalsdayvhnohnagwu degvdiyesgo ditelido?i. G8PaL B Zt3 S E l 5 a A l X P V T . She washes the dishes immediately - after they finish eating.

de2gv3tq2hi37a SEVBD v.t. he's shelling, picking out (peas, nut meats, etc.)

de2gv32t02hi ?a S EVAD

d ~ ~ w v ~ t q ~ h i ~ s v ~ ~ ? i S6VBRT

de2gv3tq2hi 3sgo3?i SEVAaAT

I I j ~ ~ w v ~ t ? ~ h i sdi d 6 V B 2 l

1 Tuyunsdi degvtohiva. S G 8 2 1 T SEVBD . She's shellin peas.

I I -+ AW TS $ A JTVAb? Hila iga so i dotvtohisi?

! How many hickory nuts are you going j - to shell? --

1 ~ e ~ h ~ ~ 1 u ~ ~ ~ i %+Ma n. June

Dehaluyi ka?lv adalenisgo7igogi. ! S + M A 0 4 D L d h S A T A Y .

i Summer begins in the month of June. - de2ka31ih2gwa2de3ga S 3 P a S f v. t.

he's turning him, it over

Gajanuli uwadeystana adeyohv duhlih- gwadinvsv dagwalela. SC4P WGS&W8 DSf iL S C Z l D R LIdW. When he went around the curve too fast, he turned the car over. - -

de2ka3n02gi3?a S a WD v. t . he's singing

de2j i32n02gi3?a S h W D

d ~ l h n o ~ g i ~ s v ~ ~ ? i S W R T

de2k?3n02gi3sgo3?i S a W A A T

Uhljvdagwada dunihno isv dinihnogisgi. WPCLIL S h W R + 1 w a The singers all night.

cf: dikanogisdi

de2kQ3nu2g023sga S d 4 A 2 S v. t . he's clawing him

de2j i32nu2g023sga S k 4 A 2 S

d ~ l h n u ~ g o ~ ~ s v ~ ? i S ?ART

de2kq3nu2g02 3sgo3?i S a 4 A 2 A T

ti32nu2g0231a 2 ?AW

j ~ ~ h n u ~ g o ~ ~ s d i d 4 A 2 1

Digosdaya dusuhgahlv gvhdi duhnugosv wesa. l A 2 L 3 S G f P E l S 9 A R dtl. The cat clawed him with its sharp - claws.

de2kg3yv23sgwq3?i2ha S 9 B X T . G v. i. (see giga dekayvsgwo?iha)

de3kgi2103?a SEYGD v.t. he's washing flexible objects (including clothes)

de2gv32gi2103?a SEYGD

duhlgi2103?v23?i S Y G i T

de3kgi210 3sgo3?i SEYGaAT

tvh2gi3102ja 6"YG C

juh2gi2101sdi dYG@l

Gado hadvne, dehvhgilovas? f V Wf l , SBYGDa? What - are you doing, washing? cf: junhgilosdi

di- n.pref. plural (see Gram. 11, A)

di - (see de-)

di- v.pref. distant position (see Gram. I, A)

di2chv3sdi l C 2 l n. marriage

Hadlv judalenvhe dichvsdi? +P dLd'D? ill?

8 0 didahihi

Where did marriage begin?

cf: dagachvsdiha

di2da3hi2hi JLAA n. murderer

Junadasdudi agatihnvsv didahihi aj ini- yvha. J ~ L ~ S J D H O R - J L A ~ D ~ ~ ~ B O G . The murderer was taken to jail when he was caught.

cf: adahihi, ahiha

JeLAPLJdT n. courthouse

Junadahi7lidasdi ega ditiyohihi. J8LAPLJd Rf Llfi,klA. The lawyer is going to the courthouse.

cf: danadahi?lidoha

di2da2hli2101sdi4sgi dLCG@d&Y n. 1. camera 2. photographer

Didahlilosdisgi uluhjv analasgalisgv7i. -

dL CG@JAY BMC DBW@f P@ET . A - photographer came to the ball game. cf: dahlilosdiha, didahlilostanv?i

di2da2hli2101sta2nv4?i dLCG@W@T n. 1. picture 2. photograph

Gago ujeli hi?a didahlilostanv?i? f A BYP AD dLCG@W@T? Whose photograph is this?

cf: dahlilosdiha, didahlilosdisgi

. . IL&@L, J L ~ @ L n. cross

Igada dajelisdv judahnawida degeto7i. T S L L Y P X J L ~ @ L SFVT. Some graves have crosses.

cf: dadahnawsdiha, dadahnawsdv?i

di'da'hne2se4sgi JLA42.Y n. conjurer

di2~;t2da2hne2seL~gi dOLA4-X

Janhtas uhna ganelv didahnesesgi? (.?OW2 tit S f l . 7 . . l I . ! l4 .3?

Do you know rrhere - a conjurer lives? cf: dadahnese?a

2 2 2 . 4 di da hnv wi sgi .1G@@@Y n. medicine man

Na asgaya Rjalagi didahnvwisgi. D @ f 3 DCWY d L @ @ a .

That man is a Cherokee medicine man. - - cf: kanvwi?a

li2da2hye23hlp2hi dL8efA n. surgeon

Na usdi achuja didahyehlohiiyulsdohdi uduli atvsv7i. 8 B2d D J C dL8efA TGP@V-1 BSP DGRT. That little boy wants to become a - surgeon when he grows up.

cf: ahyehloha

di2da3ne21v4?i JLAk?T adv. at home

Didanelv jv?uwenvsv kohi. dLA.7 W'dOR R9. - He went back home a while ago. -

di3danh2t?'sdi dL@V@d n. false teeth, dentures

Utvsohnv didanhtosdi deganvgaliha. BG$@ JLQVJd S f @ f P + . An old man is cleaning some dentures.

681, MdT n. cemetery

Didanisohdi dunilvhwisdane anisgay ganulv anigalsga. d L M d Sh4@@LA Dh@S;3 f 4.7 D h f P @ f . Some men are working in the cemetery mowing grass.

cf: ga?nisiha

diZda2ni23yi4sgi dL h&Y n. policeman

di2n?2da'ni23yi4sgi d8L h w

digadvdi 8 1

Didaniyisgi oginahlinohehdi agwaduli. db h2d.Y bYBCZ?J DISP . I want to talk with - a policeman. cf: ga7niyiha, ga7niyisgi

2 2 di da ~ d a ' y v ~ ~ h ~ ~ s ~ i JLaCB&ZV' n. cook

Hisgi iyanivi dinadasdayvhvsgi dusu- yesv unadasdayhdi7i. BAY T3hT JeLdCB&ZV' SCBA BBCaLBJT. He chose five cooks to cook.

cf: adasdahdi?i, adasdayvhvsga

2 4 di2da2sdo ye sgi JC2VBZV' n. barber

Dinadasdoyesgi junadehlohgwasdi dude- hlohgwa?v?i. J e C a v B a d0SdIa- l S S d X i T . He went to a school for barbers.

cf: asdoyeha

J C a S J T , d e l a S J T n. jail

Jayvhlvvis junadasdudi? GBP TA J e C a s J ? Have you been in jail? cf: asduhvsga

di2da2ti2hni2d04hi JCJhVB n. leader

di2na2da2t~2hni2d04hi J e b J h v B

Hadlv didatihnidohi ijadahlgv?i? @ JLJhVB TGCITET? Where is the leader of your group?

cf: atihni

di2da2to12sdi4sgi JCVP@JZV' n. lender

di2n?2da2t012sdi4sgi J e L V P a J a

Adela dinadatolsdisgi unadohlvhnv utana gaduhvvi. DSH' J e L V P a d X 8BVPD 8 V 0 S S a T . They f w o a n - association in a big city.

~ i ~ d a ~ w o ~ s ~ i J d O a n. Baptist

Igvyi Dinadawosgi Junilawisdi ayatohihi nulstanvvi. TEA JeLVZV' dhh'B@J D3VBA gP@WIDT. He became a deacon in a First Baptist Church.

cf: dadawova

di2de23hloh2gwa1sgi JSefI2.Y n. student

di2na2de2 3hloh2gwa1sgi JBSdIAY

Sohnel sgohi iyani7i dinadehlohgwasgi dunisgwadv kohi gogeyi. IAW2AB T3hT JBSdXiAY ShaI6" A-9 AFJa. Ninety students graduated this spring.

cf: adehlohgwava

2 2 di de hyo23hy2sgi JSfidL2.Y n. teacher

I lvsgi judetiyvda didehyohvsgi nige- -. so"i

T.~S dSdB6 J f i & h F I T . - -%+?' She's been a teac er for a few years.

cf: dadehyohvsga

di3dla J A prep. toward

Nvnohi didla wa7isv juwijigowahta. QZA @ GTA d6'lrAGW. I saw him walking toward the road.

di2dlo2hi2sdi49i JdBaJT n. meeting place

Agwadlohjv uhna gohlvsv didlohisdivi. DIdG 8 t AP A JdBaJT . I couldn't find the meeting place.

cf: danadlosga

di2dlv23kwi3sdoh2di JP'C'aV-f n. excuse

Hlesdi didlvkwisdohdi igvyi didla jini jadvhneli. Lad fl'C'AVJ T E h JL% bhG6"AP. Don't let excuses get in your way.

cf: atolsdiha di2g?2dv3di JS6"6 n. 1. pear

2 . scales (weighing)

Hila jugvwahldi suhliloda digadvdi? nw ~ E G P J ~ C G I JE? How much does a bushel of pears cost?

J f W8.217, dhWB@JT n. church

Hila iga degohlv junilawisdi Daligwa gaduhv7i? AW T f SAP JhWBad LPI SSaT? How many churches are there in the city of Tahlequah?

cf: danilawiga

di2g??21e23nv3hi4da d f d@BL adj . long-eared

Digavlenvhida gihli digavlenvhida asila7dv uwudalvchelv gavleni ganvhisv

2 % YC JSrlQAG DbW6 O S L W q f d h f W R TGJJ . The long-eared hound dog got his ear caught in the fence because his ear was so long.

cf: gavle, ganvhida

2 2 di g? 10~~i's~i JfGY2Y n. farmer

di 2ni 2102gi4~gi dhGY@Y

Digalogisgi uhwisvnv ukayosohnv naga- sgvna gesv iyusdi. ~ S G Y ~ Y ~ s ~ o ~ o f i f o . esaEe F R T c a n . The farmer's crop became dry because of no rain.

cf: galogiva, galogodi

di2ga21~1nv2hi J S W A n. dumplings

Eligwus niga7a digalvnvhi heli?a? RPJ@ h f D d f 4PB ?PD? Do you think there are enough *- lings?

cf: galvsga

d12g?2n023j ah12di .IS Z C 9 d n. announcement

Kilovis gohusdi diganojahldi uha? YGT@ Ar@J JSZC9J @+? Does anyone have an announcement?

di2gan2s01di47i d S f # J T n. pantry

Digansodi widuhlanv digelistgi. -if 81 1 @Sf@ JkPGG'Y. G t the pies in the pantry.

di2gg2nu21?2ji JS?Wb n. his ribs

Diganulaj i juhyvgisati . d f 4Wb dBYtlSI. He's ticklish in his ribs.

d$2ga1tdi4?i J f 3 J T n. oven

Digatdi wagihla gadu. JSdJ GYf S S . 1have bread in the oven. - cf: gadu, gaduhvsga

di2ga2ti3sdi Jf3 .2J n. gig

Igada digatisdi danhdisgo jisdvna yidunihyala. T S L J S J ~ J 6 0 J J A b x e m h w . Some people use whenever they hunt crawdads . cf: gatiha

di2g02hwe21i J M P n. 1. papers 2. book

Digohweli dejigoliye7a. J M P S b AP5D . f reading a book. -- cf: gohweli, gohweliva

de2g02hwe23101di J M O J n. pencil

Anahnehihv digohwelodi gvhdi aj iti- sdohtanvvi. De/LA& JRePCSd EJ Dhd@VW@T. While rhev were wrestling, he was accidently stabbed with - a pencil. cf: gohweli7a

di2g01si23~oh3di dAbl.1 n. discussion (Biblical]

Digosisohdi utayohlv Galvkwdi Gohweli ueoliveva. J A b f J 0 % ~ 'f W'J RepP BAP5 D. He asked for a discussion when he read the ~ible.

cf: degosisiha cf: deganojahlvsga

dikanogisdi 83

di2guh12di23sgi J J P J J J J n. mud dauber di2hna2w03sdoh2di n. covers

di2nuh12di23sgi J4PJaY (bed)

Hila iga dihnawosdohdi dejaduliha? Kananesgi gajvsgv jigowahta diguhldi- *. AW T S J t v a v J SCSP+?

How many covers do you want? / O8A2.Y SCaE bAGW I just saw a mud dau er sting a - - FY . di1hne23hi2hi J U A n. wrestler 1 spider.

, di2na1hne23hi2hi Je/LSA d?2g~2kdi4sgi JJAJ2.Y n. judge

di2nu2kdi4sgi J Q A J a y

Jo'sgo jusvhida junadasdudi uyvsdi duwukdanelv digukdisgi. KaA dTUL d e L a S J DBaJ SJALA4 JJ AJ2.Y. The judge sentenced him to thirty days in jail.

cf: degukdiha

di3hi2hi JBA n. one that kills

Inada dihihi gihli uwakaha. T8L J& YC 0'Ga.G. He has a dog that's a snake killer.

di2hli2n02heh2di4'i, ju2nG2hli2n02heh2-

di4'i J C Z 3 J T , dQCZ3JT n. telephone

Dihlinohehdis unohyvhgv hatvgi? JCZ3JJ O ' Z B E W Y ? Do you hear - a telephone ringing? cf: dahlinoheha

dih12tq2de4gi JPwSY n. jumper

di2nah12tq2de4gi JQPWSY

Galvladi dihltadegi iyulsdohdi uduliha. f 4WJ JPWS.Y TGPaVJ 0'SP.G. He wants to become a high jumper.

cf : dahltadega

di 2hng2wo J t V n. clothing, clothes

Junehna?i tsgwisdi jugvwahldi dihnawo dunina'07i. d A t T biT'@J dEGpJ ,lf8 ShedST. The wealthy have expensive clothes.

cf: ahnawo, dahnawe'a, dahnawo'a, j uhnawo

Digahnehihi gesv taldusine diji'ni- dohi i ieesv'i . - --

I was a wrestler when I was in the - twelftr grade.

cf: ahnehiha

di2hne 'sge4sgi JAaI-ay n. carpenter

Ktanvdohdi uhwasvsga dihnesgesgi. EWOVJ 8 G R J f JfGI-2iY.

A carpenter is buying some tools. - cf: ahnesgeha

di2hyv23gi1sdi JBYaJ n. spurs Dihyvgisdi niduwanhdi dulasuhlv'i. JBY2J hSGOJ SWrP T . He has spurs on his boots.

cf: dahyvgi'a

-di?i v.suf. infinitive (see Gram. I, D)

~ i ~ j ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ i JeWy n. Cherokee (written)

Nigadu iyagwadetiyvda jigesv agwade- hlohgwa?v ~i 'ala i digigoliyedi3i. h f S T3XSdB b DXSdXi J B Y JYAPBJT . * I learned to read Cherokee when I was fourteen years old.

cf: Jalagi

di2kq21v32gv4?i Ja4ET n. east

Dikalvnv didla wulosv3i. Y

-E J d JGRT. He went toward the east. - 2 2 2 4 di k? no gi sdi J a W a J n. .l. song

book 2. musical instrument

Dikanogisdi danhdisgo yidunihnogisa. J 9 2.)'@J L OJaA J5S h WU . They use musical instruments when

8 4 dikanowadidohi

di 3ktoh2di JSVJ n. binoculars they sing.

A : dekanogi7a

di2kg2n02w?2di2d~4hi d 2 , n. angel

Danohyavdas dinikanowadidohi? L Z 3 L @ dha ZGJVR? Do angels have wings?

cf: dakanowadidoha

di2k+2n02~+2d~3~di JaZGo12J n. law

Dikanowadvsdi yiduniyostana igada nvwakti nanadvneho7i. - daZGb3J iSShfi@WB T S G EGYJ B Q b V E T . When some people break the - law, they get away with it.

cf: dakanowadi

d12kdla3di1sgi dE66JJY n. 1. fireman 2. firetruck

dinh3dlg2di1 sgi (an. ) ,(Qo8Ja

Jo7iha dije dikdladisgi duniha - dinh- dladisei. - KT+ dY JElJ2Y Sh+ dOo%dAY. The f irem-e t h r e e x i r e t r u c k s . cf: kdladi7a

di2kdlvh3di JEPJ n. sharpener

Dikdlvhdi eskvsi. Hayelsdi dagvdlvhi. EPd R@Eb. +BP@-l LEPA.

me a sharpener. I'm going to I&- - sharpen a knife.

di2ke4wi dF8 adj. blind

di2ni2ke4wi dhP8

Hi?a asgaya dikewi. AD 0 2 5 3 2 8 . - This man is blind.

cf: dakewaga

di2kti2nv4tdi dSd@dd n. eyeglasses

Diktinvtdi jugisdi nulstanv7i. Od d dY@J 4P@W@T.

He to get eyeglasses. cf: daktinvdeTa, daktinvtvsga, dukti-

nvta

Diktohdi gvhdi yuhwiyagatahna hyiyo ligi. a 1 Ed CBJSWt AfiPY. If you look at him with binoculars, you'll recognize him.

cf: akta, aktiha, aktohdi

di2kwg2ng2y02 3sdi Jz@fi@_( n . play ing cards

Diie dikwanavosdi duvohusi. r+ J T e f i J r i ir b . He lost a new deck of cards.

di'k~g~~o~di Jz f iJ n. pepper

Dikwayodi dej ikwayo7vsgo juwej i. IXfiJ SfrXfii@A J @ k . - I put pepper on my eggs.

cf: dakwayo7vsga

di12sdoyh2di JP@VdJ n. scissors I I Digosdayi dilsdoyhdi juwhdohdi ulvkwdi gayewsvsgv7i. 1A@G<,3 dP@VSd d6Vd B W A S B 8 U E T . She likes to use sharp scissors while sewing . cf: asdoyeha

-dina v.suf. Imperative intensifier (see Gram. I, D) I

di2na2da2hnv4hli J0LOC n. 1. brothers (dl.exc1.) 2. his brother I

Dinadahnvhlis hi?a anichuja? 1 -leLoca D ~ J C ? m s e boys brothers? Kohiyv daga7luh j i dinadahnvhli . ARB ~s .v fr r ewc . His brother is coming in a little - while.

cf: anahlinvdli I di1neh13doh2di JllPVJ n. toy I

jadulisgv7is iyusd dinehldohd jagise? CSP@ET@ TG3-I J~1rv-I CY4? Did you get the you wanted?

cf: anehldi, danelohvsga I

d i 2 n i 2 d a 3 h y 2 w i J h L t @ n . I . enemies 2 . h i s enemy

Gadohv d in idahnawi n u n a l s t a n e S ? i ? S V B l h L t 8 ?6'F2kl/IT? Why d i d t h e y becisme enemies? Dinldahnawi j a 7 i s v w g o h a , u l i t i s v 7 i . d h L f 8 CTR SA+, 8 l ' J R T . h'hen he saw h i s enemy coming, he r a n - away.

c f ; dahnawa

d i l ~ e ~ ~ h i ~ s d i ~ ? i 14A@dT n . d r e s s e r

D i s e h i s d i g a s g i l i y v s v k s d e l a . 14.9@J SJYPBR 2.YASIV. Help me move - a d r e s s e r .

c f : a s e s i h a , asesvda

d i 2 s c 3 s d i 1 4 2 6 T i . numbers

Dehi!<tahas d i s e s d i ? s.osw+a 1 4 2 T Do you know your numbers?

c f : da seh iha

d i2 suZ3hwi3sd i X@,,J n . p a i n t

J o 7 i i y u h l i l o d a d a d l i s d v d i suhwisd i d a m a d u l i h a . ~f TGCBL L C 3 &!'@ad LZSf+. 1 want t h r e e g a l l o n s of p a i n t .

c f : asuhwisga, ulsuhwida

d i 2 t a 2 1 e 2 3 s d i 2 n . d r i l l

Anaga l i sg i a h n i g i s d i s g i d i t a l e s d i ag ihyoha . D6Si"J.Y DhY21a.Y 1WcfJ1 DYfi.G. I am looking f o r an e l e c t r i c d r i l l .

c f : a t a l e s g a , a t a l e s v 7 i

d i 2 t e Z 3 s d i AX21 n . i r o n

Hla ya teyvsga d i t e s d t . .f & % B 2 S 1 6 2 6 . - The i r o n i s n ' t h e a t i n g up - c f : d a t e s g a

When d i d he become a lawyer? - c f : a t i y o h i h a , a t i y o s d i

d l a 1 ? i 2 d a n . poke (greens '

Kilo d l a 9 i . i a n igvnhdes idoha . YG AT1 hEeSbI,'4. - Someone j s g a t h e r i n g poke.

dla2me2ha 03Cfv- n . b a t

Usdagalv a n i n e l o ? i dlameha. 8,3154 Dlu1G7 A*. Bats l i l f e i n caves . -

d l a 2 r u 3 s i b ? L \ n . l e e c h

H i l a i d i h n i d a n a n a i s d i s g o d l a n u s i ? -- AW T l h l 08PZ12A o m ? - How b i g do l e e c h e s g e t ?

d l ayh lga 8 d f n . b l u e j a y

Dlayhgv, Ogalahomi , gaduhv j i g i d layhgz d x d o s t a n e ? i . & 5 E , b S W E H , S.S6 hY S 1 , r L i l l . The town o f J a y , O!,lahoma, was naned a f t e r t h e b l u e j ay.

c f : Dlayhgv7i

Dlayhlgv4?i bAEl' n . J a y

Dlayhgv junadasdudi waya?a. AJJE d6'LaSrl G2D. -- He's i n j a i l a t j a y . - c f : d layhga

d loZge4s i eTFb n . 1. garden , f i e l d 2 . meadow, p a s t u r e

Udodagwada dulvhwisdaneho d l o g e s i gada1ugisgb" i . PIJLIT, .Y?OZl.;lE d f . 6 - SL1US'3I1'. He works a l l day i n t h e f i e l d plowing.

dlr:'dlu 7D' :n. p u r p l e m a r t i n

D1.ud'.u un iypsd i ~woh ivhnv usd' ~ c h u j a . -- T P i ~ h e ; l rS.c P O Irzl DdC. -- G l i t t l e bey rnade a b i r d house Fa: mart in;.

d l v p adv. approximate iy . .

D?v sgoh i i yuwahn i l~ i widaj i71,:li ; I -- - P ; A d iCGh? BChMh. -

86 dlv, ilvhdlv'l

I will get there about ten o'clock.

dlv, i21vh3dlv4'7i P , T q P T ad^. somewhere

Wiganvhnv dlv jidegadlosv. @so@ P hsE7n. We metsomewhere down the road.

cf: hla ilvhdlv7i

-do- v. suf. here-and-there (see Gram. I, Dl

~ o ~ ~ d ? ~ ~ w a ~ s ~ v ~ ~ i V L X 2 E T n. Sunday

Inadawo?esv Dodagwasgv svhiyeyi didla. T 8 1 V R R V 1 G E l t 9 B A I d . Let's go swimming Sunday afternoon.

~ o ~ ~ d a ~ ~ w i ~ d e ~ n a V l P S 8 n. Saturday

Hila isinale hadidisgo Dodagwiden sunale?i? .QW T b 8 6 + I I @ A V l P S 8 r 8 6 T ? How early do you get up on Saturday mornings?

cf: Unadodagwidena

~ o ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ h n v ~ ? i V1trO.T n. Monday

Dodagwohnv svnadodagwasdi dvga?luhji. v l t ' "~ R e v 1 z a d P S M ~ . -returning a week from Monday.

cf: Unadodagwohnv7i

-doh v.suf. accidental (see Gram. I, C)

2 .2 do h; yu V.QG adv. really, very

Dohiyu uhyvdla doyi. = BBda V A . It's really cold outside.

cf: doyu, udohiyu

do2sa V B n. mosquito

Ayo! - Dosa aksgala. Dfi! V B DY2S W . - - - ouch! - A mosquito bit me

d 0 ~ s v ~ ~ d a 7 ~ 1 i VP,LP n. ant

K P h.497 Sh .1B;3Ldl f iT . Ants - are always working.

do23yi V A adv. outside

Doyi dagalohi. - l / A I S O A . - He came from outside.

do2yu4 VG adv. really, very

Doyuuhyvdla doyi, doka? VG BBo8 V A , V a ? - It's really cold outside, isn't it?

cf: dohiyu, udohiyu

du1da2ti2hng3?v4?i S L d t i T n. his family

Dinalasgalisgv dutihnvsv dudatihna- %?i. =SP@E S d 0 R S l d t i T . He took his family to a ball game. -

du1dlo2sga Sd@S v .t . he's confronted with it

da1gw92dlo2sga 1 XefaS

d ~ l d l o ~ s v ~ ~ ? i Sef RT

du1dlo2sgo3?i S e f a A T

di2jg3dlo3hi JGefA

ju2dlo2hi2sdi d 6 A a I

Hla kilo vulvkwdi uyo adanhdadisdi judlohisdili. - f YQ G W J B f i DLOL JaJ de fA@JT . No one likes to be confronted with -- - a bad feeling.

cf: danadlosga

du1doZ7a S V D v.t. he is called, he is named

dalgwg2do 3?a 1 XVD

du1do3?vZ3?i S V i T

ju2d01sdi d V 2 J

"Chief" dudo?a gihli agwajelivi. :'Chiefy1 SI.'D YC D P P T . My dog Is - name is "Chief ."

Dulisdi 87

d ~ l d o ~ ~ k d i ~ h a SVSI.L v.i. he's st iggering

da1gwa2d032kdi3ha IXVS J+

SVf W0T

Sdayi unehltanv judokdohdi nigesvna. @ L J ~ O'APW@ dVSV1 hFR6. He tried h a r d t o stagger. - -

du1gwe2n03ti2sga SJZJ@S v. i. he's getting a rash

&S [email protected]. Dust makes me sneeze. --

du1ksdi2ha SSJ1.l. v. i . he l s vomiting

dalgl2ksdi3ha LYSdJ+

du1ksta2nv3?i Sf 2WOT

d ~ l k s d i ~ ~ s g ~ ~ 7 i SSJJJAT

di2ja3ksda JCS JL

ju2ksdoh3di dSJVJ

Gadosgin usdi nuwane jiduksdiha. SVAYh 8@d 4GA IrSS2d.G. I wonder what's causing him to vomit. ---

da lgi2gwe2n03ti2sga LYJZJ@S du1kti2nv2ta S f J W ) v. t. he's

Udihlehgi agalisgv yuwedola dugweno- tisgovi. OILY DSP@E GaVW S J Z J A T . If he walks in the hot sun, - he gets - a rash.

duhl lga sMS v.i. he has horns

da1gih12ga LYMS

duhl 1gv237i SMET

duhllgo37i SMAT

Nvhgi ilasihdi idiganvhida duhlgvvi. QY TWbd TISQAL W T . It had horns four feet long. ---

d ~ ~ h ~ v ~ ~ s d o ~ ~ ~ s g a S B J V a S v.i. he's sneezing

d ~ ~ h y v ~ ~ s d o ~ ~ ~ s g o 3 7 i sBJv&AT

di2~h?3yv3~do1hya ICB 2 V 3

j ~ ~ h y v ~ ~ s d o ~ ~ ~ s d i dB@V&d

Kosdu dakiyvsdoysdisgo7i.

wearing glasses

Agalisgv yedo julsihgi duktinvto7i. DSPJE BV dPbY SSJOVT. When she's out in the sun, -- she wears dark glasses.

cf: daktinvtvsga, diktinvtdi

d ~ l l a ~ ~ s u ~ h l a SWrf v.t. he's wearing shoes

da1gwa21a32su2hla L WGC

d ~ l l a ~ ~ s u ~ h l v ~ ~ 7 i SWrPT

Nidulasuhlvna ajvsiye?a achuja. hSWrP6 DCb3D DdC. A boy is walking around without - his shoes on. -- cf: dalasuhlvsga, dilasulo

~ u ~ l i lsdi SPJI n. September

Dulisdi kavlv Anijalagi Daligwa unisgwalv7eho Unadetiyisgv7i. SPx1J 9 '1 DhrMY I P 5 8 h3X.1RI 8 x h 2 ~ 7 .

Cherokee Holid?) is held at Tahlequall in :he month of Sepcemoer.

dul li"ye'2su21a .\ /-cl/;"CC v. t. he 'i wearing glo~res

I XPBGW

duili2ye32su'lv23?i 5 P8e47

d . ~ ~ l i ~ y e ~ ~ s u ~ l o ~ ? i Zfi3iYGT

tlla yagilvkwdi digwaliyesulodi yidagi- lvhwisdaneha. f ;?Y1Td JIPEt?G.I JSLY~QJLAJJ. I don't like to wear gloves when I'm - -- working.

cf : aliyesulo

d ~ l l i ~ ~ y o ~ h a SPf i+ v . t . ;lets wearing socks

da1gwa21i23y03ha L XPi3.E

SPficQT

d ~ ~ l i ~ ~ y o ~ h o ~ ~ i SPfiP 7

de2ja31i23y03he3sdi S'CPfi?,JJ

Gaac usdi julisbhwida duliyoha? ST. OZ!J dPt?@L SPfi+? -- What color socks is he wearing? - - c f : aliyo, daliyogi?a, daliyohihs,

daliyosiha

du1103tsgv4?i SGlrET n. fcrk (in tree)

Dluhgv dulotsgv - uki??v j igowht iha sal~li.

- - .. - ! see a squirrel in che - for!< of a Zree.

du11\,23hwi3sda1n;21za SL!e;L,?+ v. i . he's working

da1gi;21v23hw+3sd31~ze2ha L.Y392L.:Ii.

d ~ ~ l v ~ ~ h w i . ~ s d a ~ ? s ~ l v ~ ~ ? i ,SL)'?,i!l.,,\ ?I-

du:l\~~~hwi 3sda1ne2h03'.i , j ' l @ , i l . ~ - ~ k : di" a31v3hwi2sda1?i 1 ~ l a . 2 , ~ h

;u:?v23hwi 3sda1-i.h7di dqO;C!, cd

Na didehlohgwasgi Dodagwidena udodagwada dulvhwisdaneho7i. :, .~.S.~T,'IY L'L'iPSB WVLXL S9Q,11.1'11.?. rha+ student works all day Saturday

cf: julvhv~isdanehi

~u'ninh'di -7hh.l n. October

Iluninhdi - - j lka?lv gvwedolv7i. S hhd Ira4 EEcV4T. - He hasn't been here since the month of October.

d ~ ~ s d ~ ~ n o ~ h y v h ~ g a SJL ZBf v. i. he's making footsteps

d12ja3sdg'no2hyv231a JC@L ZBCV

Kilo ducaanohyvhgv gatvgi?a. YG SZLZBE f6YD. I hear someone making footsteps.

d ~ ~ s ~ ? ~ l e ~ s d i ~ h a S2S6JJ.1. v.t. he's releasing it (involuntarily:

Sdaya junsanesa sdeyida, dagwasgale- stanv?i . ,i l. 3 J O F ~ J ~ H AS-fiL , L Z2f uq2WDT . '$hen he pulied the rope hard, it slipped out of my hand. - :f: duyosga

3 d~'y?~w::-.ga S2XYS v.i. he's tired

ehi 8 9

u - ,

S;;9'AM .?f?AfC: Is he tired ---

vuluhj julvhwisdanelidolv? d Q @ @ L A P V Q?

when he returns from work?

dul YP3sga S v. t . he Is releasing it (voluntarily)

1 . 3 da g; yp2sga G.Yfi3S

d ~ ' ~ p ~ s v ' ~ ~ i sfinr dul y?3sgo 37i .Sfi;lA7.

dj2ja3y02hi JCR.9

ju2y03hi3sdi Jfi.?;.l

Gadohv doja?yohi sdeyida? S t'd I Cfi ! l 119 hd? Why did you let go of the rope? ---- cf: dayosga, dusgalesdiha

du1yu2kdv4~i ,\CAfi'I n. truth

Duyukdv gvnohiseha. . I G - A 6 I %94'+. - I am telling you the truth.

-dv v. ,n. ,adj .suf. affirmative (see Gram. I, D)

e- v.pref. passive (see Gram. I, A)

e - v.pref. imperative (see Gram. I, A 1

-e- v. suf. benefactiue; dative (see Gram. I, C)

- e - v.suf. 1. repeatedly 2. going somewhere in order to (see Gram. I, C)

e1d03ha R1.Y v.i. 1, he's walking zround 2. he's here

ge'3d03'ha f \,' 'q.

u~we~3d0321~,23?i O . ~ C V : ] T

eida31~03?i Rl 1'7

heL3da ? I.

u2we?da1sdj @S' 1, ,i'-I

Nidunalasuhlvna anedoha. h S B W r P 8 DAV+. - They are walking around barefoot. ~nedahas dej adat ihnavv? DAV4-2 S C L J t i ? Is your family here? - cf: ihedolv?i

e3ga RS v.i. he's going

ge3ga f s ~ ' w e ~ n v ~ s v ~ ~ ? i O.SQDr\I

e3g03?i R A I

helna 2 0

u2we2nv1sdi @SrD,LIJ

Ina gega. l o t s . I amgoing far away ---

e4gwa Rl, ' adj . huge, large ja2ne4gwa, je4gwa I . 1 ' 1

Egwa gahljode anahnesgeha. - R3 SPK.9 D O l l n ~ f b . - They're building a large house.

eZgwoz3ni Rl"h n. sea

Jiyuhi dunisohjv egwon aniyosgi. IrGL) .T 11-1- (1 R1." 11 I7 hfi ~1.y . - The soldiers crossed the sea in a ship. -

e7'ha R i . v.i. he lives

ge3?a f 11

Hisgi judetiyvda ehv Daligwa. - BgY d c i J B L He lived in Tahlequah for five years. --

e4hi R B n. resident, dweller

Hadlv anehi na analasgalisgi? 4.P D/1.3 0 118U'dSP21Y? - Where are those ball players - from?

e2hi2ya4?i R&&T n. indigenous That Is enough!

a2ne2hi2ya47i DAB31 e21i4gwu Rf's adv. it's possible

Aniyvwiya Amayehli anehiya. DhB82 Dd"BC DAA3. Eligwus digaduhv yuwisgikahvga?

Indians are indigenous to America. RI';; ASS& COdYaSS? Can ycu take me to town? -

cf: ehi. -va I

- ,

e41i1sdi RP,,dJ adv. it seems that e2hla2we4?i RCdT adj . quiet

Elisdi yikanohvla uhna egv?i. Ehlawe gesv yvwi gawonisgi gawonisgv RPJ.1 L$ZdLW Oh RET. - igohida. It seems like he would say where he RL'Sq FR B @ SC?h@Y Se'h&E TAAL . --- - is going. The people were quiet while the

i i

cf: eli?a i speaker spoke.

e 3hna27i R A T n . animals (non-domest i - cat ed)

Ehna?i anadayvlatvsgv duktosdi. Rt1 DQLAIVSAIE S S V S J . - tie's watching animals on television.

cf: ganahlavi

-e?i v.suf. reportative (see Gram. I, D)

e21a'di Rh.1 adv. 1. down 2. on foot

Eladi ulsdvhlunv?i I-? Cb . I I)' P n iiYZLt I . - tie sat down. - Eladis hi?luhgi? R I+'- 1 ,t .:I 1h1.L' ? - Did vou come on foot?

e'lil?a RPD v.t. he thinks so

ge'1137a F P O

ulweLli 32sv23?i O'LQPRI

Kilagwu dv?aniluhj i geli?a. . ."II.u d'll h l l h FPD . They're comingback shortly, -- I think.

cf: elisdi

2 . 4 e 11 gwu R P adv. enough, it's enough

Eligwu!

RP,: -

-esdi v.suf. or (see Gram. I, D)

g - v.pref. first and third singular subject (see Gram. I, B) I

-g- v.suf. progressive (see Gram. I, C )

ga- v.pref. since (see Gram. I , A ) I I

pa- v.pref. third singular subject 1 (see Gram. I, B) 1

ga- v. pref. third person plural animate object (see Gram. I, B)

ga2chi2n04sda ~h,7;,~ adj . straight di2ga2ch12n04sda .l,slr 7<11,

Gachinosda yuwiganvhne osi yigese. S h Z J l CBSQ!1 ,056 h F 4 . - If there was a straight road, it would have been all right.

cf: gachinosiha

ga2chi2n02s13ha 5 h Z b 1 v .t. he's straightening it

j i ' ~ h ~ ~ n o ~ s ~ 3ha 1" 1~ /b L

~ ' w a ~ c h i ~ n o ~ s ~ ~ h n v ~ ~ ? i 0 GI" 7UQ1

ga2chi2n02si23sg?3?i ? / P / J ! I ~ ~ I 1

hi2ch12n02 3 ~ a )/r 7IU

v2wa%h12n02soh2di O C IT I+ .I

Ama ulohisdi usvdoni utsgwidvnelv asehnv uwachinosahnv?i.

D b BGA@I BRVh Bk'7P6A4 D40 BGk ZUOT. The water pipe bent, but he - straightened - it out.

cf: gachinosda

ga23da f~ n. 1. soil 2. land

Gadaha elohi ideha; hadlvgwu yuwi- giluhja gads idigowhtisgoyi. S L 6 RGA T S 6 ; +Pi2 GBYMC TIAGaaAT.

We live in a dirty world; no matter where we go we see dirt. - cf: gadohi

gq2dg3?a f L D v.i. it (flexible object) is hanging

ga2dg3?a S L D

Gado usdi na jigada?a getvvi? SV @@I 8 - h f GD FPT? What's that hanging on the post?

cf: gata, kto?a

ga1dgT3di f I I n. flag

di2ga1dav3di JS I I

Hila nuwetiya na gadavdi? AW G'ePd3 6 SLJ? - How old is that flag?

3 1 ga23dg gu gu S I J J n. crock

Nihis j ohlvhne hi?a gadagugu? hA@ K P A AD f - L J J ? Did you make this crock?

cf: gada, gugu

Hla yudulvhe gadaha dagwalela uhi?lvsdi vs ihnv i sdi unv alvhv?i. c GS ?$ s - 16 E$w 0?3 $21 i a y ~ TGJI BOS 4 8 T . He didn't want to drive a dirty car, so he washed it.

cf: agadahaqi, gada

ga2d921u23gi3?a SLMYD v.t. he's plowing it

j i2d921u23gi3?a hLMYD

u1wa2d?21u23ga32nv23?i BG LMSQT

ga2dg21~23gi 32sgo3?i S I MYJAT

hi2dq21u2gv1ga ALMES

v2~a2dp21~23go 32di BG I MAI

Gohigiyv jigese dinilogisgi sogwili

AAYB k1.4 d F h . - - -. Long ago the farmers used horses for plowing the fields.

cf: gadalugodi

ga2dq21u3g01di S LMAJ n. plow

di2ga2d?21u3g01di JSIMAI

Tstanv?is sogwili uninsanesd gadalugodi? CW0T.S I. '7PP Bhetl/l@J S L MAI? Have you used - a horse-drawn plow? cf: gadalugiva

g?2de3?a SSD v. t. he's removing it (solid or flexible object) from a hanging position

g?2de 3?a f S D

~ ' d e ~ s v ~ ~ ? i BSRT

ga2de3sgo3?i f SJAT

hg2dq2gi 6LY

2 2 ga dq g ~ ? ~ l a f L X W n. clay u2de1sdi B S J J

Svkta uwansv ugisdi udesvvi. Gada wala gohlvhtanv ganvnowa uwaya.

w 0 f 0 Z G @GJ. & He RS w picked B G ~ R a BYJI ripe BET. apple to eat. He has a pipe made of clay. - Hadagi ahnawo asila?dv jigada7a.

*a2da2ha47i f l 6 T adj . dirty 6LY DtV DbW5 h S I D . - Take - the shirt down from the line.

92 gadeysdiha

ga2dey23sdi2ha S.2ad.G v.t. he's turning it

i2de23ya32sdi2ha bS3;3J+

~ ~ w a ~ d e y ~ ~ s t ? ~ n v ~ ~ " i QGS2JWOT

Aksgani didla hideysda. DSJSh do% ASdJL. Turn it to the left. -- cf: adeyohv'i

ga1di2ge4ni f.Il-h n. his heel

di2ga1di2ge4ni dS dl- h

Gadigeni uhyehlalv gugu uyojv ula- sdvtana amayi aduhinjdahv'i. ,y.Il-h Q J L I J J Q f i ~ vwdC'W8 DTA - 1)S'"9hVJLT. A broken glass cut his heel wnen he -- stepped on it while wading in water.

ga2di 3gw?21v2dey2 3sdi 2ha SdIW3;3d.G v.t. he's spinning it

j i2di 3gw?21~2dey23sdi2ha hJXX!?;3;3J.G

u1wa2di 3gw?21v2dey23st?2nv23?i BGJXClSZLdWDT

ga2di 3gw?21v2dey2 3sdi2sgo 3'7i SJZZS3;3daAT

hi2di1gw?21v2dey23sda AJX ZS& L

y2wa2di 1g~~21~2dey23sdoh2di QGdX4SGGVJ

Eligwus hyidigwalvdeysda gagwatv'i? RPa2 AJX9S&2L SXC'T? Can you spin the wheel?

ga3dl0~h1~ha SpfA* v.t. he's strapping it

Ganoji gvhdi uwadlohlv kanesa'i. S Zb Ed QCdP 3 i l t l T . Se strapped the box with some - leather.

sf: adadlohiha

g?2d01 S V pron. what (a verb reply expected)

Gado -- hadvneha? lila udli iga gohusd. Di ohweligwu de'i oli e?a. s $ w m c B? ?s . & ; 3 ~ . JMPS %APB D . iVhat are you doing? Nothing much. .- I'm just reading a book. Gado jalsdahneha? Ji'lvsga. - S V CPd LAP? b 425 . i7hatfs wrong with you? I 'n sleepy.

g?2d032ga S V S v.i. he's standing

j i2d032ga b C;S

-------------- I g?2d032g039i S VAT

hi2d032ge3sdi BVl-ad

Doyi didla danidogv dinadaniyisgi wagiluhja. I v i J ~ W - L ~ V E J B L h m GYMC . - The policemen were standing outside - when I got there.

cf: anidona'a, dudokdiha I ga2d04hi SVA adv. on the ground

Diniyohli unilvkwdi gadohi junanehl- di7i. JhfiC Oh W d S VA deAGJT. - Children like to play on the ground. -- cf: gada

g?2d01hv3 SVIIZ adv. why I Gadohv nidijenvda juwigvyanisgv? f V 8 - h J W L d QEZhAE? - a v didn It vou come when I was --L.

call ing you?

ga2d0231i32ga S V P S v.t. he's pitying him

ji2ya2d0231i32ga b3VPS

I gaduhvsga 93 i -- ! ! ulwa2d0231i32jv23?i Q(;l,PCT .ga2dQ2 g2sdi 5 1 pron. what (a

I Jiyadoligagwu.

h3VPf21. I just feel sorry for. him. - cf: adadolisdi, adadoli~~iha

noun or infinitive rep1 y expectedj

Gado usJi higowhtiha? I j ea?iyusdi G h x d i . -

1 1 4 - 1 7 iC,?jd i 4SrG ! . G a t 7 0 yob see? A green pencil. - Gado usdi iadulihz? khdchldi aewacl.uli - -- " . 4 G.'At?.F+3.; DZS'P. - -. What do you want? I want you to help - me.

gg2donh3di3ha SV@J+ v. t. hcls ga4du SS n. bread dropping him, it (flexible) Digatdi wagihla gadu.

j i'v?2d~nh3di 3ha, ga2donh3d? 3ha -

dfJd G3'L u. [email protected]+, S V@A* I have bread in the oven.

uidonh3ta3nv3?i @VMk!?I cf: digatdi?i, gaduhvsga

g?idonh3di23sgo3?i S V0JaAT gg2du3 S.!! adv, on top

hi2y?2donh1da, hG2donh1da Disehisdi gadu ahlaba aJabehdi. ASVPL. +VDL 64026 ss ve+ DIE-.[.

u2donh1doh3di P 1'01.6 The mirror is - on top of the dresser.

Duyaweja gasaleni gahnehv udonhtanv9i. f brcfh f fa @1.'0\\'@T .

When he got tired of hold+-ng the coat, he dropped it. - - cf: gohonhdiha, galonhdiha

gg2dq3sga fV2f v. i. it (a flexible object) -is falling from a hanging position

g?2d? 3sga f VAf

u1dq3sv2 39i ~ v R T

g?2dP3sgo39i Sv;;AT

hg2do 'hi +VA

u2d01hi3sdi Ql7~?i8-1

Asiladv ga?dv ahnawo udosv9i. DbW6 f5' DtC m T . The shirt fell from the line. -

ga2du3pi SSJr n. cooperative laL.;.r (involving a community)

Gohigi jigesv, gadugi danalsdelisgv Ani j alagi . ,LO.? k f - R , S S.' i.QPd.rSP2E DhCW2'. - Long ago, Cherokees helped each other through cooperative labor.

ga2du3hv4?i f SII-l' n. town

Hila nani?a yvwi aneha Daligwa gaduhv?i? .9U' OhD A 8 i)A+ II'Z SSS.T? - What's the population of the - town of Tahl equah?

3 . 2 ga dd hy3sga S562f v.t. he's baking it

3 2 3 ji du hy sga kSd-JS

~ l w a ~ d u ' h n v ~ ~ ~ i 3 G S 0 T

cf: gohosga ga3du2hy 2sgo3?i fi-L-2.1 I

hi ldu2hvlgs A5S.S gG2d02 u4sdi f V 32-1 adj . which

u2waizdi @fJ J ga2d02 ju4sdi, g?2dc 2un4sdi

f V d n - l . f " OOi l J Gadu uganasda uwatdi advxv7isdiha. Gado usdi ulsuhwida tisuh~!is? ss 0 ~ 0 , ; ~ 8~1.1 DS~OT,;,!J-G. -- 4 I' 0 ('605 a~?@>? She's getting ready to bake a cake. - .- 'xich color are you going to paint it? cf: gadu, uganasda

94 gadulida

ga'du21i'da S P I . adj . wet Digadulida nidulstan didahliiostanv duyo jv?i. JSSPL hSP,;WO d l CG;]\VO SfiC7 . When the photos got - wet, they were ruined.

ga2du4si SSh n. hill

Saluyi unaksesdi gadusi danetvsgo junaktohdi?i. UMJ3 8 8 s 4 J J fSb lA6"',1A d e S V J T . Forest rangers build lookout towers on hills.

3 2 2 2 4 ga du u g+ na sda SS @St321 n. cake

Gadu uganasda uwaduhnv uwe j i achu j a - udetiyisgvyi. s_S B f B a & BGSO @JYh DdC BSL'&JET. She baked a cake for her sm's birth- .- - day.

cf: gadu, uganasda

gq2dv3?y2sga S6"iJS v.t. he's hanging up a flexible object

2 2 j i y? dv37y25ga, g?2dv3?y2sga h 3 6 i d f , S r i @ S

u l d ~ ~ n v ~ ~ ? i @P@T

I am hanging my shirt on the line. - - cf: gatvsga, ktosadiva

ga23gg3ma SSC n. cucumber

Hi?a achuja hisgiha gagama dusdigv3i. AD DdC A2Y.G - f f 8" S d d E T . This boy ate five of the cucumbers.

ga2ga2we23sdi S S992-l n. paddle, oar

Gagawesdi akutolv?elv svhi jigesvvi. ff.Q9@d DZV9RQ R9 b f R T . He borrowed my paddle yesterday.

ga2g?2we23sga S S J 9 2 S v. t . he's rowing, paddling

2 2 3 ji g? we sga hSd2S

~ ~ w a 2 g a ~ w e ~ ~ s v ~ ? i BGf 99RT

Joyiha iyaniyi dandanedliyv daniga- wesgv?i j iyu. KT.GT3hT LBLACB LhSd@ET hG. Three of them are taking turns rowing the boat.

cf: gagawesdi

ga2ge4da S f l adj. heavy

Nigohilv gageda asaladanvhvsgv nidi- galsdohdi jinuhlinigvga. hRA9 f F L DUWlOd.@E hdSP2Vd b4ChES. - The reason he is so strong is because he is always lifting heavy objects.

ga32gi3 Sy pron. who (used only with echo questions)

dvhiylesi dagwalela? SY PA66 LX6W? - Who is going to drive the car? -

ga3g02 SA pron. who

Ga o na sakonige ulsduli jigi asgaya? e H A M B P X P L=Y 0 x 3 1 &

Who is the man wearing the blue cap? -

ga3gwg2tdi S n. wheel

di2ga3gwa2tdi J S U J

Amayi wudelijv a watdi udagwadestana. D r z j ssrc sm%Y/e. The wheel went into the water when it came off.

1 gahl j ode 95 I

I Getv ~agwayohiha dalala.

FS, .STfiA+ LWW. A woodpecker is pecking on a pole. -

ga2ha2tdi S + J I n. wedge

di2ga2h?2tdi I S + J I

Digahatdi duwhtanv getvsdi dasdlu- sgvvi.

I I S + J I S J W Q F 6 J I D a T J E T . I He used wedges in splitting posts.

gah12di3ha SPA+ v.t. he's putting it into a container

~hllt?~nv~?i BPWQT . gah12di23sgo3?i S P I J A T

uh12doh3di B P V I

Gado usdi ahldi talugisgi na asgaya? SV 0a-f - S h 3 ' e D J S a ? What is the man putting in the can?

cf: adlisdiha, gahldohdi, galadi?a

gah13doh2di SPv-4 n. container

ahldohdi eskvsi. K a l s e j i b . a P 4 6 f - Hand me the sugar bowl. - cf: adlisdohdi, gahldiha, galadi-

sdohdi, galvdohdi

gah12gwo23gi S f T Y adj . seven Gahl wo i jusvhida svnadodagwasdi &go?i. S W Y J U C R e v L T 2 - f h S P J I 2 A T . - Seven days make one week.

gah12gwo2gi2ne4?i S W Y / ' l T adj . seventh

h0 S P l r Y A E- 4 2 I . You be the seventh.

ga3hli2da S C l n. arrow

di2&a3h1i2da d S C l

Gahlida uyostana, nudale wuyvhv7i. SCL 0 ' f i 2 h 1 8 , 9 L d SB97'. - When he broke an arrow, he went ana -- got another one.

ga2h1i3ha SC+ v.i. he's sleeping

jiv21i3ha h P +

Kila usv gayula ahliho?i. Yw on scw scr + - Early at night he's already asleep.

cf: anihli?na, gahlvsga

ga3hli2si3ha S C b + v.t. he's gathering it

j i3hli2si3ha 6Cb.E-

~ ~ w a ~ h l i ~ s ? ~ h n v ~ ~ ? i BGCUQT

ga3hli2si23sg?3?i S C L J A T

hi1hli23sa ACU

v2wa1hli23soh3di B G C t d

Sohi degahlisiha ganvji uwohlvhdohdi. t A 3 S C b . G SQlr B f Y P V I . She's gathering hickory nuts to make kanuchi.

cf: anadahlisiha

gah12j a ~ ~ d i S P C d n. bow

Gado usdi ada hvhdisgo gahljavdi yi j ohlvhna? f I/ 0'J.d DL 9 1 2 4 S P C d J ~ K P ~ ? - What type of wood do you use when you make a bow? - -

g a h ~ ~ j o ~ ~ d e S P K S n. house

Nihi gahlgwogine gesesdi. Gahljode daganesgehi.

S P K S I S A ~ k 3 . - I am go:'ng to bal ld a house. --

gah12j03tdoh2di ,s PK6'T,'J n. roofing hi2hlvlga /3P 5

Talugisgi gahljotdohdi duhwasga. uhl 2di B e d

\f!l!YAY f i3Ko"V d Si;@S . Junilvhwisdanehi nvya danihlvsga He's buying some metal roofing. gadohi atalesv?i.

cf: gahljotv?i J h ' 1 8 J I A A 03 I hP@S f VB DWGRT. The workers are putting some rocks -

2. 2 gahl 10 tv4?i SPKsTT n. tent in a hole in the ground. - deZgahl3 jo2tv4?i S S P K P T cf: adli?a, galadi?a, galvysga

.i\mayi yusuhnena gahl jotv waya?o?i. D T d GKAO SPKS' G A 5 T . - When he goes fishing, he lives in - a tent. - cf : gahl jotdohdi

ga3hlv2sga f?',?f v.t. he's piling it UP

j i3h1;2sga !rT 3 f

BCT'0T

ga3h1v2sgo3?i fTa7AT

hi'hlu'ga .-9 f

u2wa'hly 3sdi 0 G3'd.l

Nvya j unasdi uwat iunv nvnohi . 03 582.1 B z J C) ZA . He piled the gravel on the road. -

g$'hlv3?i2ha 5PT.G v.t. he's tying him, it up

3 2 j i2y??21v 71 ha, g??2;v3?i2ha k 3 Q T + , S4T .G

~ ' h l v ~ l v ~ ~ 7 i B P 4T

gg2hlv3?i2h03"i S P T I T

hi2ya?21v23ja, 11?~hlv~~ja B3.1C, +PC

u2hlv1sdi 0'PZ.I

ga2hlv2sga f P 2 f v.i. he's sleepy, he's going to sleep

j i?21v2sga Ir 42s

~ ' h l v ~ h n v ~ ~ 7 i @POT

Diniyohlidv danihlvsgv vsgihnv iyusdi dv70gahnigisv?i. dhhCG' I hP@E i 2 f Q T G J d 5"dSf h Y P T . The children were getting sleepy; - that's why we came back.

ga2hne3ga S.llS v.t. he's taking a flexible object somewhere by hand

j iV2ne3ga k A f

~ l h n v ~ s v ~ ~ ? i 0 0 R T

gg2hne3g03?i f A A T

hi2hnu1 ga -9 4 s

u2hnv1sdi 0 021

Gasaleni hihnu a, uhyvdlahehno. --+ S U 8 h &f , BB ? Z . Take a coat, because it's cold. - zf: ahyega, atihnega, ganega, ganh-

Sdeyida mhdi jiya?lvlv ahyvki. j ega

2SdI EJ hi24 9 D3Y. 1 tied %theprisoner with a rope. ga2hnt3ha fi1.G v.t. he's holding a -- flexible object

gg2hly3sga S P 2 S - v. t. he's putting ji1ng3ha, jj?'nc3ha k/l+, .$I?+ it in a hole or a container - - - - - - - - - - - - - .-

j i?2lV3sga .',a ' 'S

gaj aligosga 9 7

Ij e ahnawo W D t V hA Ps

Gado usdi ah e?a j isdu? SV 821 S *? D What is tKrabbit eating?

cf: adahyesgi, agi'a, asdigiva, gahyesdi

- I am holding a new shirt. -- cf: ahyeha, ganeha, ganhjeha

gg2hni23d032ha S hV+ v.t. he's handling a flexible object

j i?2ni23d032ha h hV+

u1hni23d0321v23?i B h V 9 T

gg2hni23d032h03?i S hVIlT

hi2hni23da A h L

~ ~ h n i ~ ~ d a ~ ~ s d i B h L 2 1

Inada ulihwojv gahnidoha. T 8 L B P C C -. He's handling a dead snake. - cf: ahidoha, ganhjidoha, ganidoha

ga2hyg?3dlv4?i S 3 p T n. collar

Ahnawo ah a?dlv nadvnhdesda. D t V 5 *. The czlar on the shilt just came off.

cf: ahyadlvdi

ga2hy?2hu210 S 3 r G n. saddle

di2ga2hyg2hu210 1 S a r G

Uwodujv gahyahulo uwohlvhnv?i. B V S C S J r O O V P O T . He made an extremely beautiful saddle.

ga2hye3?a S 8 D v.t. he's eating a flexible object

ji2ya1ye37a, ji1ye3?a k a D , k 8 D

~ ' w a ~ h y a ~ ? v ~ ~ ? i B G 3 i T

ga2hye 3sgo 3?i SB@AT 2 1 hi ya yg2ga, hi2hyC2ga

.J;J& . "Q<>'S

;2wa2hye1sdi BG;i&l.d

ga2hye4sdi S 8 @ 1 n. something flexible to eat

Anije tuya anosda di ah esdi. DhY S 3 D Z J L - I S 8 e Green beans are good to eat. -- cf: adahyesgi, gahyeva

ga2jB2ga21i3ha S G S P + v.t. he's ripping it

ji2j?2g?21i3?a b C S P D

u1wa2j?2gg2~~2h~23?i BGGS 99,T

ga2jq2g?21i23sg93?i S C S P @ A T

:u2jg2g+21a AGS W

y2wa2 j?2gah12di BGCS 9 1

I'weti ahnawo uwajagalvhv dagwalela unveahldohdi. 00; D t V BGGS 9 B LXJW 80s 4 V 1 . He ripped an old cloth to wash the - . . car with.

cf: adajagaliha

ga2j321~2g023sga S G P A A S v.t. hets scratching him, it 2 2 2- 2 a 2 ji2ya j? ~ ? ~ g o ~ s g a , ji 1% 1; go3sga

h 3 C P A J S , hCP&S u1wa2j;f21~2g023sv37i OGGPART

ga2j?21i2g023sgg3?i S G P A ~ A T

hi2ya2j?21i2g0231a, hi2j?21j2g0231a A a C P A W , ACPAW

;2wa2jg21i2g023sdi BG CP.421

Gahljode uyvsdi yuduli wesa, galohisdi degaj aligosgo?i . S P K S B B @ 1 G S P dbr, 5 0 . 9 2 1 SSGPA;r\AT.

When the cat wants to go inside the house, he scratches on the door. - cf: adlagosgii

9 8 gajanuli

2. 2 4 ga J? nu li S C S P adj. fast

Gajanuli dagwalela uha. fC4P IZcfW Q.G. He has a fast car.

cf: ayanuli

ga2jB2y02hj3ha SCfiH.G v.t. 1. he's pricking him, it 2. he's giving him an injection

Uhyvdla j agi'niyisgv aga7nakti agij a- yohlv'i. QBd CYhJ5;3E DSBSJ DYCfiPT. When I had a cold, a x r gave me - an injection. - cf: jujayosdi

ga3jv2wa32sdi2ha SCG2J.G v.t. he's wringing it out

j i3jv2wa32sd12ha bCG2J.G

OGCGJWOT

hi1 jv2wa1sda ACGJ I

v2wa1 jv2 3wa32sdoh2di QGCGJVJ

Duhgilo'ohnidi ase, degajvwasdihahehno dihnawo. SYGdhJ D4 SSCGJJ.G?Z J t V . I guess she's just about finished washing becausk -- she is wringing the clothes.

ga2jvy3sga S C a S v.t. he's stinging it

j i2ya2jvy3sga bX&S

~ l w a ~ j v ~ h y v ~ ~ ~ i QGCBT

v2wa2 jvy l sdi QGCZdJ

Gado usdi gajvysga na kanaj isdej i? S V 026 f C&f 8 ClBhJSb? What is the wasD stineine?

cf : adajvysgi

2 2 ga k? hi2yG3?a f 3 A 3 D v.t. he's leaving a living thing behind

j i2ya1k?2hi2y?3?a b ' a A 3 D

u 1~a2k;f2hi3yv237i QGaAB T

ga2kg2hi2ya32sgo37i SaALGAT

hi2ya1kg2hi23ya A a A 3

v2wa2k;f2hi23ya32sdi QGaA3;3J

Ale gihli nidajiyatihnuga asehnv - . . - daj iyakahiya. Dcf YC h I b 3 J 4 S 0 4 0 IbZQA3. I almost brought my dog, but I left -- it behind. - cf: adisiyava, ahiya'a, ganehiyava,

ga'niya'a

ga2ka32n$2ha SaA.G v .t . he's giving him a living thing

Sagwu wesa j i akaneha. m SPb' bZQ + .G 1 am giving him one cat. -- - cf: adeha, ahneha, ganehneha, ganv-

neha

ga3koh2di SAJ n. plant (potted plants, young trees, young garden plants)

di2ga3koh2di JSAJ

Sgohi nidekdv'v svgi digakohdi duhwasv'i. JAB hSSGi RY JS AJ SGRT . He bought ten bundles of young onion plants.

ga2kwe2nv2sga S 1 X ; 3 f v . t . he's wrapping him, it

galeyvsga 9 9

Danisdayohihv adahnehdi jikwenvsga. LhALfiBa DLAJ hD.2.S. I am wrapping a Christmas gift. --

g?21a3di3?a S W l D v.t. he's putting long object in a container

j?21g3di3?a It WAD

u11?3dv23?i 8 WGT

g?21?2di 32sgo37i S WJ2AT

hi21?2da BWL

u21?2di 'sdi 0 W J ~ J

Udlawavdv uladv hayelsdi. 0&6" 8 3 .GBp@J. He put the knife in his pocket. - - cf: gahlysga, galadisdohdi, galiha,

galvsga

g?31?2di 'sdoh2di SWJ2V-f n. container (for a long object)

di2gg31?2di'sdoh2di JS WJaV1

Ije ktanvdohdi digaladisdohdi uhwasv?i. TY EWDVJ J s w J ~ v J @GAT . He bought a new tool box. - cf: adlisdohdi, gahldohdi, galvdohdi

gB21B2nv2dv4?i S W W T n. street

de2g?31g2nv2dv4?i SSWWT

Gado usdi galanvdi hinela? S V 8 2 J S W W BAW? - Which street do you live on?

gq21e3?a SdD v.t. he's taking it (solid or flexible object) out of a container

ji21e3?a It dD

~ ' l e ~ s v ~ ~ ? i BcRT

g?21e3sgo37i S f2AT

hi21t2gi BWY

Ayehli ulesv udlawa?dv?i. DBC - 0 8 ~ 6 " ~ . He took a half dollar out of his -- - ~ocket . Dihnawo dulesv talujohi. It0 @ W M K A . She took some clothes out of a -- - basket.

cf: adliha, galiha

g??31e'ga ~ 8 s v.t. he's climbing it

h??21u1ga AMS

u21v1sdi 8.121

Wesa ukehena gihli, wesa hlgv?i ulvsv?i. Dbr @I-28 Y C , dbr PET m T . When the dog chased the cat, the cat climbed-a tree.

cf: ga'legi

g??21e1gi Sd'Y n. blacksnake

Juweji jugisdi ulvkwdi ~a71egi. JDh JYaJ 8 W 1 K Y . A blacksnake likes to eat eggs. - cf: ga?lega

g?v21e4ni Sdh n. his ear

di2ga?21e4ni . . 1 S d h

Dinileni dunitalesv'i junadli?adv- di?i. dhdh ShWd'RT J0CD6"IT. They pierced their ears to wear -- earrings.

2 3 2 g? le yv sga sdB@s v.i. he's burning

j i21e3yv2sga hdB2S

u1 le3yv2sv2 37i @dB RT

g?21e3yv2sgo37i S dB@AT

hi21e.1yv23hi AcfBA

100 galeyvsga

Osi wusihtada, uleyvsv?i. ,Lib J b W I . BGBRT. - When he placed his hand on the stove, he was birned. --

g;21e2yv23sga f $ B A S v.i. a long object is falling from an upright position

j 121e2yv3sga hJBAS

B$B RT

g?21e2yv23sg?3?i S ~ B A A T

h521e2yv23hi AGBA

u21e2yv23hi 3sdi @$BAA1

Sdayi unolvna, hlgv uleyvsv?i. @LA BZ.18, 8 E B$BRT. When the wind blew hard, the tree fell.

gq?31i2d03ha Spy+ v.i. he's climbing around

j iT31i2d03ha hPV+

~ l l i ~ d o l l v ~ ~ ? i BPV4T

gg?31i2d03h037i SPVbT

hi?21i23da AP I

~ ~ l i ~ ~ d a ~ ~ s d i BPL@A

Jusga hlgv anilido diniyohli. d2S 8 E D X V AhfiC . The children - are climbing around on an oak tree.

g?21i3ga SPS v.i. it (forest or grass) is burning

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

u'li3jvZ3?i BPCT

ga21i3g03?i SPAT

Jo?i jusvhida ulijv inagevi. KT j R 3 L @PC - TBf-T. The forest burned for three days.

g?21i23ha f Pb v.t. he's taking a long object out of a container

j i21i 3?a : F L ~ D

Dlogesi wedoha selu widigaliha. 6Fb #V+ 4M BAS P+. He's in the garden picking corn.

cf: adliha, galadi?a, gale?a

gg21i2hwo3ga S PUS v.i. it (animal, plant) is dying

j i21i1w03ga h PUS

~ l l i ~ h w o ~ j v ~ ~ ? i BPeXT

gg21i2hwo3g03?i S PVAT

hl2li2hwolgi APVY

u21i2hwo1sdi BPVJA

Dagwalela udinvtana gihli, ulihwojv?i. I .T$W B A W B YC , BPVCT . When a dog was run over by a car, it died. -- cf: ayohusga, ulihwojv?i

gq21i2j03hi2da SPKRI adj . fat di2ng21i2j03hi2da AePKQI

Na ali'ohida asgaya anehldi udagesv uyo + use dl 1 8~ SPKRI D @ S 3 DAPA @ I f - R B f i r 4 A T . The fat man is trying to lose weight. -

gg21i3?v2hni3ha S P i h+ vet. he's spanking him

ji21i3?v2hni3ha h P i h+

@ P i h.1T

gg21i3?~2hn+2h03?i S P i hbT

hi21i2?vnh2ga APi hS

~ ~ l ? ~ ? v n h ~ ~ s d i O'P i h@d

Uweji achuja uli?vhnilv?i. 5 0 h DdC B P i h q T . He spanked his son. -

ga2102gi3?a SGYD v.t. he's hoeing it

Judodagwvda galogisgo uhwisvnv?i. J V L E L S G Y ~ A O @ R O . T . He hoes 'hisarden every day.

cf: digalogisgi, galogodi

g?2102g01di S G A ~ n. hoe

Hadlv ja?de galogodi? .GP CS W? Where did you put the hoe? - cf: digalogisgi, galogi?a

ga2101gwe f G 3 n. gun

Galogwe ganvgaliha. 5 0 3 fDfP.6 . He's cleaning - a gun.

gp2102hi2sdi 3ha f [email protected] v. i. he's stopping by (on his way somewhere)

j i21q2?i2sdi3ha bG T21.6

u1102hi2strt3nv3?i 0'GAAWO.T

gg2102hi2sdi23sgq3?i f GA2lAAT

hi2102hi2sda AGAa6

u2102hi2sdoh3di BGA2V-I

Na?v ijogindali ulohistanv didanaqnv wakti . 6 i TKY66P BGA@WD l 1 6 0 G f d . My neighbor stopped by on his way to the store.

g?2102hi2sdi4?i SGAZ-IT n. doorway, door

di 2gg2102hi2sdi4?i d f G.-32;;:dT

Galohisdi wuktvlesvqi. Sc*'d21 JS6d'RT. He went through the doorway.

gr)2102hi2sB3ha f GA4.6 v .t . he's over- taking him, it

ji21p2?i2sg3ha bGT4.6

~ ~ l o ~ h i ~ s e ~ ~ l v ~ ~ i BGA4 4T

Agilohisehdi unehltanv asehnv gajanuli ~a?isv?i. D Y G A ~ J BAPWD 0 4 0 S C ~ P s T R T . He tried to overtake me, but I was - - walking too fast.

~ ? ? ~ l o ~ h n i SGh n. August

Ga?lohni kalv udetiyisgi. SGh a ? B S d h J Y . - His birthday is in August.

g?2102na32~di2ha f G82-1.6 v.t. 1. he's bluffing him 2. he's deceiving him 3. he's tricking him

Nuksesdvna yigi kilo galonasdisgo?i. 9 f 4 3 ' 6 hY YG SG6212AT. Whenever someone is not alert, he - tricks - him.

cf: galonuheha, udlonasdi

Dodajilone7isv gayewsgi asehnv gayula iuloneda gesv3i.

102 galonhdiha

I was going to oil the sewing machir.e, -- -- but she had already oiled it. -- --

3?210nh3di2ha S006.G v.t. he's making hi; fall from an elevated posit ion

Hilonhda tsgoya nunv juki'la. AGO6 k A 3 4 0 dYW. Knock the bug off the potato. - cf: gadonhdiha

j?'l~~nu~he~~ha SG43.G v.i. he's cheating

j i2102nv2ve23ha k G 4R.G

Nelagi yigvwadvnhdi yeli'a, galonuhe- sgo'i.

AWY AEGPA6 B P D , f G 4 3 a A T . Whenever he' thinks he can get away with it, he cheats. - cf: galonasdiha

gg2102sga fG@S 1. v.i. he's passing by without stopping 2. v.t. he's passing it (test, exam etc.)

g?2102sgo3~i SGaA7

h$21023hi AGA

Gosdi nudvhnvna ulosv ojidona'v na'v'i A 2 6 46 '08 9 i T . He passed by us without even saying - anything. Ahida ulosv aj igoliye3a.

DAL DGR DkAPdD. He passed easily when he was tested. -

g?21032sga f G 2 S v.i. he's falling from an elevated position

j 121032sga kG@S

~ l l o ~ ~ s v ~ ~ ~ i OGRT

g?21032sgo3?i SG@AT

hi2101hi AG A

u2101hl 3sdi B G A 2 6

Ale nulosv'i. D6 4 G R T . He almost fell. - -

gp?31uh2ga S MS v.i. he's arriving 1

g4331uh2g033i f MAT 1 hi321uh2gi AMY

u21u3hi . . 3sdi B MAaJ

Hisgi iyuwahnilv ga'luhgo'i. A J Y TGGh.1 S MAT. - He arrives at five o'clock. - cf: iga'luhga I

gq21u231032ga SMGS v.i. 1. itts lacking 2. it's missing

j~21u231032ga k MG S

u11u231032jv23~i BMGCT

gg21u231032g03?i SMGAT

hi21u2101gi AMGY

~ ~ l u ~ ~ l o ~ ~ s d i B MGa6

Gado iiunalenvhvna? Gohusdis galuloge? SV 7 8 6 0 8 8 5 A F A J A - SMGI-? Why didn't they start? W a s there - something missing? I

g$21uy1sdi fMGXJ"1 n. axe I di2gg21uy sdi 6 S M&d I Galuycdi uwhtanv uleyvstanv hlgv'i. I

I S Ma6 8 6 b 0 B O J W O ' P E T . I

galvsga 103

He used an axe to fell the tree. -- cf: galuysga

gg21uy1sdi S M a d n. bed bug

2 ni 2 g? 2 luylsdi ~hsM;;r;3J

Judanvgalvda nidowahnvna yigi dijesdo alu sdi yanhkilv?~ a.

d w hVCDB hY h V S M&J 2 8 Y 9 i S . If you don't keep the mattresses clein, - bed bugs will get on them.

g?21uy 32sga S M 3 2 S v. t . he s chopping it

Utana hlgvvi galuysga. OW0 VET S M a S . He's chopping on a big tree. - cf: g?21uy1sdi (axe]

gt21v3doh2di S 9VA n. container for something flexible

Hadlv digadaha dihnawo digalvdohdi? +P I S L .G ntw I S q v r ? Where is the laundry basket?

cf: adlisdohdi, gahldohdi, galadisdohdi , galvsga

gq21v3hni2ha f 4h.G v. t , he's beating him up

Hllvhnile7is jisdahlilv? A 4 h 8 T 2 b21C97 - -

up when you two

gg21v231?3di S W J n. heaven

Galvladis galvlo galvladi? S 4WId S 4G S m ? Is heaven high in the sky? cf: gg21v31a2di (high), galvlovi

g?21~31?2di S4WA adv. high

Jiyu galvladi ganohili. bC S7AP. The airplane is flying high. cf: g?21v2 31g3di (heaven)

g?21v231a3di2dla s 9Wnd6 adv. above

Hiskoli galvladidla ganohilvsda sewahlesdi. A ~ A P s ~ w ~ d a s m 4 a ~ ax^;;,^.

The ball flew by above your head,

g?21v231?3di2ge47i S 9WIFT adv. higher

Galvladige hwi?loga. S?WJF 8GS. ~lim6up higher.

cf: ga21v31?2di (high)

gg21v21049i s ~ G T n. sky

~Zlvlo sakonige?i . S 4 G - BAhFT. The sky is blue. cf: g?21v231?3di (heaven), gq21v31?2di

(high1

g?21v3sga 5425 v.t. he'sputtinga flexible object in a hole or a container

Gadohi atalesv ulvnv inada ulihwojv?i. S VB DKVR 840. T 8 1 8 ~ f X ~ . He put the dead snake in a hole in - - the ground.

cf: adli?a, gg2hlY3sga, galadi?a, galvdohdi

104 ganadega

g?2n?2de3ga SO.SS v.t. he's selling it

Nula! Nunadinvdagwu galhjode wini- luhjv?i . 9U'I 48dO13 S PKS BhMCT. Hurry! Let's get there before he - sells the house.

g?2na1h193?i S 8 l T n. livestock

Tsgwisdi ganahla?i uyhdida7na ujeli- gohi. h*'??ad S K T VB.Jb8 8YPAA. He has a lot of livestock on his place.

cf: ehna?i

gq2na32hly 2sga S B P J S v .t. he Is hiring him

Udulisgv igohid julvhwisdanehdi j inahlvsga . BSP@E TAAL JY82jLild h O P J S . I'm hiring hi.m for as long as he wants to work.

ga1na41i S 8P ~ d j . lazy

a2ni1na41i DhOP

Gago na ganali asgaya? S A f3 ff3J DZS,?? h%o is that lazy man?

ga'r~??~li S 0 P adj . castrated horse, dog, sheep, etc.

Hi7a sogwili ;ana?li. ,-32 + P P S O P . -

gg2nawh32ti3ha f e u + v.t. he's finiing a flexible object

j i2nawh32ti3ha, j i2nawh32ti3ha b e u + , b e u +

~ l n a w h ~ ~ t v ~ h v ~ ~ ? i 88GPdLT

Hadlv 'anawhtvhe na adadlosdi? .GP C8G h d d ? - Where did you find the belt? - - cf: ahwahtiha, ayvhwahtiha,

ganehwaht iha

g?2na32wi2di3ha S88d.G v.t. he's taking it (animal, flexible obj ect) somewhere

Gasalenis tinawidvhi? S Bd'hJ - 2 88Q"A? Are you golng to take a coat? - -- cf: ahwidiha, ayvhwidiha, ganehwi-

diha

gi)3n?2ye1gi f 0 8 y adj . dangerous ?2ni23n?2ye'gi D ~ ~ B Y

Ganayegi julvhwisdanhdi uha. SB8Y J982Lf ld 8 % . He has a dangerous job

gq2ne3?a f / l ~ v.t. 1. he's getting a flexible object 2. he's picking up a flexible object

ji?ne3?a, ji2ne3?a Ir f D . JrA D

ulne3Sv2?7i BilRT

This is a gelding.

hi2n?2gi, hi2n02gi .Q 8-v , A 8Y

u2ne ' sdi 0'/1;36

j i2ne3ga21i3ha, . . j i2ne3gq21i3ha hAS I)$-, hAS P.G

~ ' n e ~ ~ ? ~ 1 v ~ h v ~ ~ 7 i BAS 96 T

Hadlv janese jalsdulo? .GP c/14 e r a s o ? - Where did you get your cap? - cf: agi?a, ayiha, ganegi?a, gute?a

23dli3yy2?a SACBD v.t. he's gr! ne changing it

j i2ne23dli3y\!27a hACB D

~ ~ n e ~ ~ d l i ~ y v l s v ~ ~ ? i O'ACBRT

g?2ne23d1i3yv1sgo37i SACBJAT

hi2ne2dli2yv23na AAC B 8

~ ~ n e ~ ~ d l i 3yv1sdi BACBJd

Gagwatv jinedliyv7a. S X r hACB D . I am changing the wheel. -- cf: adanedliyvva, adanedliyvsdiha

gC2nelga SAS n. skin

Ahwi ganega gohlvhtanv ahnawo una7a. D@ S x AP WD Df f3 O'8D. He has a shirt made of deer - skin.

cf: ganegaliha, unegavlv7i

ga2ne3ga SAS v.t. he's taking a long object somewhere by hand

Joviha digosdvnisdi tinuga unala- sgahldi7i. K T + ~ ~ a r h ; 3 6 2 4 s B B W ~ S P J T . - Take three bats to the baseball - diamond . cf: ahyega, atihnega, gahnegz, ganh-

j ega

gB2~e3g?2113ha S.;1S P.G v.t. he's peeling, skinning him, it

gi)2ne3g?21i23sgo3?i SASPZA7

hi2nelgg21a, hi2ne1g?21a AASU', AASW

u2ne1gahl 3di @ASP1

Nidunegalvdagwu dasdigisgo gagama iga julvkwdi . hSAS 4 L 2 LJdY2A S S K TS d W d . He likes cucumbers so well, he eats them without peeling them.

cf : g?2ne1ga (skin) , unega?lv7i

g+2ne2gi37a SAYD v.t. 1. he's getting some liquid 2. he's picking up some liquid

ji2ne2gi3?a h AYD

~ l n e ~ g i ~ s v ~ ~ 7 i BAYRT

Suhliloda iga unvdi unegisv?i. CCG L TS BDd B U R T . She @a gallon of milk. - cf: a1gi3?a, ayiha, gane?a, ganegi7eha

ga2ne2gi37e2ha SAyRg v.t. 1. he's taking liquid from him, it 2. he's milking it (when used with unvdi)

Unvdi ane i7eha wahga. BOJ S% He's milking a cow.

cf: ganegi?a, unvdi

g?2ne23gu3di27a SAJJD v. t. he's bewitching him

106 ganeha

j i2ne23gu3di2va bAJ1D

u1neZ3gu3dv2 37i O'AJGT

ga2ne23gu3di sgo3?i SAJJJAT

hi2ne2gu2 3da AAJ L

u2ne23gu3di lsdi BAJ-121

Jadelohosevis vsgina janegudisgv? CSG14TJ i 2 Y 8 - c=ilJJ@E? Did you find out who was bewitching you? -

ga2nc3ha sA.6 v.t. he's holding a long object in his hand

j i2ne3ha hA.G

Tavlsgo anohweli usvdena galogwe ganeha. WP@A 02991) OR38 SGJ =.G. He is holding a 20-gauge shotgun -- cf: ahyeha, gahneha, ganhjeha

gg2ne2hi2ya3va S U 3 D v .t . he's leaving some liquid

j i2ng27i2yg3va hAT3D

~ l n e ~ h i ~ y v ~ ~ v i D U B T

gg2ne2hi2ya32sgo 37i SAA&AT

hi2ne2hi23ya A m 3

DAB321

Hila iga unvdi janehiyevi? AW T S O'oJ GAABT? How much milk did YOU leave? --- cf: adisiyava, ahiyava, gakahiyava,

gavniyapa

ga2ne2hne3ha SM.G v. t. he's giving hlm some liquid

Ama uditasdi j ine7vsi. D 8" O'JWJJ b ~ ? i 6 . ~~ ~- - - I just gave him water to drink. - .-

cf: adeha, ahneha, gakaneha, ganvneha

gG2ne2hwah2ti 3ha SAG2.G v .t . he's findiig some liquid

j i2ne1wah2ti3ha hApJ .G

~ l n e ~ h w a h ~ t v ~ h v ~ ~ v i BAGFLIT

gg2ne2hwah2ti23sgp 37i S A U J A i

hi2ne2hwah2ta AAG W

u2ne2hwah2tvh2di O'flG 6'1

Na gihli ama unehwahtvhdi anehldiha. 8 YC DB O'AG6'1 DAP1.G. The dog is trying to find some -- water . cf: ahwahtiha, ayvhwahtiha, ganawh-

t iha

g?2ne2hwi2di3ha SA81.G v .t. he's taking some liquid somewhere

j i2ne1wi2di 3ha hAB1.G

Junilvhwisdanehi unaditasdi ama unehwidvhvvi . dh?@@LAA 08AKJ-I DB O'A@P&?T. He took some water to the workers. -- cf: ahwidiha, ayvhwidiha, ganawi-

diha

gg2ne2ji4vi SAhT n. his chest

Ganeji uwahnilv sgwahlesdi. SAb BGh? J I b J 1 . - A ball hit him on his chest. --

gq2ne231a SAW v. i. he lives (resides)

j$2ne231a bAW

Ije adanelv anela. TY DLA? mF He lives in a new house. -- cf: adanelvvi

2 4 g? ne li SAP n. married person

di2ni2ne41i 1 M p

Ganelis sdalivi? S&@ JLPT?

. Is your friend married? cf: aneladiva, anineli

ga2ne23sda31a2d~2?a SAaLW-fD V. t . it's freezing

j i2neZ3sdg3lg2di2?a bA2L WAD

~ l n e ~ ~ s d ? ~ l g ~ d v ~ ~ ? i @A@L Wf'T

gB2ne23sd?3 1?2di1sgo37i SA@L W&AT

hi2ne2sd?21g2da AAaL WL

~ 2 n e 2 ~ s d a ~ l ~ ~ d i 'sdi O A ~ L ~121

cf: unesdala

gg2ne2soy32sga fA+;3@f adv. it's hailing

Sudetiyvda jigesv kohi iga sdaya unesoysv?i. rSi'BL bFR AA TS 2 1 3 @A+JRT. One year ago today - it hailed hard.

ganh2doh3gi SOVY n. saw

di'ganh2doh 3gi 1s O1'Y

Dihnesgesgi nigohilv ganhdohgi kdisgo

dahnesgesgv3i. 1AJkZV hAA? SOVY EIJA LAJkaET. - A carpenter always uses a saw when -- building houses.

cf: ganhdohgv3i

ganh2doh3gv4?i SOVET n. his tooth

deZganh3doh3gv4?i SSOVET

Nigohilv yulsdayvhnohna deganvgalisgo deganhdohgvvi . hAA4 GPJLB Zt SSOSPJA SSOVET. He always brushes his t e e t h e r -- every meal.

cf: ganhdohgi

ganh2ga SOS v.i. he's lying down

j i2nv1ga bOS

Eladigwu j invgesdi. RW13 bOF@1. I'll iust lie on the floor.

ganh1g04?i SOAT n. his tongue

Ganhgo galeyvhi kahwi udihlehgi aditasgv?i. SOA S ~ B A @1LY DAVaET. - He burned his tongue drinking hot - coffee.

cf: aganadiva, ganhga

ganh2gwq3?e2ha S0ZR.G v. t . he Is agitating liquid

j inh'g~?~?e~ha b0ZR.G

~ n h l g w ? ~ ? e ~ h v ~ ~ ? i 80ZR8 T

ganh2gw?3?e2sgo3?i S OXRaAT

hinh2gw?2?v231a AOXi W

~nh~gw?~?eh 3di 0.OXR-l

Adawosdi uduhna unhgwa?ehv ama. DL821 @St 80XRB Dr. When he stepped into the swimming

108 ganhj ega

pool, he agitated the water. 2. 3 ganh je ga fOY5 v.t. he's taking a

liquid somewhere by hand

ji2nv1je3ga trays

unhl jv3svZ3?i ~ K R T

ganh2je3g03?i f@'/AT

hinh2ju1ga AOdS

unh2jv1sdi O'K24

Junilvhwisdane unaditasdi ama - jinv- jega. dh+?@@LA 8 9 A V J J DB bOYS . I am taking some drinking water for -- the workers.

cf: ahyega, gahnega, ganega

ganh2je3ha SOY+ v.t. he's holding some liquid

ji'n~lj~~ha b OY+

Hisgi iyuhliloda unvdi j invj eha. AZD' TGCGL BOJ trOY+. I have five gallons of milk. -- cf: ahyeha, gahneha, ganeha

ganh2ji23d032ha fObV+ v.t. he's handling some liquid

ji2nv1ji23d032ha bObV-G

unhl ji23d0321v23?i O'OhV.1T

ganh2ji23d032h03?i SOtrVP T

Nvwoti adahihi ganhjidoha. 063 DL.OA SOhV+. He's handling some poison.

Hadlv wigalohi na ganhtanidohi? .GP OSG,3 8 SOWhVA? Where did the salesman go?

g?.~~ni f h n. 1. bullet 2. lead

Za?ni uwahnilv ganvwovi. S h O'Ghq S W T . Abullet - hit him in his shoulder.

gg2ni3da?2dv4?i S hLPT n. his tail

Ganidavdv uniyhdi anehldiha gihli. ShLbl 8 h A J DAPJ+ Y C . - The dog is trying to catch his tail. --

ga2ni23d032ha ShV+ v.t. he's handling a long object

j i2niZ3do3'ha b hV+

O'GhvqT

2 . 23d032h03vi ga ni S hVP T

Gago ohni uwanidole gosdvnisdi? SA d h 8GhVcf A@Ph@J? Who had the bat last? - cf: ahidoha, gahnidoha, ganhjidoha

g?2ni2gwa32ti2ha ShX.7.G v .t. he hates him

j i2ni2gwa32ti2ha b h U +

8 h U P T

g?2ni2gwa32ti2h03?i S h U P T

hi2ni2gwa1ti2ga A h U S

u2ni2gwa1ti 3sdi 8 h U 2 J

Hla kilo YijinigwatihoTi. f Y Q < 3 b h U P T . I don't hate anyone. - -

g?2ni2h1a3di3va . . S h f J D v.t. he's setting up a bed

cf: ahidoha, gahnidoha, ganidoha j i2ni1hla3di . . 37a b h f .ID

ganh2tg2ni2d04hi ' S OW/hVA n. salesman ~ l n i ~ h l ? ~ d v ~ ~ ? i 8 h f P T

gq2ni2hlg3di 32sgo3?i S hLJ2AT ?2ninh2ta2ni2d04hi DhOWhVA

Hadlv iyv daj inihla?di? 44' T B lkhril? -- Khei-e shall I set the bed? -- A

cf: ganihli

g?2ni2h1?3di32sdi f hPJ2J n. bedstead

Uji ujeli iyulstanv ganihladisdi uwaya. B k 8 7'P TGP@\YID. f hP ,'2. I 8 G 2 . She has a bedstead that belonged to her mothzr.

cf: ganihli

g?2ni2hli ShC n. bed

Na asgaya ganihli dayuhwasi. O D 2 S 3 f hC 1.GGb. - The man is going to buy a bed. -- cf : ganihladi?a, ganihladi sdi

g?2ni231?3di2?a S hlYJD v.t. 1. he's 2. hers urging

Ugvwiyuhi uwonisa, duniladelv yvwl junalsdehldi?i. BEf?C;,3 Of'htl, SIJCI'Y.~ RO d@PGS?.IP. When the chief spoke, he urged the -- people to work together.

g?33rii2si3ha Shb+ v.t. he's burying him

Inada ulihwojv unisai~nv?i. TO6 BPC'C B htlD.7. He buried a dead snake. - cf: didanisohdi7i

gg?3ni2ya3?a S h2D v . t . he's leaving it (flexible)

Junadasdudi uliiisa uhnawo uniyas:a- -- - nv'i. - d@l. ;2S1 O'P.Ttl @tC" O,h2J\Y.'D.'l. He left his shirt whan he escapei -- from jail.

cf: adisiya?a, ahiya?a, gakahiy~~s, ganehi;rh?a

ga9%ni2yi3ha S t . f : , l , t .t. 1. he's catching hin 2. he's arresting him 3. he's playing catcher

g??%ni'yj 23sgp31~ S l l . S A 7

hi2ni23ya, hj ~ 2 ~ i 2 3 - fa

A h ; , .31G

u'11i~h~~d; O'hhJ

Na gihli biniya. 8 YC .BhG. - Catch the doz.

L7

Hilayv j igesv aj i?riiphe? ,3MIj I r f ! ! DhhS?? When was he arrested? -- cf: asgwahleva, didaniyisgi, ga ',~i-

yisgi.

ga?'ni2'ii4spi S h J,'Y n. catcher

if2~i?2n~23yiLi~gi DhhfG~'

i;a9niyisgi iyclsdohdi uduliha. f h,tG,.Y TGP>I,'.I O'S'P4 . He wants to become a catcher. -

110 ganohalidoha

ga2n02 ha2 1i23do'2 ha f Z.GPLr-G v . i . he's he's causing it to sound hunt ing j i2n02yv1 li2sdi3ha

b 7 B P @ l + j i2n?27?21i23d03'ha nbZDPV.G u1n02hyv2hli2sta3nv37i Q 7 B C 2 V O T

~ l n o ~ h a 2 1 i ~ ~ d o ~ ~ l v ~ ~ 7 i O'Z+PVqT ga2n02hyv2h1i2sdi23sg?37i ga2n02ha21i23d032h03'i S Z b P V I T S Z B C J l a A T

hi2n02ha21i23da A Z+P 1 hi2n02hyv2hli2sda A 7 B C@L

Gola yigi nigohilv ganohalidoho7i. Uhalvni unohyvhlistana danilawigv AW ,W h A A 4 S Z . G P V I T . udalenvhv7i. He hunts all the time in the winter. -- 8 + 4 h B Z B C J W B L hWBE Q L c f 0 9 . T .

cf: ganohalidohi When he rang the bell, church -- services started.

ga2n02ha21i2d04hi S Z.6PV.Q n. hunter

a2ni2n02ha21i2d04hi DhZ+PVA

Ganohalidohi nidunadiwsidi dlogesi. S Z+PIr.A h S 8 1 B b . ! GI- b . A hunter is going across a field. - cf : ganohalidoha

ga2n02hi231i S Z g p v.i. he, it's flying

ji2np27i231i b Z T P

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Jiyu ganohilvsda. ItG S Z A 4 J L . An airplane just flew by. --

cf: adanohyvhlisdiha, unohyvhga I g92n01ji S Z b n. leather 1 Didadlosdi juwohlvhdohdi ganoj i udul iha . dLd@d J V P V I S - 7b @Sf'+. He wants some leather to make belts.

ga2n021v37y2sga S Z 4 i J . S v.i. it (wind) is blowing

Unesahyvdla DAVBda f Z 4 i J Cool wind blows in the evenine.

cf: unole

2 2 g? no sgi37a f Z J Y D v.t. he's stealing it

j i2n01sgi37a Ir Z J Y D

u1n02sgi 3sv237i 8 Z a R T

g?2n02sgi3~go37i f Z 2 Y J A T

h12n02 3sgi A Z 2 Y

Yvdaha Jisdvnoyi Uweyv ganohugisgo7i. u2n02sgi sdi 8 Z 2 Y J d B l + I r 2 6 i Z h O'UB f Z r Y 3 A r . Sometimes Spring ?reek f locds . Dagwalela unosgisv iyusdi junada-

sdudi wayava. I L,TcfW 0 ' 2 3 ~ T G J J J e L A S d G 3 D . He's in jail for stealing a car.

cf: ganosgida, ganosgisgi

g?'no2sgi4da S ZJYI adj . stolen

Hla yagwaduli gohusdi ganosgida akiwahisdivi. C 35SP Ar@d S WI, DYGAJJT. I don't want to buy anything that has been stolen.

cf: ganosgiva, ganosgisgi

gg2n02sgi4sgi s 7 x 3 n. thief

Ganosgisgi aj iwahtvhtanv ganosgisgv9i. S DkG6'ViD. S W d E T . A thief was caught stealing. -- cf: ganosgiva, ganosgida

gg2n023yv32ga S Z B S v.i. he, it's sinking

j i2n023yv32ga kZBS

u1n023yv32jv23?i 8 ZBCT

g?2n023yv32g03?i S ZBAT

hi2n02yv1gi AZBY

~ ~ n o ~ ~ ~ ~ ? i ~ s d i QZBT@d

The boat is sinking. - Hila iyv ganoyvgesdi? AW TB S ZBFJd? When will he be buried?

gan2sa2ne3?a ~ e v i l ~ v. t. he's pulling him, it

Eligwus dagwalela yisginsanesi? RPS,) LIGW &'Yevilb? Can you pull a car for me? --

gan2sda f l~;i[ , n. stick

Udli wijaduga na ~ n s d a . -- QC BCSS O =.. Throw that stick away.

gan2si23ne32 ga fO.b./lj v.t. 1. he's dragging him, it 2 . he's towing it

ji2na'~i23ns32~a, ji2na1si23ne32ga k@6./lS , trObflS

O'0bD.RT

gan2si23ne32g03?i SQbj1AT

hi2na1si2ng1ga, hin2si2nu1ga A06 9 S , ABb?f

~ n ~ s i ~ ~ n v ~ ~ s d i G'BbD.2d

Ayv jirlasinu a hlega. DB bOb4S + Let me drag it for a while. ----

u2nu2go ' sdi 0.4 AOd

Udihlehvsa galhjode didla, aginugojvVi. 8dLd-U SPKS do%, DYSACT. When it got hot inside, I went out.

cf: ganugogv?i, ganugo9isdohdi?i

ga2n~2g03gv4?i S ?AFT n. spring (of water)

Ganugogv doj ikugisgo alna ogaditasdi S 4 . I E VbJYJA DT h S JWJd. W c e t our drinking water fron 5 spring . cf: ganugoga

g?2nu2gp2?i2~doh3di4?i S ?11T2,Vd7 n. exit

Eligwus yiskinohis uhna gohlvsv

; ; Z ganulv

Can you tell ne rhi:,:e :he exit is? - cf: ganugoga

g?2nu231v S9.7 n. grass, weed

Gznulv agaisga. -- S 4 ? USI ' SS . - He is mowing tne grass.

6rt2a~231v a3ga11sdi s 4.1 D S F ~ J n. lawn mower

Ganulv agalsdi osda nigvneha S?.? DSPJd iS2L hL1.C. -- He's repairing a lawn mower. --- cf: agalsga, ganulv

gg2nu3te2yS,3ha S ' 2 ~ f i . g . v. t. he's twisting him, it

ji2nu3te2yq3ha, j i2nu3tezyq3ha Ir?Tfi+, b%fi 'b

u1nu3te2y0321v23?i 0 ? 5 f i ? 7

Na uhlinigida asgaya talugisgi - ganuteyoha. O O'ChYL D2SL \k/l;'JJJ' S7Tfi.G. The strong marl is - twiscing steel. cf: adanuteyoha

g?2nv23 a; .37a SO-ID v.t. he's missing him, it

Dlv sgohi ipwakdi ni,3usdayohlv asehnv dunvdisilo?~ agonisgv?i. -- P G I & ~ TGGY-l 12.5' , ~ ' l . fiP 124e 5 3 J b 0 i ;~ . l I i>ET . He fired about ten times, but he missed the target over and o v e r - -- -

cf: dadanvdisdiha

,g"nv2di4?i SO-IT n. his breast

Ganvdi asdv?vsga usdi7i. -- Sod DA'ikS O ' H J ~ T . - She's feeding a baby on her breast. - -- cf: unvdi

ga2nv3ga SOf v.i. he's falling from an upright position

Sdayi unvjv alasgalisgv3i. 21 6 O K - DWJf P@ET . He fell hard playing ball. -- cf : ganvj idoha

gg2nv2g?21i3ha 5OSP.G v .t. he's cleaning him, it

ji2nv2gp21i3?a, ji2nv2gG21i3?a kOSPD, bOSPD

~ ~ n v ~ g ? ~ l v ~ h v ~ ~ ? i 80s ?&T

gg2nv2g?21i23sg?77i SOSPZAT

hi2nv2g?21a, hi2nv2gg21a iO.5 W , AOS W

~ ~ n v ~ ~ a h l 2di 0DS 9d

Dagwasuhgahlv dejinvgali7a. C.[I%SP .Sh.DSPD. I'm cleaning my fingernails. - cf: udanvgalvda

ga'nv2gw?2103?a SDTGD v.t. he's hammering it

ganvneha 113

Yvgi gahatv ganvgwalo'a. BY S W SDIGD. He's hammering on a nail. - cf: ganvgwalosdi, ganvgwalosgi'i

g?2nv2gw?2104sdi SOPG@1 n. hammer

di2g?2nv2gw?2104sdi J S O P G a J

Ganv walosdi jigi dihnesgesgi uwhta- & SOXGJJ IrY J A a F a Y QGWhL2l-l. F r is a carpenter's tool.

cf: ganvgwalo'a

gg2nv2gw?2101~gi4'i SOPGJYT n . blacksmith shop

Ganvgwalosgi osda nidanvneho sogwili junalasulo . SOIGX? dad hLOAJ 1 B P d 8 W r G . They fix horseshoes at - a blacksmith shop. cf: ganvgwalo'a, ganvgwalosdi

gg2nv2hi4da SORL adj. long

di2g?2nv2hi4da JSDRL

Odalv ctnilegi diganvhida sdeyida danihneho'i. dL 4 Dh8Y JSOAL @SdL L M J T . Mountain climbers carry long ropes.

cf: iganvhida

gg2nv3hlo2hi3ha S M R . 6 v.t. 1. he's tying up a leg 2. he's applying a brake

Wahga agina uslada dunvhlohlv'i. G f DY8 0 a W L SDPfPT. When he roped the calf, he tied -- its Legs. Fzg; oga !

Put your brakes on! - - cf: ganvhlosdi

ga2nv'hlo23sdi S O 1 n. 1. brake (handle, pedal, etc.) 2. brakes (when plural form is used)

d+2g?2nv1hlo23sdi I S M 2 1

Ganvhlosdi l~winsanagi . S W ~ J 8 8 ~ 8 ~ . - Pull the brake. ~ i ~ a n v h l o ~ d u s v h n e l v ~ i . JSDPfaJ S d M 4 T . He ran out of brakes.

cf: ganvhlohiha

gg2nv2hnv47i n. route

de23g?3nv2hnv4'i SSOUT

Jo'sgo jo'i gohweli ganvhnv na'v j inela. K @ A KT M P SOU 8i bAW. 1 live near hizway 33.

cf: nvnohi

g?2nv3ji2d03ha ~ O b v . 6 v.i. he's tossing about

Uhl jvdagwada unvj idolv'i . B P C L I L Q D b V 4 T . He tossed about all night. - cf: ganvga

ga2nv3ne2ha SOA.6 v.t. he's giving him a flexible object

j i2nv3nq2ha bDA.6

u1nv3ne2lvZ3'i 8 O A 4 T

g?2nv3ne2h03'i SDAlr T

I j e ahnawo j invnelv'i . T Y D t V IrOA4T. -

114 ganvnowa

I gave him a new shirt. - - cf: adeha, ahneha, gakaneha, gane-

hneha

2 2 2 gg nv no wa SOZG n. pipe

Selu uda gohlvhtanv ganvnowa goksdisgi gesv7i edudu. 4M @ I APWO - fOZG A f a l Z V k R T RSS. My grandfather used to smoke a corncob *.

gq2nv1sge s o a k n. leg 2 2 1 di g? nv sge l f O a k

Gvna ganvsge asdigi7a. E 8 f O a k D a l Y D . He's eating - a turkey 3. cf: ganvsgeni

2 1 g? nv sge4ni ~ O a k h n. his leg

di2g?2nv1sge4ni J S O a k h

Ganvs eni ajiyole dahnawo7i ale + ajinvs esdi nulstane7i.

He was shot in his leg in a war, and - it had to be amputated.

cf: ganvsge

g?2nv2~04?i S W T n. his shoulder

di2gg2nv2w04?i J S W T

Ganvwo uwesdane asdayv udinvsv w e s d i . s-bv @ s s a ~ ~ D ~ L B a ~ ~ a l . - His shoulder hurts from throwing the - ball hard.

ga2s?2d032sga StlVaS v. t . he's pushing him, it

j i2ya1s?2d032sga, j i l ~ ? ~ d o ~ ~ s g a b a V @ S , bUV@S

u1wa2s?2d032hyv237i BGBVB T

Suhliloda iyudanvhida uwasadohyv dagwalela kila uhnigisv7i. ~ C Z L TGLOAL ~ G ~ V B L 1 8 W YW @ h Y R T . He ~ushed the car for a mile before it started.

ga2s?2gw921e23hi3ha StlPd',9+ v. t . he's rolling him, it

j i2ya1sg2gw?21e23h~3ha, j i

le23hi3ha b a P d ' A + , b€IXdA+

u1wa2s~2gw~21e23hlv3?i @GtlXd'P T

Nuhlinigvgv kdisgo yuwasagwalehla na utana gagwatdi. QChEE E l a A GGtlPd'f 8 @We fU1. He uses all his strength when he -- rolls the big wheel.

cf: gasagwalv7i

ga23sg3gw?21v4?i f u p q ~ adj . round di2ga23~?3gw?21~47i J S t l X q T

Gasagwalv gasgilo alsdayhdi unisgila junenvsv7i. SUXq SZVG D P a L B l O'hZVW J A O R T . - They have a round dinner table at home.

cf: gasagwalehiha

g a l ~ ? ~ l e ~ ~ n i s u & h n, coat

di2ga1s?21e2 'ni l f u 6 h

Gasaleni hahnawo?~ doyi hesv7i. f 88h a W i V A 3 R T . - Put on a coat when you go outside. --

ga1s?2na21i suer n. roof

Gasanali dayulenvhv adawelagisgv na gahl jode jugohnv7i . f 8 b P LGd'OLI DLdWYaE 8 SPKS J A O T . - The fire started at the roof when the house burned.

-

gasvtvsga 115

he's attaching it (flexible) 3 ga sgw?2?i2ha S2yT.G v.i. it's behind it dripping

j i3s?2ne23n?3dy2sga ~ H A ~ P J S -------------- ~ l w a ~ s ? ~ n e ~ ~ n ? ~ d v ~ n v ~ ~ ? i (YGtlflB610T ~ ~ w a ~ s ~ w o ~ l v ~ ~ ~ i ( P G X q T

ga3sg2ne23n?3dv2sgo3?i S HA 86"@AT ga 3 s g ~ ? ~ ? ? ~ h o ~ ? i f z ~ f i T

hi lsa2ne2nf2dv1ga Atlfl86'S -------------- ~j~wals?~ne~~na~dvldi O'GtlflePd y2wa1sgwo1?i2sdi @ G X T @ - I

Asti gasanenadvsga y,,gi ?i . DX s m e p a s B Y T . She's threading a needle. Juksvsdi uwasanenadvnv uweti dagwalela udanawstana. JSR2-I BGtlA86'0 8IbJ LTd'W BLe82W8. The old car left a trail of smoke as --- it took off.

ga2sgi210 SayG n. chair, table

Ta'lsgo digasgilo di j isgilada. W I J J A -Isam J ~ . A Y c ~ / ~ . . Set up twenty chairs.

cf: gasgilvvi

DPJL BdT n. dining table

Ama as wo?iha na gadulida ahnawo - jigalda asila dvvi. - - DT S X T . G 8 SSPL DtO h S L DbW6"T. Water is dripping from the wet cloth hangingon a line.

cf: dekayvsgwoviha

ga3soh2gw?2ti adj . humpbacked

Gachinosda nalsdvhlusgvna gesv iyusdi gasohgwati nulstanv?i. SfrZ@L 8P26TaE8 k R TG2-I S 1 Z . l - Q P2WOT. - - - - . . - . He became humpbacked because he - wouldn't sit up straight.

cf: gasohi?i

ga2sQ2hi4?i S I A T n. his back

Ij e gasgilo alsdayhdi uhyoha. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - T7' SPYG - DPaLBd @A$-. Na asgay gasohi uwesdanete She's looking for a new dining table. - -- 8 0 2 5 3 S#A Bd2IA.L . - cf: alsdayvhvsga, gasgilo The man's back - hurts.

ga2sg?210 di2hlih2ge4sgi S 3 G J C k a n. rocking chair

Gasgilo dihlihgesgi uwohlvhnv eduji. S 3 G 1 C f a Bf3P 0 RSh . -- My uncle made a rocking chair. - cf: dihlihgesgi, gasgilo

ga2sgi21v4?i ~ a y q ~ adv. on a chair, table

Nigohilv as ilv gahliho na wesa hA.01 S-&8 Ibtl. That cat is always sleeping on a -- chair.

cf: gasgilo

cf: gasohgwati, usotv?i

ga2svnh2ga SRhS v. t . he's whistling j i lsvnh2ga hRhS

u1wa2svnh2jv2 3'7i O'GRhCT

ga2svnh2g03?i SRhAT

hi 2svnh2gi BRhY

v2wa2svn2sdi 0GRha-I

Kilo gasvnhgv utvgana gihli udanawstanv?i. YG SRhE 0'6'58 YC Blf3BJW0T. When the dog heard someone whistling, he took off running.

ga3sv2t\?sga SRPaS v. t . he Is piling

116 gata

it up 3 2 3 ji sv t\! sga bRPaS

~ l w a ~ s v ~ t ? ~ n v 37i 8GRWD.T

ga3sv2ty3sg93vi SRPaAT

hi1sv2tvlga ARPS

v2wa1~v23tdi 8 G M l

Dlogesi juwuteda nvya gasvtvsga. 6 F b 6 3 5 6 03 S R P a S . He's piling ulrocks he picked up in - the field.

cf: igasvti

g?2ta S W V . ~ . it's hanging

g?2t03vi SVT

h?2te3sdi

Getv gats anagalisgi ajvsdi. F P s w Desra x a l . An electric light - is hanging from a pole.

cf: gadava, ktova

g?2tdi S d l n. button

di2gt2tdi l s a l Gatdi uyohusi uhnawogivi. S d l - B f i r b B t U Y T . He lost a button from his shirt.

ga2te3s?v2di Saul n. cooking pan

d12ga2te3~?v2di l S 5 B l

Gatesavdi uhyoha didasdayvhvsgi. Saul ofi+ I L ~ L B W . The cook is looking for a cooking pan. -

ga2ti3ha Sd+ v. t. he's stabbing him, it

ji2ya1ti3ha, ji1ti2ha Ira+, bd+

~ ~ w a ~ t ~ ~ h l v ~ ~ ? i 8GdP T

ga2ti 3h? 3vi SdPT

Hayelsdi gvhdi daj itisilo?v?i. @ P a l E l L b d b O i T . He was stabbed over and over with a -- --- knife.

cf: digatisdi

ga23ti3y04?i ~ d f i ~ n. stompgrounds

Adahyvsdesdisgi aditasdi uninvsdo - gatiyovi. DLB.X?ala DAVa l BhD.aV S d R T . They prohibit drinking at thestomp- - erounds .

ga1toh2ga SVS n. tail

di2ga1toh2ga l S V S

Saloli gatohga gadava getvvi. BOP - SVS S L D FPT . There is - a squirrel - tail hanging on a pole,

2 3 g? t\! sga v.t. he's hanging it UP

ggv2dy3sga S K I S

~ l t ? ~ n v ~ ? i 8WD.T

g?2ty 3sgq3?i S ~ Z I A T

h92tv1ga WS

u2tdi o.dl

Didahlilostanv Batvsga. I L coawo s p a s . She's hanging U I a picture.

2 3 g? we hli2ha SOC+ v.i. he's joking, he's teasing

j i2we3h112ha bOC+

u1we3h1v2hnvz3?i 0OPD.T

g?2we3hli2sgo 3vi SOCaAT

h? 2we lhlv2 3na J4ePP 8

u2we lhlvh3di BOP 1

Dohiyu ulvkwdi uwehlvhdi. V . K 8 W l B O P I .

He really likes to joke. - - gg2we3s021v23sd~3ha Sd$ 9@J+ v . t .

he's resting him

Ina yiduhivlena wahga ilvsgi iyuwakdi degawesolvsdisgo?i. T 8 J5SA68 GS T . 1 3 TGGYJ

f 991. .?@&AT. L e n he drives cattle for a long distance, he rests them a few times. --- cf: adawesolvsdiha

g?2w037a SVD v. t. 1. he's bathing him 2. he's baptizing him

j i2yg2w03?a 6 a D

W V i T

u2wo 'sdi 8 0 @ J

Chuhga yigvwala gihli gawosgo?i. d f AEG W Y C S V J A T . If the dog has fleas, he bathes it. - Sgohi iyani7i yvwi duwFv?i. @A0 T 3 h T B 8 S O i T . - He baptized ten people. - cf: adawo7a

2 2 gg2w023hi31i yy ?a SVAPBD v.i. he's rep1 ying

g92w037121i23y\!37a S O T P B D

u ' ~ o ~ ~ h ~ ~ l i ~ y v ' s v ~ ~ ? i WCApgRT

gg2w02 3hi31i2yv1sgo37i SUAPRJAT

hg2~02h121i2$-v2 3na @7XlPB 8

u 2 ~ 0 2 3 h ~ 31i2yV lsdi O'e'lAPB@I

Gohusdi ejatvdvhnv, hawohiliyvsv7i. A r @ l R C P 6 0 . W A P B R T .

. When you're asked a question, answer.

gg2wonh3di3ha SVDJ+ v .t. he's lecturing him

ji2wonh3di3ha kVQJ.6

~ l w o n h ~ t g ~ n v ~ ~ ~ i BVO.WO.T

gg2wonh3di23sgq33i SVO.JaAT

hi 2wonh 'da M 0 6

u2wonh1doh 3di BVDVJ

Unegujv iyusdi uwej i achuja nigohilv . ...~-~ -- - - ~

WAJC T G J J B d k DJC h A 0 4 S B D J J A T . Because his son is so mean, n a y s - lectures him. -

gq2w01ni23da s V h L n. gossip

Hlesdi gawonida hyatvdasdisgesdi. L@J S 0 h 6 iX'L@J@F@J. Don't be listening to gossi~.

cf: gawoniha

gg2w03ni2ha soh+ v. i. he's speaking

Tsgwisdi gawoniha,asehnv hla gohusdi yadiha. 6 v a J = ~ 4 o LJ A r @ J an+. He's talking a lot, but he's not - saying anything.

cf: gawonida

gaw2sv1gi f ~ w n. cantaloupe, muskmelon

Na asgaya juntana aniwsvgi datvhisdi - sg07i. 8 D J S 3 d0!/8 DhGRY 6 6 A J J a A T . The man raises large cantaloupes.

ga3ye2s??3dv47i SBt16T n. his finger

de2ga32ye2s?73d~4?i Sf BUGT

Gayesa7dv uwajvhyv kanj isdej i.

116 gayewsga

S m BGCZB d@h.&-+Si- . .+ W ~ S P s t u n g him on i ~ s f i n q e r - -- > 9 ga-yew-sga ~ 3 6 , ; ~ v . t . h e ' s sewing it ;:2.. 2 . 1 , , ye w l s ga h8B6.5

,!ws2yew2SV23? gs(;a,: , ;{r

c .~2yew2sgo3? i Sd07.4 r

, . ; , . -. 2y,23wa .1).3G

y2wa2yew2sdi G'G5 621

~Gayewsgi gvhdi gayewsga a sano . SBO.;L!Y EJ SRtS.AS -- . -. D U L . S h e ' s sewing a d r e s s with a sewing .- nach ine .

c f : gayewsgi? l

gaiyew2sgi4?i ~ , q @ s T n . sewing machine

. ~ a g a l i s g i u h n i g i s d i s g i zayews& u d u l i h a . 110s P2Y [email protected],!Y f 8 0 @ V BSP*. -- ihe wants an e l e c t r i c s e w i n g machine.

.:f: gayewsga

Sayh2gs4gi ~5.4y n . l i e r

?2niyh2go"i p,!,~.4.y

Ki lo gayhgogi y i g i , j u l o t s g i ga rhda?da , a n a d i s g o 3 i . Y G - S 5 A Y JW, dG.?d?/ S O L L , DBJJrlT. If someone i s a l i a r , ;hey s ay 11.. h a s - .- a fo rked t ongue .

c f : a t s g o ? v s g a , Sayh2g01gi ( l i e ]

gxyh2golg i f aAY n l i e

Gayllgogi kanoheh! ido11o?i. 3.343' 2 2 3 C V J T . He goes around t e l l i n g l i e s . - c f : a t sgovvsga , gayh2g04gi ( l i a r )

g a l y c % l i S f i ~ a d j . s m a l l q u a n t i t y

Gayohl i kahwi s g i d l i s d a s i . SfiC $ 8 2 C 2 L b . - Pour me a 1 i t t : e c o f f e e . -

ga jyu21a SCW all\;. a l r e a d y

Gayulas w i j e d o l a d i g a d u h v ? i ?

S- BYVW JSSBT? Have you a l r e a d y been t o town?

g?2hlp3ha f$+ v . t , h e ' s f e e d i n g him, it

G i h l i uyos iha . H i e l o a . Y C 0f ib .G. The Jog i s hungry . Feed i t . --

$e2hlV2hY3sga H & @ f v . i . h e , i t ' s howling, sc reaming , y e l l i n g , e t c .

Wahya y idu tvgana g i h l i g e h l u h v s g o ? i . G 3 JSSG'f9 Y C F'PBaAT. The dog howls when he h e a r s t h e wolves . Unal igosv unadah lo sa , unehluhnv a n a l a s g a l i s g i . ~ B P . / I R ~ 9 ~ 6 6 r , QAPD Dewasrav. When t h e i r team won, t h e b a l l p l a y e r s y e l l e d .

ge%yah2ta2h i f&WB a d j . w i l d

J a n e h l t a n v ? i s s o g w i l i g e h y a h t a h i h i y s l a d i s d i ? i ? CAPUI'OTJ H9P F3WA - AB@WJalT? Have you e v e r t r i e d t o r ope a - wi ld ho r se?

ge2?i FT adv . downstream

Ge?i d i d l a wa?isv j u w i j igo7v k o h i 7 i . - FT Jdd GTR 68bAi A A T . - I saw him walking downstream w h i l e ago .

gihli 119

ge2ji2g021i23ye32di4?i ~ ~ A P J J T n. clinic

Gejigoliyedi wuwedasdi sunale7i. kbAP8J JDL@J C86T. She to go to the clinic tomorrow.

3 2 ge21i23si nc ha ~pbfl.~ v.t. he's leading it by a leash

ji2ye21i23si3ng2ha k8PbA.G

Usdi gihli elisineha. 822 YC FPb .G

- +

He's leading a small dog a leash. - -- 2 .4 ge 11 stgi F P X Y n. pie

di2ge21i4stgi J F P X Y

Hila jugvwahldi digelistgi? A W dEGGJ JF PAIY? How much are the pies?

ge2ti2104sdi FJG@J n. crowbar

di2ge2ti2lo4sdi JFJG@J

Nvyohi yidasgosga etilosdi kdisgovi. OfiA dL@BS FJB@ k When he digs holes in a rocky place, he uses a crowbar. -

ge3ty2sdi FPJJ n. post

di2ge3ty2sdi JFPaJ

Gago duhwasgo digetvsdi? f A .'YG@A JF PSJ? - Who buys posts?

cf: getvsga

ge2ty3sga fP@S v.t. he's setting a post (or other long object) into the ground

Ahani ayehli hetvga. D+h D8C m. Set the post here in the center. -- cf: degetvsga, getvsdi

gi23ga YS n. blood

- ~here's blood on your shirt.

cf: gigage

gi23ga de2kg3yv23sgwp3?12ha YS SilBTT.G v.i. he has n nosebleed

gi23ga de2ga32yv'3sgwg3?12ha YS SSB3T.G

gi23ga du1hyv23sgwo321v23?i YS S B X 4 T

gi23ga de23k?3yv23sgwg3?i2h03?i .YS SilBaTTET

gi23ga t~2hyv3~g~02ja YS JBJVC

gi23ga j ~ ~ h y v ~ ~ s g w ~ ~ ? ~ ~ s d i .YS dBTT2-l

Sgwahlesdi uwahnila kayvsoli duhyvsgwolv?i. @IL@J BGhW 3BI.P YS S B Z 4 T . When a ball hit himon his nose, ne - got a nosebleed. -- cf: gasgwo?iha, giga, kayvsoli

gi23g?3ge, gi23ge YSF, YF adj. red

Gigage ulsuhwida wagilvkwdv7i. YSF O'PtY3L GYGIPPT. ~ed is my favorite color. - cf: giga

gi?2hla Y,!? n. loose hair

Gi?hla nusdi jahnuwv?i. S'P 92J C46T. t here's some loose hair on your shirt. --

gi2hli YC n. dog

Gihli uhnalvhi j igo~htiha.

120 gihli diga3lenvhida

Qt.1A kAG2.G. I see a mean dog. -

Gihli digavlenvhida dasuhwisgv gatvgiva. YC -If#Al Lc?@@E fPYD. I hear - a hounddog barking. cf: gavleni, ganvhida, gihli

~1'1i'si YPb n. English

Hi?a nigvhna Gilisi gohwelvvi. AD hEt YPb - This is how it's written in English.

2 4 gi nu tdi YW-I n. quarter, one-fourth Ginutdi ksdolsda. Y U d JYVP@L. Lendme a quarter. -

2i2nv23sa YW pron. ourselves (you alone and I) (see Gram. 111, A)

2 4 go ge yi AFd n. spring

So7i ~ogeyi iyv dvsuligoji dadehyo- hvs~v7i. IT-AFJ~ TB 6TPAb LSRaET. - She's going to quit teaching next spring.

go2gi ~y n. summer

Agwvnvga & iyulsdohdi7i. DEOS rn TGPJVJT . I can'twait till summer.

go2hi4da ABL n. a long time

Gohidas uhi7lidole gahljode ahnesgesgv?1? AOL@ BAPVG fPKS D/1@F@ET? Did he take - a %time building the - house?

cf: igohida

go2hi23ne32ga R9/1s v.t. he's leading him by the hand

j i2yQ27i2 3ne32ga bfiTAf

Gohine o uweji achuja amayi yidu- E d - A*-o'dh DJC D&5 a h f C . He holds his son's hand when they --- - cross the water.

go2hiyh2da32nq2ha &LA+ v. t . 1. he's agreeing with him 2. he's vouching for him

hi2yQ27iyh2da1si ARTG L b

Jiyoviyhdane nigawesgvvi. bRTGLA hfb@ET. I a ree with what he says. --+- Sgwo iyhdanehdi agwaduliha. 3AGLA-I DPSP+. I want you to vouch for me. ----

go2hiyh2di AAGd n. belief, faith

Tsgwisdi ohi hdi uweha. bV@d AAG - * He has a lot of faith.

gohlZga APf v. t . he' s recognizing him

Vsgwu sgohi nadetiya gvwagohv yigi . - kilo, ahida

APAT . - Even if it's been ten years since he has seen someone, he recognizes - him easily. -

gohweli 121

goh12ga APS v.t. he understands it

go21i1ga AP S

u1woh12 jv237i BVPCT

goh12g03?i APAT

hoh12gi !PY

u2w02hli3sdi BUCJJ

Gohlgas Jalagi? APSJ CWY? - Does he understand Cherokee? --

goh14gi APY n. his acquaintance

di2goh14gi JAPY

Hiyoligis hi?a asgaya? AfiPYJ AD [email protected]? Do you know this man?

go2hlv2hnv4?i APOT n. butter

Gohlvhnv eksdela. APO R U a S W . -. Pass me some butter.

go2h1y3sga APaS v.i. he's getting full

golly 3sga A 92)s

u1w02h1y3sv3?i BVPRT

go2hlv3sgo3?i APJAT

ho2hly2hi ! PA

v2w02h1v3hi3sdi . . BVPAaJ

Gayohligwu yulsdayvhna, gohlvsgo?i. sfica G P ~ L B ~ . A P ~ A T .

I -

If he eats just a little, he = - full. -

go2h1v2sga APaf v.t. he's making it

Gado usdi hohlvsga? SV Bad ! P a s ? What are -making? --

go2honh2di3ha [email protected] v. t, he's making it' (round, long) fall

g92?onh2di 3ha AdS0J.G

~ ~ w o ~ h o n h ~ t ~ ~ n v ~ ~ i oV! W O T

g ~ ~ h o n h ~ d i ~ ~ s g q ~ ~ i A! OJJAT

Gasgilv ahlahv waj i uwohonhdohtanv?i. f U 9 D f 8 Gb BV! OVWOT . He accidently dropped the clock from - the table.

cf: gadonhdiha

go2hq2sga A)@f v.i. it's (round, long) falling

27 2 g? 9 sga mas ~ l w o ~ h q ~ s v ~ ~ ~ i BV!RT

g ~ ~ h ? ~ s g o ~ ? i A! @AT

ho2hq2hi ! ! A

y2w02hq2hi2sdi BVEAaJ

Jolani gatinvtv uwohosv?i. Kwh S3W BV!RT . The window pane fell. - cf: gadosga

go2hu4sdi, go4sdi A r a J , A@J pron. something

Gohusdi unihyo asehnv hla yagwanhta ivusdi eesv?i.

Blhfi 0 4 0 f 3 X W TGaJ I-RT. They are looking for something, but I don't know what it is.

cf: hlagohusdi

go2hwe21i MP n. 1. paper 2. letter

Gohweli digohwelodi dunadanvsvvi. M P J M O J SBLORT. - They ordered some writing tablets. Gago nidayunvnv gohweli hinagi? S A ~ L G W A ~ P Bey? Who did you get a letter from? - cf: digohweli, gohweli?a

M P D v.t. he's writing SV B @ J A d U 6 &d@A ZKCAU? it* Which finger do you use when you pull --

go1we231i3?a U P D - the trigger?

~ ~ w o ~ h ~ e ~ ~ 1 a ~ ~ n v ~ ~ ? i 8CWWOT cf: gojanesdi?i

Gago unesdi gohweli hohweliva? S A wAaJ M P M P D ? Whose letter a v u writing? - cf: digohweli, digohwelodi, gohweli

GQ2?i4 AT n. Greasy

Unigodi Anijalagi dinadehlohgwasgi danadehlohgwasgo Go3i Junadehlohgwasdi. 8 h A J DhCWY J e S d m L B S d X 2 A - AT d B S d X 2 J . A lot of Cherokee students go to school at Greasy School.

gq27i AT n. 1. grease 2. oil

Sihgwa hawiya tsgwisdi go?i adohlvn- disgovi. 6.T 683 b P @ J AT D V P B J 2 A T . Sausage makes clot of grease.

cf: go?iha?i

g?2?i2ha4?i AT+T adj . greasy g2ni2g92?i2ha4?i, di2g02?i2ha4?i

D h A T G T , J A T 6 T Go?iha hawiya agi9a. AT+ 683 DYD. - He is eating greasy meat.

cf: gq2?i (grease), -ha

go1 jC2ne1sdi4?i AC/'1@JT n. trigger

d;2g01 ja2ne'sdi4?i J A c A a J T

Uhyasdladisdi nigesvna uyelvsv a- nesdi galoneva. 8;3;368JaJ h F R 6 8 8 q R A C A 2 J S Q A D . - ~~ - -

He's oiling the trigger .o it won't rust.

cf: gojane?a

go4ksdi A S J d n. cigarette

di2g04ksdi J A S @ J

Ta?lsgohi digoksdi degalo sagwu nidegakwenvsv3i. W P a A B J A S a J S S O KJ h S S W T . There are twenty cigarettes in one package.

cf: goksga

go2ksga A S 2 S v.t. he's smoking it

go2gi1sga R Y ~ S

~ l w o ~ k s v ~ ~ ? i B O S R T

go2ksgo3?i A S a A T

EY

y2~02ksdi 8 V S a J

Ta91i nidegaladisdv digoksdi +- ksgo?i siga. WP h S f WJmY J A S J J S A S d A b f . He smokes two packages of cigarettes - in one day.

go32j?2ne3?a ACAD v.t. he's pulling cf: goksdi a trigger

go32j?2ne3?a ACA D go41a AW n. winter Jalvkwdis @? C 4 V J 2 AW? Do you like winter?

-

hol j a2n?2gi E C B Y Ad'A n. pneumonia

u2w01 j?'nelsdi OOCA@J ' Golehi udlvga ga3nakti.

Gado usdi hiyesa?dv hvhdisgo w- A 0 9 8 P S S B S J . janesa? hed doctor has pneumonia.

cf: ehi, gola

go23sda1yi AaLA adj. sharp

Ajila utsgati gvhdi akdlvha galuysdi, gosdayi nulstanvqi. DbW D b f 3 Ed D3'P.G f M a 1 , A a l d 4PaWO-T . When I sharpened the axe with a file, it became shar~.

go2sdi1yu4hli A@-IGC adj. dull

di2g02sdi1yu4hli IAaAGC

Gosdiyuhli galuysdi kdisgv ada dasgwalsgv?i . & ~ G C SM&J EdaE D L LaXPaET. He was using a dull axe to chop wood. -

go2sdv3ni2ha AiWh.G v. t. he's batting i i

Sgwahlesdi uniyohuselv uwosdvnila. a x L a 1 o h f i r 4 4 o v x h w . They lost the ball when he batted. -- cf: gosdvnisdi

go2sdv3ni1sdi A 3 h J - l n. bat

di2g02sdv3ni lsdi I m h a d

Hila iga di osdvnisdi dehinoga? AW T f .I*? How many bats did you bring? - cf: gosdvniha

go1sg3ha A4.G v.t. he's saying to him

j i2y01sF3ha bfi4.G

u1w01se231v3?i 0 V 4 4T

go1sg3hp3?i A4fi T

hiZyo1si Afib

v2wo'seh3di OW41

Siyo adiha hiyoselv higo?v9i. bfi D 1 . G Afi4 9 A A i T . Tell him I said hello when you see -- him.

2 - 2 go t; sga ATaf v.i. it's swelling

Inadausgahljv ganvsgeni uwotisv?i. T81 WaSPC SO-aFh O'VJRT. His len swelled where a snake bit him.

cf: uwotida

go23tv4?i APT n. fire (for heating)

Gotv na?v deginohlesdi. - A6 ei S Y Z L X . - Let's sit bv the fire.

cf: gotvsga

g ~ ~ ~ t y ~ s g a APaf v. t. he's building a fire

3 2 go dy sga APaf

ulw0~3t?~nv2~?i DVWO-T

Usv jigesv utana a wotanv?i. on bFR owe ww+ Last night I built a big fire. --- -

gu2d921e3?a J L d ' D v.t. 1. he's unhitching him, it 2. he's unhooking it 3. he's unplugging it

124 gudalvsga

u2wu2da21e1 sdi 83 I f 2 1

Hiyudalagi sogwili unelagi walsda- yvhnida. AGL WY +@'P BAWY GP2L B hL . Unhitch the horse and let him graze. Uhnigisa dagwalela uwudalesv unadadesvda. BhYt l L I 6 W BJLd'R B B L S R L . He unhooked the chain when the car - started. Adayvlatvsgi gudalesgo yanagaliha. DLBWPJY J L 6 J A 3BSP+. He unplugs the television when it's - lightening.

cf: adudalesdi, gudalvsga

g ~ ~ d a ~ l v ~ ~ s g a J L 4 J S v.t. 1. he's hitching him, it up 2. he's hooking it up 3. he's plugging it in

ji2yu2dg21v32sga, g ~ ~ d ? ~ l v ~ ~ s g a bGL 4 2 s , J L 4 2 s

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ 1 v ~ ~ n v ~ ~ ? i 0 .91 q@T

hi2yu2da21v2?vlga, . . AGL 4 i S , rL 4 i S

u2wu2da21v ldi 8 3 1 4 1

Sogwili unadudalvdi uwudalvnv sogwili ujeli?i. $ 3 ~ 8 8 S L 9 1 B J L 4 Q IV'P B Y P T . He hitched =his horse at the hitching - Post .

anagalisgi?

Did he hook the battery? -- cf: adudalesdi, gudale?a

gulgu J J n. bottle

HiVa unvdi dadlisdi. AD J J BOA L C a J . Thesebottles contain milk.

cf: gugu?i

g u l ~ J J n. tick

Gugu degvwayodesdi gihli. J J S E G A S 2 1 Y C . - Ticks are making the dog itch.

Gu1gu4?i J J T n. Bartlesville

Jedolv?is Gugu? W 4 T J JJ? Have you been to Bartlesville?

cf: gulgu (bottle)

g ~ ~ ~ h a h l ~ d i J+pA n. handle (for a tool)

dj2guZ3hahl2di JJ+PA

Galuysdi uhahldi ayohlvsga. h S M a 1 J+P D J S . He's whittling a handle for an axe. - cf: guhahlvsga

gu2ha2hly 3sga J+P@S v. t . he Is putting a handle on a tool

Gago uwuhahlaneTi hi?a galogodi? S A BJGL'AT AD S G A l ? Who put - a handle on this hoe? - cf: guhahldi

gu2hgwe 53 n. quail

Guhgwe junihyohi yvdaha unvsa dana- dayosdohdisgo?i. 5 3 d h f i A BL+ O W L B L f i a V J J A T . - uail hunters sometimes accidentally

one another.

gu2hi2103?a JAGD v. t . he's washing it

27.21~37~ 1 JTGD

~ ' w u ~ h i ~ l o ~ ? v ~ ~ ? i B J A G i T

gu2hi2103sgo3?i JAGaAT

hu2hi21oZ3ja TAG 6

Yiduhyahketsohna nuna,amohi deguhi- losgo7i. 6 ~ 3 f J + f 48, D3A S J A G J A T . When she finishes peeling-potatoes,

gutiha 125

she washes them in water. - - g ~ ~ h i ~ ~ s d i ~ h a JA2J.G v.t. he's

acius ing him

Svkta deganosgisgv uhisdiha. RSW sSWaE J A a * She's accusing him of stealing - - apples.

gu1hlv3di J P J n. lid

di2gu1hlv3di J J P J

Hila iga di uhlvdi dejaduliha? + AW TS J PJ SCSPd-? How many lids do you want? - cf: guhlvsga

gu3hly2sga J P J S v.t. 1. he's covering it 2. he's putting a lid on it

Uwoyeni gvhdi uwuhlvnv uhnelvsv'i. BBBh Ed BJPD BA.7RT. He c o v e r e d scar with his hand. - Na gugu ama adlisdv guhlvsga. 8 JJ DK D C X J P a S . He isputting a l i d n the jar con- -- --- taining water.

cf: guhlvdi

gu2hv3sga J 8 J S vat. he's putting it in water

Jo'iha juwej i duwuhnv sunale junigisdi. K T + d ~ ~ k - SJO ees d y a d . She boiled three eggs for breakfast. - cf: ahudi'a, galvsga

gu21e J 6 n. acorn

Gule danigisgo'i saloli. J ~ L W ~ A T HBP. Squirrels eat acorns.

gu21e di2sg~23hni2hi Jc? d @ A U n. mourning d6ve

gu21e di2ni2sgoZ3hni2hi J 6 J M A h Q

Gule disgohni ganohilisv jigowhti. J d " d @ ~ h S U P R kAGa . -- I see - a mourning dove flying. cf: asgohniha, gule

~ u ~ s o ~ 7 i J f T n. Muskogee

Duninhdi ka'lv geso janadahlisisgo'i Guso'i . ShhJ 9.1 I.# CeLCbaAT J f T . The Muskogee fair is in month of October.

cf: Agusa

gu2te3?a JXD v.t, he's picking him, it up

ji2yu1te3'a, gu1te3?a kCXD, JXD

u ~ w I J ~ ~ ~ ~ s v ~ ~ ? ~ 33XRT

gu2te3sgo3'i JX@AT

h2 2yu1tg2gi, hu2ta2gi A W Y , rWY

y'wu2te1sdi (P J sad

Gayula kilo jinvwistana juwutesdi hi'a nvya janilageya. SCW YO kQ8aW8 dJX@J AD Q 3 ChWI.3. I've already asked someone to pick - these rocks 9. cf: ayiha, gane'a, ganegi7a

gu2ti3ha J a % v.i. it's snowing

126 gvgisdi

Danisdayohihv iga uwutahnv7i. Lh@6AA$ T f BJWOT. It snowed on Christmas day. -

gv2gi 'sdi Ey@J n. watermelon

Gogi nidegalstanisv pgisdi datvhisdisgovi. AY hSSP@WhR 66"A@J2AT. He raises watermelons every summer.

g ~ ~ g u ~ ~ s d i ~ h a EJAJ.6 v. t. he's sifting it

~ l w a ~ g u ~ ~ s t ? ~ n v ~ ~ ? i BGJJWOT

TJ@dAAr

hv2gu2 3sda U@ L

v 2 ~ a 2 g ~ 2 3sdoh3di O.GJ@VJ

Isa v usdiha eji T B EJJI.6 -T h.. - ~ ~ .. ~

Mother is sifting flour. - cf: gvgusga

g ~ ~ g u ~ ~ s g a EJ@S v. i. it's leaking --------------

~ ' w a ~ g u ~ ~ s v ~ ~ i BGJRT

gv2gu23sgp37i EJ@AT

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

v2wa2gu23sdi BG J@d

Gahl j ode gahl j otv gus o yugahnana . SPKS SPKG EJ@A !&&8- The roof on the house leaks when it rains.

cf: gvgusdiha

gvh4di EJ prep. with, by means of

gv2he ~3 n. bobcat

Gvhe nigawesgv akwtvganv usv?i jige- - sv?i. E 3 hS99@E DIPSO BRT IrF RT . - I heard - a bobcat last night.

gv2hna E t v.i. he is alive

gvlna E B

gv2hno3?i EZT

hv2hne3sdi &/lad

Usegajv gvhna anadiha. O'BSC E t DBd.6. They say he is barely alive. --

gY3hna2gal2sdi E t f p & d adj . active di2ny3hn?2ga12sdi d M ~ p @ d

Dohiyu dinvhnagalsdi VAG dOtSP@J S L d t D He has a very active

dudatihna?a.

family.

gv23hna3ge4?i E t k T adj . black ?2ni2gv23hng3ge4?i, di2gv23hn93ge4?i

DhEtFT , dE tFT

Gvhnage dagwalela agiha. E t F LZcCW DY.6. - I have a black car.

cf: agvhnage?a

gv2hni3ha Eh+ v.t. 1. he's hitting, striking him, it 2. he's knocking

jiZyv1ni3ha, gv1ni3ha hBh.6, Eh.6

u'wa2hni31v3?i BGhqT

gv2hni3hP3?i EhI T

hi2yv2ni 'ga, hvnh2ga

ABhS . $hS Ganvgwalosdi gvhdi uwahnilv yvgi. u2wan2sdi BG had sam;;ir EJ B ~ Y . He hit tKi'nail with a hammer. Gosdvnihi sdayi uwahnilv sgwahlesdi.

Jalagi gvhdi duhlinohehlv?i. .4.A7h/3 @ L i3 m.l JXL@d.

CWY E m ? P T . The batter hit the ball hard. - She conversed means of Cherokee. Kilo gvhniha galohisdi?i.

-- Y G - Eh.6 SGA@IT .

gvnawosga 127

Someone i s knocking on t h e door.

c f : iyuwahnilvvi

p 2 h n i 2 s d i 3 h a Ehal .6 v .t . he ' s cooking it (a s p e c i f i c food)

Gado u s d i jvhn i sd i? SV Q @ l C h @ l ? What do you have cooking? - - c f : adasdayvhvsga

gv2hno4da EZL a d j . a l i v e

Gvhnodas na inada j igavna? EZL@ 8 T8L b S 8 ? m a t - snake ly ing t h e r e a l i v e ?

gv2hnv4?i EOT n. h i s l i f e

Na asgaya yvwi uhlvvi p ? n v 7 i igohida a j i sdud i dudukdasi . 8 DaS3 B 8 OPT - EOT TAQL D b @ S l SSAL 6 . The murderer was sentenced t o l i f e - imprisonment.

2 4 gv2hw? no sda E G D L a d j . whole

Gohusdi gvhwanosda u k i h i s d i anehldisgv uhyvhj i n v t s v v i . M a 1 E G D L Q Y A a J D/lPl@E Q B b O l C T . He g o t c h o k e d t r y i n g t o swallow some- t h i n g whole.

gv2j?2h193nv4hi ECPOA a d j . f r i e d

Nuna d igvjahlanv dulvkwdi. 4 e I E C ~ S W J . He l i k e s f r i e d uo ta toes .

c f : gvjahlv iga

gvl j?2hly3sga ECP 2 5

~ l w v ~ j ? ~ h l + ~ n v ~ ? i 86CL'OT

hv2ja2h1v1ga OCP 5

Gado u s d i hvjahlvsga? SV Q @ l OCP@S? - - What a r e you f r y i n g ? - c f : gv j ah lanvhi

gv3na EB n . tu rkey

How many tu rkeys do you own?

gv2nawh2di3ha EQe3-l.G v . t . h e ' s melt ing it

Agalisgv uwanowhtana u n h j i , hlawotuhi nu l s t anvv i . D S P@ E QG 8 W 8 @Oh , L'VSA QPJWOT. When t h e sunshine melted t h e snow, it became muddy.

c f : gvnawosga

2 2 gv2n? wo sga E W @ S v . i . i t ' s melt ing

Gvnawosgi gohlvhtanv u lvsavd i uwana- wosv udihlehg ama a d l i s d v wuhlana. - E 8 V 2 APWO 8 4 V l Q G W R Q I L Y DT D C X J C 8 . A g l a s s made of p l a s t i c melted when she pu t it i n some hot water .

gv2j?2h1y3sga ECP@S v . t . h e ' s f r y i n g it

c f : gvnowhdiha

128 gvnosasdi

2 2 3 gv no sq sdi EZl3a-f n. broom di2gv2n02sg3sdi IEZU@I

Where is the broom?

cf: gvnosasga

2 2 3 gv no sa sga EB@S v. t. he's sweeping it 1 2 gv2no s? sga E ZHAS

~ ' w a ~ n o ~ s ? ~ h v ~ ~ ? i BGZUaT 2 2 gv no ~ ? ~ s g o ~ ? i EZBAAT

hv2n02 3sa a m v2wa2n02s?2sdi B G ZU@I

Hyahteno hvnosahv?i nijahnigidagwu. 3x2 aB8T hChYLJ. Sweeethe floor before you go.

cf: gvnosasdi

gvn2sga Eh@S v.i. 1. it Is becoming done (by cooking) 2. it's ripening

Hila iyv vns o kanugahli? - AW TB Eh@A a 5 C ? when do blackberries net r i ~ e ?

g~~sg?~hl\!~sga E@SP@S v.t. he's hiding it

gv1sga2hlY3sga E@SP AS ~ ' w a ~ s g ? ~ h l ? ~ n v ~ 7 i BGJSfDT

gv2sgg2hlY3sgp3~i E@SP@AT

hv2sgg2hlv1ga 82s P S

52wa2sgah1 2di @GAS ?I

Dagwalela ganosgida gvsgahlvsga. L,%$W SZZYL ESSPAS. ~ ~ ~~ - -- He is hiding a stolen car. -- cf: adisgahlvsga, gvsgaladiTa,

gv2sga31v32sga

gv2sga21a3di3?a E@SWdD v.t. he's hiding a long object

g~'sg?~l?~d~~?a E@S WID

~ ~ w a ~ s g ? ~ l ~ ~ d v ~ ~ ? i BG@S WPT

Kilo dayaTi. Hvsgalada galogwe. YG L3T. &SWL SG3. Someone is coming. Hide the gun. - cf: gvsgahlvsga, gvsgalvsga

gv2sg?31y 32sga E@S 4@S v .t . he's hiding him, it (flexible)

j i2yv1sg?21v32sga, g ~ l s g a ~ 1 v ~ ~ s g a hB2S 4@S, E& 42s

37i BG@S 4DT

Disehisdi uwas alvnv uhnawo. I4A@I BG@S 4 +T- 8 e7 He hid his shirt in a drawer. -- cf: gvsgahlvsga, gvsgaladi?a

g ~ ~ s g w ? ~ l o ~ ? a E X G D v .t. he's cracking it

gv1sgwg21037a EJXG D

u1wa2sgw~2103?~23?i BG@PGiT

g ~ ~ s g w ~ ~ 1 0 ~ s g o ~ ? i E@XG@AT

h ~ ~ s g w ? ~ l o ~ ~ j a & A m c v2wa2sg~g2101sdi BG@TG@I

UhljaTdi kali duwasgwalo7v sohi. BPCI dP SG@PGi + A . He cracked a bucket full of hickory - nuts.

gv2tY3sga ES'AS v.t. he's putting it into a fire

gvldy 3sga LSJS

u1wv2tq3nv37i G36WDT

gv2tv3sg$7i E G . 4 T

h i s g i 129

Hla yunhta iga uwvtdi chinosga. e cow T S h a s . He doesn' t know how much coal t o ~ u t - i n to t h e f i r e . --- c f : kdv3vsga

g~3~62h1,!3Sga EGP@S v. t . he ' s soaking it ( f l e x i b l e ob jec t )

gv3wg2h1y3sga EGP@S

~ ~ w v ~ w ? ~ h l ? ~ n v ~ ? i 016GeOT

gv3w92hly 3sgp 3 7 i EGP@AT

hv ' ~ ? ~ h l v l ~ a &GP S

u2wv lwahl 3di 86G 4J

Hila igohida dejvwahlane dihnawo? AW TAB1 S E t A J t 8 7 How lone d id vou soak t h e c lo thes?

gv2wa2t~3hw12da EGS@l, a d ~ . a l l around

Gvwatuhwida nunadvhnv aniyosgi . EGS@L 9 W 0 Dhfi23'. Sold ie r s were. - a l l around.

-gwu n . , v .suf . 1. only, j u s t 2 . s t i l l (see G r a m . I , D)

h- v .pref . second person s ingu la r (see Gram. I , B)

-ha n . su f . p a r t i t i v e (see Gram. I , B) x of it

ha2dlv .GP adv. where

Hadlv wigalohi sda l i ' i ? +P QSGA 2 1 PT? %ere d id your f r i end go?

h?2wi4ni +@h prep. under

Eligwu t a31 i iyatahwostanv yigeda amayi hawini. R f 2 W P T3WaWQ I% 1 D TA +Ah . I can s t a y under water f o r two minutes.

h?2wi3ni3 d i3d l a +Qh Jo% adv .

underneath

Gasgilv hawini d i d l a ganhga wesa. S 2 Y 9 +Lh & S ~ U . The c a t i s ly ing underneath t h e c h a i r .

hg%i2ya +@3 n. meat

Sihgwa jun ih i sd i gayohlige dagvwahldo hawiya. bX d u a l SACF LEGGV +@a. - Meat i s l e s s expensive a t s l augh te r houses.

-hehno, -hno conj. because (see Gram. 111, F)

-hno conj . and (see Gram. I1 I , F)

he l sd i , h l e l s d i 2 2 1 , L @ l adv. don ' t

Hlesdi vsg i yihnadvnehesdi. L@J i23' AtPA?@J. Don't be doing t h a t . -

-h i n . su f . , s e e - i

h i2?a AD pron. t h i s , t h e se

Hi?a digwe j i . m ~ l r . - These a r e my ch i l d r en . -

hi21a4 AW a d j . how, what (with nouns of quan t i ty , dura t ion , s i z e , e t c . )

Hi la & jugvwahldi? - AW TS dEGGJ? How much does it c o s t ? - m a igohid tsdohdi j adu l i ? AW TAB1 CVJ CSP? -- How long do you want t o use i t ? - Hila a h l i ' i l i ? T D C T P ? What time i s i t ? -

hi21a32yv4?i AWBT adv. when

Hilayv wigvwahtvhidasdi jadul iha? AWB - QEGPAL@J CSP+? When do you want me t o come and v i s i t you?

h i 2 s g i A23' a d j . f i v e

130 hla, tla

Hisgi naniva wahga dejinahlava. .O&Y .- B h D G S S b e P D . I have a total of five cows. -

hla, tla P adv. no, not

Jayosihas? - Hla. Cfib+2? L. Are you hungry? - No. Hla vsgi yigi. ~ J Y m. - That's not it. -

hlg3 go2hu4sdi P 4-21 pron. nothing

Gadogi hadisge? Hla gohusdi. S V Y +1X? f ~ r = . What were you saying? Nothing.

cf: gohusdi, hla

hlg3 i21vh3dlv, hlg3 dlv4 f T q P , P P adv. nowhere

Hla ilvhdlv yidagesi kohi iga. PT~P A L F b A A T S . - - I am going nowhere today.

cf: dlv, hla, ilvhdlv

hla3 i21v23hi3yu4 f T 9 A G adv. never

Igada yvwi - hla ilvhiyu junadasdudi uniyvhlv yigesovi. T S L B B c LAC J e t a s 1 Q ~ B P at T . Some people have never been in jail.

hla3 ki210 P Y G pron. no one

Hla kilo yi j igowhti j iyoligi . -- P Y G AhACLI h A P Y . - - I see no one that I know. -- cf: hla, kilo

hlg2w01tu f f 3 S n. mud

Hlawotu unvliye'v ahnvwisgv kanajisdej i uwajvhyv'i. re-s s o p s i D o s a E aebash BGCB T . - He doctored himself where a wasp stung him by rubbing mud on it. - cf: hlawotuhavi, hlawotuhi

h1g2w01tu2ha4?i P0S.t.T adj . muddy (object)

Hlawotuha dagwalela ganvgaliha. C V S + L IdW SDS P+ . He's washing a muddy car.

cf: hlawotu, hlawotuhi

hla2w01tu4hi P O S A 1. adj . muddy (ground) 2. adv. in the mud

Yugahnana, hlawotuhi nidegalsdisgo deganvhnvvi . ~ S t e , = h S S P 2 1 2 A S S W T . When it rains. the roads net muddy. - I Hlawotuhi unvjv duhnasvhla.

B D C S t W . She fell in the mud when she slipped. --- cf: hlawotu, hlawotuhavi

hle4ga L S adv. for a while

Ehena hlega. R 3 8 a. Come here a while. --

hle2ki3 L Y a d ~ . soon

Hlekis dagavluhji udvhne? L Y 2 l S M b B m ? - Did he say he was coming soon? -

hlelsdi L a r l adv. don't

Hlesdi yijanegujesdi. L A 1 A C A J 7 2 1 . - Don It be mean.

hlgv47i T E n. tree

d e h ~ ~ ~ g v ~ v i m E

Juweti dehlgv nigada dejileyvstanvvi. d f l J STST h S 1 S b a 2 W D T . Cut down all the dead trees.

hlv2dg2ji, tlv2dG2ji P d h , P l b n. lion

Odalv ehi hlvdaji gehloha. b l 9 R A P l b Fd+. - He's feeding a mountain lion. -

-hno suf. and (see Gram. 111, F)

hq2wa I G interj. okay

igati 131

Inadawo7uga. Howa. - TeLex3.S. Ec;. Let Is go swimming. Okay

-hv n., v.suf. question marker (see Gram. I, D)

h ~ a h ~ t e ~ ~ n a 3x8 n. board

di2hyah2te23na, j ~ ~ h y a h ~ t e ~ ~ n a

Gado dotvhtk ;a juhyahtena? sv v m h e d a e ? What are you going to use those - boards for?

-

hyah2t04hli @VC adj . narrow di2hyah2t04hli d3VC

Hyatohli sdudi ktovv wigalohisdi iuwenvsv yoga. ~ V C - @ S J . E ~ ~ @SOA@J d8OR fif . You go through a narrow gate when you're going to his house.

hyeh2gg2hli BSC n. quilt

di2hyeh2g?2hli JBSC

Nigohilv dihyehgahli degayewsgo eji. hAA9 &C SSBB@A Rfr . My mother is always sewing quilts.

cf: ahyehgahlvsga

i - v.pref. repetitive (see Gram. I, A)

-i n.suf. locative (see Gram. 11, B)

-i n.suf. agent (see Gram. 1 1 , B)

- i v.suf. future tense (see Gram. I, Dl

-idi v.suf. about to, on the verge of (see Gram. I, D)

i23ga4 TS n. quantity (inanimate)

Hila dejaduliha? AW T f SCSP.G? How many do you want?

i2ga TS n. day

Usv nigesvna yigi i a gesovi. on M n e nv - T s P C B - If it isn't night , it's day.

i23ga3da TSL adj. some

Igada analasgalisgi hla yuniluhje7i. TSL D e W J S P 3 f' GhMYT. - Some of the ball players didn't come. -

i23gg?31uh2ga T S M S v. i. he's returning

i23ji?31~h2ga TfrMS

y39u21uh3jv237i, y731~h3j~37i iBMCT , BMCT

i23gg731~h2gQ33i TSMAT

Kiladv igavluhga usuhnidolv7i. yW6" T m D b h V g T . -- - He's just returning from fishing. - cf: ga'luhga

i23gq3nv2hi4da TSO&L n. in length

i23d+ 3gg2nv2hi4da TJSOAL

Hiksgo ilasihdi iganvhida sdeyida uwhtanv wahna agina asladisgv7i. AYaA T W ~ J - T S G L @SAL 0 6 ~ 0 . Gf Dye D~WJ~ET. He used a rope fifty feet long in roping a calf.

cf: ganvhida

i23ga32sv4ti T S U n. rick

Jo7i igasvti ada dikiwahisdi agwaduliha. KT T S U D L JYGA@J D5SP.G. I want to buy three ricks of wood.

cf: gasvtvsga

i23gg2ti TSJ n, height

i2di hg2ti, i23d+2g?2ti T J e J , TdSJ

Sudal ilasihdi, sudal isihtadisdi igati na alasgalisgi.

132 igohida

G L P T W b 1 , G L P T b W 1 2 1 T S 3 - 8 D W a s P a . That ballplayer is six feet, six inches tall.

i23g03hi4da T A R L 1. n. length of time 2. adv. until

Hila igohid uhli?ilidole? AW TARG O C T P V d ? How long did it take? Widaniyelisgv i ohida wagwedolv7i. B L h B P a E = b T . I stayed there until they adjourned.

cf: gohida

iZ3gv 3na2de4na TE8.98 n. area

Sgohitsgwa iyuhliloda igvnadena duhwisa selu. ambl TGCQG TE8.99 SBU 4M. He has corn planted in an area of -- one hundred acres.

l1gvZ3sa TEU pron. 1. ourselves (you all and I) 2. one another, each other (see Gram. 111, A)

2 23 I gv yi T E A adv. earlier than

Igvyis hivluhgi sihnv apr gesv? TE& AMY 60 . DB FR? - Did you get here before I did?

.47i TEAT adj. first 5 gv Yl Hi?a asgaya igvyi gawonisgi. AD D a S 3 S V h a . This man is the first speaker.

i2je4?i T Y T adj . green (of fruit or vegetable)

?2ni2je4?i D h Y T

Anije tuya dinadesuga. EY s3 d e s r s . Let's go pick some peen beans.

i2je4?i W T adj. new (inanimate)

di2je47i d Y T

Uweti dagwalela juhv asehnv nogwu t& uha. Q9pJ L l d W d& 9 .40 23 T Y B.G. He used to have an old car, but now

he has a new one. - i2je37i2yu4sdi T Y T G a 1 adj . green IjeTiyusdi adanelv ganela oginali7i. T Y T G a 1 DLA9 SAW dJY8PT . A friend of mine lives in a green house.

cf: ije?i, iyusdi

12ju3de2ti2pr4da T J S J B G n. years (number of)

Hila ijudetipda uhnela?de?i? BW T J S J B L BAWST? How many years was he gone?

cf: udetiyiha, sudetiprda

iZ3ju31a TJW adj. both

Ijula desdilvhwisdanelv sunale7i. T J W - Sad.7BaLA.7 ~ W T . Both of you work tomorrow. -

i'jvZ3sa TCtl pron. 1. yourselves (you all) 2. one another, each other (see Gram. 111, A)

i3ki2da T Y L n. size

Hila ikida alsgwetuwo halsgwetuhvsgi? AW - TYCP~JSV .GPaJS&aY? What size hat do you wear? -

?31a1sih2di TWbd n. foot (unit of measure)

Sgohi ilasihdi niganvha jiyu ujeli7i. am T W ~ J SO-+ B Y P T . His boat is ten feet long. -

i21v23hi3yu4?i T qAGT adv. ever

IlvhiyuTis inada tsgahljv?i? T q A C T a T 8 L C J S P C T ? Have you ever been bitten by a snake? - cf: hla ilvhiyu

121v4sgi T . 7 3 adj. few

Ilvsgi iyuhliloda eladi uhnigisv?i kila udajanelv7i. T.7aY TGCQL RWd D h Y R T YW DLC/19T . He walked a few miles before he - caught a ride.

ivuwahni lv?i 133

i4na T 8 adj. far

Aniyosgi j ij iya9v ina wagwedolv?i . DhfiaY bh2 i T e G J ~ T . When I was inyhe military service, I went far away. -

i2na2da TQL n. snake

Gado usdi inada wiganayegvvi? sv 8 a ~ T~L~BET? - Which snake is the most dangerous?

i23n63ge4?i TQF T n. forest, wilderness

Inage wv?ulosv hlvda j i ulitisa. T 8 f 6 B G R P L b B E J b r . he lion went back into the wilderness when it escaped.

i2nv2hi TQA adv. too far

Invhi wedoha tstvgodivi. TQA &V+ C P A J T . - He's too far away to hear you. --

i2sa Tbr n. flour

Go get some flour downtown.

i3sih2ta2di1sdi T b W d a J n. inch

Tavldu isihtadisdi sagwu ilasihdi ninalsdisno?i. WFS ~ b ~ y a d bra T W b J h S P a J a A T . Twelve inches make one foot.

i2ya T @ n. pumpkin

Jalvkwdis iya gohlvhtanv gelistgi? C w J a APWQ f r a y ? Do you like pie made of pumpkin?

i2ya3danh3teh2di T3LOa. l n. cent, cents

Sgigapdu i adanhtehdi jugvwahldi aditasdi b agwaduli a. 2 Y S S T 3 L W b J J E G Q J D A V a J DISP.G. I want a fifteen-cent drink. - 2 3 2 4 i Y? g? yv li * T 3 S B P adj. thousand

Jo?i iyagayvli iyani yvwi unatvdasta- nihlv ugvwiyuhi gawonisgv?i.

KT T 3 S B P T 3 h B 8 8 8 P L a W h P 8 E W A sv h x Three thousand people came to hear the President speak.

i2y93ta2hw~1st?2nv4?i Ti3WVaWOT n. minute

Sgohi i atahwostanv ulosvsdi nvhgi. Y--6 am T a w a w e G m~ QY . It Is ten minutes past four.

cf: atahwosdiha

i2yu3da41i T G L P n. 1. apart 2. often

Hila iyudali dehihwisgo selu? AW - T G L P S A B a A 4M? How far apart do you plant your corn? Hila ivudali chawahtvhidoho?i? - AW T C L P - C G P A V J T ? How often does he visit you? - 2 3 2 4 yu hli lo da TGCQL n. unit of

measure (acres, bushels, gallons, hours, miles, yards)

Jo?i iyuhliloda iyudanvhida uhwidvhv ta?li ivuhliloda kanunahli. K T T G C ~ L - TGLOAL @ @ k c W E T G C Q L a q s c .

- He carried two gallons of blackberries for three miles.

cf: suhliloda

i2yu3n?2d~23d82gwa1sdi T C 8 V L X a J n. weeks

Jo?i iyunadodagwasdi igohida didolanvsdi duwhtanv?i. KT TGBVLX2-4 T A A L I V W Q a J S 6 W Q T . She used crutches for three weeks.

2 4 i yu sdi T G a d adv. like

sdi agwaduliha. :% - &DXSf'+. I want one like it.

i2K3wa2hni21v"i T G G h 4 T n. o'clock

Tavldu iyuwahnilv jigesv julohistanv?i. KIPS TGG h 4 b F R d G A 2 W 0 T . He stopped bv at twelve o'clock.

cf: gvhniha

134 iyuwakdi, yuwakdi

3 4 i2yu3wa4kdi , . . yu wa k d i TGGAd, CGAl Cherokees s ay t h a t someone w i l l come. n . t i m e , t imes

j i21a21i frwp n. chewing gum H i l a iyuwakdi i jadawoda koh i gogi? A W TGGAA TCLUL AA AY? Sagwu n idega l ad i sdv j i l a l i deh iyv- How many t i m e s have you gone swimming h v v i , howaju? t h i s summer? Vi2 hSfWJ2G' - bWP SABaT, IGd?

Get one package o f chewing gum, okay?

~ i ' ~ s a htl n . J e s u s

j - v . p r e f . p a s t t e n s e ( s e e Gram. I , I l v h i y u 7 i s h i y a s g i t s v J i s a ? A 1 T 4AGT@ A a Y J R hV?

Have you e v e r dreamed about J e s u s ? j - v . p r e f . r e l a t i v e ( s e e G r a m . I , A)

j i 2 s d u h@S n . r a b b i t j a - v . p r e f . second person s i n g u l a r Jo sdadahnvh l i u lvkwdi j i s d u j u y s d i v i .

( s e e Gram. I , B) K@ L L PC B 4 T l - b@S d f i @ r

~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ i CWY n . Cherokee ( language) My b r o t h e r l i k e s t o hunt r a b b i t s .

J a l a g i s h iwon i sg i ? j i 3 s d v 2 n a h 3 B n . c r a y f i s h C X @ BVhZY? Do you speak Cherokee? J i s d v n a d i g i h y a l u g a .

h 3 ' 8 JY3Mf . 2 2 J? I? p i , $2 jF21?2gi CWY, DCWY L e t ' s go hunt crawdads.

n . Cherokee j i 3 sdv2na + 'da2jvy4sgi h . 3 8 D L C a Y

$2n i2 jg21g2g i DhCWY n. s c o r p i o n

H i l a n a n i l a A n i j a l a g i duni lvhwisdane J i sdvna a d a j v y s g i uwajvhyv u l a s i h d e n i J a l a g i Ayeh l iv i ? fr@G'B D L O Y BGCB BWbSh. 13W BhD DhCWY Sh48@Li1 CWY DdCT? - A s c o r p i o n s t u n g him on h i s f o o t . How many Cherokees work a t t h e Chero- kee Nat ion? c f : a d a j v y s g i , j i s d v n a

c f : D i j a l a g i j i3sgwa h2.T n. b i r d

~ ? ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w e ~ t i ~ 7 i CWJOJ T n . North Igada j isgwa juganowv wani losgo g o l a

C a r o l i n a y i n u l s t a n a . TS L b2.T 65.76 GhG@A AW A4P2WB.

J a l a g u w e t i i n a i d i g a t i d o d a l a . Some b i r d s m i g r a t e s o u t h i n t h e CWJOJ TB TJSJ V L W . .- w i n t e r . There a r e t a l l mountains i n North C a r o l i n a . j i 23~gwo32gwo h @ W n . r o b i n

c f : J a l a g i , uwet i

j i- v . p r e f . f i rst pe r son s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t ( s e e Gram. I , D)

j i 2 g j ' *1i hYPP n . ch ickadee

J i g ? ' Lli yinigawe adane lv navv, k i l o dagavluh j i anad i sgo Anij a l a g i . hS'Fl- .4hS.U DLA3 B i , YG LSMh - D8J2A DhClc'J-. !+'hen - a chickadee s i n g s nea r a house,

Jisgwogwo g igage geso g a n e j i v i . YSF F- f . S i lbT.

A r o b i n h a s a r e d b r e a s t . -- 2 2 3 j t a ga h.Wf n . ch i cken

J i t a g a gv jah lanv ulvkwdi u g i s d i . fr\l f ECCP B?trd B Y J d . He l i k e s t o eac f r i e d ch i cken .

j i 2 t a 2 3ga ?'chv2ya b\Vf DC2 n . r o o s t e r

j ugano j i 135

ji2ta23ga q2ni2chv2ya bWS DhC3 jo21a KW n. tobacco

Getv ukivla jitaga achvya ayhga. F.6 QYW bWS DC3 D B S . -- A - rooster is sitting on a post crowing.

j i23yu b G n. boat, airplane

ahlawidisgi j igowhtiha. LG D f BA2Y b AG2 .G . I see an - airplane.

n. pilot

j i23yu di2n92hla2~i2tdi4sgi b G ABfBJA2.Y

Gado usdi asgaya dihlawitdisgi? sv 0 2 ~ 0 2 5 3 I ~ G A ~ B J A ~ Y ? Which man is thy pilot?

cf : ahlawitdisgi, j iyu

j i2yu4kdi b G A A adv. straight (directional)

Go straight ahead.

jo2gi KY adv. upstream

didla inena. KY 20% T A e . - Let's go upstream.

jT27i KT adj . three Jovi jusvhida widagedoli Nvdagi. - KT d R 9 L B L f V P D L Y . I'm going to Texas for three days.

cf: jo?ine?i

27.2 j q 1 ne4?i KTAT adj. third

Jo7ine uganhda3dv hwihyvhgwidagi. KTA BSDLG B B V L Y . - Turn to the third page. - cf: jo?i

~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ n ~ ~ ~~~a K T A TS n. Wednesday

Jo?ine j igesv g~wahni~ida. K T / ~ s b f R' EG hYL . -- He's been none since Wednesdav.

Gohigi j igesv jola anatvhisdisgv Ani- j alagi . MY h f R KW DQslAaJaE DhCWY. Long ago the Cherokees raised tobacco.

Kwh n. window

Disduvida igesesdi jolani, dehisduhnvpi. J 2 S T L T f 4 a - l - K w h , S A J S D T . If the windows happen to be open, close t h e m .

-ju n. ,v.suf. question marker (see Gram. I, D)

ju2dg21e2hnv4da dL@L adj . different, various

Judalehnvda unisgohldidaTna. ~LPJL 8 . They have various things on sale.

cf: nudalevi

d L 3 t T n. chairman, president

d 9 L d t T

Gag 'udatihna ijadahlgv?i? h E T ? S A d -

Who is the chairman of your group?

ju23ga3na2w4?i d S Q 6 T n. south

Juganaw didla danukdisgo sasa gola yinulstana. d S 8 6 J63 L 4 A J a A 88 AW A4PaW8. - Geese head south when winter comes. - cf: uganawa

j ~ ~ ~ a n h ~ d e ~ ~ n a d S e S 8 n. cabbage

Na digalogisgi u anhdena ahwisga. 9 ASGYaW d S 9s- The farmer is planting cabbage.

j ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n o ' j i dS ZIT n. centipede

j~2ni~~?~no'ji d h S Z b

Gahisgahos juniganoji? sdas pa d h s z b ? Are YOU afraid of centi~edes? cf: iga, jo3ine?i

136 jugvwahldi

j ~ ~ g v ~ ~ w a h l ~ d i 6EGG.I n. price

Galvladi jugvwahldi igesesdi hla vidvkiwasi danwalela.

If the price is too high, I'm not going to buy the car.

cf: dagvwahldiha

ju2gv2wah12di dEGGd n. wealth

Hla jugvwahldi yinigvhnisisgo alihe- lisdi eesvvi.

C d E d d J 5 h ~ h b a ~ DP?P@d FRT. ~ e a l t h o e s not cause happiness.

j ~ ~ ~ h l i ~ ? i ~ l v ~ s t ? ~ n v ~ ? i dCTqaW0T adv. in the past, formerly

Juhli?ilvstanv hla vsgi iga yidigano- lvsee?i . I C ~ ? @ W O C i A Y TS AdSZ?@FT. In the past there weren't as many -- storms.

cf: ahlivili

ju2hna2j04sdi d t K @ d adj. sour

ju2ni2hna2j04sdi dhtK2.I

Gohidi udihlehgv yigane unvdi juhnajosdi nigalsdisgovi. AA-ALE J5SA B o d d f K a d hSPadaAT. If milk is left out m e heat too long, it becomes sour.

ju2hng2wo d t O n. his clothes

Juhnawo dagvgi lo?eha achuj a . d W - L EYGR.G DdC. The boy's clothes are being washed for him.

cf: dihnawo

j ~ ~ ~ h y v ~ d l v ~ ? i dBP T n. north

Juh dlv didla jukti ganolvsgv?i. + &P 1 d S 3 SZ?@ET. The wind is from the north.

cf: u2hyv4dla (cold)

j ~ ~ j ~ ~ ~ o ~ s d i dCfi2.J adj . barbed, thorny

Jujayosdi uyanv asiladvsga dlogesv. dCfiad 820 DbWPaS PfFb . He's putting up barbed wire fence around the pasture.

cf: gajayohiha

j ~ ~ k ~ ~ n v l s d e ~ ~ n a d a 0 2 S B n. bull

ju2na2kg2nv1 sde2~na d & l 0 a S 8

Wahga jukanvsdena dilsdisgi nulstanv unalivi. G S d a 0 . 8 dPad2.Y 4PaWO BBP T . His friend became a bullfighter. --

ju2ksv4sdi dSR2.I adj. smoky

Degaligas niga juksvsdi jigi? SSPaS hS dSR2.I IrY? Is it smoky because of grass fires?

cf: daksvsdiha, j ~ ~ k s v ~ ~ s d i (smoke)

j ~ ~ k s v ~ ~ s d i d S U 1 n. smoke

Juksvsdi uhayvhle anadiha. d S R 2 l B+BL D9d.G. ~ h e y a ~ he was asphyxiated by smoke.

cf: daksvsdiha, goksga, ju2ksv4sdi (smoky 1

ju2kta2j i3sdq2hli dSWIraLC n. copperhead

ju2nq2ktq2j i3sda2hli dBSWh@LC

Ale juktaj isdahli ni j iyalasdvda. D 6 dSWIr@LC h h 3 W 3 L . I almost stepped on - a copperhead.

j ~ ~ k t o ~ ~ y v ~ ~ i ~ s d i dSVB Tad adv. blinding (brightness)

Udohiyu juktoyvvisdi agaliha. 3VAG dSVBTa1 DSP.G. The sunshine is very blinding.

ju21a1sgi dWW n. alligator

Julasgi usgahljv hi?a asgaya. d w a y BasPC AD ~ a s a . - This man was bitten by an alligator.

ju21a1sgi dW2Y n. 1. cast iron 2. a sort of cast iron pot

Uweti julasgi uha eji.

jusvhida 137

8 d J dW2.Y B.E. Rlr . - My mother has an old cast iron pot. -- 2 .2 i u 1; ~ h v ~ ~ ~ a l s d i JPC&d adj. brave

ju2ng21?2chv23ya1 sdi d8PCGiQd

I j e junadasdudi dvnahnesgehi . T Y d Q b a S 1 6 Q A a t A . They are going to build a new @. -

j ~ ~ n ~ ~ d e ~ h l o h ~ ~ w a lsdi4?i d B S e f I a 1 T n. school

Julichvyasdi yigese,hla yigvwaliti- sevi. d P C 2 2 d a 4 , L? AEGP2'4T. If he was brave, he wouldn't have run away.

cf: achvyavi

j ~ ~ l ? ~ ? e ~ n a J P R B adj. deaf

j ~ ~ n i ~ l ? ~ ? e ~ n a d h P R 8

Juwoyeni gvhdi dahlinohehdisgo @&- livens yvwi. d V 8 h Ed LC7?daA d h P R 8 B 8 . - He talks to deaf people in sign language.

j ~ ~ l i l s d ~ ~ n a ~ l i d P a L 8 P n. catfish

ju2ni21i1sda2na21i d h P a L 8 P

Junilisdanali jusuhdi ulvkwdi. d h P @ l B P d r l 8 W d . He likes to fish for catfish.

j u210h14di d B 9 d adj . striped ju2ni210h14di d h Q 9 1

Where did you put my striped shirt?

ju12s; 3hnv4da JPbDL adv. nightly

Julsihnvdas dejalvhwisdaneho?i? d r b o ~ a sc waLm T? Do you work nightly?

j ~ ~ l v ~ ~ h w i ~ s d a ~ n e ~ h i d 9 8 a L f l A n. worker

j ~ ~ n i ~ l v ~ ~ h w i 3sda1ne4hi d h 4 8 a L f l A

Iga uniyohisdi junilvhwisdanehi. T f B h f i A a d d h 9 8 a L f l A . The workers are on a noon break.

ju2ng2da2sdu1di47i, di2da2sdu1di47i

J O L a S d T , J L a S d T n. jail

Gado usdi junadehlohgwasdi dejade- hlohgwa?e?i? sv b a d d e w x a d S C S G X R T ~ Which school did you attend?

cf: adehlohgwava, didehlohgwasgi

ju2na12sdayh1di47i d 8 P a L B I T n. cafe, restaurant

Junalsdayhdi ajinahlava oginalivi. d 8 P a L B d Dh8L'D b Y 8 P T . My friend is employed at - a restaurant. cf: alsdayvhvsga

~ u n h ~ ~ i ~ l o ~ s d i JDYBJd n. Friday

Junhgilosdi iga dekgilosgo7i. d D Y Q a 1 T f S U B a A T . S h e s her laundry on Fridays.

ju2ni2dlvlgi47i d h P y ~ n. hospital

Hila igohida hwinhge'i junidlvgivi? AW TRSL BDtT d h P y T 7 How long were you in the hospital?

cf: udlvga, udlvgi

ju2ni2sv2sdi47i d h R 2 1 T n. hotel, motel

Sohneladu isgohitsgwa gahlgwasgo nvhgi ude tiyvsadisv i j e junisvsdi unahnesgehv Anijalagi Daligwa na?v?i. I A W S T 2 R S h X f PXaA DY B S J B t l d R T Y h R 2 d 8 8 A a F 8 DhCWY L P I 8i T . + In t e year 1974, the Cherokees built a new motel near Tahlequah. - cf: usvhiha, usvvi

j ~ ~ s v ~ ~ h i ~ d a d R 9 L n. days

Sgohi jusvhida to uwedolv dulvhwisda- nehv7i. J A B d R 9 L - V 899V9 S 9 8 a L A B T . He went on a vacation for ten days.

ju2we3nv1sv4?i d990RT n. his home Kalogwekdi navv agwatvsvvi. SGZYJ f3i DIPRT. I grew UD near Locust Grove.

Oginalivi juwenvsv widagedoli. dYf3PT dO@R BLfVP. I am going to my friend's house.

-jv adj .suf. extremely, exceptionally (see Gram. 111, B)

-jv?i adj . suf. extremely (see Gram. 111, B)

j ~ ~ ~ s a pron. yourself (see Gram. 111, B)

jv2sgi2no m Z n. hell

Jvsgino?is ehi Sedani? C D Z T a 4Lh? Is Satan from hell?

cf: asgina, dasginadi?a, sgina

Ka2g??21i a S P n. February

Kaga?li ka?lv ogan unvgovisdi geso?i. a s p a 4 AS^ B O A T ~ IT. ~ - - - .

Groundhog day is in the month of February.

ka23hwi 98 n. coffee

Uhyvsdi kahwi agilvkwdi. @Bar a @ j J . I likeTtrong coffee.

k?21i4?i aPT adj. full

di2ka21i4?i JaPT

Ama kali adlisdi svdoni. D $ Q P D C ~ J R V ~ . The bucket is full of water.

k?2101gwe2ekdi a 0 J Y J n. locust tree

Kalogwekdi josda digetvsdi dadohlv- sgo?i. aG3YJ KaL J f P a J L W a A T . Locusts make good posts.

cf: Kalogwekdi?i

~ ? ~ l o l ~ w e ~ ~ k d i ~ ? i a0JYJT n. Locust Grove

cf: kalogwekdi, -i (locative)

k a ~ ~ s e ~ ~ j i a P 4 b n. 1. sugar 2. candy

Kalsej i uhwahi kalsej i juwohlvhdodi. a ~ 4 b BGR a ~ 4 6 d m v ~ . - She-bought sugar to make candy.

k??21v4?i a 4 T n. month

Gado usdi ka?lv jadetiyisgi? sv oar a 4 7 z i a y ? What month is vour birthdav?

k?%a2ma a$$ n. butterfly Kamama uki?la jahnuwv?i. a T $ BYW C 4 6 T . m r e ' s a butterfly on your shirt.

k?%a2ma a$$ n. elephant Kamama anehyahtahi dunihyoha. a T T DAWA sh17.G. They 're hunting wild elephants.

2 2.-1 k? n? 11 ~ d e ~ ~ j i a e / r @ s b n. wasp

Kanajisdej i aninohilidoha doyi. af3baSb DhZ9PV.G V d . Therere wasps flying around outside.

kg2ng21u2sga af3MaS v. i. he's ascending an incline

j i1n?21u2sga b 0MaS

~ ' h n ~ ~ l u ~ s v ~ ~ ? i BfMRT

kg2na21u2sgo3?i af3MaAT

hi2hn?21u23hi A tMR

~ ~ h n ? ~ l u ~ h ; ~ s d i BtMRaJ

Usegajv uhnalusvvi odalv7i. B4SC BtMRT dL 4 T . - He barely ascended the mountain. -

k92ng21~~2sgv4?i 90MaET adv. uphill

Kanalusgv ulehwisdanelv dagwalela. W M ~ E B ~ E I ~ L A 4 L x d - W .

kanegwadiha 139

His car stalled going uphill.

cf: kanalusga

ka2na231y3?i2sdi 984TaJ n. anger

Yv nijvga kanalv?isdi. B ~ G S 9 e w a J . Put ang-e.

cf: uhnalvga, uhnalvha

ka2na231v3sdi2ha 98421.6 v.t. he's making him angry

j i l ~ ~ a ~ ~ l v ~ s d i ~ h a b 8 421.6

~ ~ h n a ~ ~ l v ~ s t ? ~ n v ~ ~ ? i O f 42WD-T

kg2na2 31v3sdi2sgo3?i 984212AT

hi1na21v2sda A84@L

u2hna2 31v3sdoh2di B t 4@VJ

Nvya gvhdi degvhnihv duhnalvstanv kanai isdei i. 03 EJ sEha St 42W@ LlBb2Sb. He angered the wasps by hitting them - with rocks.

cf: kanalvTisdi, uhnalvga

ka2na?2ne23sgi . . 96/1AY n. spider

Kana?nesgi kaniladewsga. LlWlZV 9hWSBaS . A spider is making a web. -

saeasc.6 SGTP T . He's rooting out bushes. - cf: kanasdehldi, uhnasdedlvvi

k?2na1sdeh123di 9 8 2 S P 1 n. pick

di2ka2na1sdeh12 3di J982SPJ

Kanasdehldi hinohlv hi?luhjv?i. 9 8 3 P J A D AMGT. Bring - a pick when you come. cf: kanasdedliha, uhnasdedlv?i

kg2nq2w032ga 9 W S v.i. he's cold

ji1n92w032ga 6 WS

L?t@GT

k;)2n?2w032g03?i 9 W A T

hi2hn?2w01gi AtVY

u2hna2w02sdi B to31 Jinawogo yuhyvdla doyi. h88A GBda VA. I get cold when it's cold outside. - - cf : uhnawasdiha

ka2ne3ga 9AS v.i. 1. he's speaking 2. he's answering

j i lne3ga bA S

~ l h n e ~ j v ~ ~ v i BACT

kg2na32sg?2dv4"i 98RPT n. his toe kg2ne3g03?i 9AAT

de2kg3na32sg?2d~4?i S38UPT hi2hne1gi BAY

Usdi kanasa?dv udahyehlalv galuysdi u2hng2sdi @A21

gvhdi. Kanegis chiyalinohehdisgv, hlake? 021 aeur 8 ~ 8 ~ 4 s ~ a a ~ E J . a ~ y a I F ~ P Z ~ J ~ E , C F ? - He cut his little toe with an axe. - - Did he answer when you were speaking -- cf: uhnasgwalo?a to him, or not?

ka2na32sde2dli3ha 98aSC.6 v. t. he's kg2ne3gwa2di3ha 9AI1.6 v. t. he's rootini it out prying it

j i l ~ ~ a ~ ~ s d e ~ d l i ~ h a b 8 2 ~ c . 6 j i1ne3gwg2di 3ha bAI1.6

~ l h n a ~ ~ s d e ~ d l v ~ h v ~ ~ ? i QtaSP9.T ~'hne~gw?~dv~hv~ 37i BAIPrlLT

kg2na32sde2dli23sgp3?i 98aSCaAT ka2ne 3gw?2di23~gp3?i 9AIJaAT

h12hna1sde23ala A t@ S& hi2hne lgwg2da BAIL

~~hnalsdehl~~di Bt@ SP1 u2hnelgwa3tdi B A U J

Dekanasdedliha duwa?ihlv?i. Getilosdi gvhdi uhnegwadvhv uhnihlgv?i.

F J Q J l E l BAX6& BhMET. ' e pried the stump with a crowbar.

!~?~neh~gwo~?a ~ A Y D v. t . he 's accumu- lating it, he's increasing it

j i 'neh2gwo3?a IrAY D

~ ~ h n e h ~ g w o ~ ? v ~ ~ ? i OAYi T

k?2neh2gwo3sgo3?i 9AYJAT

hi2hneh2gwo23 j a BAY C

~ ~ h n e h ~ ~ w o lsdi 0 ~ Y a - i

Uhnehgwovv julvhwisdanhdi usgwayda dadehlohgwasgv?i. OAYi d 4 8 a L A l OaXL LSefXaET. - He increased his work load when he Enished school.

cf: kanehgwoga

kg2neh2gwo3ga 9AYS v. i . it 's accumu lating, it's increasing

Udlvgi udihlehvsgv kanehgwoga. BPY B l L a a E 9 A Y S . The patient's fever - is increasing.

cf: kanehgwo?a

kg2ne3?12~di3ha 9ATal .L v. i. he's mentioning it

j i1ne3?i2sdi3ha Irfl TJJ+

~ l h n e ~ ? i ~ s t ? ~ n v ~ ? i @A TaWQT

k?2ne3?i2sdi23~gg3?i 9ATalaAT

Amadv ase uwedasdi kanesahla jate- yvsga. DrY6" 0 4 099La.J 9AVf CXBaS. I guess it's heating up because there's foreign matter in the water line.

cf: adahlinesahldi, kanesahlvsga

kg2ne3sa2hly3sga 3AUPaS v .t. he's contaminating it (with visible foreign matter)

ji1ne3sq2hly 3sga IrAVPaS

u1hne3sq2hlq3nv3?i BAUfQT

kg2ne3sg2hly 3sgg3?i 9AUPaAT

hi2hne1s32hlv1ga AAUP S

u2hne1sahl 3di BAUP d

Gago uhnesahlane amahldi?i? SA BAVL'A D n l T ? Who put foreign matter in the well? - cf: kanesahla

kg2ne1sg3?i 9AUT n. box

d12kg2ne1s?3?i l a f l ~ ~

Hiva dikanesa?i jusihwa . AD laAUT d b G . These boxes are empty.

2 23 kg ne ~ d a ~ ~ h l ? ~ h v ~ ? i 9 A a L f & n. nest

de23k?3ne23sda32h1g2hv4?i S9A@Lf&7

Kanesdahlahv dagalohi jisgwa a7da. a A a L f a L S G A hax D L . A young bird fell out of a nest. --

kg2ne1sga aAaS n. hay

Gogi yinulstana, kanesga aninsanesgo

kq2ne3s?'hla aAUf v. i. it's contami- anichuj a.

nated (by visible foreign matter) AY J S ~ P ~ W ~ , was D ~ ~ U A ~ A D M C . In the summertime, the boys haul &,.

kanoyeha 141

kg2ni2ge"ni a h k h n. his knee

di2ka2ni2ge4ni . . Jahk h

Ansgvti j ika7lv aj iyehlalv kanigeni. D h a m Ira 9 DbBf 9 a h k h . She had surgery on -- her knee last May.

kg2ni2hlY3sga ahP@S v. t . he's collecting from him

j i1ni2hly3sga IrhP@S

u1hni2hlg3nv37i @MOT

kg2ni2hly 3sgp37i ahP@AT

hi1ni2hlv1ga AhP S

u2hnih12di 8 h P J

Jitugv iga daj inihlani j igo7v7i. bSE TS IbhL'h b A i T . I'm going to collect from him what he - -- owes me when I see him.

kg2ni2kwsa ah'iPtl n. rat

Gado usdi dehihisdisgo kanikwsa? SV 836 SAA@JaA 9h'iPbr- What do you kill rats with? -

k?2n02ge 9 Z F n. 1. arm 2. wing

di2ka2n02ge . . J a Zk

Jitaga kano e asdigi7a. ~ W S - d m . a He's eating a chicken 9. - cf: kanogeni

2 2 kg no ge4ni 9 Z k h n. 1. his arm 2. it's wing

2 2 di kg no2ge4ni JaZk h

Kanogeni ulsgwalselv unvja. 3 Z k h BPaIP44 BOG. make his arm when he fell. -- cf: kanoge

2 2 23 ka no he da a Z ? L n. 1. news 2. gospel

Kanoheda kanohesgi kanoheda kanoheha. a z ? ~ ~ Z ~ J Y a z 3 ~ az1 .6 . The newscasteristelling the - news. Ah1 j adohvsgi -kanoheda duhl j adohnelv yvwi. DPCVi(L2Y a Z ? L SPGVA4 B 8 . A preacher-ached the gosptl - t o the

people.

cf: kanoheha

ka2n02he3ha 923.6 v.t. he's telling it

Hlesdi jihihnohehli nulstanidolv7i. LaJ bAZ?C 9PJWhV9T. Don't tell what happened. - cf: kanoheda

kg2n023hi3ya27a a2930 v.t. he's omitting him, it

Ase7is hinohiye?i? D4T@ A D B T ? Did youomit him on purpose? - -- cf : kanohiyegi

2 2 3 3 4 Kg no hi ye gi aZ9BY n. Passover Supper

Jo7i iyanvda iyudali Kanohiyegi analsdayvhvsgo Anijalagi Dinadawosgi. KT T20L TGLP aZ.9BY DeP@LB&A DhCWY J8LUAY. Cherokee Baptists eat Passover Supper every three months.

cf: kanohiya7a

kg2n03ye2ha Z8.G v . t . he s fanning him, it

ji1n03yg2ha b 28.G

~ l h n o ~ y e ~ h v ~ ~ 7 i 8 Z 8 d T

142 kanugahli

h i ' n ~ ~ y v ~ ~ l a , hi2hno2yv231a AZBW, AZBW

u2hno2yeh3di B ZBd

Usdi ujeli kanoyeha udaji7i. BAJ BYP a ZB+ B L ~ T .

She strains sassafras tea with a - c l o t h .

The mother - is fannini her baby.

cf: adahnoyeha, adahnoyo

kan2sda2ji 9 8 2 L b n. sassafras

Jalvkwdis kansdaj i aganv jaditasdi? e w d a aeaL1r D S O e n a d ? Do you like to drink sassafras tea?

kg2nulgg2hli 9 4 f C n. blackberries

Kanugahli agwadesdi agwaduliha. 94fC DXS@d DZSP+. I want to pick blackberries.

2 2 k+ nu na 9 48 n. bullfrog

Gahlida gvhdi dayohiha kanuna. SC6 Ed LEA+ 9 9 8 . - He's shooting bullfrogs with arrows.

kg2nu3y021?3di3?a 94fiWdD v. i. it Is misting

+ - - - 0 - - a - --,-a - - 99fiWdaE6' b L b B D . It was misting when I came in. --

kg2nv3s021v23sdi3ha 9OI4a-I.G v. t. he's strainini it

ji1nv3s021v23sd~3ha b& .3@_I.G

u1hnv3s02~v23st~3nv23~i BOI 4@WDT

k?2nv3s021v23~di3sgo3?i 6)O.I 9AdaAT

hi2hnv1s021v23sda AQI 9216

~ ~ h n v ~ s o ~ ~ l v ~ s d o h ~ d i 001 .7@vd

Ahnawo gvhdi kanvsolvsdisgo kansdaji aganvvi . DtV Ed 9 W 4 J d a A 9 8 d L b DSOT.

Gado usdi kanvsulv aya?a udlvgi? fV B a d a@K9 030 BPY? - Which room is the ~atient in?

kg2nv23wi3?a 9O8D v.t. 1. he's curing, doctoring him 2. he's soldering, welding it

j b @BD

B0CD.T

k?2nv23wi32sgo3?i 9O8aAT

hi1nv2wvlga, hi2hnv2wv1ga A W S , AQGS

~ ~ h n v ~ ~ w o ~ ~ d i B W d

Didahnvwisgi uhnvwanv achuj galeni uwesdanehv7i. d L 0 . 8 2 BOG@ DdC f d'h 0'99aLAd.T. A medicine man cured the boy's ear- ache. Julasgi atalesv kanvwiva talugisgi dikanvwisgi. d W 2 DWd'R 9@8D W M Y a d 9 O B 2 . A welder is welding a hole in a cast - iron pot.

cf: didahnvwisgi, nvwot i I ~ ? ~ w o ~ h n i 9Oh n. April 1 Kawohni tavline, sohneladu isgohitsgwa =sudali aawadehne7i. I I was born April second, nineteen hundred forty-six.

kg2w021?2de3?a 9OWSD v. i. he's breathing

g??2w021?2de3?a S OWSD

~ l h w o ~ l ? ~ d e ~ s v ~ ~ ? i BBWSRT

Na achuja udanvhida udanawstanv iyusdi sdaya kawoladeva. 8 DdC WLD.Ad BL8GJWO TGJJ JL3 ~OW$D. The boy - is breathing hard because he ran a long distance.

ka2woZ3nu aV? n. duck

Kawonu amayi unilvkwdi. 989 DTZJ W h W J . Ducks like the water.

kg2yv2s041i aB#p n. his nose

Kayvsoli adanegali udihlehgi agalisgv iyusdi . QBIP DLASP OILY DSPJE TGJJ. His nose is ~eeline due to the hot -- " sun.

cf: dekayvsgwoviha

kde3ga ESS v.t. he's parting with him (in death)

ji2yv'de3ga bBSS

uwh1de3jvZ37i 86SCT

kde3g03vi ESAT

hi2yv'delgi ABSY

uwh2de2vi3sdi 86ST.21 Hila iyv jigesv uwhdeje anineli? Hla yagwanhte nehvna gesv'i. A W TB bFR B6SY - D M P ? f 3IOX Ale8 FRT. When did her husband part with her? -- I didn't know he was not living.

kdi3ha EJ+ v.t. hers using it

p l d i 3ha EJ+

uwh1ta2nv37i 86WOT

kdiZ3sgq37i EJJAT

hvh'da 8 1

uwh2doh3di 86VJ

Adolanvsdi gvdisgo yagwedola. DVWOAJ EJaA 33VW. - I use a cane when I walk around. --

kdlg2di3?a E U D v.t. he's putting out

a fire, light

gv1dlg2d+3?a EdJD

uwh'dla3dvZ3?i 86666'T

kd1?2di32sg?3?i E U a A T

hvh2dlf2da ((M6L

~ w h ~ d l ? ~ d i ~ s d i 86UJJ

Hvhdlada gotv'i; doyu udihlehga. U L APT; VG BJLS . Put out the fire; it's too hot. ---- Dajvstv duwhdlavdv anagalisgi. LC3 DBSPaY. The lightning ~ t h e lights - out.

cf: kdlosga

kdli3ha EC+ v.t. he's sharpening it

gv'dli 3ha EC+

~wh'dlv~hv~~vi W6P8T

kdliZ3sgq37i ECaAT

hvh2dla

Sis hvhdliha galuysdi? b@ K+ SM&J? Are you still sharpening the axe? - cf: dikdlvhdi

kdlo2sga E6aS v.i. it (fire, light) is going out

Dugohnohna ada uwhdlosv gotvvi. SAZt DL 866R APT. When the wood burned up, the fire went out. -- cf: kdladi'a

kdv3vy2sga EPi@S v.t. he's putting it (flexible object) into a fire

gv'dv3?y2sga EPiaS

uwh'dv 3nv2 37i 866"OT

Nigohilv digohweli danhdv7vsgo gotv7i. hAA4 J M P L W i a A APT. They always put paper - into the fire.

cf: gvtvsga

-ke n. ,v . suf. or (see Gram. I, D) ke21a3di3d01ha . . I-WJV+ v.i. he's

mingling with a group

gc?21a2di3d01ha I- WJV+

u1hwc21a2di3d01 1v23?i BdWJV47

ke21a3di3d01h03?i . . I- WJVE T

he21a2di2 . . 3da ?WJL

Tsgwisdi yvwi nunadvhnv uhweladidasdi ulvkwdi. k v a J B B 4 ~ 0 . BdwJLaJ B W J . She likes to mingle with a lot of - - people.

cf: keli

ke41i I-P n. member

?3hnp21i DAP

Oginali?i Daligwa dinadaniyisgi una- dohlvsv?i keli. dJYBPT L P ~ B L ~ Z A Y BBVPRT I-P. My friend -- is a member of the ~ahle~uah police force.

cf: ateladi?a, keladidoha

ke23mi31i I-HP n. camel

Diganihlv ganvsga ujeli kemili. JShP Spa5 BYP I-HI ' . He's sending his G e l to bed.

ki2hly3sga YPaS v.t. he's linking it

gY2?i2hly 3sga E T P a S

~lhwi~hl?~nv~?i 0BED.T

ki2hlY3sgo3?i YP JAT

hv2hi2hlvlga . . BAP S

Unadadesvda duligalselv7i asehnv duhwihlanv7i. BBLSRL SPSP44T D4@ SBE0.T. His chain broke but he linked it back - - together.

cf: atihldi

ki21a YW adv. later

Kila wigedolv digaduhv?i. r @ I - ~ 4 JSSS.T. I'll eo to town later.

ki21a4 YW adv. 1. early in 2. not long ago

Kila usv agihlvhnv usv jigesv?i. - YW OR DYPP OR bI-RT. ~Ewent to sleep earl last night. Kila wijisduhvga -?- jo ani. YW @ b a s a s K W ~ . - I have just closed the window.

k121?3gwu ~ 1 ) adv. pretty soon

Kilagwu widadiluhj i . Y m BLJMb. We'll get there pretty soon. -

k121g3gwu i2yv4da Y m TBL adv immediately

Ajisonvhna kilagwu iyvda uluhjv aganakti . D b f O t YM3 TBL BMC 0 5 8 5 3 . -- When he was wounded, a doctor was there immediately.

ki2104 YO pron. someone

Eligwus kilo yakinohis nigalstanvsgv? RP2a Y Q ~ D ~ h s r a w @ a ~ ? Can someone tell me what's happening?

cf: hla kilo

k12yu32ga YGS n. chipmunk

Inage aneho kiyuga. TBI- DAfi m. Chipmunks live in the woods.

kj?2gy3?y2~ga ECEiJS v.t. he's shaking a flexible object

kuwa j unega 145

1. 2 3 7 2 ji2yv1 j?2e3?y2sga, jiyh I ? gy y sga bBCEi@S , frBCEi@S

uwhl ja2gv32nv23?i Q ~ C E O T

kjg2E3?y2~go3?i ECEiJAT

hi2yv1 jg2gv1hya, hvh2 jg2gY2?v1ga ABCEJ , &GELS

~ w h ~ j ~ ~ ~ v ' d i B6CEJ

Ganihli ayesdvdi ulesa dikayodisgi?i uwhjagvnvvi . ShC 0 8 x 1 B&U J a f i J W T 86CEQT. When she took the sheet o u t e dryer, she shook it. ---

~ o ~ d e ~ s g i , t2k02de4sgi AS&, D A S W n. Spade

Anikodesgi gohusdi digwvhni. D h A S W AT@J J E h . The Spades are my cousins. - cf: akodesdi

ko3ga AS n. crow

5 selu dininosgisgi. AS 4M J h W W . - Crows are corn thieves.

ko1hi4 iL9 ad v. a while ago

Kohi j igesv j i j igo7v. r b f ~ frfrAi . T s a w him a while 9. --

k0lhi~~yv~7i U B T a d ~ . later, after a while

Sgiktiyesdi. Kohiyv dvjiluhji. W S 3 8 @ J . - AAB GkMk . Wait for me. 1'11 be back after a -- while.

ko2jla AW n. bone Kola junisdigisdi unilvkwdi gihli. T d h@JY@J 8 h W J YC . - Dogs like to eat bones.

kolsdu AaS n. 1. ashes 2. dust

Kosdu hilagi osi?i. ZF~AWY d s b ~ . -

Take the ashes out of the stove.

cf: kosduhavi

ko1sdu2ha4?i A@S+T adj . dusty g2ni2k01 sdu2ha4?i, di2k01sdu2ha4?i

DhA@S+T, J&S+T Kosduha nulstanv usulv unvja. A@S+ 4P@WO 4 DOC. =pants became dusty when he fell.

cf: kosdu

kto3?a EVD v.i. it (long object) is hanging

Hadlv kt070 akugisdi? w EvZTEY~J? - - . .. .

Where does the dipper hang? - cf: gada?a, gata

kto3sa2di 3?a EVBJD v. t . he's hanging up a long object

ga1t03s?2di3?a S VUJD

~ w h l t o ~ s ? ~ d v ~ ~ ? i 86VUGT

k t ~ ~ s ? ~ d i 32sgo3?i EVUJJAT

hg2t01sg2da +VB l

uwh2to l~?~dilsdi 8 6 V U J a J

Aginohalidolv i?agiluhja akwtosa?dv?i naloewe. ~ Y Z & V ~ TDYMC DEVUGT 5 0 3 . When I returned from hunting, I - 2 my gun. cf: gadv?vsga, gatvsga

kv2wa JG n. mulberries . Jisgwa unilvgwdi kuwa unigisdi?i. k @ I O h W J JG 8-T. - Birds like to eat mulberries.

ky2w?3ju3ne2ga JGdflS n. sycamore

146 kuwaya

Kuwajunega dluhgv uwahnilv anagalisgi. J G d A S V E B G h q DOSPAY. Lightning struck - a sycamore tree.

2 2 kv wa ya J G 3 n. huckleberries

Kuwaya tsgwisdi ganadego'i gogi yinulstana. J G 3 h P @ J SOSAT AY &9P@W8. - He sells a lot of huckleberries in the summer.

cf: Kuwayo'i

Kuwayo widulvhwisdaneho josdadahnvhli J G f i 8 ~ 4 8 @ I A ) K@L IQC . M-rother works at Pryor.

cf: kuwaya

~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ w o ~ ~ n a J B Y B n. July

Gado j advnhdi de jukdi Kuyegwona nvheine'i? SV "CPAJ S d A J J B Y B - QYAT? What are you planning to do July 4th?

k ~ ~ ~ h l i EC n. raccoon

Kvhli juhyohi gihli aksgohldi. EC d R A Y C D Y J A P J . 13ave a coon dog for sale. --

EhFAT a d ~ . in view

Udisgahla elisgv asehnv kvhnigesv dagadogv'i. @J@SL' RP@E D4Q E h F A L S V E T . - He thought he was hiding, but he was standing in view. --

kwg2na I 8 n. peach

Hi'a digalogisgi kwana datvhisdisgo deganadego'ihno. AD J S Q Y U 1 8 IPA@J@A S S B S A T Z . This farmer ryises peaches and sells them.

k ~ a n ~ d g ~ ~ o ~ ~ h a I B L f i + n. cobra

Sudali ilasihdi iganvhida kwandayoha oj igowahta. F L P TWbJ TSQAI I B L f i + 65hAGW. - We saw a six-foot cobra.

k~?~nun~sdi~'i X Q B J d T n. plum

Gogi yinulstana kwanunsdi'i degadesgo eji ale degahldisgo'i. AY JSQPJWB X Q B 2 d T S S S 2 A Rb Dcf S S Q J J A T . Every summer my mother picks plums and cans them.

10210 00 n. locust (cicada)

Gogi udihlehgi ditvgodi naniwesgv lolo. - AY B J L Y J P A J B M @ E Q Q . You can hear locusts inithe heat of the summer.

n - v.pref. 1. lateral position 2. already 3. reference to previously noted action (see Gram. I. A)

-n- v.pref. plural (see Gram. I, B)

na 8 interj . here Na! Ahani adela jikstuga. - B f D+h D S W h 2 Y S S . Fire! Here is the money I owe you. -

na 8 pron. that, those

Hadlv dehihvga na digagwatdi? +I' SAJLS 8 J S I T J ? Where did you put those wheels?

-na n.,pron.suf. and what about - ? (see Gram. 11, B)

na1hi2yu47i BBGT adv. then

Nahiyu'is kila tesi? B K T 2 YW Xb? You're not going until then? -

na1ni3?a 8hD v.i. there are (a number of three or more must be specified)

nolji39a ZhD

--------------

Hisgi naniva junilvhwisdanehi. A2Y 8hD dh98aLAA. - There are five workers. --

ng27v 8 a d ~ . near, close

Digadogv na7v hwalehvga. JSVE 8 i a s .

! Go staiz near him.

-nevi adj . suf. ordinal (see Gram. 111, B 1

neZ3wt3da AGL n. hominy

Hiktahas newada johlvhdi? A S W . G ~ - AGL KPI? Do you know how to make hominy?

ni h interj . look Ni! Gago jidaya?i? - h ! S A IrLJT? - Look! Who's that coming? -

ni- see n-

nj2ga4da h f L adj. all

Nigada yvwi gvwhtvganv gawonisgvvi. hSL B8 EGFSQ SVhaET. ?JJT - the people heard him speak.

ni2ga2~q27a ~ S # D v. i . 1. he Is saying it 2. it's barking, meowing, whinnying, cooing, etc.

hni 3wi h8

Gavulas ivkewsa nuwesv7i? scwa c ~ b 4 WRT? Have you already forgotten what he -- said? - Wesa nieawe7a. Y

dbr hSdD . A c a t s meowing. -

- - -

ni2g023hi31v4?i, n12g0231~ hR9.1,

hA9 adv. always

Nigohilv alasgalisgo gogi yigi. h U 9 DWaSPaA AY AY. - He's always playing ball during the summer.

ni2gvnh3de37a hEQSD v.t. he's taking it off

ni2gvnh3de3?a hEQSD

n~'wanh~de~sv~~?i QGQSRT

nj2gvnh3de3sgo3'?i hEm@AT

h n ~ n h ~ d ? ~ ~ i W L Y

i2F3wanh1de1sdi TCGDS2-l

Hnvnhdagi waji si amayi winijadetinvna. W C Y Gb b DT?3 8hCSJQ8. Takeyour watch off before you dive - - into the water.

cf: nigvnhdiha, nuwanhdi

niZgvnh3di 3ha hECfl+ v.t. he's putting it'on

Daksi nuwanhtanv galohisdivi. IYb 4GWQ SQAadT. He put a lock on the door. - cf: nigvnhdeTa, nuwanhdi

ni2hi hA pron. you

Nihi sdahlinohehdi uduliha. - h~ a ~ c z 3 1 @sf+. - He wants to talk to you.

ni2kv47i hET adv. all over, everywhere

Nikv uwehisdanelidoha adiha. - h~ od,gacAPv+ DI+. - She says she hurts all over. Nikv uwedolidasdi u m w d i . h E 8dVP L@I 8 T I . -

148 nogwu

She likes to go everywhere.

no23gwu 23 adv. now

9 C 3 Y R A f i 4 4 T . Tell him to come as quickly as - - ~ossible.

Nogwu sdenvsdi unaduliha. a asoa1 BBSP.G. he^ want you two to go now. -

cf: uhlisda

nu41a inter j . hurry no23gwy31e 238 conj. and then

Yaniluhgigwu sunale nogwule nuniluhjv- nagwu yigi. 3hM.KJ re8 238 4hMC- LV. - They might come tomorrow and then they -- might not.

noh2 j i Zh. n. pine

Juhyahtena danohlvhdisgo7i nohji. d 3 6 8 L ZPJaAT Zb . They make lumberout of pine.

nQ2kwsi ZVb n. star

Tsgwisdi nokwsi anika7la kohi usv7i. h P @ l Z P b D h a W AA B R T . - There are a lot of stars out tonight.

n ~ ~ ~ a , no2yi 2 3 , ZJ5 n. sand

Degalanvdv yidunesdalada noya anila- geydvsgo7i nvnohi junilvhmanehi . S S W W J5SAaLWL 2 3 - DhWF36"aAT OZA dh48@Lf lA . When the streets freeze over, the road maintenance crews dump sand on them.

nu23dg31e47i 4L8T adj . different Wili nudale dagwalela uha. 81) 4 L 8 L I 8 W 0 % . willyhas a different car.

cf : j udal ehnvda

nu2danh3tv4na 4 L W 8 adj . insane, without a mind

Doyu ni j adanhtvna. VG hCL W e . You are really crazy. --

n ~ l h l i ~ ~ s d v ~ v i 4 C X T a d ~ . as quickly as possible

Nuhlisdv jesv hiyoselvvi.

Nula, daginigohniyojis. - 4 1 , LYhAh f iba . Hurry, or we'll be late.

cf: ayanuli

nu231a ?W interj . come here Nula. Gohusd gvnohisehdi agwaduli. - 4W. A T 2 1 E D 4 1 D I S P . ~ T m e here. I want to tell you some- -- thing.

n ~ ~ ~ n a 4 9 n. potato

Ta7lsgohi iyuhliloda igvndena duhwisa nuna . - WP@AA TGCGL T E 8 S 8 SBB 4 8 . He has twenty acres of potatoes planted.

nu1wanh3di ?GO1 v.i. he has something on (objects)

na gwvnh3di 8& 01

nu1wanh3dv2 37i 4 G W T

nu1wanh3d037i 4GDVT

ni2jvnh3de3sdi hCDS@J

Gado usdi ni'vnhdi hihnogeni? -&mh? SV 0'21 hC 1 -

What do you have on your arm? --- cf: nigvnhde?a, nigvnhdiha

~ u ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ i ?a n. New York Hila iyv tesi Nuyagi? AW TB Xb ?a? - -

When are youToing to New York? -- nv2da DL n. sun, moon

I a ehi nvda ugodi utana sihnv svnoyi L-- ehi nvda gesvvi. -- TS R9 DL B A l OW8 bO RZJ3 R9 0 1 FT TT- - -- -

nvyohi 149

he sun is bigger than the moon. - - cf: ehi, iga, nvdohi, svnoyi

QLSI n. November

Nvdadegwa ka?lv adalenisgo uhyvdlvvi. OLSI a 4 D L 8 l d A BBPT. Ittarts getting cold in the month of November.

2 3 nv2da di SF sdi DL 1 4 2 1 n. calendar

Hadlv nvda disesdi? +P ~ _ ~ 6 4 a ~ ? Where is - a calendar? cf: disesdi, nvda

~ v ~ ~ d a ~ ~ i 0LY n. Texas

Nvdagi wagwedolv to?i gedohv igohida. QLY GJV9 VT j V 8 TRAL. -. - I went to Texas during my vacation.

nv2d04hi OVA adv. on the moon, sun

Johiyuhas nvdohi uwedolv gesv yvwi? K Q G ~ G ~ - 0v.0 0 8 ~ 9 I - R B @ ? Do you believe that man has been on - the moon? -- cf: nvda

n ~ h ~ ~ i OY adj . four Nvh i iyuhliloda adanawsdisgo nidugi- A s v T i . 0Y TGCGL DLBB212A hSYChRT. i% runs four miles every morning.

cf: nvhgine?i

n ~ h ~ ~ i ~ n e ~ ~ i 0YAT adj . fourth Kuyegwona nvh ine to?i anedoho igada junilvhwisdane +r i. JBVB QYA - VT DAVj TSL dh482Lf lA . Some workers have a day off on the fourth of July.

cf: nvhgi

~ v h ~ ~ i ~ n e ~ 1?2~a 0 y A TS n. Thursday-

Nvhgine Iga ihedolv?i. 0YA TS T?V9T. - -

Come back on Thursday.

cf: iga, nvhgine?i

n ~ ~ n o ~ ~ h i @ZQ n. road

Nvnohi ayehli a?i kilo?i. QZ9 DBC DT Y G T . - Someone is walking in the middle of the road. -

n v ~ h ~ t o ~ h i ~ ~ ~ ~ d a OGVAjaL n. peace

Nvwhtohiyada idehesdi. OGVA3L TS?@d. Let Is live in peace.

n ~ ~ w o ~ ~ t i 082 n. medicine

Uhyvdla oniyisgv nvwoti agwaduliha. BBaB Ah&E 083 DISP+.

1 I want medicine for a cold.

n ~ ~ w o ~ ~ t i g2da3h$2hi 083 DLAA n. poisonous liquid medicine (not to be swallowed)

Hlesdi jihaditahi na nvwoti adahihi. L a 1 I~+AVA e 082 D L A A . - Don't drink that r u m & alcohol.

cf: adahihi, nvwoti

nvlya 03 n. rock

Digagedi gesv disaladodi nvya kilo nosdelisgvna yigi.

d S j 1 j R JUWVJ 03 Y Q 2@SP@EB &'. The rocks were too heavy to lift if no o 5 l p e d .

cf: nvyohi

nvlya ?2tv2~a1nv4?i 03 DPL0T n. brick

ditvdanvTi ahnekstanv adanelv ganela. 03 Js'LQT DA2tW0 DLA9 SAW. -- He lives in a house made of bricks.

1 4 nv yo hi @fiA adj., rocky

Nv ohi Odalv dudovv ganela. A L9 SVi SAW. T h I

shelives at a place called Rocky Mountain.

Nvyohi uwohlvhnv d l o g e s i . O f i A @ U P 0 g f b . Hemade a garden i n a rocky p l a c e .

c f : -i, nvya

0- v . p r e f . e x c l u s i v e ( s e e G r a m . I , B)

-0- v . s u f . r e p e a t e d l y ( s e e G r a m . I , C)

01dg21v4?i d L 3 T n . mountain

do1dg21v47i V L 4 T

Dodalv g a l v l a d i aneho awoha7l i . V L 4 S 4 W J D A l m + P . - Eagles l i v e h igh a t o p t h e mountains.

b S W t B n. Oklahoma

Ogalahoma j i g i "gigage asgaya" a d i h a Anijahda un iwon ih i sd i . 6 s WJ B IrY " Y S F D 2 f 3" DJ+ DhCL a m n . Oklahoma means "red man" i n t h e Choc- taw language.

oZgg2na A S 8 n . groundhog

Na asgaya ogana dasadv?vsgo?i . 8 D a S 3 b S 8 L t 1 6 i @ A T . - That man t r a p s groundhogs.

02gi2nv23sa bYObr pron. 1. o u r s e l v e s (he and I ) 2 . one a n o t h e r , each o t h e r ( s e e Gram. 111, A)

oZgv23a h E t l pron. 1. o u r s e l v e s ( t hey and I ) 2 . one a n o t h e r , each o t h e r ( s e e Gram. 111, A)

0 2 h l a hC n . soap

Na o h l a agvsgwosdohdi e s k v s i . - 8 05P f i E 2 V 3 V J R L L b

~ a n F m e t h e f a c e soap_.

-ohn- v . s u f . comple t ive ( s ee G r a m . I , c 1

02hni 6 h adv. a f t e r

Ohni u l u h j v 7 i . - d h BIMCT. ~ e c a m e a f t e r w a r d s .

02hni d i 3 d l a Ah Jo% adv. behind, toward t h e back

J idogv ohni d i d l a h idogesd i . -- h-V E hh =I& A V I . 2 - I . Stand behind me.

c f : d i d l a , ohni

- 0 7 i v . s u f . h a b i t u a l ( s ee Gram. I , D)

- o ? i v . s u f . p a s t p e r f e c t ( s ee Gram. I , D l

04sda 6526 1. a d j . good 2 . adv. we l l

Hi's hawiya osda a g i s d i . AD +@3 ha 6 T a J . - Thi s meat i s good t o e a t . Osd gawoni. - b2L11. fe 'h . - He speaks w e l l . -

04sda kg2no2hez3da A@L a Z ? L n gospe l (good news)

Osda kanoheda a h l j a d o h v s g i . Z? L DPCVBGD' . --

He's a preacher o f t h e g o s p e l .

c f : kanoheda, osda

0 2 s i 3 6 b adv. f a i r l y w e l l

Osi nagwadvhnadega. - b b B X 6 t S f . - I am doing f a i r l y w e l l . - c f : osda

0 3 s i h b n . s t o v e

Hadlv d a j i kahn i h i7a o s i ? - .GP Lhah AD db? Where s h a l l 1 s e t t h i s s t o v e ?

0 3 s i ?2da2sdayh1di47i b b D L 2 L B I T n . cook s t o v e , r ange

I j e o s i adasdayhdi udasvhnv anadago- n a t d i s g v 7 i . TY h b D L Z L B J 0 L R 0 D 9 L A 0 J . I G ~ E T . She won a new range i n a c o n t e s t . -

s d i k i d a 151

c f : adasdayvhvsga, 03si (s tove)

03si ?2ga2n62w02hi2sdi4?i hb

DS 8e'AAJT n . h e a t i n g s tove

Osi aganawohisdi d i h v t d i ada dasgwal- - sga . dJb D f f X A J J l & J l DL L @ I 4 @ f . ~ e ' s c u t t i n g wood f o r - a h e a t i n g s tove

c f : aganawosga, 0 3 s i ( s t o v e ) , uganawosga, uganowa

02si23gwu hb2 adv. a l l r i g h t , j u s t f i n e

Osigwus jadanhta? fib32 C L W ? G u f e e l a l l r i g h t ? - c f : 02si3 ( f a i r l y w e l l )

2 . 3 o s; yo, s i 3 y o bSbfi, b f i i n t e r j . h e l l o

Osiyo. Tohi ju? d3bfi. IiAd? - Hel lo . Are you w e l l ?

?2wa23sa bSGtl pron. o n e s e l f ( see Gram. 111, A)

S

~ ? ~ d v ~ d i tl6"J n. t r a p

d i 2 q 2 d v 3 d i l t l6" l

Disadvdi gvhdi degavniyisgo j i s d u l H 6 J E l S'ShLSA bas.

He c a t c h e s r a b b i t s w i th t r a p s .

c f : asadvsga

salgwu4 t l2 a d j . one

Tasehga sagwu n i d v l e n i s g i t a ? l s g o h i wasti. W4 S tl;. hf'8haY WP@AA G X . ~ o u n t T r o m - one t o twenty.

sq2k023n i3ge4? i 61AhP~ a d j . b lue

d i2s?2k023n i 3ge4? i l b l A h f 7

Sakonige ulsuhwida u l s d u l a . BAhP QPCBL OP@SW. - He's wearing a b lue cap. -

s G 2 1 i UP n . persimmon

Unaj e t s d i s a l i j u n i g i s d i unilvkwdi . Q8Yh@-I b r P d h Y @ l Q h W l . Possums lyke t o e a t persimmons.

s?21i3gu3gi BPJY n . snapping t u r t l e

S a l i g u g i j i y e s v v d a l i gasuhvsgv'i. BPJ.Y b 8 R i L P fC&@ET. -. . ~ . - - - - -~ ~~

-hookeda snapping t u r t l e while I was f i s h i n g a t t h e pond.

sa210231i tlGP n . s q u i r r e l

T a ? l i j o n e gvhdi j i y o l v s a l o l i . W P U E l b f i 4 tlGP. - I sho t a squi . rre1 wi th a . 2 2 r i f l e . -

sa2sa tltl n . goose

Juganowv nanadvnhdisgo - s a s a go la y i n u l s t a n a . d s 26 e e r e ~ a ~ AW ~ ~ a w e . Geese head sou th when i t t u r n s win te r

~ d a ~ ~ a , ~ d a ~ ~ i @La, @ L A a d j ., adv. ha rd , d i f f i c u l t

Hi?a nvva sdava. - A AD 02 @La. This rock i s ha rd . Sdaya dulvhwisdane . @La S 4 8 2 L A . - He's working - hard .

@SAL n . r o p e

Sdeyida gohlvnhtanv adanesoladehdi unohlvha. @SAL APWO D l A I W S l 0ZP.G. They have a swing made of rope. c f : asdeyoha

- s d i v . s u f . i n s t rumen ta l ( see Gram. I , D)

~ d i ~ ~ k i ~ d a @ l Y L adv. a l i t t l e

Sdik ida duniyawegv?i sgwahlesdi duna- ne lohnv7i .

S ~ ~ E T ~ I L X S B A G O T . T h e y w e r e - a l i t t l e t i r e d from playing b a l l .

c f : i k i d a , v 2 s d i 4 ( l i t t l e )

152 sdud i

sduldi @ S 1 n. door, gate

di2sdu1di 1251

Hisduhnv sdudi na wahga anilosohnv'i. A ~ S O a s ~ n s D ~ G I . OT . Closethegate when the cows go by.

cf: asduhvsga

sdv2?i3sdi @ST@J n. key

di2sdv2?i 3sdi 1 J S T a 1

Sdu'isdi galohisdi asdu7isdohdi. a s T a 1 S O A ~ J D ~ S T ~ V I . A - key is for unlocking a door.

cf: asdu?i?a

~ d v ~ ~ s a 3~ pron. 1. yourselves (you two) 2. one another, each other (see Gram. 111, A)

~ e ~ ~ d ~ ~ n i 4 L h n. Satan

Sedani dijadlosv nigesvna yigi kohi iga, eligwu ijulaha yisda'i. 4 L h J W R h f R 8 ~3' R9 T S , RPa - TJWsG a 6 T . If you haven't been confronted by Satan today, it's possible you two are walking in the same direction.

~ e ~ ~ d i 4 1 n. walnut

Igada disehisdi - sedi ada digohlvhtanv geso'i . TSZ i 4 A @ 1 4 1 D L IAPWO f I . T . Some dresserrare made of walnut.

se231a3gwo2ya 4 w 3 n. green snake

Selagwoya sdayi agowhtvhdi ganulvsv'i . 4 W 3 @LA DAGGI S 9 4 R T . It's difficult to see a green snake - in the grass.

seZ31u 4M n. corn

Hila iga selu dehatvhisda kohi gogi? AW TS ~ M T W A ~ L AA AY? How much-corn did you raise this summer?

anh2tG2sgi1sgi 4M D 8 W J Y 0 U n. popcorn

Na digalogisgi selu anhtasgisgi dahwisga. 8 l f O ~ 2 . Y 4M DBW2.Ya.Y 1 8 2 s . - -- That farmer is planting some popcorn.

cf: atasgi'a, selu

i2sa 4M TU n. cornmeal

Selu isa ganhdv ujewasdohtanv7i. -- 4 -- M TU S Dd" 87GaVWOT. He accidentally spilled a sack of corn meal. -- cf: isa, selu

u2da 4 ~ 81, n. corncob

ju2da 4M JL

Selu juda jukahyoda dagohvsdiha. -- 4M JL Jail6 LA&JsG. ~e's-6urning some dry corncobs.

sgi3dv4, v1sgi3dv4 D G , i a Y 6 interj . yes, that Is it

sgo23hi @R9 adj, ten

Sgohi iyuwahnilv nidulsihnisv gaga- tosdisgo kanoheda adayvlatvsgi agi- hv?i. am T G G ~ S h s r b h n s s v a J a A az?L - D 6 B WGJY DYBT . I watch the news at ten o'clock - each night on my television set.

cf: sgohine?i

sgo2hi2ne4?i @ M T adj . tenth Sgohine so'i ka'lesdi dvga'luhji. ~ A A A I. T acral GS ~ l r . He's coming back the tenth of next month.

cf: sgohi

@R9lrX adj . one hundred Dlv sgohitsgwa nani?v yvwi. P 2AAlrX 8 h i B 8 . There were about a hundred people.

sgwa1hle4sdi, sgwa1tle4sdi @ E L @ I , @ E L 2 1 n. ball

sogwili 153

Na diniyohli sgwahlesdi junanehldi unaduliha. e ~ h f i c J X L J J J ~ A G J Q ~ S P G . The children want to play ball. - cf: asgwahleva

sgwaZ3ni3 j e1sdv4?i @XhYXT n. New tiexico

Sgwanijesdv wuwedolv to3i edohv igohida. @ I h Y X JOV4 V T RVd TAAL. ~ - - -

He went to New Mexico while on his - vacation.

cf: Anisgwanivi, i j e?i

sgwe2hnv4?i @ m T n. fist

di2sgwe2hnv4?i J X O T

Dis wehnv gvhdi unahlilv anichuja. & Q8C.1 DhJC. - The boys fought with their fists.

sgw3, vlsgwu3 a , ia adv. also

Kohi iga dagilvhwisdaneha, sunalehnv vs wu dodvgilvhwisdaneli. s L Y ~ B ~ L ~ G , r e f 0 ia - VVY ~ ~ Q L A P . I am working today, and I will work tomorrow also. -

-si v.suf. or else (see Grau,. I, D)

si b interj. wait

si b adv. yet, still

Hlas si yiga31uhga? I?,' b3S M S ? isn't he back vet?

L

cf: hlasi

si4ga bS adv. one day

wuwedolv udo juwenvsv3i. bS JOV4 O'V JOORT. ~ e w e n t to his sisterts home for one - *.

si2gi2gi bYY -n. katydid

Sigigi naniwesgv gatvgiva 6 y Y %M@E SVYD.

I hear katydids.

si23gwu 6 3 adv. again, more

Svhi aktvganv sigwu digawonisisv kohi iga. RA DIVSO 6 3 JSVhbR AA T S . I heard yesterday that he was supposed to speak again today. Si wu agwaduli ama. +- 3 DISP Dr. 1want more water. -

sihZgwa b I n. pig

Hila iyudageda na sihgwa? AW TGLFL 8 bX? How much doesthat weigh?

siZ3hnv adv. than

Ije dagwalela dajehla sihnv uweti eesvvi . .= ~

TY I I ~ W LYI? 6 0 QO-3 FRT. - . ~ -. - - - .

A new car is better than an old one. - si2nv4da bOL adv. one month

Sinvda unihi3lidolv gahljode anahne- sgesgv'i . bOL O'lAPV4 SPKS D8A@F@ET. - They took one month in building the -- house .

-sisi v.suf. duplicative (see Gram. I, c

skq2ni @Ah n. opposite side (of a body of water)

Skoni digadoga disuhvsga. @Ah JSVS JrBJS . - He's standing on the other side -- fishing .

skq2niZ3~ i @AhJ5, adv. overseas

Skoniyis wijedasdi nulstane aniyosgi chiya?v?i? @ ~ h & @YL@J 4PaWA Dhfi2.W b 3 i T ? Did you have to go overseas when you were in the service?

+TP n. horse

Sogwili danatohgiyasdiha.

154 sogwili digavlenvhida

I V P L evY&l+. matter - They're racing horses. Sudalegi iyagiwesdi agwaduli.

c? L &Y T2Cffl2-I D I S P . s023~wi~li di2ga721e23nv3hi2da . . P b P I want to say - one thing.

J ~ ~ ~ D A L n. donkey, mule su23dg31i c?LP adj. six so23gwi31i di2ni?21e23nv3hi2da Sudali iyuwahnilv sunale didla

I'iPP l h 8 O A L uye?isdisgo?i waii. Sogwili diga3lenvhida gvhdi gadalugi9a. F L P - TGG~-4 r e & - lo% B B T a l @ A T G h . I V P l S & D A L E l S L M Y D . - The alarm clock wakes him up at six - He's plowing with a mule. -- o'clock in the morning.

cf: ga?le, ganvhida, sogwili cf : sudaline?i

st2hi I A n. hickory nut su2da21i2ne4?i c?L P A T adj . sixth Sohi degutesgo uligohvsdi. Sudaline so?i jika?lv gvwedolvTi. - I A S J Z 2 A B P A & a l . - i"l;M h a 9 r n V 4 T . He picks hickory nuts in the fall. - He hasn't been here since the sixth

of last month. ~~~ - .

I A W adj . nine cf: sudali Sohnela iyuwahnilv sunale jigowhtvhdi gavnakt i . su2de2ti2~v4da r S d B L n. period of I A W TGG h 4 r e & h A G r 1 S (3%'. one year Ihave to see the doctor tomorrow at Sudetiyvda j igesv jakiwasv hi?a waj i . nine o'clock. - r S d B L b f R C Y G R AD G h . cf: sohneline9i I bought this watch - one year ago.

so3hne21i2ne4?i I A P A T adj . ninth cf: udetiyiha

Sohnelinevis yijalsdohdi jaduliha? ~ u l ~ e ~ ~ d a G f L n. dough I A P A T 2 A C P a V l CSP+? Do you want to be the ninth? Sugeda uwohlvhnohna, digatdi wuhla-

nv?i. cf: sohnela r f L B U P * Z t , l S d l J C D T .

After she made the dough, she put it sq37i I T adj. 1. another 2. an addi- in the oven.

tional one (singular form)

di23s?2?i lt T suh3di e l n. 1. fishhook 2. flshing pole

So?i dikanvsulv wayvha. - I T l a o r 9 GB+. - He went in another room. Sigwu so3i jiskvsi. 6 3 I T X E ~ . ~ i v e m e another one. -

Tavliha disuhdi dagwaduliha. WP+ - l r l L I S P + . I want two fishhooks. cf: asuhvsga

sq2?i23yi I T A adv. in the next room su2hli2104da GCGL n, a unit of So i i hwisgilada hi?a gasgilo. 48- measure (one acre, one bushel, I T 8 U W L AD S U G . - one gallon, one hour, one mile, Set this chair in the next room. ---- one yard)

su2d?21e4gi r L & Y n. one topic, one Ta?li iyuhliloda uhi?lidolv suhliloda

svnoyi 155

kanugahli gadesgv3i. W P TGCB L B A P V ~ CCB I a ~ S C SSaET. It took him two hours to pick - a gallon of blackberries.

cf: iyuhliloda

su21i CP n. buzzard

Gohusdi ulihwojv anihyeva - suli. AraJ BPVC Dh8D C P . The buzzards are eating something dead.

sv2na31e4?i, si2na31e4?i C W T , b86T adv . toiorrow

Sunale tavli yuwahnilv jigesesdi dasvsdi digadlohisdi?i. C66 W P GGh? I r f42J Ln@J JSefAaJT. =meeting is scheduled for tomorrow at two o'clock.

sv2na31e4?i di3dla CBrCT J d adv. toward morning (a .m . )

Sunale didla hi?luhjv?i. r e d J ~ A M C T . -- Come in the morning.

su2na31e4?i sv2hi2ye4yi C86T R98A adv . tomorrow evening

Sunale svhiyeyi igvgo?v?i. C 8 6 RO8A T E A i T . -- 1'11 see YOU tomorrow evenine.

Y

cf: sunalevi, svhiyeyi

su2sv2 3hi2da CRA L adv. ovr~night

Susvhida hedolv ta?line?i inedolv3i. CROI ?V9 WPAT T?V4T. ~~ - - Stay overnight the next time you come.

sv2d02ni RVh n. 1. barrel 2. tub

Svdoni ukalijv ugahnanv ama ugahnana RVh BaPC @ S t @ D6 @ S h e . The barrel filled up with rainwater when it rained.

svlgi W n. onion

Svgi yidunegalvha udloysdisgo3i. W ASAS 9.6 BnfJ5;3JJAT. - When she peels onims, it makes her

cry.

cf: asvga

sv2hi R9 adv. yesterday

Hadlv hedohe svhi j igesv?i? +P ?V? - RA c m Where were you yesterday?

sv2hi sy2na31e4?i adv. yesterday morning

Svhi sunale jigesv hlega agwedolv7i. - RA C 8 6 IrfR LS DJV?T. r c a i m over for a while yesterday morning.

2 2 sv2hi sv hi ye4yi RA RA8A adv. yesterday evening

Svhi svhiyeyi aksgwadv kanesga deji- sdayhdisgvvi . R9 R 9 8 j DYaX6" aA@S SIraLBJaET. -- I finished bailing hay yesterday evening.

sv2hi u2sv4?i Rg (PRT adv . iight before last

Ugahnanevis svhi usv'i? -- B S t A T a R9 (PRT? -- Did it rain night before last?

2 2 sv hi ye4yi RABA adv. in the evening

Svhiyeyi agalsgo ganulv. R98A DSPaA 54.1. He mows the grass in the evening. --

~ v ~ ~ k t a RSW n. apple

Svkta duhwasv digaduhv3i. RSW SGR J S S a T . - He bought some apples in town.

2 2 23 sv ng do da2gwa1sdi R6VLXaJ n. one week

Svnadodagwasdi hla gohida yigeso?i. RBVLXJJ .C ABL A f + T . One week is not long. --

sv2n023yi RZA a d ~ . at midnight

Svnoyi ayehli daganela?di. RZA D8C LSAWJ. - At midnight I will leave. -

cf : anisvnoyi t?21u23ja W'MG n. basket

di2ta21u23 ja I\V,LlC

ta?31i wp adj. two

Ta?li idilasulo duhwahi. W P TIWrG SGA. E bought - two pairs of shoes

cf: ta?line?i

t?721i2ne4?i WPAT adj . second Kawohni ta7line agwadetiyisgi. a47h W B DXSn&Y. My birthday is on April - 2nd.

~~~a WPA TS n. Tuesday

Dodajalvhwisdanelis Ta71ine Iga? VlCqB2lAP@ WPA TS? -- Are you going to work on Tuesday?

cf: ta?line?i, i2ga (day)

t?21u2gi'sgi \VMYZ n. 1. can 2. metal 3. steel 4. tin

Dahyasladisgo talugisgi yagohila ama yidadlisdi. L&o%J@A W M Y Z 3 U W Dr dLC@J. Cans get rusty if water is left in - them too long.

cf: atalugi7a

J ~ O B J Y n. welder

Talugisgis dikanvuisgi disdadahnvhli? b ,\lYo;)Y 2 6 3 0 8.2.Y .I 2 I I DC '; Is your b m a welder? - cf: kanvwi?a, talugisgi

\\ J1Y32,1. LIZ H' I n . 1. solder 2. welding rod

Talugisgi dikanvwodolidi ut.c\.hvsi \\ \I,! K.! "1C OC I >I 0 "11:Lf 11 . He ran out of solder.

Gado usdi dehohlvhdisgo taluj a? SV 821 S I P d J A \Y'.WG? - What do you make baskets out of?

tG2ma2hli WK n. tomato

Hila iga tamahli dejaduliha? nw T S wrc SCSP+? - - - How many tomatoes do you want?

t+2w023di WVJ n. hawk

Ketv uki7la tawodi. kf' BYW WVJ. A -- hawk isxtting on a post.

teh2ga 5.S n. toad

Vdaluhldi tsgwisdi yidvgohwahta tehga. i lMPJ hP2J m A G W X S . You can see a lot oftoads by a pond.

ti2na 2 9 n. louse

Yvwi nanalsdulesgvna yigi - tina gvwa- nilvno7i . B B ~ B P @ S ~ ~ E B rn ne E G ~ ~ A T . If people don't washtheir hair, they get lice. -

t12y023ha?31i JfiGP n. lizzard

Tiyoha7li ganiya gavlegi. a f i w s h 3 S ~ Y . - -- -

A blacksnake caught - a lizzard.

t l ~ ~ ~ d e ~ ~ w a PSX n. eel

Ilvhiyu7is higo?v, tlvdegwa? 7 . qLIGT2 , G A i - P S T ? Have you ever seen an eel? --

to1hi4 1':J adj. well (health)

Tohi rrigesvna gesv g~yat\~ganu. - 1.1 hFICO FR 1,Ai3@. rheard that you weren't well. -

t~~hi'~l<u I adv, just fine

Tohigliu a y v , nihina? V.6.d Ill3 . h..) OC Ern iust fine. and you?

cf: talugisgi dl harl\.wisgi

udageyuha 157

to4?i VT adv. motionless

To nijadvga duwosela, ehlawe nunalsta-

- When he told them to be still, they became quiet.

t ~ l j u ~ ~ h w a VJG n. redbird

Tojuhwa usdika sihnv na dlayhga gesv?i. VLG B@J9 bO 9 d B f f R T . - The redbird is smaller than the blue- jay.

t 0 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ t s g a VWbS n. grasshopper

Gogi tsgwisdi digowhtvhdi tolatsga. AY hP@d dAGPJ VWhS . In the summer you can see a lot of grasshoppers.

tsgi21i ~ Y P n. ghost

?2ni2tsgi21i DhbYP

Johiyuhas anitsgili anehv? Kx+a D ~ L - Y P Dna? Do you believe there are ghosts?

b A 3 n. bug

Ni! Tsgoya ukila uwa?ihlv?i. h ! b A 3 BYW BGTPT. - Look! There's - a bug on the bush

tsgwq21e3gwq21a b X $ X W n. whippoorwill

Tsgwalegwala nigawesgv gatvgisgo julsihnvda adanelv na?v?i. bIdXW hSS9JE SPYJA JPbQL D1A.l 9 i T . I hear a whi oorwill every night close to -+ the ouse

tsgwi4sdi b P @ l adj . a lot, many

Tsgwisdi gawonisgo osda yudanhta. btP2l SUhZA d J L GLOW. Shealks a lot when she feels well. -- Tsgwisdi aniyonega gajigowhtiha. bP2d DhfiAS SbAGJb . - I see many white men.

t ~ ~ l e ~ ~ j i ~ f l h . n. tonsils

Tuleji nidagvnhdapelv junidlvgi?. S$b hLEOLR.1 J h P Y T . She had her tonsils taken out at the hospital.

tv2sdi S a d n. boil (sore)

Nvwoti ganvliye?a tusdi udla?v?i. m3 svrs D - sar He's putting medicine on his boil. -

tu23ya S 3 n. beans

Gado unsdi tu a hi?a? sv o e a d s&D? What k i n d f beans are these?

tvh2ga 6 s n. housefly

Hisduhvga galohisdiTi, tvhga dehiyh- diha. A ~ S & SGA@IT J - 6 s SABI+. Close the door, you're letting the flies in.

u - v .pref. third person subject (see Gram. I, B)

~ ' d a ~ d o ~ ~ l i ~ ~ s d i @LVP@I v,i. he's praying

a'g~?~da~do~~l i 32sdi D X L V P a I

~ ' d a ~ d o ~ ~ l i ~ ~ s d v ~ ~ ? i B L V P X T

~ ' d a ~ d o ~ ~ l i ~ ~ s d o ~ ? i BLVPaVT

jg2da2d0231i 32sde3sdi CL VPaS@d

u2da2d021i 'sdoh3di 0 L V P J V I

Udadolisdohdi ajitayoselv?i. BLVP@VI DbWfi4qT. He was asked to Drav.

cf : adadolisdi

QLFG+ v.i. he loves

a1gw?2da2ge2yl!3ha DX1FG.l.

~ ' d a ~ g e ~ y u ~ s v ~ ~ ~ i B L FGRT

u1da2ge2yu3s03~i B LPG8 T

j?2da2ge2yu3se3sdi C L f G 4 a I

u2da2geyh2di B L fGd

Udohiyu ase udageyuse3i. BVAC D4 B L f G 4 T . I guess -he - really loved her. cf : adageyhdi , ugeyuha

~ ~ d a ~ h n i ~ ~ l a ~ g e ~ ~ i B L hWf T n. ordained miniiter

Hla yagwanhte udahnilage gesvvi. C 3x0'6 BlhWf f R T . I didn't know he was an ordained - minister.

~ ~ d a ~ h n i ~ ~ l ? ~ g e ~ ? i O h L W f T n. oldest member of family

Gado usdi jigi udahnilage?i? SV 5 A J hY B l h W f T ? Which is the oldest one?

~'da'~j?~tdi OLCJJ adj. reckless

~ ~ n ? ~ d a ~ ~ j ? ~ t d i 8 8 1 C J J

Udohiyu udajatdi achuj a. BVAG B l C J J DdC. He's r q a reckless boy.

~ ~ d ~ ~ l e ~ h i @l,f4 n. bad omen

Koga nigawesgv yatvgana usv, udalehi anadisgo Anijalagi.

Cherokees say that if you hear a crow at night, it's a bad omen. ---

u2da21i2?i . . B L ~ T n. his wife

ju2n?2d?2112?i d8lPT

UdaliTi gohusdi agwhni. BLPT ArAJ DGh. His wife is mv cousin. -- cf: udahli

u2da21v4kwdi 0 1 W J adj . snobbish

Udohiyu udalvkwdi na achuja. 8VdG BL W J 8 DdC. That boy is really snobbish.

cf: ulvkwdi

u2da2 3n??2ni B Leh n. store owner

~ ~ n ? ~ d a ~ ~ n a ? ~ n i 8 0 1 Oh

Gado usdi chvsi na udana?ni? s v cb e o ~ e h ? What did the store owner give you? --

~ ' d ~ ~ n e ~ g o ~ ~ ~ h a B1AAG.G v. i. it 's wrinkled

a l g ~ ? ~ d ? ~ n e ~ g o ~ ~ ~ h a DX1AAG.G

8lAAGRT

~ l d ? ~ n e ~ g o ~ y u ~ s o ~ ? i 8 LAAGtT

j?2d?2ne3g02yu3se3sdi ClAAG42J

Na agayvlige unegaylv udanegoyuha. 8 D S B P f BAS9 B1AAG.G. The old woman's skin is wrinkled.

~ ' d ? ~ n e ~ h v ~ ? i BLAJJT n. puddle

du1da2ne2hv4?i SLAJJT

Ama udanehv adawo?a jisgwa. DT @LA8 DlVD IrAX. A bird is bathing in a puddle of water .

u2danh2do BIQV n. his heart

Udanhdo ulehwisdanelv?i. ~ ~ B A L A ~ T . His heart stopped on him. -- cf: adanhdo

u1danh2ta BlQW v.i. he feels

a lg~?~danh~ta DT LQW

~ l d a n h ~ t v ~ ~ ? i 0; LQPT

u1danh2to 37i 0'10.VT

j a2danh2te3sdi CIQz2-I

u2danh2da2di1sdi 0 LItl. JAJ

Osigwudv ncwadanhta nogwu. I ' j b , ~ ~ DTLM' 7~ . I feel a?! right now. - --

udehohisdi 159

I u2danhqti BLDJ adj ., adv. 1. friendly ?. gentle 3. pleasant

u2ng2danh4ti 88LO-d

u1da23w93di32sgv4?i BLGdaET adv. in a shade

SLGdaET

Udoyu udanhti ahlinohedodi. BVG B=Z?VJ. He is very pleasant to talk with. -- cf: udanhtisahnvvi

~ ~ d a n h ~ t i ~ s ? ~ h n v ~ ? i 0 LDJtlOT adj . tamed

u2na2danh2ti2sa2hnv4?i QBLDJUOT

Udanhtisahnv kvhli unahla7a. BLDJBD EC QBCD. m a tamed raccoon.

cf: udanhti

u2dg2nv2gg21v4da BLDS 4L adj . clean ju2n?2dg2nv2ga21v4da, j ~ * d ? ~ n v ~ g + ~ -

lv4da JBLDS 4 L , dLDS 4L

Nigohilv udanvgalvda nuwahno uyvsdi?i. hAO4 BLOS4L 4GZ QBddT. He always keeps his room clean.

cf: ganvgaliha

~ ~ d ? ~ n v ~ h i ~ d a OLOAL n. a long distance

Udanvhida eladi uhnigisv?i. ~ L D A L RWI BhYRT. ne walked - a long WJ-.

cf: ganvhida

u1da2nv2hnv4?i @LOOT n. row

du1da2nv2hnv4?i S L W T

Nuna dudanvhnv ayehli a?i. St3 DBC D Y . He's walkinn between two rows of w

potatoes.

~ ~ d a ~ s d v ~ ~ d i ~ ~ s d i @'L@6"1@1 n, punishment

Udasdvdisdi gesv wahli7ilohiha yidv- yosdi dikanowadvsdi . B L x J a d F R GCTQA+ m ~ a d .ia zGra1. Breaking the law leads to punishment.

Udawadis v unadawesolvsdi junilvhwisda- + BLGdaE BBL8# 4@d dh482LA4. The workers are resting in the shade. -- -

~'d?~yv~l?~ta QLBWW v.i. it's in view

a1gw?2d?2yv21?3ta D X L B W W

u1da2yv2192tv23?i BLBWG'T

OLBWT

Gohusdi udayvlata duwa?ihlv?i. M a d BLBWW SGTPT. something is in view in the bushes. --- cf: adayvlatvsgi

~ ' d e ~ ~ a BSS v.t. 1. he's throwing it 2. he's pitching (ball)

a1 gw?2de3ga DXSS

u1di23nv32sv23?i BJORT

Sunale udli wijadesv na uyo gahldvvi. eecr BC scsn e sfi s r r ~ . Tomorrow throw the trash away. cf: udegi

2 4 u de gi BSY n. pitcher (ball)

u2n?2de4gi O BSY

Hila nani?a unadegi dejikaha? AW B ~ D BeSY 3 ~ ~ 7 How many pitchers do you all have?

cf: udega

~ ~ d e ~ h o ~ ~ h i ~ s d i BSIIAaI n. embarrass- men t

Udehohisdi gohlvsga jinadvneha. BSIIA2.i APaS b WA.6. He's causing embarrassment by doing cf: usdvdi?a

160 udehosat i

that.

cf: adehosga, udehosati

~ ~ d e ~ h o ~ ~ s ? ~ t i D'SEtld adj . bashful BBSbUd

Udehosati achuja uwakaha. BSbUL' DJC @GEM. She has a bashful boy

cf: adehosga, udehohisdi

OSPJS 481 n. ditch

Eligwus yiksdela udelisgalvhv galesv dagwalela? RPaJ ZGiYJSW BSPaS 48 S8R LXYW? Can you help me get my car out of - a ditch?

u1de2ti2yi3ha 0SL'JS.I. v.i. he's having 'a Girthday

a1gw?2de2ti2y13ha DXSJJ5.G

~ l d e ~ t i ~ y v ~ h v ~ ~ ? i BSL'B8T

Kohi iga udeti iha josdadahnvhli. *L oc . R9 TS OSJ

Today my brother is having a birth- - -- day.

cf : i j udet iyvda, sudet iyvda

~ ~ d i ~ ~ w ? ~ l v ~ d e ~ y ~ ~ d a BJZ4.9~31 n. bolt, screw

j ~ ~ d i ~ g w ~ ~ l v ~ d e ~ ~ i ~ d a JJI4SJ31

Tisdayida na judigwalvdeyida. 3 2 1 A1 8 6J I4SJ31 . Tighten those bolts.

u1di2hleh3ga B J L S v.i. it's hot

~ ' d i ~ h l e h ~ g v ~ ~ ~ i BILET

u1di2hlehZgo3?i BJLAT

Doyu udihlehga kohi iga. VG O I L S AA T S . - It's really hot today. - - cf: udihlehvsga

u1di2hle3hv3sga B d L m S v.i. he has i fiver

Na udlvgi tsgwisdi udihlehvsgv'i. 8 BPY b B J J O J L 8 a E T . The ~atient had a hinh fever.

cf : udihlehga

~'di~sg?~hla BJaSE v.i. he's in hiding

Hadlv udisgahla? .GP B J J S E ? Where is he hiding? -- cf: adisgahlvsga

~llaiw~~sga @ J @ a s v .i. he's getting we1 1

Nvwoti ugisa, gajanuli udiwsv?i. MU BYU, 5641) 0 1 8 R T . When he got some medicine, he got - well - fast.

0 J B 1.6'7 n. his ~ ~ d l a l s i ~ ~ t \ r ~ ? e h ~ d i O.Ab5"RJ navel Jadlasitv7ehas eligw yigvgwad~nhdi

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - gesv'fi? -

Co%bPR+Z RPG, hEdV.qJ j RT? Usdiki uhnuwv iyusdi udiyvda7dv uksa- Don't ou believe I can do it? tv7i. Y 8 2 d Y 8 9 6 TG2.d DIBLG B S t l r T . His shirt was so small -- his navel was showing.

u l d ~ ~ ~ n v ~ d a @&#I v.i. there's an opening

Dihnawo junohlvhdi udlanvda digalv- hwisdanhdivi. l t v 6ZPd O&L 1 5 4QJLAl7 . . There is a job opening at the clothing -- manufacturers.

cf: udlanvdaydeha

cf: udlasitvvehi

~ ~ d l a ' s i ~ ~ t ~ ~ ? e ~ h i BhbPRQ n. non- believer

@8o%bPRQ

Hila naniva unadlasitv7ehi anedoha? AW 8hD 806% v How many nonbelievers are here?

u1dle3ga QLS v.i. he's taking revenge

algwa2dle3ga DXLS

~ ' d l e ~ j v ~ ~ ? i QLCT

~ l d l e ~ ~ o ~ ~ i 8 L AT

j?2dle1gi CLJ'

u2dle2?i . . 3sdi B L T @ l

Udlejv aj ilonu7ehla. ~ ' d l a ~ n v ~ d ? ? ~ d ~ ~ h a @&LS.G v. i. he @LC - DbG?M.

has time He took revenge when he was cheated. --

So?i kalesdi agwadlanvda7dehesdi wigvwahtvhidasdi?i . t f W J J D X ~ ~ O L S ? J I Q E G ~ L J J T . I'll have time to come to visit you --- next month.

cf: udlanvda

~ ' d l a ~ ~ s i ~ t v ~ ? e ~ h a 8db6R.G v. i. he's disbelieving

a'gwa2dla32s12tv3?e2ha DTdb6R.G

Bd8b5R4T

~ l d l a ~ ~ s i ~ t v 37e2ho 37i B6%b5Rj T

cf: adlecheha

;'dli QC adv. away from

Udli hwilohi. - DC 8GA. - Go - away.

~ l d l i ~ ? ? ~ d a OCDL v.i. he's wearing an earring

~ l d l i ~ ? ? ~ d v ~ ~ ? i BCDPT

~ ' d l i ~ ? ? ~ d o ~ ? i WCDVT

j ?2dli37?2de3sdi CCDSAJ

Adela dalonige digohlvhtanv didli?ado - dudli?ada. DSW LGhI . IAPWD- JCDIJ SCDL. - - - - - She's wearing earrings made of gold.

j?2dla1si2tv1si CdBbPb cf: adli?ado

162 udlonasdi

~ ~ d l o ~ ~ n a l s d i @ d 8 @ 6 n. hypocrite

%a1sdi O . 8 d 8 2 6

Gago yigohiyhda udlonasdi gesv7i? SA JSAAGL 0 6 8 0 3 6 FRT? Who would admit that he's - a hypocrite? cf: galonasdiha

u2dlo1si2nv2 3da BPfb0L n. dewberries

Udlosinvd jig kanugahl uhloyige7isdi. B d b 0 1 k Y 9 4 S C B d A F T J d . Dewberries are similar to blackberries

u2dlv2da21v4da BP L .?I n. splinter

Hyahtena udlvdalvda ujayoha ulasihdeni . 3 6 8 BPL.11 0Cfi.G B W b S h . A splinter from a board stuck him in - his foot.

~ l d l v ~ ~ a @ p f v.i. he's sick

Svhi jigesv akdlvgv asehnv osigwu ipi kohi iga. R.0 k F R DYPE D 4 0 f i b 3 T Y AA T f . I was sick yesterday, but I'm all --- right today.

cf : junidlvgi?i, udlvgi

~ ' d l v ~ ~ i ~ p y n. patient, sick person

Hila iyani?i junidlvgi aniya7a ahani junidlvgi?i? AW T 3 h T d M Y Dh3D D+h d h P Y T ? - How many patients are in this hospital?

cf : junidlvgi?i, udlvga

u2dlv4kwdi B p V d adj . sophisticated

Na asgaya udlvkwdi ujelvso7i.

8 D 2 f 3 B P V J BY.?+ T . That man acts sophisticated.

u2do BV n. 1. his sister 2. her brother

Udo uhwahtvhidoha svnadodagwasdi igo- - hida . O.V ~ G G A V + ~ e v c x a T U G . - Her brother is visiting her for one - week.

u2d02da B V L n. his father

Gado advnehi udoda? f V D6"A-Q BvI? - What does her father do? -

u2doZ3dazgwg2da O'VLIL adv. all day

Udodagwada ganohalidoho yunohalena. B V L X L SZ.GPVI GZ.G$B. He hunts all day when he goes huntin) -- cf: udodagwidisv7i

U' (n?2)do23d63gwa1sgv4?i B 8 V L I J E T n. Sunday

Dehilawijego?is Unadodagwasgv iga? S A W B Y A T 2 B B V I X 2 E T f ? DO you go to church on Sunday?

cf: Dodagwasgv7i

u2 (n?2)do23d?3gwi2de4na 8 8 V L t P S e n. Saturday

Iyvdaha Unadodagwidena dagilvhwisdaneho?i . T B L . G 88VLtP.98 LY?B@LAB T . Sometimes I work on Saturday.

cf: Dodagwidena

~ ' d o ~ ~ d ? ~ ~ w i ~ d i ~ s v ~ ? i B V L P J R T adv. during the day

Dlv udodagwidisv dagavluhji. P B V l V J R L S M k . He's coming sometime during the day. - cf: udodagwada

Uganawa 163

Monday

Unadodagwohnv dvnalenvhi danadehloh- - gwasgv?i. @8V LY@ 6"8$0~3 b 8 S d E J E T . They're going to start school Monday

cf: Dodagwohnv?i

O- ~ 2 d o ~ h ; ~ ~ ~ ~ 8V.gG adv. really, very

Udohiyu osda hnadvga ejagoliyesgv7i. 8VAG b @ b t 6 f RCAPB@ET. - You did very well on your exam. cf: dohiyu, doyu

u2du1du 8 .y~ n. his grandfather (materna 1)

Ududu kanohehlvsgv utvdasdi achuja. @ S S 3 Z ? P @ E BGL@J DdC. Theboy is listening to his - grandfather tell stories.

cf: unisi

lg, u1du3ha 0S.G v.i. he's standing in liquid.

algwa2du3ha . . DIS&

~ l d u ~ s v ~ ~ ? i B S R 7

u1du3s03?i 0S.I. T

jg2du3se3sdi CS42-l

u2duh2di @ S J

Amayi agwaduha. 00% -. I am standing in the water. - -

u2du2ji Q S k n. his uncle

ju2du2ji d ~ h

Gado dudo?a uduji? f V SVD Bs~? - What's his uncle's name? --

u1du21i 3ha @ S f + v .t . he wants it a1gw?2du21i 3ha DXSP+

~ ' d u ~ l v ~ h v ~ ~ ? i BS99,T

O.SPJA7

j?2du231a C;.Y W

u2duh l 2di Q.Y.1-1

Udawesolvsdohdi uduliha. 0 L&+ .?21Jl 8SP.G. He wants to rest. --

u1dv2nv3?i2sdi 86?0T@l v. i. he's wiiling

a1gw?2dv2nv3?i2sdi DTP07@J

~ ~ d v ~ n v ~ ? i ~ s d v ~ ~ ? i BG@T@G7

Yinigalsdihagwu iyv udvnv?isdo udasdehldi?i. 6 h f [email protected] TB 8 6 0 7 ' @ V B L @ S q J T . He's willing to help anytime. - cf: advnv?isdiha, udvnv?istanv?i

2 2 23 u g? lo ga 8 f G f n. leaf

j ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 o ~ ~ ~ a ~ S G S

Uligohvsdi iyv jugaloga judalehnvda iulisuhwida nidodagalstani.

In the fall the leaves will turn into different colors.

uZ3gg3ma @ S T n. soup

Gado usdi ugama jaduliha? f V @,1J O ' f K CSP+? What kindof soup do you want?

u2gg2na4sda BSQ@L adj . sweet u2niZgg2na4sda B h f e@L Doyu uniganasda hi?a aniwsvgi. VG BhSQ@L AD DhGRY. These cantaloupes are really sweet.

u2ga23n92wa @ f 8G adj. warm

Udohiyu uganawa nigalsda kohi iga, doka? OVAG asec ~ S P J L ALI T S , v a ? - It sure got warm today, didn't it? - cf: aganawhdiha, aganawosga, jugana-

wv?i, uganawosga

uZga2 3n?2wa 8 5 8G n. Democrat

1 6 1 uganawosga

Uganawas na atohgiyasgi jigawoniha? 8 f 8GJ 8 DVYG22Y hfCh.G? Is the candidate who is speaking - a Democrat ?

1 2 2 2 u gang wo sga p f m ; f v.i. 1. he's becoming warm 2. he's warming himself

Agiganawosgadv sdikida nogwu. DYf 8 V @ f P @JYL 2 2 . I am getting warm a little now. -- - Osi na?v uwohla uganawosga. bb 8i 8 V f 8 5 8 V a f . He's sittingby the stove warming him- - - self. - cf: aganawosga, u2ga23n?2wa (warm)

~lganh~d??~dv~?i @ ~ @ L P T n. page

Ta?li:le uganhdavdv gohwela kanogisdi. WPA QSO-LP MW a z Y a . The song is on the second page.

u1ge2yu3ha 8kG.G v.t. 1. he's possessive of her, it 2. he loves her

ji2ge2yu3?a, a1gi2ge2F3ha hFGD, DYkG.G

u1ge2yu3sv2 3?i BkGRT

Ugeyuha waji hlale kilo yvgvtolsda. 8kG.G Gh LcC YG B EVP@L . He's stingy with his watch and won't - loan it to anyone. Higeyusesdi tsdayvhvsgi. dkC42J C3LBa2Y. Love your wife. -

cf: adageyhdi

u2ge2yu23hn?2?i 8 k G t T n. possessive stingy person

u2ni2ge2yu23hn?2?i BhkGtT

Udohiyu ugeyuhna na asgaya. BV-9G 8 k G t 8 D A f 3 . That man is really stingy.

cf: udageyuha

~~gi'd?~hli 8YLC n. feather

Aniyvwiya jugidahli dunadihlgo?i. DhB83 dYLC S B I P A T . Indians wear feathers on their heads 2 2 4 u gi jv da i2yv47i 8YCL TBT

adv. next morning

i zijvda % kila wagi?luhjv?i. DYCL TB YW GYMCT. I d n F get there until the next - morning.

u2gi2tsde4yi Q y h S A n. dawn

Ugitsdeyi adidisgo julvhwisdanhdi yigi. 8 Y h S A DJJ@A d982LAJ AY. He gets up at dawn when he has to - work.

~ l g o ~ ~ d i BAA adv. more

Gado usdi ugodi jalvkwdi? f V 8 @ J 8 A J C W J ? - Which one do you like more? -

~ ~ ~ g o ' d i BAJ adj . much, a lot of

Ugodi unvdi ganadegovi. 8 A d B D . J - S BS AT. She sells a lot of milk. ---

~ l ~ o ~ h n i ~ ~ y o ~ ~ g a BAhfiS v.i. he's late

uhawosdiha 165

j?2g02hni2yo'gi C 'lhfiY

u2g02hni23y03sdi B A h f i 2 - l

Gohidis ihiktiyesdi jenvsdi dajagohni- yoji. -

T , ~ S J ~ ~ J YO,~IJ I C A ~ A ~ . I f you wait too long to go, you'll be -

u2gv2wi2yu2hi BEBCA n. 1. king 2 . president (nation) 3. chief

u2ni2gv2wi;2yu2hi 0 hE@Cd9

Johlgis Ugvwiyuhi? KPYA BL@G,3? Does the Chief know you?

late. - u23ha O i , v.i. he has a solid object ulgo2sga O A z s v.i. 1. it's decaying

2. it's spoiling

alg?2go2sga DY 42 s u l g 0 ~ s v ~ ~ 7 i o A?,T

u1g02sgo37i OA2AT

Ada uweti ugosga. - D L O9PJ 0 A @ S . The old wood - is decaying.

cf: ugosida

~ ~ g o ~ ~ s i ~ d a O.4bL adj . rotten u2na2g023s12da B 8 A b L

Gohusdi ugosida agiwsvga. ArJJ 8 A b l DYGRS . 1 smelGmething rotten.

Sgohi iyuhliloda gada - uha. a,eo TGCGL S L s+. He has ten acrerof land. -- cf: unava, uneha, uwakaha, uwaya

~ l h ? ~ h l o ~ g ~ ~ h a Q W f + u.i. he's yawning

a1k?2hlo3g$2ha D W F i,

~ ' h a ~ h l o ~ ~ e ~ h v ~ ~ 7 i @ W f & T

cf: ugosga u2ha2hlo1geh3di @ M I - J

u2gu1ku @ J J n, hoot owl

u2ni2gu1ku O h J J

Uhahloge gahlvsgv iyusdi. O'WF S P a E T C J J . - He's yawning because he's sleepy. -

Igada udalehi anelisgo s u k u - yinigawe7a 2 2 2 adanelv na7v7i.

u h+ lv ni 0.E-4h n , bell

Some people think it is a bad omen to hear a hoot owl close to a building. Uhalvni unohyvhgv gatvgi7a.

--- C?+?fh B Z B E SGYD.

~ ~ g v ~ ~ h ? ~ h l i 0 E K adj . part I hear a bell ringing. --

u2nq2gv2 3ha2hli O 8E+C ~ ~ h ~ ~ n e ~ ~ ~ 7 ~ 1 v ~ 7 i @+AS 9 T n. his lip

Jalagis ugvhahli nz asgaya? du1h?2ne3g?721~47i S & ? f g T C;i+Y;; P E K 8 DLSk? Duhanega7lv dukayohiseha. Is that man part Cherokee? S+jlS Safil14,*.

His lips are getting dry. 0,LBG C adv. instead -

Adela ugvwiyu dagwaduliha. u'ha2w03sdi2ha O+%J~I, v . i. he's DSM' OE8C L I S P 4 . smothering, suffocating I want money instead.

166 uhisata

a1gi2h?2w03sdi2ha, a1k?2w03sdi2ha u2hli2ni2 3gi2da OChYl adj . powerful, DYm3d+, DaUJd+ strorig

~'ha~wo~sta'nv~~~i QWSWDT j ~ ~ n ~ ~ h l i ~ n i ~ ~ g i ~ d a JeChYL

Digageda dasaladisgv uhlinigida nul- stanv7i. d G L L ~ w ~ @ E QChYl 4P@WDT. He became strong by lifting weights.

Jolani hisdu?i. Akawosdiha. v2hli4sda adv. quickly K W ~ ~ J S T . ~ U J I + . Open the window. I 'm s~~~othering. - DunadoTv tohwelvga uhlisda.

cf: ahawosdiha, atahwosdiha S8Vi V 0 4 f QC@L. Write their names down qul'ckly.

u'hi3sg2ta QAUW v.i. there's dew cf: nuhlisdv7i

Gadohi uhisata. S VA CPAUW. There's dew on the ground. -

~ l h i ~ s o h ~ d a ~ ~ n ~ ~ h a Q A f L A 6 v .i. 1. he's lonesome 2. he's homesick

a1gi2hi2soh2da32n:2ha, a1ki2soh2da32-

np2ha DYAf LA+, DYf LA+

~ l h i ~ s o h ~ d a ~ ~ n e ~ l v ~ ~ ? i DAf LA9T

~ l h i ~ s o h ~ d a ~ ~ n e ~ h o ~ ? i 8& LAP T

j?2hi2soh2da1si CAf 1 b

u2hi2soh2aalneh3di @A+ LAI

Hla yulvkwdi uhisohdanehdi . C G W d QAf LAJ . She doesn't like to get lonesome. - - cf: uhisohdi

u1hi2soh3di Q A f d v.i. it's lonesome - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ l h i ~ s o h ~ d v ~ ~ ? i BAf6T

u1hi2soh2d03?i 8 A f V T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Uhisohdv uhnela?da. 8:316 Q.1WL . Tt-was lonesome when she left. -- cf: uhisohdaneha

u2hlo2gi Qefy n. his aunt

ju2hlq2gi j ~ y

Hadlv wiganela uhlogi? +P @SAW DGY? - Where does her aunt live? --

~ ~ h l o ~ ~ i QefA a d ~ . same kind of

~ ~ n i ~ h l o ~ ~ i QhefA

Dagwalela uhv uhloyi agwaduliha. L X 6 W Q a i3'efA DXSP+. I want the same kind of car he has. ---

u1hna4 a t a d ~ . there Uhnas tesi? Bt@5b? - Are you going there?

~ ' h n ? ~ l u ~ d v ~ ? i QtM6T n. island

du1hna21u3dv4?i StMGT

Igada duhnaludv jusdi geso?i. T S L d@J f f T . Some islands are small.

~ l h n a ~ ~ l v ~ ~ g a DtqS v.i. he's becoming angry

a1ki2na231v32ga DY89.S

Qt9CT

~ ' h n a ~ ~ l v ~ ~ g o ~ ? i Dt9AT

cha2na21v1gi c8 9~

~ ~ h n a ~ ~ l v ~ ? i ~ s d i . . Q t 9 T J d

Nelagi gihli uhnalvgasi. nbY YC ~ t q s b .

uhniha 167

Leave the dog alone because - he's getting mad.

cf: kanalvTisdi, uhnalvha

u1hnaZ3lv3ha 8 t q . G v.i. he's angry

a1ki2naZ3ly 3ha DY84.G

u1hna231v32sv237i O t 9RT

~ l h n a ~ ~ l v ~ ~ s o ~ 7 i 8t4.E. T

~ h g ~ n a ~ ~ l v 32se3sdi C8?4@1

Na asgaya nigohilv uhnalvso7i. 8 D@S& hAA? B t ? $ T . The man is always angry. - cf: kanalv?isdi, kanalvsdiha, uhna-

lvga

~ ~ h n a l s d e ~ ~ d l a Bt@SW n. root

j ~ ~ h n a l s d e ~ ~ d l a dt@SW

Kansdaji uhnasdedla aganv aditasga. 3 8 2 L k Bt@SW DSD DJW2f. He's drinking tea made from sassafras root. -

~ l h n a ~ ~ s d e ~ d l v ~ 7 i 8 t A S P T n. its root

d~'hna~~sde~dlv~?i S t 2 S P T

Hlesdi dehlgv duhnasdedlv yitiluysge- sdi. LA1 9 E S t 3 S P ~5TM3@k@d. Don't chop on the tree roots.

cf: kanasdedliha

u1hna32sgw?21037a 8 t 2 X G D v.i. he's stubbing his toe

a1ki2na32sgw+21037a DY 0 2 X G D

u1hna32sgw?2103?v237i 8 t 2 X G i T

Nvya utana ahv uhnasgwalo?v?i. 0, OW0 DL& O t X G i T . He stubbed his toe on a big rock - -- cf: kanasaTdv7i

~ ~ h n a ~ s u ~ ~ ~ a O t T S n. possum grape

~ ~ n i ' h n a ~ s u ~ ~ ~ a 8 h t P S

Unihnasuga degade7a. 8 h t C S S S S D . She's picking some possum grapes.

8 t T S P T n. his toenai 1

d ~ ' h n a ~ ~ s u h ~ ~ a ~ h l v ~ 7 i StGSP T

Haye1;di gvhdi dasgwalsga duhnasuh- gahlv7i. .GBP@l E l L@X9@S S t G S P T . He's trimming his toenails with a - knife.

~ ' h n a ~ w a ~ ~ s d i ~ h a Q t G @ l . G v. i , he has a chill

a1ki2n?2wa32sdi2ha DY QG2l .G

8tG3WD.T

u1hng2wa 32sdi 2sgo 37i O,tG@I@AT

chg2ng2wa1sda CBG@L

u2hng2wa1sdoh3di 8 t G A V l

HiTa udlvgi uhnawasdiha. AD 8PY 8 t G 2 J . I - . This ~atient has a chill. --- cf: kanawoga

u2hng2wo O t V n. his shirt

ju2hng2wo d t c

Uhnawo ayosda asiladv ganuyvhihv7i. O t 8 ~ f i 2 L - DbWV S 9BAL&T. He tore his shirt going under a fence -- cf: ahnaweTa, ahnawo, ahnawoTa,

uhnuwa

u1hne21v3sv47i 8 A 3RT n. his scar

Hla yulvkwdi kilo ugowhtvhdi uhnelvsv?i. - L: G W l YG QAGVJ BA9RT. He doesn't like for anyone to see his - scar. -

u23hn13ha BhqG v.i. he's in bed

Gayulas j ahniha? S GW2' G h+? Are - youalready in bed? --

~ ' h n i h l ~ ~ v ~ ? i 8 h T E T n. stump

UhnihlgvTigwu iga uhlinohiya na utana j ihlgv9i.

0 h T E T a T S B C Z 9 3 8 O W 8 h T E T . A stmp is all that's left of the big - tree.

u2hno4sda 8 B l n. one dollar

Uhnosda dagvwahldisgo ahlvdi osda vinuwanela . 6.226 L E G G J J A D P d 6.21 A 4 G A W . He charges one dollar when he fixes - a tire.

~ l h n u ~ ~ w a 8 4 G v.t. he's wearing a shirt, coat

a1gw?2hnu32wa D Z 4G

u l h n ~ ~ ~ w v ~ ~ ? i 8 4 6 T

~ ' h n u ~ ~ w o ~ ? i 8 4 8 T

j?2hnu32we3~di C 4 d a . l

Juhloyiha dunahnuwo aniyosgi. d9-fJ5.G S 8 9 0 Dh f i2 .Y . Soldiers wear uniforms. - cf: ahnawe?a, ahnawo, ahnawo?a,

uhnawo

u1hnv2kwo21a2tv4?i 8 w W 6 T n. rainbow

Uhnvkwolatv usgolvjv ulogilv uhlga- 1 iyvha . O'WCC'P O32!A9C 0 G Y 4 0 P S P B . G . The rainbow faded when the cloud

cleared up.

u1hnv3si2yv4?i 8 O b B T n. corner

du1hnv3si2yv4?i S O b B T

Uhnvsiyv hwalehvga. 8- ccras. Go stand in the corner.

u2hwa2ge4da 8 G F l adj . thick

Juhwageda dihnawo duhnvsv juhyvdlv uwena . d G F 1 J t B SOR d B P 808. He took some thick clothing when he went up north.

~lhw?~sga 0 G a S v .t. he's buying it

a lki2wg3sga D Y G a S

u lhwa2sv 37i W G R T

u1hwa2sgo 37i 8 G @ A T

cha2wa2hi . . CC A u2hwa3hi . . 3sdi B G A @ d

Svhi jigesv dagwalela akiwasv?i. IL9 h F R G Z J W D Y G R T . Yesterdav I boueht a car.

u2hye4hi 8 8 A n. her husband

Na agehya uhyehi uhyoha. 8 DF@ 80'aA.G. That woman's husband is looking for her.

u1hyq2ha 0fi.Gv.t. he's looking for it (inanimate)

a'gt2hyp3ha DYf i + u1hya21v23?i 8 3 4 T

u1hyo2h03?i OfiE T

j ayh2ga CM

uy2sdi 0 I Z I J

Waj i juyohuselv svhi uhyoha. G b d f i l - 4 9 R9 0 f i G . - He is looking for the watch he lost -- - yesterday.

cf: ahyoha

u1hyo2lY3ha BfiM+ v.i. he, it's afloat

a1k~2y021y3ha DYfiM+

Gado usdi uhyoluha amayi? SV 826 0 f i M . G DTA? What's floating on the water?

~ ~ h y o ~ ~ n a @fie n. horn

Utana uhyona nuwanhdi dagwalelu?i. OW8 @fie 4GD.d LX8MT. He has - a- big horn on his car. -

u2hyv2dla BBA n. cold

Ajalagi uhyvdla "yuniyvha" hla uhyvdla yiga?niyisgo?i, uhyvdlasgini ugvwiyuso uniyisgo?i. DGWY BBA "GhB+" P O'BA AS hJ5;jAT, O.B&Y~BEK~ B ~ ~ A T , Whenever a Cherokee "catches" a cold, -- he doesn't catch the - cold; rather, the cold catches him. -

u2hyv4dla BBA adj. cold

Uh dla ama aktadegi?a. -%- BB - DT DSWSYD. I'm thirsty for cold water. - cf: ahyvdladisdisgi, u1hyv2dla (it

is cold)

u2hyv4dla BBA n. Republican

u2ni2hyv4dla BhBA

Uhyvdlas hihnegi?

- Do you vote Republican?

u1hyv2dla BBA v.i. it (weather) is cold

Dohiyu uhyvdla doyi. VAG BBb V A . . - -

1 t ' s T l l y cold outside. - - cf: ahyvdladisdisgi, kanawoga,

u2hyv4dla (cold)

u2hyv2dla u1ni3yi2ha BBb B h M v.t. he has a cold

u2hyv2dla a1gi?3ni2yi3ha BB68 DYhrn

u2hyv2dla ~ l n i ~ y v ~ h v ~ ~ ? i @Bo% BhB8T

u2hyv2dla u1ni3yi23sgp3?i BBA B h m A 7

u2hyv2dla ~ i ~ j a ? ~ n i ~ y a BBA BCh2

u2hyv2dla ~ ~ n i y h ~ ~ d i OBA BhAd

Hla osda yagwadanhta. Uhyvdla agi?- niyiha. PAL 3 X L D . W . BBb DYh&. I don't feel good.~havea cold. ---- cf: ga?niyiha, u2hyv2dla (cold)

u1hyvh2ji2nv2tga BBhDdS v.t. he's choking on it

a1ki2yvh2ji2nv2tga DYBh@dS

u1hyvh2j i2nv2tsvZ3?i BBhDdCT

u1hyvh2j i2nv2tgo3?i BBhDdAT

cha2yvh2j 12nv2tgi CBhDdY

u2hyvh2j i2nv2tsdi BBhDhd

Hlesdi j ichayvhj invtsi. L ~ A ' hCBhD.-7b. Don't choke on it.

cf: ahyvhjeni

u1hf12sde3?a OBJSD v.i. he's getting drunk

1 .2 2 a k; yy sde3?a DJ'BGSD

O ' B 2 C i 7

170 uhyvsdeda

H i l a i g a d u d i t a h e k i l a uhyvsda?e?i? .OW T S SAW? YW QBJLRT? How many d i d he d r i n k b e f o r e he - got drunk?

c f : uhyvsdeda, uhyvsdi

u2hE2sde4da B B a G a d j . drunk

ju2ni2hC2sde4da d hB2Sl

Uhyvsdeda asgaya j a ? i s v j igowht iha . BB2Sl 0 2 5 3 CTR hAG2+. I s e e a drunk man walking t h i s way. -- c f : uhyvsdesg i , uhyvsdi

u 2 h e 2 s d e 4 s g i BB2S@Y n . drunkard

j ~ ~ n i ~ h ~ ~ s d e % ~ i dhB@SAY

Kilo uhyvsdesgi uhnawojv g o l a j i g e s v v i . YG Q B 2 S U BtCC AW 6FRT. Some drunkard f r o z e t o d e a t h l a s t w i n t e r .

c f : uhyvsdeda, uhyvsdi

v3hy\!2sdi BB@d a d j . s t r o n g ( t a s t e )

u 2 n i 3hyy2sdi 0. hB2d

Uhyvsdi kahwi u d i t a s d i ulvkwdi . -8 BdW2d B*?V'd. He l i k e s t o d r i n k s t r o n g c o f f e e .

c f : uhyvsded uhyvsdesg i

u1 jq3?a BCD v . i . h e ' s i n s i d e i t

algwq2jq3?a D I C D

~ l j ? 3 ? ~ 2 3 ? i BCiT

1. 3 v O 3 ? i U 1 4 BChT

j ?2 j ?3?e3sd i CCR@d

Wesa kanesavi u j a ? a . d U aABT BCD. - The c a t i s i n s i d e t h e box.

u2 jq21e4sd i BC6Jd n . wheat

Gadu anohlvhdisgo u j a l e s d i

SS DZPd2A OCJAd. They maks bread out o f wheat.

u Z 3 j G 2 t i @a a d j . a l o t u 2 n i 2 3 - 2 j g t i B h a

Unij a t i nunadvhnv yvwi , ' r ? n i p h v u h w sdeda . ~-, - ~

B h U Q8VO B8 DhhBa QB2, i. 4 drunk was a r r e s t e d among -- a l o t o f - people .

u 2 j e 2 1 i 8YP pron . h i s

Gigage ulsuhwida dagwale la u j e l i v i . Y S F BPZ-81. L IJW OYPT . His c a r i s r e d . -

u1 j e 2 t s d i BYh26 v . i . h e ' s g r i n n i n g

algwg2j e 2 t s d i DTi"h26

~ ' j e ~ t s d v ~ ~ ~ i BYhJVT

u 1 j e 2 t s d o 3 ? i BYhJVd

hG2j e 2 t s d a GYh2 1

u 2 j e2 t sdoh3d i BYh2V-I

Gosdi y i g o s e l a a j e t s d i s g o v i . A63d dA4W DYhJdAAT. When you say something t o him, h e - g r i n s . "

c f : u j e t s d i

u 2 j e 4 t s d i BYhJd n . possum

~ ~ n ? ~ j e ~ t s d i 88Yh2d

Uj e t s d i j i yad inv tanv usv j i g e s v v i . BYh2d hJdOWO BR b t RT . I r a n ove r a possum l a s t n i g h t . - c f : u j e t s d i

u 2 j i Bh n . h i s mother

Hlas ya tvg iva u j i juhyanisgvvi? f a WYD ~ X A E T ? Doesn ' t h e h e a r h i s mother c a l l i n g - him?

u 2 j i 2 1 v 3 ? i BhqT n. c o t t o n

I l v h i y u T i s u j i l v jadeda?

u k s e s d i 171

T4AGT2 lrh.4 CSL? Have you e v e r p i c k e d c o t t o n ?

~ ~ j i ~ ~ a Bh.3 n . worm

u 2 n i 2 j i Z y a B h h 3

Igada a n a s u h n i d o h i u n i j i y a danhdisgo yunasuhna. TS I D E h V A B h h 3 LQd@A G K t . Some f i s h e r m e n u s e worms when t h e y f i s h .

~ l j o ~ n ? ~ t a BKBWI v . i . i t ' s r a t t l i n g

Inada u j o n a t v u tvgana u y a ? n v s v ? i . T81, BK86" 06"s 8 B=O.RT. When h e e a r d a s n a k e r a t t l i n g h e f r o z e .

c f : u j o n a t i

u 2 j 0 2 n a 2 t i n . r a t t l e s n a k e

U n a j o n a t i a n i n e l a age j i j u s d a g a l a . 88K9-7 DMW DF Ir32Lf W . m e s n a k e s l i v e i n t h a t c a v e o v e r t h e r e .

c f : u j o n a t a

u 2 j 0 4 s d i BK@d a d j . c o n f u s i n g

u 2 n a 2 j 0 4 s d i , j u 2 j 0 4 s d i D,eK@d, dK@d

Ujosd i duwohwela. OK22 SWU' . - His w r i t i n g i s c o n f u s i n g .

2 2 u k? hyo4da BafiL a d j . d r y

u2ni2kg2hyo4da, j u2ka2hyo4da

O'hafiL, dClfiL Nelag i jugahnanv s v h i , g a y u l a ukahyoda i g i g a d o h i . ~ W Y st^ ng. S G L ~ . szfir, TY s r . . G . Although i t r a i n e d y e s t e r d z y , t h c g : - o ~ n d i s alrss3;; dr;..

c f : ukahyodv?i

u2ka2hyo2dv4? i Bafi6"T n . d r y place

ju2kg2hyo2dv4?i dafi6"T

Ukahyodv h a ? i s e s d i . B2jfi6" .GT4@1. Walk on a d r y p l a c e . -- c f : ukahyoda

u 1 k g 2 t v 4 ? i 836"T n . h i s f a c e

Udihlehgigwu u k a t v ? i . BdLY2 Ba6"T. His f a c e i s j u s t h o t . --

u 1 k e Z 3 d g 3 1 i 2 y v 4 ? i OF LPBT n . v a l l e y

d ~ ~ k e ~ ~ d g ~ l i ~ y v ~ ? i SF LPBT

Ukedal iyv a d a n e l a juwenvsv? i . BFLPB DLAW ddQRT. His house i s i n t h e v a l l e y .

u 1 k s a 2 t a BfBW v . i . i t ' s s t i c k i n g o u t

a1gwg2ks?3ta DlSBW

~ l k s ? ~ t v ' 3 7 i B f B6"T

u 1 k s a 2 t 0 3 ? i B f BVT

j a 2 k s a 2 t e 3 s d i C f BZ@d

u 2 k s g 2 t d i B f BJd

Gado u s d i u k s a t a j a d l a w a ? d v ? i ? f V B@d B fBW CdSG6"T? What 's s t i c k i n g o u t o f your p o c k e t ?

u 1 k s g 2 s d i B f 4@A v . t . 1. h e ' s wa tch ing him 2 . h e ' s b e i n g c a r e f u l

j i 2 y g 2 g a 1 s e 2 s d i , a l g w a 2 k s g 2 s d i

6 3 f 4 @ d , D l f 4 J d ~ l k s ~ ~ s d v ~ ~ ? i O f 4 x 7

u 1 k s e 2 s d o 3 ? i B f 4@VT

h i 2 y g 2 g a 1 s s 2 s d e 3 s d i , j a 2 k s g 2 s d e 3 s d i A 3 S 4 2 S 2 d . C f 42SZ-J

u 2 k s e 2 s d o h 3 d i 8S4,11TJ

Ahyvki u k s e s d i u l i t i s d i n i g e s v n v u y e l v s \ . ? i . ])BY O'S 40;:J @f3?cl hFRO 0'3 ?Ri. t i c : s w2tci: l .n:~ a p r i s o n e r s o he \+or.'? - -.. ---r

1 7 2 uksoj aneda

get away.

u2kso1 ja2ne4da Bf-f.CAL n. goat

u2nq2kso1 jg2ne4da B6SfCAL

Gado usdi anigisgo unaksojaneda? SV B2d DhY@A B6ffGAL? What do goats eat?

u2ksu3ti ~ f ~ j n. diamondback rattler

~'n?~ksu~ti pgfrj

Ahwi duhyalvsv svhi asehnv ukwolvsv?i DB S39R R/;, 040 BV 4RT. He went deer hunting yesterday but had no luck.

u21a1sih2de4ni BWbSh n. his foot

Julasihdeni duksata duhnawosdv?i. dWbSh SSUW S t O 3 T . His feet are sticking out from under -- his covers.

Unaksuti aninayegi. cf: ilasihdi Q9SCJ DhOBY. Diamondback rattlers are dangerous. ~ ~ l a ~ s u ~ ~ l o BWCG n. his shoe

u2kta QYW n. 1. grain 2. seed j ~ ~ l a l s u ~ ~ l o ~WCG

u2ni2kta Q hYW Julasulo dekalvsadvsga.

Gvgisdi unikta dalsinhdisgovi. 3a W P a f . EY@d Q hYW L PbQdJAT.

He's lacing up his shoes. -- She saves watermelon seeds. u1 le2na23hi3ha QdeA+ v. i. he's

~'k?~h?~da QE+L v.i. it's foggy

algi2kv2hg3da . . DY E+I

Q E W T

u1 kv2hg2d03'?i B E+VT

jg2kY2hG2de3sdi cE.t.S@d - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Ukvhada kohi sunalevi. Qt+L A.0 GOdT. It's foggy this morning. --

~ ~ ~ k v l h l ~ s d i BEA@d adj . cute

kesa anida unikvhisdi geso?i. 8 U DhL QhEAJd FfT. Kittens are cute. -

O'VCJ'S v.i. he's not having luck at hunting

losing his way

a1gw?21e2na23hi3ha

~ ' l e ~ n a ~ ~ h l v ~ v i

~ l l e ~ n a ~ ~ h i ~ h o ~ v i

jg21e2na23ga

u21e2na2 3sdi

Ulenahlv hlahehno yaktahe ididla wulohisdi?i. Q ~ P F ~ Z asw+ TJA J G A ~ T . He got lost because he didn't know aich w q o go.

u21e2s04da Qd-f. L adj . thin (animate) ju2na21e2s04da d9df I

Gohida udlvjv iyusdi ulesoda nulstanv?i. RC) L BP C TCJd 061- 1 4PdVO.T. He became skinny because he was sick for a long time.

cf: usagevi

~ ' l i ~ ~ d a ~ ~ s d i ~ h a QPL,dt. v.i. he's makini a mistake

a1gi21i23da"sdi2ha DJ PL,~.I.G

~ l l i ~ ~ d a ~ ~ s t a ~ n v ~ ~ ? i I r P L2WO.T

ulogila 173

?i , u'1i23da32sdi2sgo3?i O'IZL@d@XT - ja2 li2da1 sda 61) L@L

k ~ ~ l i ~ ~ d a ~ ~ s d o h ~ d i W P L @ V d

. Jalidasdisgesdi vsgi nihiwesvTi. C P L @ d @ f @ d i @ Y h A D R T . - - ~~~ ~

You'll - be making a mistake if you - say that.

7- ~ ~ 1 i ~ ~ o ~ ~ h ~ ~ ~ d i QPAdIAJ n. fall

Uligohvsdi iyv dvlenvhi dadehlohgwasgv?i. Q P A B @ d T B P$OA L S G I 2 E T . m i n g to start school in the fall.

u21i2hwo1jv4?i QPWCT adj . dead (non- human)

ju2ni21i2hwo1 jv4?i d h ~ m T

Ulihwojv?is na inada? QPGCT@ 8 T 0 L ? Is that snake dead? - cf: ayohusga, galihwoga, uyohusv?i

u21i2j i1sgwa2ne4da Q P 1 2 2 I A L adj curl;

Josdadahnvhli ulijisgwaneda ustihga. K@L LW Q P k A m L 0 2 2 . 5 . -- My brother has curly hair.

~ ~ 1 i ; ~ j o ~ ~ h i ~ d a QEKAL n. fat

Ulijohida nigvnhde hawiyohi. Q f K d 9 L h EOS +@fin. He's taking the fat off the meat - cf : gali j ohida

u21i2ksi B f Y b n. intestine

ju21i2ksi JP.Yb

Sihgwa juliksi deganvgaliha. b T d P Y b S f & S f c P . She's cleaning some hog intestines

u31i2sdi J adj. weak

j~~n??~lj;~sdi j O ( u L . l

Hla udohiyu ulisdi yigi r O>I.:lG' PPiLJ .

u21i3si O P L n. his grandmother (maternal)

Ulisi unvnelv gasaleni. O P L - @@A4 S t I $ h . His grandmother gave him the coat. - cf: unisi

~ ' l i ~ ~ y e ~ ~ d i ~ h a Q P 8 I . G v.i. he's moaning

a1gi21i23ye32di2ha DYP8I.G

u11i23ye32tg2nv23?i QP8WD.T

U' li23ye32di2sgo3?i Q P 8 d 2 A T

ja21i2ye1da C P 8 L

u21i23ye32doh2di Q P 8 V I

Gado juliyediha? S V dP8d.G? Why -- is he moaning?

u11~2ye32su2stga Q P 8 C X S v.t. he's wearing a ring

a1gwa21i2ye32su2stga D I P B G X S

u1 1i2ye32su2stgv23~i Q P 8 C a ET

u11j2ye32su2stgo3~i B P B C X A T

jg21i2ye32su2stge3sdi C P B C X F @ d

Degegachvsdisgv unaliyesustosdi aliyesusto uliyesustgvTi. S f f d ' 2 d J E 8 8 P B G @ V @ d DPBG@V Q P B G X ET . She was wearing a wedding ring. -- - - cf: aliyesustgiTa, aliyesusto, ali-

yesustvsga

QGYbr v.i. it's cloudy

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

u11032g121v23?i Q G Y ~ T

~ ~ l o ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 o ~ ? i BGYG T

Ugahnanidena iyusdi ulogila. Q f t h S B TG@J B G Y W . - He's not too i\.eak. -

174 ulogili

It's cloudy like it's going to rain. caps.

cf: ulogili cf: alsdule?a, alsduli?a, alsdulo

~ ~ l o ' g 1 ~ 1 i @ G Y P n. cloud u12sge4da @ P Z k l adj . important Gajanuli a7i ulogili. SG4P DT BGYP . - The clouds are moving fast.

cf: ulogila

~ l l s d a ~ ~ h n ~ ~ h a Bp2LA.G v. i. it's happening to him

Gosdi ulsdahnelv dlv wedohv. Hla yi?uluhje?i. .42J B P J L A Y P OVJ?.. I? JD:MYT. Something happened to him while he -- was away. He didn't come back. Gado ulsdahne na eihli?

Q -

SV BP2L/1 8 YC? What's wrong with the dog? --

Hla ase ulsgeda yigese7i. I? C4 BPi2FL ~ 3 F 4 7 . -- I guess it wasn't important.

~ l ~ s g w ? ~ l ? ~ d a BP,?XPd adj. 1. broken (long object) 2. he's broke (when used in plural form)

jul 3sgwa21i2da JPJXPL

Gvnosasdi ulsgwalida jiyvwahta. EZB2.I e P 2 1 P L 6 B G W . I found a broken broom Julsgwalida adiha. d P J S P L DJ+. He says he's broke. -- cf: uligalida, uligvhalvda

~ l ~ s g w ~ ~ l u ~ d a BP@I,ML v.i. he's sticking his head out

ul2sdV2?i4da BPASTL adj . open u11sgwa21u3dv23?i BPJ,TJfPT

ju12sdu2?i4da dfJS7.1. ul 1sgw?21u3d03?i 0'PJ;35MVT

Galohisdi ulsdu?ida gesv agwadelohosa, ja1 2sgw?21u3de3sdi CPJXMSJJ

wagiyvhlv7i. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ & i n B P J S T L F R DZSGEB, G Y A P I . . When I f o u n d u t the door was open, Kilo jolani ulsgwaluda asehnv hla

yagwanhta vsgi gesvyi. I went in. Yb' KlVh 8PJ.TML 0 4 Q J? 3XQW i 2 Y

cf: asdu?i?a FRT. Someone is sticking his head out of ---

u11sdu31a BPi j~CY v.t. he's wearing a the window, but I don't know who it cap is.

u11sgwe3tuh2ga B P J L SS v.t. he's wearing a hat

Xa analasgalisgi d i j e dunnlsduln. -- - - - - . - - - -- j a12sgue 3tuh2ge3s~li CFJ=LSF ,;.i ,'; 38iJri'3 , ' , c 2 ' "I /' . S O f ' , i 5 !L -1

- - - - - - - - - .. - - - - ~ ~ : u s z i>a? l players .lr.e ,c:..i;.ing cii+:tf

unaligoha 175

Nigolv yijigo nudale ulsgwetuhgo?i. h.49 & A 41.8 Qfa?u?SAT. r..ery tl. I see him, he's wearing a - - fferent hat. -

cf: alsgwetuhgiTa, alsgwetuhvsga, alsgwetuwo

u l l ~ i h ~ ~ a QPbS v.i. it's dark

Doyu ulsihga kohi usv9i. VC; QPbS AA B R T . . - - - - It's really dark tonight. - -

u123sih2gi BPbY adj. dark

~ 2 3 n a l ~ s i h ~ ~ i , j u 1 ~ 3 s i h ~ ~ i 8 8 P b Y , dPbY

Sdayi agowhtvhdi ulsihgv kilo ulsihgi yuhnuwa. A 1 6 DAGG'J 8 P b L YG O'PbY -- G4G. It's hard to see someone in the dark if he has on a dark sh'rt. -

~ l ~ s u ~ ~ h w i ~ d a B P r s l adj . colored ~ ~ n a l ~ s u ~ ~ h w i ~ d a , j ~ l ~ s u ~ ~ h w ~ ~ d a

Q8PZ'OL, dPTB1. Dalonige ulsuhwida dagwalela agiha. LGhf BPZ'BL LXo0ll DYG. I have a yellow colored car.

cf: asuhwisga, disuhwisdl

~ ~ 1 v ~ ~ d a 0 . 7 1 n. poison ivy

tlla gohusdi yagwvneho ulvda. P A r 2 J GGAE 0 3 . I'm not allergic to poison ivy. -

~ l l v ~ ~ k w d i 8.11-6 v.t. he likes him, it

j i 21v 3 g ~ o 32di, a lgi 21v 23kwdi k W J , DY'WJ

hi21v2gwo1da, hi21v2kwda A W L , A W L

~ ~ l v ~ ~ k w d o h ~ d i Q W V J

Udanhtiyv iyusdi jilvgwodi. OLDJIB TGaJ .( W-I . I like her because she's friendly

cf: adlvkwsga, udalvkwdi

u21v23sg?2di 896rJ n. glass

Sudali iga ama judlisdohdi julvsa?di duhwasv?i . GLP TS DJ' dC@VJ d4UJ SGRT. She bought six water glasses.

u1na3?a BQD v.t. he has a flexible object

Jana?as dagwalela ahi?lidasdi adal- sgohldanehi gohweli? CQDA LXcf12' DAPLAJ DLPJA.7LA-9 REFPT D-U have a driver's license? --- cf: uha, uneha, uwaya, uwekaha

u2na2da2de1sv4da CuBLSRL n. chain

Dagwalela gansanesgv duligalsv unadadesvda. LXcfM' 30tl/lAE SPSPR 8 8 l S R L . The chain broke as he was pulling a car.

u2na21a1sgah13di4?i 80WJS 9 6 7 n. 1. ball field 2 . field house

j ~ ~ n ? ~ l a l s ~ a h l ~ d i ~ ? i dBM1;3S U T

Unalasgahldi idena. BBW,1S 4d T S 8 . Let's go to the ball field. --

u l l ~ ~ ~ k w d v ~ ? i 8 ? l p 6 T cf: alasgaliha

Ogina l i o g i n a l i g o h i woginedolv Nvda- g i ? i . dY8P bjY8PA-Q VYAV4 DLYT. My f r i e n d and I went t o Texas t o g e t h e r .

c f : ana l igohvsga

u2na21 i4? i @OPT n . h i s f r i e n d

j u 2 1 i 4 ? i JPT

O g i n a l i ? i w ida j iwh tvh ido l i . AYBPT BLhGP'AVP. I am going t o go and v i s i t % f r i e n d .

c f : a l i ? i

~ ~ n ? ~ l i ~ k d i 88PAd n . 1. h i s g i r l f r i e n d 2 . h e r boy f r i e n d

Unal ikdi una l igosv j i j igo?v koh i . 8 8 P A 1 BBPAR h h A i it9 . I saw h e r wi th h e r boy f r i e n d whi le - ago.

c f : ana l igohvsga , u n a l i ? i

u2na2103?i2da B8GTL a d j . p l a i d

ju2na2103?i2da d8GTL

Unalo?idas ahnawo t i n e s i ? B@GTL@ DI% JAb? Are you going t o g e t a p l a i d s h i r t ?

u2ne4ga BAS a d j . whi t e

~ ~ n i ~ n e ~ ~ a , j ~ ~ n e ~ ~ a B M f , dAS

Gigvha n u l s t a n v unega uhnuwv g i g a duhyvsgwola. YE+ 4PJWD BAS 8 4 6 YS S B X W . - H i s wh i t e s h i r t go t bloody when h i s nose s t a r t e d b l eed ing .

u 1 n e 3 g ? ? 2 1 ~ 4 ? i BAS 4T n . h i s sk in

Ugohnv?igwu unega? lv? i . BADTJ BAS 9T. H i s s k i n is i u s t burned.

c f : ganega, ganega l iha , u sd ine - g a ? l v ? i

u2ne3gih12di BAY 4~ a d j . ug ly

~ ~ n i ~ n e ~ ~ i h l ~ d i , j ~ ~ n e ~ ~ i h l ~ d i B M Y 9 d , JAY 9J

Unegihldi adanelv u d i s g a h l v ? i . QAY9d DIA9 BJJSPT. He was h i d i n g i n an - ug ly house.

~ ' n e ~ ~ g u ~ ~ j a BAJC v . i . h e ' s being mean

a1gi2ne23gu32j a DYAJC

u1ne23gu32jv23?i BAJCT

u1ne23gu32j03?i BAJKT

j?2ne23gu32j e 3 s d i CAJYJd

Hlesd i . Do j anegu ja . L@d. V CAJC.

Qui t . You're being t o o mean. -

BAJhL a d j . c r u e l , mean

~ ~ n i ~ n e ~ ~ u ~ j i ~ d a B M J h L

Jadaksesdesd i , g i h l i s uneguj ida u n i - kaha. CLS4JSJd , YCJ BAJhL BIG)+.

Watch y o u r s e l f , t h e y have a mean - dog.

u2ne2gv2ha4?i BAE+T n. b l anke t

Unegvha n idvg inawi td i agwvkewsv?i. BA E+ hPY8BJd D G f BRT . I f o r g o t t o b r i n g a b l a n k e t . -

u1nc3ha @A+ v . t . he h a s l i q u i d

Nigohilv unvdi ag inad invd i a g i n e h o ? i . hAA 4 BDd DYf3dD-C DYAJ 7 .

I always have mi lk t o s e l l . - - c f : ~ h a , una9a, uwaya, uwekaha

unv s a 177

O,'lrQ.3. OJ1f'Q,3 n. 1. creator 2. God

Yihowa dudo9a Unehlanvhi adiha Galv- kwdi Gohweli. JSfiG SVD BAED-4 Dd4, S W d AbP . The Bible says God's name is Jehovah. -

u2ne2 3sda3 la O'AJ1 W n. ice

Unesdala uhyaluga digaduhv?i. QA3dW Q&VS dSS&T. - He went to town after some ice. - cf: ganesdaladiva

~ n h ~ ~ j i @Oh, n. snow

Gohida ahv gadohi unhji. AAG Dd SV.0 0'015. - The snow stayed on the ground for a - long time.

unhlta @@wl v.t. he knows it algwanh2ta D X W

unh1tv2 37i Q Q6"T

unh1t037i QQVT

janh2te3sdi ~ m @ d

-------------

Unhte7is kohi iga ja7luhisdi gesv? Q m T @ AA TS CMA2d fR? Did he know that you were supposed to -- come t oaay?

~ ~ n i ~ ~ s i B h b n. his grandparent (paternal)

ju2ni23 sl . d h b

Unisi utvhistanv7i. B h b B 6 5 9 2 W Q ~ . - His grandfather raised him.

cf: ududu, ulisi

u2n01de4na B Z S 8 n. sheep

u2ni2n01de4na BhZSf3

~ l n o ~ h y v h ~ ~ a Q Z B S v.i. it is sounding

~ l n o ~ h y v h ~ ~ o ~ ? i o . z B . ~ ~ ja2no2hyvZ31a C Z B W

Uhalvni unohyvhgo udalenhdi yigi dani- lawinv?i.

B + 4 i BZBA QG6Qd IhU'QET. A bell rings when it's time for church to start. Gohusdi unohyvhga gagwatv7i. A r J d BZBS SZ6"T. Somethine is makine noise in the - _ " - wheel.

cf: adanohyvhlisdiha, ganohyvhlisdiha

u2n021e B Z 6 n. wind, air, storm, tornado

Unole uhi7lvstanv utana gaduhv7i. B ~ A - .?JW'O B W ~ S S ~ T . A tornado went through a big city. - cf: ganolvsga

~ ~ n o ~ l v l t ~ ~ n a QZqWQ n. January

Unolvtana ka7lv adalenisgv ije adeti- yisgv7i. QZ4W8 9 4 DCcCh@E TV DSJ&ET. The month of January is the beginning of a new year.

~ ' n v ~ ~ d i B o d n. milk

Unvdi ulvgwdi uditasdi7i. W d BdU112dT. -

He likes to drink milk.

cf: ganvdivi

~ ~ n v ~ ~ j i ~ d a @@hI n. brain

Hila nika yvwi unvjida? AW h a B8 QQlrl? How big is the human brain?

Dilsdoyhdi gvhdi dasdoye uninodena. dP2VAd Ed L d V 8 B h Z S Q .

u2nvZ3sa 0.W pron. 1. themselves 2. one another, each other (see He's shearing the sheep with shears. Gram. 111, A )

u2sg3ge4?i ~ t l f ~ adj . thin (inanimate) j ~ ~ s ? ~ g e ~ ? i , di2sa3ge4?i

d t l ~ T , d u f f

Jusage dihnawosdohdi duhnawosdi d t l f d t v a v d s tow. - He has on thin covers. - cf: ulesoda

u1sa2no BtlZ n. her dress

Nigada jusano datesga. h f l , dt lZ L X d f . - She's ironing all of her dresses.

cf: asano

~ ' s d a ~ ~ g a ~ l v ~ ? i 0dL S 5'T n. cave

Usdagalv wuphla, hla ta?line yi?uni- gohe?i . Q @ L f ^ ? J B f , f WPA ZO'hAi'T. When he entered the - cave, they didn't see him a second time.

u2sda2g?2p23h~2da 0dL S BAL adj . crisp

u2ni2sd?2gg2yv23h?2da, j ~ ~ s d ? ~ g ? ~ -

pZ3hi2da Q h A L f B A L , J d L f B A l ,

Dahas gadu unisdagaphida? l,+@ ~ ~ T h d l , f ~ A l , ? Are trere any crackers?

cf: asdagayhdiha, asdagaphiha

~ ~ s d a l ~ ~ ~ h v ~ s g i Q d L B 8 d Y n. his wife

Usdayvhvsgi udetiyisgv usdayvhnv?i. B Z L B 8 2 Y Q . W J S E Q d L B O T . He cooked for his wife on her birth- - -- day.

cf: adasdaphvsga, udali?i

u2sdi4 0 a ~ n. baby

jun2sdi d 8 d J

Usdi adlohyihv gatvgi?a -

@@A Dnf& SPYD. I hear a little baby crying. - - cf: y2sdi4 (little)

v2sdi4 @@A adj. little

jun2sdi, jv2sdi d e a l , j@A

Jusdi dagwalela ugodi dagilvgwdi sihnv jutana gesvvi . d d A 6P6W B A A L Y W A 6 0 dW8 FRT. - I like small cars better than big - ones.

v2sdi4 gf2nv2hnv4?i Q d J S W T n. trail

jv2sdi4 deZ3ga3nv2hnv4?i d@A S S W T

Usdi ganvhnv a?isv ulenahlv?i. - S e DTR B 6 8 P T .

He got lost walking through a trail. -- cf: ganvhnv?i, ?'sdi4 (little)

~ ' s d i ~ n e ~ g a ? ~ l v ~ ? i @ @ A S 9T n. his scaip

adlagosga. Q J J A f 9 DWAdS . He's scratching his scalp. - cf: unega?lv?i, ustihgv?i

u1sdv2di3?a Q X A D v.i. he's receiving punishment

ak1sdv2di3?a DY2iPAD

u ' s d ~ ~ d v ~ ~ ? i 0 X P T

u1sdv2di 32sgo3?i 0 3 - 1 2 A T

tsdvZ3da CXl,

u2sdvZ3di 32sdi Q 2P.J2A

Gado udvnelv usdvdi3a? SV QPA .1 8 3 - 1 0 ? What is he being punished for? --- cf: udasdvdisdi

u2se2ga1 jv4?i, seZga1 jv4?i Q 4 S C T ,

4SCT adv. barely

Segajv usaladanv gageda nvya. 4 s c BUWLO- S F L 0-3. - He barely lifted the heavy rock.

u2sga2n041i @@SZp adj., adv. slow

~~ni~sg?~no'+li, ju2sg?2n041i 0' h@S ZP , J@S ZP

Igada unisganoli geso unadvnv7isdoh- di?i. TSL BhaSZP FI 88610T2VJT. Some people are slow to get ready. - Usganoli galohi nigvwsdi kohi iga. 0'2s ZP SGA hEG2-l AA TS . Todavseemed to eo bv slow.

u2sgo4sdi @@A@J adj . bright

Na dagwalela jusgosdi dujvsta. e L I ~ W 6arn-1 scaw. The car h m i g h t lights.

uZ3sgwa2ni2kdi 8 J I h Y J adj . inter- ' est ing

~ ~ n i ~ ~ s ~ w ~ ~ n i ~ k d i , j ~ ~ ~ s ~ w ~ ~ n i ~ k d i B h @ I h Y J , J2IhY- l

Usgwanikdi anihnohehlvsgo yuniwonisa. B@IhYJ DhZ?P@A GhBhU. They talk about interesting things when they talk.

cf: asgwanigosga

u2sgwo2hli47i B X C T n. his abdomen, stomach

Usgwohli asgoliye?a. B X C DJAPBD. He's rubbing - his stomach.

u23s12hwa BbG adj . empty

Usihwa talugisgi eskvsi. BbG WMYJY RaEb . and me an empty can.

u1s12hwa3sga BbG@S v. i . he's coughing

Tsgwisdi goksgv iyusdi usihwas a. b P a J AsaE TG2-I BbGa + .. .. - .. ~ ~

He's coughing because he smokes too much.

u2ska 0.a n. head, skull

Yvwi uska uhwahtvhv asgosgv?i . B 8 --~5& DaAaET. He found a human skull while digging. - cf: askoli

u2sko41i B2AP n. peak (of object)

Hlgv uskoli wulohlv saloli gihli ukehena. T E B@AP JGP tlGP YC O F ? @ . The squirrel climbed to the topof the tree when the dog chased it.

cf: askoli

u1s02tv4?i BI5T prep. behind a person

ju2na1s02tv4?i ~ 8 1 . 5 ~

Hla sgwu yagigohe usotv j i j idogv?i. f &' a A ? @If' h h m . He didn't even see me standing behind him. - cf: gasohi?i

~ l s t i h ~ ~ v ~ ~ i O ~ E T n. his (head of) hair

Nigohilv udanvgalvda geso ustihgv?i. hR9.1 BLQS.1L I I B X E T . Her hair is always clean. -- cf: usdinega?lv?i

u3~uh2g?2h1v47i BrSPT n. his claw

Na wesa dusuhgahlv digosdayi. 8 Dtl SrSP JAaLJ3. - The cat's claws are sharp.

180 usula

u3su21a QCW v. i. he's wearing pants

algwa3su21a DPCW

u3su21v2 3?i Q C 4 7

u3su2103?i Q f G T

ja3su21e3sdi C f f . 2 1

Hlas yunhte ganektahyvda usulv?i? PZ GO% SASWB L Q f q T - ? Didn't he know that he was wearing -- his pants inside out?

cf: asuleva, asuli?a, asulo, usulo

u1su210 Q f G n. his pants

ju1su210 dCG

Hadlvsgini duhwasgo jusulo. +P@Yh SG@A dCG . - I wonder where he buys his Dants.

cf: asulo, usula

u2sv2de4na QRSf3 n. shotgun

ju2sv2de4na J R S 8

Usvdena ujeli ganvgaliha. O R 3 8 QYP f O f P + . - He's cleaning his shotgun.

u2sv2d04ni Q R V h n. conduit, pipe

Ama juwedasdi jusvdoni dunesdala?dv usv j igesv?i . Db' d d L X - d R V h S A J L W 6 O R h F R T . The water pipes froze last night.

u1sv2hi3ha BRA+ v.i. he's going to bed

ak1sv2hi3ha DYR9.G

~ ~ s v ~ h l v ~ ~ ? i QRP T

u1sv2hi2h03?i QRA17'

t sv i3ha GR.G

u2sv2sdi B R@d

Hila iyv datsvhli? nw T B - ~ c n c ? When are you going to bed? -- -- cf: junisvsdi?i

v2sv47i QRT n. night

OginaliTi usv dulvhwisdaneho?i. dJYBPT - Q R S ~ @ @ L A E T . My friend works during nights.

~ l t ? ~ d e ~ g i ~ ? a QWSYD v.i. he's thirsty

ak1t?2de2gi3?a DY WSYD

Q W S f OT

~ ' t ? ~ d e ~ g i ~ s ~ o ~ ? i &WSY@AT

tsta2de2gv1ga CWSES

u2tg2de23g032di QWSAd

Ama aktadegi?a. DK DYWSYD. I am thirsty for water. - -

~ ' t ? ~ h l ? ~ w o ~ s ~ a QWCB@f v.i. he's becoming enraged

ak t?2hl?2w02sga DYWfB2S

~ ' t ? ~ h l a ~ w o ~ s v ~ ~ ? i QWfBRT

~ ~ t ~ ~ h l a ~ w o ~ s g o ~ ? i Q W f B J A T

t ~ t ? ~ h l ? ~ w o ~ ~ h i CWCBA

~ ~ t ~ ~ h l ? ~ w o ~ h i ~ s d i QWCBA@d

Gohusdi agoselvnela, utahlawosv?i. Ar@d DA4%lW, QWCBRT. When he was called names, he became - enraged.

cf: atahlawohisdi

u23t?2na QWf3 adj. big, large

fuZ3na2ta2na, d e w @ , dW8

Utana gahlj ode ahnesgeha. SPKS DA2f.G.

He is building a big house. - cf: utani

u2ta2ni4 QWh adj. too big, large

j ~ ~ n ? ~ t ? ~ n i , ju2ta2ni d @ W h , dWh

Utani hi?a ahnawo. QWh AD D t B . This shirt is too bie

cf: utana

uwakewsga 181

BVi'Z4L n. steam

Utanolvda duleyhtanvvi . OWZ9L .TrCRWOT.

Ahyvdagwalosgv akwtvdasdohdi agilvkwdi. DB L IGaE DIPLaVJ DY WJ . . - - - - -

He got burned by steam. I like to listen to thunder. - - cf : atanolega

Y u2ty2hi2sdi BPBa1 n. old chap (of men) u2ti2p2 3hnv4?i 83B0T n. leftovers

Svhi utiyvhnv anigi?a. R9 8 3 B 0 DWD. They're eating leftovers from yesterday.

Gago na utvhisdi? S A 8 OPB@1? Who is the old cha~?

cf: atvsga u1tsgwg21v2tv4?i BhT%"T n. his ankle

du1tsgwg21v2tv4?i ShTqPT u2ty2s02hnv4?i @p+DT n. old man

Utsgwalvtv ulsgwalselv hlgv dojuhlta- dina. 8hX+?76 BPaXP49 WE VJPWd8. He broke his ankle when he jumped from -- a tree.

Asgaya yutvsohna utvsohnv anosehovi. D@f3 GPIt 8Pf 0 DZ4BT. When a man becomes fully grown, they call him an old man. --- cf: atvsga uZ3tsgwi2di O h P 1 adj . crooked

~ ~ ~ n ? * t s ~ w i ~ d i , juZ3tsgwi2di O'eh'PJ, JhPJ

u1wa3?i2h1v4?i BGTPT n. bush

du1wa3?i2hlv4?i SGTPT Hla yagilvkwdi utsgwidi gahlida. k GWWd BhPd SCL. I don't like a crooked arrow.

Duwavihlv udli didla udisgahla kilo?i. SGTP B C 11 BJaSk YGT. G o n e is hidine behind the bushes.

u2tsgwi4sdi BhPa1 adj. a lot

u2ni2tsgwi4sdi 8hhP@1 u1wa2j i23sga3hlv4pi OGh@SP T n. scales (of fish)

Utsgwisdi ugahnanv svhi jigesv?i. 8hP@d @St0 R9 hFRT. It rained a lot vesterdav.

Gado usdi hvhdisgo hnvnhdesgv aja?di uwaj isgahlvvi? SV 0'21 BJ@A OI)S@E DC1 BGh@SP T? What do vou use to take fish scales u2tulgi BSy n. hope off?

Utugi agwvha jiyatvgodi?i. S Y DE+ b Z A d T . u1wa2kew2sga BGE.@@f v. t. he's for-

getting I hope to hear from her.

algwv2kew2sga DEE. @@S

~ l w a ~ k e w ~ s v ~ ~ ? i OGE.@RT u l t ~ ~ d a ~ ~ s d i 8PL@d v. t . he's listening

to him, it

j i2ya1t.v2da32sdi, a1gwa2tv2da32sdi hGX'L@1, DTPL21

~ ' t v ~ d a ~ ~ s d v ~ ~ ? i 8PL@PT

~ ~ t v ~ d a ~ ~ s d o ~ ? i 8PL@VT

hi2ya1tv2da32sde3sdi, j?2tv2da32sde3sdi BZLaS@d, CPL@S@J

Wi j vkew agwu. 632Ga. Just forget about it. --

182 uwakulega

~ l w a ~ k u ~ ~ l e ~ ~ g a BGJGS v. i. he's ~ ' w a ~ n v ~ g v ~ ~ ? i BGQET belching ~ ' w a ~ n v ~ ~ o ~ ? i BGOAT

a1gi2ku231e32ga DYJGS jv2nvlgi COY u1wa2ku231e32jv237i BGJGCT v2wa2nv1sdi BGO2l ~ ' w a ~ k u ~ ~ l e ~ ~ g o ~ ~ i BGJGAT

Gado niga jvnvga? ja2ku21elgi CJGY SV hS COS? -

y2wa2ku23 1e3?i2sdi B G JGT21 --- -- Why are you in such a hurry? . . Tsgwisdi yulsdayvhna, uwakulego3i. ~ ~ ~ w a ~ s a BGU adj. alone, only bB@l GP2LBt. BGJGAT. Whenever he eats a lot, he belches. u2nv4sa

- Uwasa uluhjv3i.

u1wa3na2wl3?a BG88D v.i. he's B G U BMCT. - shivering He came himself.

a1gi3na2wi3?a DY88D Uwasa unhta nulstanidolv7i. *BOW QPJWhV4T.

u l ~ a ~ n a ~ w v ~ ~ ? i BG86T Only he knows what happened.

Kanawogv iyusdi uwanawiva. a8OE TG21 QG88D. She's shivering because she's cold.

v2wan2sv4?i B G hRT adj . ripe u2nvn2sv47i BOhRT

Aniwsvgis unvnsv dejaha? DhGRY2 BOhR - SC6? Do you have any ripe cantaloupes?

cf: gvhnisdiha

~ ~ w ? ? ~ n i OGh n. wool

Uwa?ni gohlvhtanv ahnawo uhnuwa. BCh APWO DtO BQG. - She's wearing a sweater made from wool. -

u1wa3ni2ga2hlv4?i BGhSPT n. limb (0; tree)

d ~ l w a ~ n i ~ ~ a ~ h l v ~ ? i SG hSP T

Duwanigahlv unakilvdi unilvkwdi wahuhi. SGhSP BBY91 O h Wl GTA. - -.

Owls like to sit on limbs.

u1wa2nv3ga OGOf v.i. he's i n a hurry

a ' g ~ ~ n v ~ ~ a DGOf

y2wa23sa BGU pron. himself, itself (see Gram. 111, A)

v2wa1sv4hi BGIL9 adj. numb

jv2wa1sv4hi dGIL9

Juwasvhi nidulstanv juwoyeni duhyvd- ladela. dCR9 hSP@\WO dO8h SBISW. - His hands became numb when they be- - came cold.

~ ' w a w ~ s v ~ ~ g a O GGR~ v.t. he smells it

a ' g i ~ ~ s v ~ ~ g a DYGRf

~ l w a w ~ s v ~ ~ j v ~ ~ ? i OGGRCT

~ ~ w a w ~ s v ~ ~ g o ~ ? i BGGRAT

Gohusdi uhyvsdi uwawsvga adiha. Ma'l BB2l BGGRS Dl+. He says he smells something strong. - cf: asvga

u1wa23ya B G 3 v.t. he has a long object

a1gwv23ya D6 3

~ ' w a ~ ~ y v ~ ? i OGBT

~ ' w a ~ 3 ~ ~ 3 7 i B G ~ ~ T

Galogwe usvdena agwvya. f G 3 W R S 8 D E 3 . I have a shotgun. -- cf: ~ h a , una?a, uneha, uwekaha

~ l w e ~ h i ~ s d a ~ ~ n ~ ~ h a 899A@LA+ v. i. he's aching

Yidusihtvnila, uwoyeni uwehisdaneho?i. LSbf'hW, h WO.OJLA1T. When he applauds, his hand hurts.

cf: ehisdi

u1we2hluh3ga @mf v.i. he's yelling, howling, meowing, etc.

Uhljvdagwada unehluhnv wahya usv j igesv?i. W P C I I I WiliTO G;;i W R h F R T . Wolves howled all night last night.

!we2 3hn?2?i ootr adj . wealthy j.,:'r~e~~hna~?i J.16 i

Gado ad~nehu uwehna?i nulstaqevi? S I' Db7,1d DdrtT ~PMIU.'T'?

did he become wealthy? -

u2,iei 3 j O'S'ir n. egg

ji2\ie2'j i

Hila jugvwahldi sagwu ita71du jur'eji? dl+ J F G G d tl, T k P S d d h ? - How much are a dozen eggs? -

uwekaha 183

v2we23ji 8 , ~ b n. his offspring

jy2we23j i d f l h

Juwej i anichuj a dahwahtvhega . d&h. DhdC IGf '? f . -- He's going to go visit his sons. --

y2we23ji +2chu4ja Wbh. DdC n. his son (child)

jy2we23j i ?2ni2~hu4ja dS9k DhdC

Uwei i achui a ahvoha. L A

Odh DdC Dfi+. He's looking for his son. --

v2we23ji a2ge23hya Wbh. D F 2 n. his daughter (adult)

jc!2we23j i ?2ni2ge23hya doh. D h F 3

Na udaj i uwejihnv agehya unihloyi digegaganhdi?i. 8 W I h . Wdh.0 D F 3 WhefJS d F f f 0 d T . - - The mother and her daughter look alike.

y2we23 j i ?2ge2hyu4j a B d b DFGC n. his daughter (child)

jy2we23ji ?2ni2ge2hyu4ja

Uweji agehyuja dasgwadi?a kohi gogi ~ D F G C L J I d D R3 A Y . E d a e r is graduating this summer.

U2~e23ji a2sga2ya Wdh. 0 2 5 3 n his son (adult)

Gago uhyanvhe uweji asgaya? SA W 2 0 ? WSfh D@f3? -- Whc did his son marry? --

u've'ka3ha BScc7;t- v.t. he has it (animate)

algi2kG3ha DY9 ;G

u!we2ka2h\.r'?7i O'd(r7Jl.T

u!we2kG2h03?i WScr7JI T

j e2k?2he3sdi 7'5 ?@d

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Gihli uhnalvhi uwekaha.

184 uwela

YC 8 t .1A 8d2.G. He has a mean dog. -- cf: ~ h a , una?a, uneha, uwaya

u2we21a 86111 n. liver

Uwela gvhnisdiha. BQ9 W E h J I + . She's cooking liver.

~ ' w e ~ l i ~ ~ h i ~ ? a B,@fp,gD v.i. he's worried, anxious

~ ~ w e ~ l i ~ ~ h i ~ ~ s d i Bf lPAJI

Hlesdi yijelihisgesdi. L @ l J V P A J f @ l . Don't worry.

cf: uwelihisdi

u2we21i2 3hi4sdi BSPPA@l adj . worried Uwelihisdi udanhda?dv?i utvgana udoda udlvnv?i. BJYPA'AI BLDLG'T B P S % B V L B P E T . He felt worried when he heard that his father was sick.

cf: uwelihi?a

u2we4ti @a3 adj. old (object) ju2we4ti d f l3

Uwsti osi aganawohisdi?i uha. b b D S W A J I T B+. -

He has an old heating stove. -

1 couldn't cross the river because it was too swift.

u2w02de23hwi4da @C'S@I adj . damp

Asila7dv duhlvnv juwodehwida dihnawo. DbCV6 SPD dB.SBL I t c . She hung thr* clothes on the line.

u2w023di3ge4~i 8 C I t T adj . brown

Uwodige dagwalela natli. B 8 I f LXdW U C . - There goes a brown car.

y2w02d~4hi @USA adj . pretty ju2n02du4hi, jV2wo2du4hi

d zsn, d v s ~

Uwoduhi dagwalela ajinelv dusgwa7da. BVS& I XdW DIPA .? SJXL . - She was given a pretty car when she graduated.

q2w01g13hli BVYC n. foal3

Uwogihli junehldohdi uduliha. BUYC dAGVI @ S f + . He wants to play with foam. -

8V.OG.G v.i. 1. he's coAfident 2. he has faith

cf: agayvli Uwohiyuso duyukdv nadvnehv?i.

u1we3yv4?i BEBT n. creek, river, BVL9G.I. SGAG' 0PAd T . He's always confident that he's

stream doing the right thing. du1we3yv4?i SflBT Johiyusesdi.

KAG42J. Aginulvhnv digisohisdi uweyv?i sdayi Have faith. ganohugisgv iyusdi. -- DY440 IY.I.A@I 899BT J L d S ZTYJE TGJI . ~ l w o ~ ~ h l a O'Of v.i. 1. he's sitting

-

uyohuseha 185

2. he's at home

algwoZ3hla F T f

~ ' w o ~ ~ h l v ~ ~ i @C?P T

~ l w o ~ ~ h l ? ~ ? i O ~ M T

j ~ ~ ~ h l e ~ ~ s d i KL@d

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Hadlv iyv johlesdi? dP TB KL@d? Where will you be sitting? ~wohlassdadahnvhli? @ O f @ d@I IDC? Is vour brother home? - - cf: ani?na

u1wQ2hlg3~v4~i 8 t 7 f i T n. bluff

Uwohla?v?i dayudetinv?i. B U f i T L G S 3 0 T . He dived from a bluff.

v2woh14di 8 C p J adj . funny

Uwohldi kanohehlvsga utvsohnv9i. BGPd 9 Z?P2f BS"+fSDT. The old man is telling funny stories.

v2w023ti2da 8CTC adj. sh-ollen

j ~ ~ w o ~ ~ t i ~ d a ~ C d l

Uwotida agitsgwalvtv7i. 883L DYbT5'6T. My ankle is swollen.

cf: gotisga

y2w01ye4ni 8 0 5 h n. his hand

Uwoyeni gvhdi uyolilv?i. 8 G 5 h Ell BfiP Q7'. - He greeted him with his hand. --

v2wu23y?2ti 8 3 3 W adj. furry

d ? a

Gosdi uwuyati jigowhtiha. A216 8 3 a kAG3.G. I see something furry.

- - -

~ ~ ~ e h l ~ d i 88 .16 n. reason

Gohusd uyehldi sdahlinohehdi uduliha. AT@d 8 8 5'6 d I C Z ? d 8SP.G. He wants to talk with you for some reason.

~ ~ y e ~ l o ~ ? ~ ~ s d i 8BGTJ-J adv. suddenly

Uyelo?isdi ulehwisdohtanv dagwalela. BBG T k J 8cfB@lrWD 6ZdW. He stopped the car suddenly.

u2ye21v2ha4?i 8 8 5'.GT adj . naked ju2ni2ye21v2ha4"i dhBq.GT

Uyelvha udawo?v uweyv?i. 8 8 5'.G BGUi B d B T . He swam naked in the creek

u'ye2tsga 8 d 3 @ f v. i. he's laughing

algi2ye2tsga DYB3@f

~ l y e ~ t s v ~ ~ ? i BBJRT

u1ye2tsgo3?i O*BJ@AT

j?2ye23tsa 68.2 br

u2ye2tsdi BBJ@J

gad^ j ijayetsga? s 1- I r C t 3 3 J ; S : \Thy are you laughing? --

u'yo2de3?a OsR.SD v. i. he Is itching

a'gi2y02de3?a DYfiSD

~ ~ ~ y o ~ d e ~ s g v ~ ~ ~ i BfiS@ET

u1y02de3sgo3?i B f i S J A T

j?2y02d?2ga Cfi6 f

u2y02de1 sdi B f i S 2 6

Gosdi aksgahljv agiyodeva. A216 DYJSPC DYfiSD . I'm itching where something bit me -

~ ~ y o ~ h u ~ ~ s ~ ~ h a B f i r 4 . ~ v .t. he's losing it

a1g~2y02hu23s~3ha DYfiT4.G

u1y02hu23se31v23~i @ f i r 4 2 7

~ ~ y o ~ h u ~ ~ s e ~ h o ~ ? i B f i ~ 4 E , T

j?2y02hu23si CfiT b

@fir46 Vdali inasuhnuga.

Amayi hawini uyohuselv waj i . i I P T W ? S . - D TJ3 +@h @fir 4 .? G h . Let's go fishing at the @. He lost his watch underwater. -- v2hyu23gi iGY n. disease

u2y02hu2~~4?i BfirRT adj . dead (human) Usgasehdi vhyugi uniyvhv7i.

ju2ni2y02hu2sv4?i dhfirRT B J f 46 iGY B hB&T . - He caught - a bad disease.

Gado igada juniyohusv jidanisgaho? f V T S I dh f i rR I r I h J f l ? -v?i v.suf. future imperative (see Why are some people afraid of - dead Gram. I, D) people?

-v?i v. suf. past tense (see Gram. I, cf: ayohusga, galihwoga, ulihwojv3i Dl

u2y04?i BfiT adj. bad

ganvhnv uyochelv ta?li digagwati. Bfi f 00 BfiY.? WP 6 f 22. - His bicycle broke down on a bad road. -

u2yo1jv4?i OfiCT adj . 1. broken 2. spoiled (person)

u2ni2yo'jv4?i, ju2y01 jv4?i BhfiCT, dfiCT

Ulvsa?di uyojv gute?a. B.?Ud BfiC JZD. He's picking up a broken glass. Udohiyu uyojv ayohli uwekaha. BVJG BfiC DfiC Qdi3.G. She hasavery spoiled child.

u1y03si2ha @fib+ v.i. he's hungry

a1gi2y03si2ha DYfib+

QfibJET

ulyo3si2sgo3?i BfibJAT

jaZyo l ~ i ~ ~ s a Gfibtr

~ ~ y o ~ s i ~ ~ s o h ~ d i Qfibi-d

Hla yagwalsdayvhne sunale, nogwuhnv agiyosiha. f @IPJLBA r e f , DYfiboG. I didn't eat this m o r n i m now I'm hungry. -

v2da21i i I P n. pond, lake

v21e i f n. locust

Vle anosda digahyesdi anadisgo igada. - i f Dm6 6S82d D86JA T f I . S m e say that locusts are good to eat.

v1sgi2gi3 i J y y interj . really?

v'sgi2hnv3 i2yu4sdi i J Y Q TGJ6 adv. therefore, for that reason

Tsgwisdi jugvwahldi gesv gahljode; vsgihnv iyusdi hla yakiwase7i. hP@6 dEGGd ?R SPKS; i a Y @ TG@d C -- 3YG4T. The house cost too much; therefore I didn't buy it.

vZ3sgi3hyi iaJ3 n. December

Vskihyi ka?lv geso Danisdayohihv7i. iUJ3 a4 ?f Lh@LfiA&T. Christmas is in the month of December.

v1sgi2na iU0 pron. that

Gado yigalsda vsgina yinunadvnela? f V ASPAL i 2 Y 8 d?8PAW? What would happen if they did that?

w- v.pref. translocative (see Gram. I, A )

wa23da3du23ga GISS n. dragonfly

Vdali na?v aninohilidoho wadaduga. i I P Qi DhUPVl G I S S . - Dragonflies fly around close to a

walela 187

w?2hy3sga G&S v. t. he's sending it pond.

wa2di3?a G I D v.t. he's sending a long ob j ect

Hadlv wagidisdi jaduli hi?a kanesavi? .G.P G Y I a I C S P AD a A t l T ? Where do you want me to send this box? --- cf: wahvsga, wigakahvsga, wiganehvsga,

wiganv?vsga

do GV interj . thank you wa3du21i3si G S p b n. 1. bee 2. honey,

syrup, sorghum

Wadulisi anohlvsgo wadulisi. G S P b D D @ A G S . Bees make honey. -

w?2du23na G S ~ n. blood vessel

ju2wg2du2 3na J G S Q

Waduna ugalstanv ulasihdeni udaluhya. G S 0 WSP@W0- W W b S h W L M 3 . ~ e c u t a blood vessel when he cut himself on-theot with an axe.

~ a h ~ ~ a G S n. cow

Hi?a asgaya tsgwisdi wahga dunahlava, A D 0 2 5 3 b W @ I S B C D . This man owns a lot of cows. -

2 2 ~ a h ~ ~ a h? wi ya GS +83 n. beef, steak

Wahga hawiya agilvkwdi agigisdi7i. G S +83 DY W I D Y Y a I T . - - I like to eat beef. - cf: hawiya, wahga

wa23hu3hi G r A n. owl

Wahuhi wusdehldi agehyuja jiyoligi. G r A J2SP- i DPGC b f i P Y . -now a girl whose last name is - Owl.

Vskihyi ta?lsgo nvhgine wuhnv Danisda- yohihv adahnehdi. i J Y A W P a A 0-YA 90 I h@LfiA& D L A I . He sent the Christmas gift on December -- the 24th.

cf: wadi?a, wigakahvsga, wiganehvsga, wiganvvvsga

wa2hya, wq2h?2ya G 3 , G+3 n. wolf

Wahya yiduniyosi aninayego?i. G 3 Ashfib D h e S A T . - Wolves are dangerous when they're hungry.

wa23j i G b n. clock, watch

Hila ahlivili adiha waji? BW DCTP D l + G b ? What time doesthe clock say?

wa2ji11a GbW n. saliva

Waj ila yvkisga vtlisv, doyawe?isdisgo?i . G b W BY@S i I C R , V U T a I a A T . r y o u swallow saliva while running, it tires you out.

~ ? ~ k t i G 5 3 v.i. heqs heading in the direction of

wi2j i2ga32ti 8b S 3

wa1ktv2 37i GS6"T

w?'ktq3?i GS V T

h ~ i ~ k t e ~ ~ s d i 8 S Z a - f

Digaduhv wij igati. I S S a 8b 5 3 . - I am headed for town --

wa31e21a G6W n. hummingbird

Walela hla anedohi yigi. G$UI C DAVA &V. -

188 walosi

Hummingbirds cannot walk.

wa2103si GBb n. frog

Walosi naniwe?a. GGb -- BhdD. The frogs are croaking.

w?'ne3?i GAT n. hickory tree

Wanevi hlgv?i galuysga. GAT V E T s n f a s . - He's chopping on a hickory tree.

wa2ni3ge4?i GhkT adj. soft - -

di2w?2nr3ge4?i J G ~ ~ T

Wanige akwsdo uwhdohdi ulvkwdi. Ghl- DIaV 8 6 V d 8 Y d . - She likes to use a soft pillow. -

wa3s02hla G I . ~ n. moth

Wasohla uwelisv asehnv kamama gesv?i. G I . ~ BOPA D ~ O a rr r-RT . She thought it was a moth, but it was -- a butterfly.

~ a ~ s v ~ d ? ? ~ n a GAL 0 n. Washington

Hiyoligis kilo WasvdaTna judo?ida? BfiPY@ YG GRL8 JVTL? Do you know anyone named Washington?

cf: Wasvda?no?i

~a~sv~dg?~no'?i GAL ZT n. Washington (place)

Jedo lv?is Wasvda?no?i? Y V 4 T J GRLZT? - ~-

Have you been to Washington?

cf: WasvdaTna

-we- v.suf. reversive (see Gram. I, C)

weZ3sa n. cat

Wesas higowhti? ~ ~ ~ @ A A G J ? - Do you see a cat? --

wi-, w- ~ . ~ r e f . 1. motion away from speaker 2 . back toward speaker (see Gram. I, A)

@ f a B Z f v .t. he's sinding, taking it (animate)

wi2j i23ya32ka2hv3sga @h-2@&JS . . ~ u l w a ~ k g ~ n v ~ ~ ? i 3GaD.T

Dlv yega, na?v ijunadali diganelv wigakahvsgo uweji ayohli. P B S , 0 i TdeGP d f A 4 8 S a W A 8 8 h DfiC . Whenever she goes somewhere, she - takes her child to her neighbor.

cf: wadi?a, wahvsga, wiganehvsga, wiganv?vsga

~ ? ~ g ? ~ n e ~ h y ~ s g a 8SAdLJf v. t. he's sending, taking it (liquid)

w12j?2n53?y2sga BhA i 2 S

~ u ~ n e ~ h n v ~ ~ ? i 9AOT

w?2g;!3ne3hy2sgo3?i @SA&2AT

hwi2ne3hvlga @A BS

wu1neh2di J A J

Gahljode wunehnv ama adlisdv ulvsa?di. SPKS = DT DCW O'.?brd. She took the glass of water inside. -- cf: wadi?a, wahvsga, wigakahvsga,

wiganv?vsga

wi2g?3nY3?y2sga BSOiAS v.t. he's sending; taking it (flexible)

wi2j ?3ny3?y2sga @h.Din?f

w u l n ~ ~ n v ~ ~ ? i JOUT

W? 'g? 3nY 3?y2sgo 37i 19s Oi2AT

hwi2nY3?v1ga 8Oi f

wulnvldi 30.1

Adela jutayosela uwej i talsgo adelv wunvnelv?i . DSW J\Vfi4W BLfh- WPJA DS9 9O119T. When his son asked him for some money, he sent him a twenty dollar --- bill.

cf: wadi?a, wahvsga, wigakahvsga,

wiganehvsga

woZyi, wo2ya eld, 03 n. pigeon

Kanoheda anihidohi geso igada woyi. a Z ? L Dh9VB kI T S L m. - Some pigeons are message carriers.

w ~ ~ ~ d e ~ l i l ~ a J ~ p f v.i. he, it's going out of sight

wa2gw? 3de21 i lga G X S P S

wlde231i32jv237i 9 S P W

wu2de31i1g03?i JSPAT

wi2jp3de31ilgi 8CSPY

wu1de21i 3sdi JSPJd

Wudeligv ididla wudeligo iga ehi nvda. JSPE T d h JSPA T f RO @ I . he sun goes out of sight in the west. cf: wudeligv?i

wu23de31i1gv47i JSPET n. west

Wudeligv ididla digalogiladi?a JSPE T d h JfGYWdD. Clouds are forming in the - west

cf: wudeliga

w2wa3kdv4?i JCAPT n. rest of, rem- nant s

wuZ3nv3kdv4?i SOAPT

Gado digwvnhdi jaduli wunvkdv adela? SV .f&AJ CSP m6 DSW? What do you want me to do with the rest of the money? --

Y- n.pref. non-factual (see Gram. I , A)

Y- v.pref. negative (not), conditional (if) (see Gram. I, A)

-ya, -ya?i n. suf. pure blood, full blood (see Gram. I I , B)

yan2sa 3hbT n. buffalo

Yansa unatsvhnidi.

@hbr - 8 8 J R h J . The buffalo is almost extinct.

yi- see y-

yi4gi JU if (see Gram. I, G)

pron. anywhere, wherever

Yinigalsdihagwu ilvhdlv uwenvsdi yuduli ego yinigalsdihagwu iyv7i. J%SP@J& n P 8&Q@@d GSP RA dhS [email protected];c? T B T . He goes wherever he wants to go anytime .

pron. anyone

Yinigalsdihagwu kilo hiyasuyesdi t sdelisgi . dhfPdJ.GJ YG A X 8 2 6 CJ3PdY. You may choose anyone to help you.

fie n. bear

Higo?v?is kilo - yona ahnesdisgv7i? BAIT@ YO fie DAaJJET? Have you seen anyone wrestle a bear? -- 3 2 3 3 2 yo ne ga, y-v wy ne ga f iAS, BcQjlS

n. 1. white man 2. English (language)

2 . 2 2 .2 ? nl yo3ne2ga, 3 ni yv3wu3ne2ga DhfiAf , DhBJAS

Na ayonega y* gawoniha. 0 DfiAS fiAS f oh+. That white man is speaking English.

cf: ayvwunega

TGL P.GT adv. sometimes

Yudaha hla agwadulisgv yinigalsdisgo. G6.G - DDISP2E dhSP26@A. Sometimes things don't turn out the way I want them to.

p Z g i BY n. 1. fork 2. nail, needle

Ganvgwalosdi uyochelv & gahatv- Gohigiyv jigesv aniyvwagisgi dani- sgv7i. hnohesgv Ani j alagi . f G-6~2,d 8 f i Y 4 - B Y S W A E T . AAYB bf R DhBGYJY d hZ?@E DhCWY. He broke his hammer driving -- a nail. Long ago Cherokees used to tell

stories about cannibals. yv2wa3gi1sgi BG.Y%Y n. cannibal cf: agi7a, yvwi

2 . 2 a nl y ~ ~ w a ~ ~ i l s g i DhBGYJY

English - Cherokee

Yonega - J a l a g i

a abdomen usgwohli3i 863t"CT

above galvladidla S 7WId

accept dadanilvga L L h7S

accumulate kanehgwo3a dAYD kanehgwoga dAYS

accuse guhisdiha JA63I.G

ache uwehisdaneha Q99AJLA.G - acorn gule J8

acquaintance gohlgi APY

active gvhnagalsdi EtSPJd

act like ajelvsga DYQS -- actor advnelisgi DPAP2.Y

act silly advneliha DPAP.G - Adam Adawi D L 8 -

additional one - so'i + T

CWY

adjourn daniyelisga L h8PJS

adolescent boy awinuj a DB4C -

adolescent atanuja DW4C

adulterer adahyoneni DL fi/lA

adultery adahyonehdi DL fiAI

advertise deganoj ahlvsga S S ZCP63.S

afloat uhyoluha 8fiM.C.

afraid asgaha D63S.G

after ohni A h

after a while kohi iyv3i AA TBT ---

again sigwu bE:

agitate ganhgwa3eha S0,TR.G

agony agihliyi DYCJS agihliyoga DYCfiS

agree gohiyhdaneha MGL/l.G

arm 191

aid alsdehldohdi DPaS4VJ - aim alsosdiha [email protected] -

dalsosdiha L Pl2J.E.

air unole 0'78 - air conditioner ahyvdladisdisgi

D BoSJaJay

airplane jiyu IrG

alcoholic beverage atugisdi DSYJJ

a little sdikida @JYl - alive gvhna Et

gvhnoda EZl

all nigada hS1 - all around gvwatuhwida EGSBL - all* udodagwada BVLXL - alligator julasgi dWaY

all over nikv'fi hE7 -- all right osigwu 6 6 3 - almost ale Dd

alone uwasa BGU - a long distance udanvhida BLOB1 - a lot ugodi BAJ --

ujati BGJ utsgwisdi BbW@J

already gayula SGW

also sgwu a - alternate adanedliyvsdiha

D L/ICB@I+ adanedliyvsdisgi DlACBJJaY

always nigohilv'fi h24&?7

amazed asgwanigosga D;lhA,;IS

and ale D8 - -hno Z

and then nogwule 23d -- angel dikanowadidohi Ja ZGJVA

anger kanalv'fisdi a04TJJ

uhnalvha fft9.G

animals ehna'fi RtT

ankle utsgwalvtv'fi BhX46T - announce deganojahlvsga SS ZCP2S

announcement diganojahldi JSZe41

another so'fi + T

answer . gawohiliyv'a SUAPBD kanega aAS

ant dosvdavli VRlp - anxious uwelihi'fa BDPAD

anyone yinigalsdihagwu kilo AhSP@J+2 YG

anywhere yinigalsdihagwu ilvhdlv'fi AhSPJJ.G;3 T?PT

apart iyudali TGLP

apple svkta RSW

1 brake ganvhlohiha SDnfA.C 3xY- approximately dlv P

A p r i l Kawohni 3Uh

_apron adlesado DLUV

area igvnadena TEOSO - argue atiyohiha DJfiA.6

argument atiyosdi DJ~~@J

arm kanoge 9 Z F - kanogeni 3 2 h

192 a r r e s t

a r r e s t g a 7 n i y i h a S h~5.C

a r r i v e ga7luhga S W S

arrow g a h l i d a S C L

ascend a l s a l a d i 7 a D P B ~ . I D kanalusga 6 ) O I W S

ashes kosdu .4J.S - ask atvdvhvsga DPiCd.@S - ask f o r a t ayoh iha D W f i N -- a s l e e p a n i h l i n a D h C B

g a h l i h a SC8.C

a s q u i c k l y as p o s s i b l e n u h l i s d v v i - - Q C 2 6 T

at home d i d a n e l v 7 i d1.1'17 -- uwohla O'C'E

a t t a c h gasanenadvsga S U / I B o q 2 S

a t t a c k d a k t i l e g a L S J u q S

a t t empt aneh ld iha D A C J +

August Ga7lohni S C h

aun t uh log i O'JF - away from u d l i O'C

a whi le h l e g a L S -- axe ga luy s d i S \l&-l -

baby u s d i O'AJ

back g a s o h i 7 i S f A T - back 2 a s i n e g a D 6 J f - backwards a s i n i D L h

bad uyopi B f i i -

badge akanesd i D~?iI2~-l

bad omen u d a l e h i 81 & 3 -- bake gaduhvsga S S S S - b a l l sgwahlesdi XI'L2d - b a l l f i e l d u n a l a s g a h l d i 7 i --

i7OW;S .7dT

b a l l p l a y e r a l a s g a l i s g i DWLf P 2 Y - bank a d e l d i y h d i 7 i DSWdJ7

amayuhldi D d C C d

B a p t i s t didawosgi -ld6,~-

b a p t i z e gawo7a Sf:D

barbed j u j a y o s d i JG6,J.J

ba rbe r d idasdoyesgi dLZVB.33.

barely usega jv7 i 8 4 f C 1

bark dasuhwisga dL"O'2S - b a r r e l svdoni R V h

B a r t l e s v i l l e Gugu7i J J T

b a s h f u l udehosa t i O . S I W I

baske t t a l u j a WIVC

b a t dlameha OW+ - gosdvniha .lA7h.l, gosdvnisd i .136h3.1

ba the adawo7a nGOn - gawo7a Se'D

b a t t e r y a n a g a l i s g i D€JSP@Y

beans t u y a S a

b e a r - yona f i B

b e a t ah losga DPf;S - bea t 9 ga lvhn iha S 4h.L

board 193

be born adehvsga DS&@S -- because -hehno -?2

become angry uhnalvga C' t 4 f

become blind dakewaga I f G S

become crisp asdagayvhiha D@L SBA+

become done gvnsga EhaS

become embarrassed adehosga DSJ@S

become frosty ahyahtvhvsga DXa@S

become warm aganawosga D f W a f uganawosga 0 f W@S

become wise aktohvsga D S VadS

bed ganihli f hC - bed bug galuysdi S M a I - bedstead ganihladisdi S hrI@I

bee wadulisi GSPb - beef wahga hawiya G f +@a - begin adaleniha DL8h.G

aleniha DGh+

be here edoha RV+ -- behind ohni didla A h I &

behind a person usotv?i BI.6"T -

belch uwakulega OGJGS - belief gohiyhdi &I

bell uhalvni O+.lh - belt adadlosdi DLg2I - be married dagachvsdiha L SC2I.E. -

bend ahliyvhgwidvsga DCBVP@f ahyvhgwidvsga DBVPaf

better dajehla L7.C

bewitch ganegudiva f A J 1 D

a utana OW8

binoculars diktohdi I f V 1

bird j isgwa h@T - bite - asgahlga DJSCS

black gvhnage?i E t f T

blackberries kanugahli 3 4 f C

black person agvhnage'i D E t f T

blacksmith shop ganvgwalosgi?i SOZG@YT

blacksnake ga7legi f GY

blanket unegvha7i OAE+T

blind dikewi IF@

blinding juktoyv7isdi dS VBTdA

blink daktanawsga L S W K @ S

blood giga Y S

blood vessel waduna G S 8

bloom aj ilvsga Dh..l@f

blouse atihldi DdCI

blow ajotasga DK\Y/@S - ganolv9vsga f Z . l i@f

blue - sakonige?i H A M T

bluej ay dlayhga &ZJS

bluff galonasdiha f G8@1+ - uwohla?v?i O 8 P i 7'

board hyahtena 3% 8

194 boat

boat jiyu hG - bobcat gvhe E?

body ayelvvi DBqT

boil - alidliha DPC+ tusdi Sad

bolt udigwalvdeyida DdZXFJSL - bone kola AW - book digohweli J M P - borrow atolsga DVPJS

borrowed atolida DVPL

both ijula TdW - bottle gugu JJ

bounce adadega DISS adadinvdiha DL d0J.G

bow - gahljavdi SPCJ

box kanesavi 9ABT - !?% achuja Ddc

boyfriend unalikdi O8PAJ

brag adlvkwsga DPPaS

braid asdeyoha D2Sfi.G

brain unvjida DDhI

brake ganvhlohiha 5WA.G ganvhlosdi SW@J

brave julichvyasdi dPC&J

bray asdova DJVD

brayer asdosgivi DaVaYT

bread gadu SS

break agalsga DSWJS asgwalsga D@23af

ayoga DfiS ayosdiha Dfi2J.G

breast ganvdivi SDJT

breathe kawo ladeva 9VWSD

brick nvya atvdanvvi D6"LDT

bridge asvhdlvvi DRP T

bright usgosdi (PaAaJ

broken ulsgwalida DPaIPL uyojvvi OfiGT

broom gvnosasdi EZbraJ

brother udo D V

brothers anahlinvdli DQCDC dinadahnvhli JBLDC

brown uwodigevi 0VJf T - buffalo yansa 3hbl

% tsgoya hA3

build -- fence asohyoha D+fi.G

build house ahnesgeha DA2f.G -- building adanelvvi DlA4T

bull jukanvsdena d9Oo3S8 - bullet gavni Sh

bullfrog kanuna 948

burn adawelagiva DIBWYD - agohvsdiha DAdT2J.G agohvsga DAdT2S galeyvsga S8B2S galiga SPS

bury gavnisiha 5hb.G

bush uwavihlvvi DGTP T - but asehno D4Z -

change pants 195

butter gohlvhnvvi APO.7

butterfly kamama 9gg

button gatdi S3.J

uhwasga BG@S

buzzard suli FP

b means of gvhdi Ed 2--

C

cabbage juganhdena JSDSB

cafe junalsdayhdivi JBP@LBdT

cake gadu uganasda SS B f 82L - calendar nvda disesdi O.L A426

California Adel juhlvvi DSWJP T

call ahyaniha D3h+ - called dudova SVD

camel - kemili f H P

camera didahlilosdisgi d1CG@d&~

can talugisgi W M Y a - cancer adahyesgi D 1 8 a - candidate atohgiyasgi D V Y W

candy kalseji aP4.k

cannibal yvwagisgi B G Y D

cantaloupe gawsvgi S G W

5% alsdulo DP@SQ

captive ahyvki DBY

capture ahyvkidiva DBYJD

car - dagwalela L1onM'

careful uksesdi 8 5 4 2 6

carpenter dihnesgesgi [email protected]

carry on shoulder ahnohlini -- DZCh

carve ayohlvsga D f i P @ S

cast iron julasgi dW2Y -- castrated animal ganavli ~ g p

cat - wesa dtl

catch asgwahleva DaXLD gavniyiha S h&

catcher gavniyisgi S h&JY

catch adlvtasga DPW@S

catfish julisdanali dP@LBP

Catholic Ajila Gehlohi D b W f d A

cave usdagalvvi BAL S 4T - cedar aj ina DbB

cemetery didanisohdivi d l M . 6 7

cent iyadanhtehdi T 3 1 m d - center ayehli DBC

centipede juganoj i dS Z b

chain unadadesvda BBLSRL

chair gasgilo S ~ G

chairman judatihnavi J 1 3 t T

change adanedliyvva DLACBD ganedliyvva SACBD

change clothes

change pants asulaviyvva DFWTBD

196 change shirt

change shirt ahnawaviyvva DtGTBD

change shoes

change socks daliyosiha LPfib+

chapter ayatohlvvi D3VP T

chase akehega D f ? S

cheat galonuheha f G ??+

Cherokee Di jalagi JCWY Jalagi CWY

chest ganejivi SAbT

chew agisdova DYaVD

chewing gum adla 068 jilali bWP

chickadee j igilili bYPP

chicken jitaga bWf

chief ugvwiyuhi @ E m

child ayohli DfiC

chipmunk kiyuga YGS

Choctaw Ajahda DCL

choke ahyvsgiyiha D B U & uhyvhj invtga @Bb@Jf

choose asuyeva D e B D

chop galuysga S M & f

chop up agvhaluysga DE+M&JS

chosen agasuyeda D f eB L

Christmas Danisdayohihvvi L h@LfiAJIT

church digalawisdivi J f W8aJT

cigarette goksdi A f a J

circle adeyoha DSfi+

clap hands dasihtvniha 1bPh.G

claw dekanugosga S 9 4A@f - usuhgahlvvi @eSP T

2 gadagwala f LZW

clean ganvgaliha S@SP+ udanvgalvda @ L @ f .1L

climb gavlega f 6 f

climb around gavlidoha SPV+

clinic gej igoliyedivi FbAPBJT

clock waji Gb

close asduhvsga D@S&S

close eyes daktasdiha L SW3J.G -- close to navv 8i -- cloth ahnawo DW

clothes dihnawo J W juhnawo dm

clothing dihnawo J W

cloud ulogili @GYP - cloudy ulogila @GYW

coal chinosga bZ@S - coat gasaleni f 8 6 h - cobra kwandayoha Z0Lfi.E- - coffee kahwi 9 8

cold kanawoga 900f - uhyvdla @Bdb

collar gahyavdlvvi S3PT

collect kanihlvsga ahP@S

colored ulsuhwida BPeBG

crossroads 197

comb ahltawosdi DPWE"2.J copperhead juktajisdahli dSWh@LC -

comb hair ahltawo?a D P W D -- atawo7a DWVD

cork dawoliyusdi L O M ; 3 l - corn - selu 4M come here nula 4W -- corn cob selu uda 4M DL -- commit adultery adahyoneha DL6A.G corner uhnvsiyv?i D O b B T

commit crime asganvga D@SOS --

commit sin asganvga D@SOS corn meal -- selu isa 4M Tt l

cotton ujilv7i D h . 4 1 conduit usvdoni D R V h

confident uwohiyuha 0 V X . E cough usihwasga D b G A S

count dasehiha L 4 A % confronted with dudlosga SPf@S - confusing ujosdi D K @ l

conjure dadahnese7a L L A 4 D

conjurer didahnesesgi l L A 4 2 . Y

consider adanht ehi lo?a DL &AGD

container adlisdohdi D C @ V l eahldohdi SPL'J galadisdohdi S W l @ V l galvdohdi S 9 V l

contaminate kanesahlvsga aAEIP@S

contaminated kanesahla aAtlr

contest anadagonatdisgv7i D8L A 8 J l @ E T

converse dahlinoheha LCZ?+

coo nigawe7a h f d D -

court house didahi?lidasdi?i -- l L A P L @ l T

cover guhlvdi J P J guhlvsga JP@S

covers dihnawosdohdi l t O 3 V l

cow wahga GS - crack gvsgwalo7a E J Z G D

crawl - adans ini DL O b h

crayfish j isdvna h.@6"8

Creator Unehlanvhi D A f D A

creek uweyvvi D&BT

Creek Agusa DJtl - crippled ayo7uhli DfWC

crisp usdagaphida @@L f B A L cook adasdayvhvsga DC@C BL@S -

didasdayvhvsgi dC@LBB@Y crock gadagugu S L J J - gvhnisdiha E h A l * crooked utsgwidi D h . 8 1

cooking pan gatesa?di S a u l

cook stove osi adasdayhdi7i -- sJb D I A L B A T

cooperative labor gadugi S S Y

cross deganadiwsga S f e l 8 2 5 degasohga S S l f didahnawida l L t 8 L

crossroads dadahnawsdvvi nvnohi L L t 8 J P T 029

198 crow

crow - ayhga koga

crowbar getilosdi f 3 6 @ J

cruel uneguj ida O A J b L

9 adlohyiha Dd&

cucumber gagama S f P

cure kanvwi7a 908D -

curly ul j isgwaneda OPb@XAL

curse dasginadi'fa LJYBJD

curve adeyohvvi DSfiBT

cut agalsga DSWJS - agvhaliha DEW*

cute ukvhisdi O U @ J -

d damp uwodehwida @US81

dance alsgi7a DP@YD - dangerous ganayegi S @BY

dark ulsihga OPbS - ulsihgi OPbY

date analigohvsga D8PAG3S - daughter uweji agehya O d b D f a

uwej i agehyuja O d b DfGC

dawn ugitsdeyi O'Yb@Sd - iga TS

days jusvhida J R ~ L

deacon ayatohihi DJVAA

dead ulihwojv7i OPBCT - uyohusv7i OfirRT

deaf julivena dPR8 -

death ayohuhisdi D f i l A a J

decay ugosga OA@S

deceive galonasdiha f 682J.G

December Vsgihyi i2YA

decide degukdiha SJAJ*

deer ahawi D+@ - Democrat Uganawa OSBG

demon asgina D@Y8

dentures didanhtosdi JZOV@J

deny adahyiha D L &

destroy ayostanohvsga Dfi@WZ&JS

devil asgina Due - dew uhisata OABW - dewberries udlosinvda Odb0L

diamondback rattler uksuti @St-3

die ayohusga D f i l @ S - galihwoga SPOS

different judalehnvda dL&L nudale7i 4L6T

difficult sdaya @La

a asgosga D @ U S

dining table gasgilo alsdayhdivi Say6 DPaLBJT

dipper akugisdi DJY@J

dirty agadahavi D f L +T gadahavi S L+T

disbelieve udlasitvveha Bdab6R.G

discussion digosisohdi J A H J

dweller 199

disease vhyugi ~ G Y

dish atelido DaPV -

draw picture dahlilosdiha LCG@J+ - dream asgitsga D ~ J @ S

distribute ayatohiha D3VA.G

ditch udelisgalvhvvi @Spas 4dlT

dive adetvsga DS6aS - divert ahalugiva D.GMYD

do advneha D6A.G - doctor agavnakti DSOSJ

kanvwiva a@BD

dodge dadanvdisdiha L L @[email protected]

% gihli Y C

do1 1 anehldi DACA - dollars adelvvi DS 9T

donkey sogwili diga71envhida IVP AS$QAL

don't hesdi ?@A hlesdi L@A

door galohisdi'i SGA@AT - sdudi as1

door knob daksi LYb -- doorway galohisdivi SGA@J?

dough sugeda &-PL

down eladi RWJ - downhill aksosgvvi DSf @E?

downstream gevi PT

drag gansinega SebAS

dragonfly wadaduga G L SS

draw line asdanvhnvsga D@LDi)as -- draw liquid adliha DC.G

dress asano DUZ usano @HZ

dresser disehisdivi J4A@JT

dress % ajanvsga DC@aS

drill atalesga DW$aS ditalesdi AW$@J

drink aditasdi aditasga Dmas

drink 2 asvhvsga DRdlaS

drive ahivli DAP

Prop gadonhdiha SV0J.G gohonhdiha A1 @-I+

drum ahuli DrP - drunk uhyvsdeda @B@SL

drunkard uhyvsdesgi @B@Sa

ukahyoda DafiL

dry place ukahyodvvi JdfiGT

duck kawonu 364 - dull gosdiyuhli A@AGC - dumplings digalvnvhi 4@,g

during day udodagwidisvvi OVLVJRT

dust kosdu &S - dusty kosduhavi &S+T

Dutch Advji D6h - dweller ehi Ri3

200 each other

each other igvsa TEtl -- ijvsa TCtl oginvsa b Y W ogvsa d3Etl sdvsa X t l unvsa 0W

eager agahliyi DfCd

eagle awoha71i DV+P

ear - gavleni S6h

earlier than igvyi TEA

early in kila YW

earring adlivado DCDV

east dikalvgv?i J6 *?ET - easy ahida DAl

enemies dinidahnawi d h l t 8

English Gilisi YPb Yonega fiAS

enough eligwu RP3

enraged utahlawosga OWtVaf

enter ayvhiha DBA.G

entrance ayvsdohdivi DBJVJT

erase asgolvdi7a D@A?JD

eraser asgolvdisdi D@A?J@J

escape alitiva DPJD

ever ilvhiyuvi T*?AGT - everywhere nikvvi hET

eat agi?a DYD - examine agoliyeva DAP8D alsdayvhvsga DP@IB&@S asdigi7a D@JYD exchange ali?idi?a DPTJD gahye7a f8D - .

excuse didlvkwisdohdi JPPaVJ eat 9 asvhvsga DR&S -

exit ganugoga f 9AS - eel tlvdegwa P S I - ganugo?isdohdi?i f 9ATaVJT

uwej i 0.81, explain degosisiha SA6b.G

eight chanela CAW

elbow akiyusge DycaF akiyusgeni DyCaF h

explode atasgi?a DWaYD atasgisdiha DW03J.G

explosive atasgisgi DWaY@Y

electricity anagalisgi DBf Pay akta D f W aktoli DfVp

elephant kamama 6 gg eyeglasses diktinvtdi JSJOJ-4

embarrass adehohisdiha [email protected]

embarrassment udehohisdi BSfiA@J f empty usihwa 0 b ~ face ukatvvi O66T - end alsgwadiva DPJIJD fade asgolvga D@A*?f - - endure degetvsga SFPaf fairly well osi b b

faith gohiyhdi AAGJ

fall gadosga Sv@S galeyvsga $$Bas galosga S ~ a s ganvga S0 .S gohosga A t a s uligohvsdi 8 p A a a J

false teeth didanhtosdi JL0.VaJ -- family dudatihna7v7i S L 3 t i T

famine agona DA8

fan adahnoyeha DLZB.G - adahnoyo D L zfi kanoyeha 328.6

far - ina T 8

farmer digalogisgi JSGY2.Y

fast ayanuli D39P gajanuli SC9P

fat galijohida SPK'KAL - ulijohida 8PKAL

father udoda 8 V L

feather ugidahli BYLC

February Kaga7li a s p

feed gehloha f6.G - feel udanhta 8 L W l - female animal agisi DYb

fence asohyv7i DtBT - few ilvsgi T?JY - field dlogesi 6 f b

field house -- unalasgahldivi Dewas ?JT

fill adliga DCS -

ayvhwahtiha DBWG ganawht iha S 8W .G ganehwahtiha S A W *

find out adelohosga DSGEaS -- finger gayesa7dvvi SBUPT

finish asgwadiva DaXJD

fire ajila D h W - gotv7i A6'7

fireman dikdladisgi J E d J a Y

firetruck dikdladisgi J E d J 3

first igvyivi TEdT

fish ajavdi DCJ asuhvsga DCaaS

fishhook suhdi C J

fishing pole suhdi C J

fist sgwehnvvi @ a T - five hisgi A 3 - flag gadavdi S L J

fla down ahalugiva D.GMYD 2-

flame adawelagisgi DL99WY2Y

flash atoyawsga D V X a S

flea chuhga dS - flint dawisgala L 82s W

flood ganohugiva S ZrYD - floor ayodahlahvvi DfiLLBT

flour isa TU

flower aj ilvsgi Dh 4 3

ganohili S U P tvhga 6'5

find ahwahtiha DW4, -

202 fly away

fly away ahlawidiha Df8J.G

flyer ahlawidisgi Df8JJY ahlawitdisgi Df82J2V

foam uwogihli @OYC -

%kx ukvhada DE+L

follow asdawadega DaLGSS

food alsdayhdi DPALBI - foot ilasihdi TWbJ -

ulasihdeni OWbSh

forehead agvdageni DELE-h

forest inage7i TeE-T

forget uwakewsga @GFQ@~

fork dulotsgv7i SGh.ET YVgi BY

former 1 y juhli?ilvstanv7i dCT 4aWOT

for that reason vsgihnv iyusdi -- iaY0 TGaJ

four nvhgi 0y - fourth nvhgine?i DYAT

freedom adudalesdi DsLdaJ

freeze ganesdaladi?a SA@L WJD

Friday Junhgilosdi d0yGaJ

fried gvjahlanvhi EGCDA

friend unali?i OepT

friendly udanhti @LO2

full kali7i 9 p T - funny uwohldi OVPJ

furry uwuyati O J a

g garden dlogesi pfE-6

gate sdudi aSJ

gather anadahlisiha D8LCb.G gahlisiha f C6.G

gentle udanhti @LO2

German Advj i D6b

get agi7a DYD ahyaniha D3h3 ayiha D&+ gane7a SAD ganegi7a SAYD

get a rash dugwenotisga S3Z7aS --- get drunk uhyvsde?a O B 3 D

get exhausted dastayesga G@WB@S

et full gohlvsga M'@S L-

get in aja7vsga DCiaS

get married aneladi7a DAWJD

get off adloysga DefTaS

et ready advnv?isdiha D60TJJ.C L-

get short asgwaloga D2,TG.S I et short on asgwaloga D@,TGS L-- friendship ali7i DPT get together analigohvsga DePAaaS

frog walosi GGb get up adidiha DJJ+

frolick ahnejosga DAK2f dalehvsga LdaJS

hai 1 203

get warm aganawosga DSHMS uganawosga O'f 6e72S

et well udiwsga DdBJS L-

ghost tsgili bYP

gift adahnehdi DLAd

gig digatisdi JSd@d

girl agehyuja DFGC

girlfriend unalikdi O'epAJ

give adeha DS+ ahneha DA+ gakaneha fa i l+ ganehneha S M + ganvneha s 0/1+

give up dadayosga L L B J S

glass ulvsa7di 0 . 7 ~ ~

glove aliyesulo DPBCG

gnaw asgogiVa D@AYD

ega RS

around curve adeyoha DSBG

goat uksojaneda O'f #GAL

God Unehlanvhi O'AlOLl - down hill aksosga D f #a?f --

good osda AS1

goose sasa 8 H

out kdlosga Ed3S - out of sight wudeliga ,QSPS ---

gospel kanoheda a Z? L osda kanoheda .32L aZ?L

gossip gawonida fChL

through aktvlesga DSG$@f

o to bed usvhiha O'ltS+ L--

grain ukta DYW

grandfather ududu PSS unisi P h b

grandmother ulisi PPb unisi O h b

grass ganulv f 4.7

grasshopper tolatsga VWbS

grave aj elisdv7i DYPJGT

gravy asusdi DC@J

grease go?i AT

greasy go?iha7i AT+T

Greasy Go7i AT

green ije?i TYT i j e7iyusdi TYTG@J

green snake selagwoya 4 M 3

greet ayoliha DBP+

grin ujetsdi O'YbaJ -

groceries alsdayhdi DPJLBJ

groundhog ogana d f 9

grow atvhisdiha DG'A@J+ atvsga DP@S

guard aktiyi D f d A

gun galogwe 56'3

gunpowder adawelagisgi DlbU'YA?'

h hail ganesoysga SA#Z'&&S -

204 hair

hair ustihgv7i @ a E T -

half ayehli DEC - half dollar ayehli DBC - hammer ganvgwalo7a SPXGD

ganvgwalosdi S 0 X G t 3 1

hand uwoyeni 8 V B h - handle ahidoha DAV.6

gahnidoha S hV.6 ganhj idoha S 0 h V . G ganidoha S hV.6 guhahldi J+PJ

handsome asgayegvsda D@S BEJL

han_g gada?a S L D gata SW kto?a EVD

hang up gadv7vsga S G i @ S gatvsga f P 2 S ktosadi7a E V B l D

have church services danilawiga - L h WBS

have cold uhyvdla uniyiha -- (YBd (YhJSYG

have faith uwohiyuha 0 V K . G -- have horns duhlga SMS -- have in hand ahidoha ~ A v . 6 --- have liquid uneha @A+ - have on nuwanhdi 4GUd -- have possession of ahi?leha DA$% - - have time udlanvda7deha (YOWLS+ -- have trial danadahi7lidoha --

6 f3LAPV.G

hawk tawodi W V l -

!!% kanesga .i)Ail@S

happen ulsdahneha 8 P 2 L A . G head askoli D@AP - uska @a

!.s!u aliheliga DP?PS headband aligvdanosdohdi

hard sdaya 2 1 3 - DPEL D V l

hat alsgwetuwo DP@3SV - hatch aja?i?a DCTD

hate ganigwatiha S h X 3 + - have uha @+ -

una?a @QD uwaya (YG3 uwekaha O.SPa+

head in direction of wakti G S 3 -- - hear atvgi7a DPYD - heart adanhdo D L 0 V

udanhdo 0101.'

heating stove osi aganawohisdi7i h b DS W A 2 d T

heaven galvladi S 9 W l have a birthday -- udetiyiha O.3;IIS.C-

heavy gageda S t L have a chill uhnawasdiha @[email protected] ---

heel gadigeni S l f h - have a fever udihlehvsga @ d L a @ S ---

height igati 7 5 3 have a nightmare ahligi?a DCYD --

hell jvsgino C 3 Z -

huckleberries 205

hello osiyo Abfi siyo bfi

help alsdeliha DPJSPQ asdeliha D2SP.G

help up dalehdiha 161.G

hem ahyvhgwidvsga DBP63f - here na 8 - hew ayohlvsga D f i P a S - hickory nut sohi # A

hickory tree wanevi CAT

hide adisgahlvsga Dlaf P @ S - gvsgahlvsga E 2 f Paf gvsgaladiva E 2 f W l D gvsgalvsga E 2 f 4 3 udisgahla D'l2ff

galvladi f 4W1

higher galvladigevi f 4WlkT

hill gadusi SSb - himself uwasa D'GB

Q akasgeni D&@kh

hire ganahlvsga S BP@f - his ujeli - hit gvhniha Eh.G - hitch gudalvsga J 1 4 2 f - hit on abdomen -- asgwohalvniha

D2V.G4h.G

hit on eye akteluhvsga DS5MQf -- hit on head asgwalvniha D2I4h.G --- hit on mouth ahulvniha Dr 9h.G --- hit on nose ahyvsdeluhvsga ---

DB2SMa2f

hoe galogiva fGYD - galogodi f G A l

hold gahneha fA+ - ganeha fA.G ganhj eha f D W

hold breath atahwosdiha DWU@l$- - hold in hand ahyeha D8.I- --- hole atalesvvi DW6P.T - home j uwenvsvvi drMORT - homesick uhisohdaneha @At 1A.G

hominy newada AG 1

honey wadulisi GSPb

hook 2 gudalvsga J l 4 2 S - hoot owl uguku D'JJ -- hope utugi D'SY

horn uhyona @fie - horse sogwili #PP

horsefly damaga 1 6

hospital junidlvgivi dhPYT

hot udihlehga D'lLS - hotel junisvsdivi dhR@dT

hounddog gihli digavlenvhida YC l S 6 0 A l

house gahljode f PKS

housefly tvhga 6 f

how hila .OW - howl gehluhvsga k T a 2 f -

uwehluhga D'dY8'f

huckleberries kuwaya JG3

206 huge

huge egwa RIC - human ayvwi D B 8

hummingbird walela G$lV

humpbacked gasohgwati SfIJ

hungry uyosiha @fib+

hunt ganohalidoha f Z+PV.G - hunter ganohalidohi S Z+PVA

hurry nula 9 W uwanvga 8GOS

husband anineli D M P uhyehi 884

hypocrite udlonasdi 868@J

in fire ajilvhi ~ k 9 A -- inject gaj ayohiha SefiA.~

in length iganvhida TSOAI -

in mud hlawotuhi PVSA --

insane nudanhtvna ?LOP8

inside aya?a DdD uja7a 8 C D

instead ugvwiyuha 8EBG.G

interesting usgwanikdi OaIhYJ

interpret ahnehldiha DACJ.G

interpretation ahnehltanv?i DACWOT

1

1 Ayv DB - ice unesdala 8 A J I W - imitate ahyeli3a DBPD

immediately kilagwu iyvda YIV,? TBI

important ulsgeda 8PJF I

in a shade udawadisgv?i 8lG.IaET

in bed uhniha 8h.G -- inch isihtadisdi TbWJJJ - include asesdiha D4JJ.E.

increase kanehgwo?a a,,lV"D kanehgwoga 3!lVS

Indian Ayvwiya?i DBQ,?T

indigenous ehiya?i R32T

individual asiyvwi 0680

intestine uliksi 8PYb

in the evening svhiyeyi RA86 -- in the next room so?iyi fT6 ---- inthe= juhli?ilvstanv?i --

JCT .1JWOT

in view kvhnigesv?i EhFRT -- udayvlata B I B W

invite ahyaniha D3h+

in water amayi Dr6 -- iron datesga 152s

ditesdi

island uhnaludv3i 8tMP7

itch uyode?a BfiSD - itself uwasa 8 G U

J j ai 1 asduhvsga D@Sa63f -

didasdudi?i JI@SJT junadasdudi7i JBLASJT

learn 207

January Unolvtana O'ZilWB

Dlayhgv7i 6s.3ET

Jesus Jisa b~ lack galuloga S M F S - join ateladi?a D ~ M ' J D ladder ahyvhdlo D B ~ /

joke gawehliha s,@C.C- lake vdali j ~ f -

judge digukdisgi JJAJJY lame ayo7ul~li [)fi@c - July Kuyegwona JBtrB lamp ajvysdi [)CJJ

jump dahltadega LPY9.S lamp chimney ahujawoladvdi DrCUWPJ

jumper dihltadegi JPN19Y land gada 5 1. -

June Dehaluyi $.I.~.hl,t~ - fine osigwu 6 6 2 -

tohigwu VAL

large egwa RT utana 0 \\ H

late ugohniyoga 0 AhfiS -

later kila YW kohi iyv?i AD T B T

katydid sigigi bYY laugh uyetsga D R J X

key sdu?isdi 2STJ-I - law dikanowadvsdi Jc2 ZGP2)J -

kick ahyvhte7a D B Z D - lawnmower ganulv agalsdi S q 4 D S PJJ

kill ahiha DA'F - lawsuit alasuhldi DWCCJ

king ugvwiyuhi O.EQG,O lawyer ditiyohihi JJR.3.9

kiss atawedo?vsga DWJ&Vid?S lay down adi?a DJD - --

kitchen adasdayhdi?i Dl21 BJ7 - lazy ganali S HP

knee kanigeni ah? h - knife ahyelsdi DBPJJ

hayelsdi -LBp~>.I

knock gvhniha t h +

lead atihni DJh - ga7ni S h gelisineha kP6Ll.C gohinega R9ilS

leader didatihnidohi

know unhta 80U. leaf ugaloga DSGS - -

know how aktaha D S W + -- leak gvgusga EJ@S

knowledgeable aktahna?i DSVtT learn adehlohgwa7a D S ~ Z D

208 leather

leather ganoji SZh

leave ahnigi3a D ~ Y D

leave behind adisiya7a 06630 ahiyava DAaD gakahiyava SaAaD ganehiya?a SAA3D ga7niya?a S h3D

lecture gawonhdiha sBOJ.G

leech dlanusi da9b

left aksgani DS@S~

left handed aksganida DS@S hL - left overs utiyvhnvvi D'IBDT -- a ganvsge S O X

ganvsgeni S Oaf h

lender didatolsdisgi JL VP2JaY

length of time igohida TABL

letter gohweli ADP

liar gayhgogi SBAY

lick aganadiva DS 8JD - lid guhlvdi JPd - lie atsgo7vsga DhAi2S -

gayhgogi SBAY

lie down ganhga SOS -- life gvhnv?i EOT - lift asaladiva DBWJD - light ajvysdi DCaJ

lightening anagaliha D8S P.G

light fire aj islvsga Dh2P3P3S

light match ajislvsga Db2PaS

1 ightning anagalisgi D6S PAY

like iyusdi TGaJ ulvkwdi D'WJ

limb uwanigahlv?i O-ChSPT - limp adadega DLSS

line asdanvhnvvi DaLDOT

link kihlvsga YPaS

lion hlvdaj i P Lh

2 uhanega?lv?i @.GAS ?T

listen atvdasdiha [email protected] utvdasdi D'GL2J

little usdi B@J

live ganela SAW

liver uwela D'DW

lives eha R.G

livestock ganahla?i S 8LT

lizzard tiyohavli 3fi.GP

loan atolsdiha DVP2J.G

locust lo10 6'6' vle id'

Locust Grove Kalogwekdivi 36'3YJT

locust tree kalogwekdi WJYJ - lonesome uhisohdaneha @A+ LA+

uhisohdi BAlJ

long ganvhida SOAL

long eared digaplenvhida JS d'OAl

long time gohida AQL

look ni h - look after -- dakanowadidoha

LQZGJV.G

look around aktenoha DS5Z.G

look at -- aktosdi Df V6d

look for ahyoha DfiG -- uhyoha 0fi.i.

look in mirror adakeha DIP$ --

loose hair gihla ~ ' f -- lose uyohuseha 0fir4.G - lose way ulenahiha O.$@&+ -

loudmouth ahalada D+U'I,

I louse tina 20

I love adageyhdi DIFGJ i - udageyuha D LPG+ ugeyuha @PC+

magical adawehi DL&Q

magician adawehi DL.@&

make gohlvsga AP@S - make angry kanalvsdiha 6) 89dl.I- - make an x dadahnawsdiha 1 t@@dd,

make crisp asdagayhdiha DK I, SBJ4- - make fall gadonhdiha SVOd.I- --

galonhdiha SGDJ+ gohonhdiha Al; Oli-

make fly ahlawitdiha odd$, - make - footsteps dusdanohyvhga

S@l. ZBS

make incision ahyehloha DM+ - make mistake ulidasdiha O'Pb;.li - make noise -- adanohyvhiisdiha

Dl. ZB i@JqV

make smoke daksvsdih~ 1 SrLyd3, --

Mexican 209

male animal achvya DC2

man - asgaya D@SS

many - tsgwisdi hP2d

March Anvhyi DD.3

marriage dichvsdi dC2d

married person ganeli SAP

match ajila gohlvhdi DhM' APd

mattress ajesdo DYJV

Ansgvti D h 2 U

maybe asedv D46

me - ayv DB

meadow dlogesi 6Fb

mean uneguja @AJG - uneguj ida D'AJh L

measure ahlilova DCGD

meat hawiya 4-83 - medicine nvwoti @?j

medicine man didahnvwisgi dbDBJY - meet danadlosga I, W @ S - meeting place didlohisdivi

&&@JT

melt gvnawhdiha E6tld.G - gvnawosga EW@S

member keli Fp

mention kanevisdiha 6)ATad.G

meow nigaweva hS$D - uwehluhga D'mS

metal talugisgi WMMV&?'

Mexican Asgwani D25h

210 Mexico

Mexico Anisgwani7i DhAlhT mourn asgohniha DdAhe

middle ayehli D8C

midnight svnoyi RZJ5

mourning - dove gule disgohnihi Jcf &Ah0

mouth aholi DIP military service aniyosgi?i

DhfiaYT move ada?nv?a DLOD - ahltelvhvsga D P ~ W a f

milk unvdi DOJ - ahv?a DJLD

mingle keladidoha fWJV+ much ugodi D A J - minute iyatahwostanvli mud hlawotu CVS

T;3WV@WOT - mud dauber diguhldisgi JJPJaY

mirror adakehdi D Lf d - m u d d y hlawotuhavi CVS+T

miss ganvdiva SOJD - hlawotuhi CVSA

mist - kanuyoladi3a a4fiWJD mulberries kuwa J G

mix asuyvsga DCB@S -

moan uliyediha DP8J.I. - mock ahyeliqa D8PD

mule -

murderer didahihi JLAA

mushroom dawoli LOP Monday Dodagwohnv3i VLTOT

Udodagwohnv7i DVLTOT fnusical instrument dikanogisdi W W@J

money adela DSW

month ka?lv?i a 3T

moon nvda 06

moor boat ataladi7a DWWJD --

more sigwu 6 3 - ugodi DAJ

mosquito dosa VFI

motel junisvsdiyi JhR@dT

moth wasohla G#C - mother uji D b

motionless to?i VT

mountain odalv7i dl 3T

muskmelon gawsvgi SGRY

Muskogee Guso7i JI.T

n n* yvgi BY

naked uyelvha?i 0.8 q + ~

named dudo?a sVD - narrow hyahtohli ;3VC

r~avel udiyvda?dv3i DJB 667

near - na3v 8i

neck ahyvhjeni DBYh -

old woman 211

necklace ahyahldi D X J

necktie ahyadlvdi D 2 J

needle yvgi BY

nest kanesdahlahvvi &?,ILC&.T - never hla ilvhiyu C T U G 7

new - adagepi DLF7 ije?i 7 Y T

New Mexico Sgwanijesdv3i d?XhYJPT - news - kanoheda 3 2? L

New York Nuyagi 42.Y -- next morning ugijvda O Y C L - night usvTi O R 7

nlght before last svhi usvqi RQ 8 R T

Nighthawk Asvnoyi D R Z A

nightly julsihnvda J P b 0 L

nine - sohnela +AM'

ninth sohneline3i + A P A T - no hla C - nod head alsgusga DPdV?I@S -- no luck ukwolega O V J S -- non believer udlasitv3ehi -

06b16"R.G

no one hla kilo f Y G -- north juhyvdlv3i JBP T - North Carolina Jalaguweti3i -

CWJD2 T

nose kayvsoli a B + P -

nose bleed giga dekayvsgwo3iha -- Y S SC)BJlrT+

not hla C -

nothing hla gohusdi C A T @ J

not long kila y W -- November Nvdadegwa 0 1 SP

now nogwu G - no where hla ilvhdlvvi C T q P T --

numb uwasvhi O G U

numbers disesdi J4@J

0

oar gagawesdi SS.Q92J - ocean amegwoTi D W T

o'clock iyuwahnilv3i T G G h 9 T

October Duninhdi S h h J

officer asgayegvsda D J S B ~ L

offspring uweji 8996

often iyudali T C L P

oil go3i AT - galone3a SGAD

% howa t G

Oklahoma Ogalahoma A S W t B

old agayvli D S B P - uweti @SO

old chap utvhisdi O 6 1 9 2 J - oldest member of family udahnilage3i

(YLhWFT

old man utvsohnv3i (Yt'+UT -- old woman agayvlige3i DSBPF I --

2 1 2 omit

omit kanohiya''a ilZ3GD -

on a c h a i r g a s g i l v ? i SGY4T

one sagwu LIZ - one another igvsa T E H

i j v s a TCH oginvsa d Y W ogvsa dEH sdvsa 2bW unvsa OOU

one* s i g a bS -

o n e d o l l a r uhnosda 02;31 - one f o u r t h g i n u t d i y Q I - one hundred sgohitsgwa J U h Z

one mat ter sudalegi r 1 6 ~

one month sinvda 6 0 1 -- onesel f owasa AGU

one t h a t k i l l s d i h i h i IBA --- one t o p i c sudalegi r16Y - one week svnadodagwasdi R8VL Z J I -- one who d i s t r i b u t e s ayatohihi --

D3VAA

on foo t e l a d i RWI -- on ground gadohi SVA - onion svg i RY - only uwasa OGU

on top gadu SS - o n t h e m o o n nvdohi 0V,9 --- on t h e sun nvdohi OVA --- open asdu?i?a DJSTD

udlanvda @ O W L ulsduvida @ P J S T ~

opera te ahyehloha DBd+

opposi te s i d e skoni J d h - o r a l e D 6 - ordained min i s te r udahnilage?i

ObhWfT

order adanvsga DLOJS

ourselves ginvsa Y W ievsa TEU .. oginvsa dYOU ogvsa AEU

outs ide doyi VA

oven d i g a t d i ? i I S 3 1 T - overnight susvhida rRAL

overseas skoniyi JAhA

overtake galohiseha SGA4.C-

over t h e r e age DF -- owe aktuga DYSS - owl wahuhi CrA - oys te r dagvna L E O

P paddle gagawesdi s 5 6 2 1

gagawesga s 56035

padlock daksi by6

uganhda?dv?i OS0LPT

pain a g i h l i y i DYCA agihliyoga DYCfiS

p a i n t asuhwisga 068035 disuhwisdi Ir8031

pan t ry d igansodi? i I S OI I T

pants asulo K O

pitch 213

paper gohweli ..UP

part ugvhahli @ E N

artwith kdega ESf P- pas galosga SgJf

Passover Supper Kanohiyegi 9 W B y

pasture dlogesi $fL

patient udlvgi 8P.Y

akwiyiha ~9.w akwiyv9eha D'PB R.G

peace nvwhtohiyada K V A 3 1

peach kwana 26

peak uskoli @ZAP

pear digadvdi JfPJ

pearl dagvna LLf3

peck gagwayohiha fZfi.04

peculiar asegi D4Y

peekthrough aktiha DS3.G

peel ahyahketsga D3ff.S ganegaliha SASP.G

pencil digohwelodi J M G J

people yvwi B8

pepper dikwayodi JZfiJ

perch agola DAN'

perform baptism dadawo9a L L BD

perhaps asedv D4P

period of one year sudetiyvda CS3B L

permit alsgohldaneha DP2AG'LA.G

- -

persimmon sali @f

person ayvwi DB8 yvwi B O

phonograph record ahlohdi DefJ

photograph dahlilosdiha LC(;ZJ& didahlilostanvvi Jl CG@VIOT

photographer didahlilosdisgi JL CGoo7LJY

pick kanasdehldi 982SPJ

pick out degvtohiva SEVAD

pick up agi?a DyD ayiha D m gane9a SAD ganegi9a 5 AYD gute9a JXD

picture didahlilostanv9i JLCGa?U107

pie gelistgi F P X Y

piece agvhalvda DE.G31

pig sihgwa b X

pigeon woyi 86

pi& gahlusga Sv@S gasvtvsga 5 R0",3S

pilot jiyu dihlawitdisgi hG JL83JaY

pill akisdi DYAJ

pillow akwsdo DVdV

pimple dagvna L E O

pine nohji Z b

ganvnowa S O X usvdoni @RVh

pitch udega D'SS

214 pitcher

pitcher udegi OSY ponder adanhtehilo7a DLO~AQD

pity gadoliga SVPf popcorn selu anhtasgisgi

4 M D8WJYJY lace hand on asihtadi7a V ~ V ~ D P--

place object upright alehdiha D8J.G

possessive ugeyuhna7i @ K t 7

possessive of ugeyuha @fG+ - place on something ahlahvsga possible eligwu RPJ

DL'S.@S

plant ahwisga D@@S gakohdi SAJ

possum ujetsdi 8Yb@J

possum grape uhnasuga OtrS

post getvsdi F62A

plate atelido DZPV potato nuna 48

danelohvsga LAGdLJS pour adli7a VCD adliga DCS

la ball alasgaliha DW2SP.G PY adlisdiha DCdA+ ajewi7a DYBD

playing cards dikwanayosdi JX@fi@,I powerful uhlinigida OChYL

la with danehldiha LLIGJ+ PY- pray adadolisdiha DLVP@J+

plead ganiladi7a S hWJD udadolisdi 8 LVPJJ

pleasant udanhti OL@J prayer adadolisdi DLVP@J

plow gadalugi7a S L MYD gadalugodi S L IMAJ

plug in gudalvsga JL .l@S

@?A kwanunsdi7i H48JJT

preach ahljadohvsga DPCVS,@S

preacher ah1 jadohvsgi D P C V 9 X

prepare advnv lisdiha DGDT2J.C.

president judatihnavi dLJt7 pneumonia golehi Ad'B ugvwiyuhi 8EBGA

pocket adlawa7dv?i DoKGT ress down asonsdiha Df@aJ+ P- poison ivy ulvda 8.11, pretty uwoduhi 8VSA

poisonous liquid medicine nvwoti pretty soon kilagwu YIC=)

adahihi 0e%7 DLRA price jugvwahldi dEGGJ

poke dla7ida a%TL prick gajayohiha SCf7A.G

policeman didaniyisgi JL h.mY prisoner ahyvki DBY

pond vdali iLP promise atuvisdiha DST2J.G

rage 215

provisions adanehlvvi D1,lP T

kanegwadiha m I J +

Pryor Kuwayovi J G R T

puddle udanehvvi D lAdT

gansane'a f QUAD

pull out asesiha D4bG

pull trigger gojane7a

pumpkin iya T&

punishment udasdvdisdi @L@O"J@J

purple martin dludlu

purse adahlinesahldi DL ~/1vpJ

push gasadosga S ~ V J S

ut fuel into fire dahvtvsga E--- L aras

put in container gahldiha SPA+ gahlvsga Sp@s galadiva SWAD galvsga S 9 2 5

ut in fire gvtvsga EVJS E-- kdv7vsga EG"i2S

ut in hole gahlvsga S P J S E--

put in liquid ahudipa DrJD

put inside ayhdiha DB-I+

ut in water guhvsga J&@S e-- put on nigvnhdiha hEVJ+

ut on belt adadlohiha D1dA.t- e-- gut on cap alsduli7a DPJSPD

put on clothes dahnawoqa LtBD

put on glasses daktinvtvsga L sno6"Js

put on gloves daliyesuliva 1 PBCP D

put on handle guhahlvsga J+P@S

ut on hat alsgwetuhvsga E-- DPJJSLQJS

ut on lid guhlvsga JPaf e-- put on pants asuliva DCPD

put on ring aliyesustvsga DP8C32S

ut on shirt ahnawova DtBD P-- ut on shoes dalasuhlvsga LWZ'PJS E L - -

ut on socks daliyohiha IPfiAJ. e-- ut out fire kdladiva EbbJD e--

Q quail guhgwe J 2

guant it y iga TS

guarter ginutdi Y Q J

quickly uhlisda BC@L

quiet ehlawe7i WQPT

quilt ahyehgahlvsga D8 S P J S hyehgahli 8 SC

CJU& asuligoga DZ'PAS

r rabbit jisdu

raccoon kvhli EC

race atohgiya'a DliYaD - racer atohgiyasgi D V Y ~ - rage atahlawohisdi n!&TUB@l

? i d rain

rain .- agasga D f 2 S

rainbow uhnvkwolatv7i 0,0)"ll07~

raise alsaladi7a DP6rW.ID asaladi7a DtlUdD atvhisdiha D6".3.3;1+

range osi adasdayhdi7i 6 6 D L i L B J I

rat kanikwsa 9 h P ~ -

rattle ujonata OK8W

rattlesnake ujonati O K 8 2

raw agosdi DM1 - read agoliye7a DAPB D - really doyu VC

dohiyu V.OC udohiyu OG..OC vsgigi i2YY

reason uyehldi 0 5 4 1

receive ahyaniha DSh.6

receive punishment usdvdi?a 826.fD

reckless udajatdi O L C 2 1

recognize gohlga APS

recuperate dalehisiha Ld,9b.G

red gigage Y S j -

redbird tojuhwa VdG

refrigerator ahyvdladisdisgi D B a%J2JJY

release dayosga LfiaS dusgalesdiha S J S G ~ ~ J ~ duyosga Sfi2S

remember anhdadi7a DQL JD

remnants wuwakdv7i SG,IS'T

remove from hanging gade3a S S D

reply gawohiliyv'a SG.3PBD

reprimand asgaga 0@S f

reprove asgaga D J S S

Republican Uhyvdla O B &

reside ganela SAW

resident ehi RJ

rest adawesolvsdiha DLdf 421.6 - gawesolvsdiha S d f 421.6

restaurant junalsdayhdi7i dOP2LBdT

rest of wuwakdv?i JGAPT --

return iga71uhga TS M S

revenge adle3isdi DbT@J

ribs diganulaj i J S 4Wh - rick igasvti T S U - ride akilvdiha DY41.6 - right handed aktisi 0 5 2 6

right position aktisi 0 5 2 6

ring aliyesusto DPBC@V - * adajagaliha DLCSP.6 gajagaliha SCSP.6

ripe uwansv?i OGhRT

rise adidiha DJ1.6 - river uweyv7i O d B T - road nvnohi 0259 - robin j isgwoywo h.;31'tm

rock dahlihgeha LCj.G - nvya (E;

rocking chair gasgilo dihlihgesgi . 2 Y G ACFJY

scratch 217

rocky_ nvyohi DfiA

roll gasagwalehiha Sbr&fd.6 - roof gasanali SbreP -

saliva wajila GbW

salt ama DT - same kind uhloyi @tJd --

roofing gahl jotdohdi SPKGVT

room kanvsulv?i aOc4T

rooster jitagaachvya b W S DC3

root uhnasdedla Ot.2266 - uhnasdedlvvi @[email protected] T

root out kanasdedl iha [email protected] -- i rope asladiva DaWJD !

i sdeyida @ S i x

rotate adigwalvdeyoha ~ J X 4 ~ f i . 6

' rotten ugosida OAbL

round - gasagwalv?i SbrT4T

route ganvhnv?i SOUT - row gagawesga SSd2S -

udanvhnv?i O LOUT

rub asgo1iye3a D2APBD - rubber adla Do3

ruler ahlilosdi DCGaJ - run atli DJC - run away aliti'a DPJD - run for office atohgiya?a DVY@D -- run over adinvdiha DJW+ --

sack degahldi SSPJ - saddle gahyahulo S @rG - salesman ganhtanidohi S W h V A -

sand noya 23 - sandwich asdvhahli DXK

asdvhahlvsga D26=f?@S

sassafras kansdaj i a8@Lb

Satan Sedani 4Lh

Saturday Dodagwidena VLPSe Udodagwidena PvLPSe

saw ganhdohgi SOVY -

adiha DJ+ goseha A4.G nigawe?a hSdD

scales digadvdi JS5d uwaj isgahlv?i D G b a S P T

scalp usdinega?lv?i 02JA.S 4T

scar uhnelvsv?i 0A4R7 - scatter adigaleya3a DJS63D

adigaleyoga DJSdfiS

scenery aktenasdi'i DSZ82JT

schedule time dasvsdiha LRaJ.G

school junadehlohgwasdi?i deStJT2JT

scissors dilsdoyhdi JPJVBJ

scold agvsgolv?vsga DEJA4i2S

scorpion j isdvna adajvysgi b 2 5 8 D L C a Y

scratch adlagosga Dd6A@S dekanugosga Sa 4A2S gajaligosga S C P m S

218 scream

scream gehluhvsga m&as

screw udigwalvdeyida @ J Z ~ $ & L

sea egwoni R V h - second ta?line?i W p A T

see agowhtiha DAG2.G - seed ukta OYW - seem elisdi R p a J - seine agayaludi D S ; 3 I t 1

sell ganadega S e S S - send wadi7a G J D -

wahvsga G 9 . 2 S wigakahvsga B S a a 2 S wiganehvsga Q S A 9 . 2 S wiganv7vsga 8 S O i 3 S

separate danagaleniha G 9 S g h . G

September Dulisdi S f 2 1

set down ahvsga D 9 . S -- set goal alsosdiha D P I . 2 J . G - set getvsga f v J S - set price dagvwahldiha 1 EGG1.G - set trap asadvsga D U 6 2 S - set bed ganihladi7a S hf J D - - seven gahlgwogi S W Y - seventh gahlgwogine7i S f f Y A T

sew - gayewsga S 8 82.5

sewing machine gayewsgi7i S 8 Q D T

shake atelvhvsga D 3 4 G S kjagv?vsga E C E i Z S

shake head alsdvhniha D P - h S --

sharp gosdayi

sharpen kdliha EC+

sharpener dikdlvhdi J P J

shatter ahlkodvsga D P A P @ s ahlkotdiha D P A P 1 . G

sheep unodena D Z S e

shell degvtohipa S E V A D - shell corn daktliha L f C + -- shin asgvdageni D a E L f h - shine agaliha D S P + - shirt ahnawo to -

atihldi D J C J uhnawo 8 t V

shiver uwanawi7a Q G e Q D

shoe alasulo DWCG - ulasulo O W C G

shoot ayohiha DfiL3.G - dasdayohiha 1 2 l f i A . G

shopping adananesvhvsga D l eARd2S

shore amayuhldi D G C J

short asgwala7i D @ I W T

shotgun usvdena O R 9 8

shoulder ganvwoyi S W T

shovel akode7a D A S D akodesdi D A S J J

show agowhtvhdiha DAGil"1.G - aseheha D4?+ I : I

sick udlvga 8 P S - sick person udlvgi D P Y -

sometimes 219

sift gvgusdiha EJo3A.G - agowhtvhdi DAGGA

sink ganoyvga f Z B f -

goksga ~ s a s juksvsdi J S ~ J

smoky juksvsdi J S R ~ J

smother ahawosdiha Dma,+ uhawosdiha Omo3A.G

sinner asganavi D@S 8T - snake inada T ~ L

sister udo OV snapping turtle saligugi VPJY

sit - anina Dhe uwohla O V '

six sudali CLP - sixth sudalinevi CLPAT - size ikida TYL - skin ganega S A S -

ganegaliha f f l f p . ~ unega31vvi @AS ?T

sneeze duhyvsdoysga SB@V;3;3S

snobbish udalvkwdi OL W A

snore dakwalagiva LIWYD

snort ahliyvsanawsdiha DCBVeG@A+

snow gutiha J J Q - unhji V@h

soak gvwahlvsga E G P a S - skull uska 0.a - soap ohla sJI

galviovi f ?GT sock aliyo ~ p f i - slam degalvdvnisdiha S f ?6h@A+ - - soft wanigevi G h f T

'S slap asihtvniha Db6h.G soil gada S L - sleep gahliha SC.G

sleepy gahlvsga SPaS

solder kanvwiva 3 @ Q D talugisgi dikanvwodohdi w y a y ~ a c - 0 ~ 1

Slice agvhaliha DE.GP.G - soldier avyosgi DfiaY

slippery dawisgvhi L Q2E.4 some igada T f L - slow usganoli OaSZP - someone kilo YG

small ayohli DfiC - something gohusdi ATaA usdi 022

something that stings adajvysgi Smart - asamadi DbTTJ DLC&U

smell alsvsdiha DPR2d.G - asvga DRS uwawsvga OGGRS

something to eat agisdi DY@A -- asdigisdi DaAYaA gahyesdi S 8@A

smoke daksvsdiha L SPGA, 25

sometimes yudahavi GI + I

220 somewhere

somewhere dlv P

son uwej i achuja 8 d k DJC - uweji asgaya 13db ~ z f 2

song book dikanogisdi J a Z.!JJJ

soon hleki LY -

sophisticated udlvkwdi @ p v J

sorcerer adonisgi DVh;;LY

sorghum wadulisi GSPb

sound ganohyvhlisdiha S ZBC2J.C unohyvhga BZBS

soup ugama @ST

sour juhnajosdi d t K 2 J - south j uganawvvi dS 86 T

spade akodesdi DAS@I kodesgi AS2Y

spank gali7vhniha S P i h+

speak gawoniha Soh+ kanega aAS

speak badly of alasdaveha DW2LR.G - spider kana7nesgi a e A X

spin adigwalvdeyoha DJI.1Sfi.G gadigwalvdeysdiha S JXqS&J+

aljikwsga DPbP@f

splinter udlvdalvda O.P L .I L

split dasdlusga 1 3 2 S

spoil ayosdiha DR2J.G ugosga @A3S

spoiled uyojv7i @ACT

spoon aditohdi D J V J

spring ganugogv7i S qAET gogeyi ilk21

sprinkle dakwayo7vsga 1 IRi@S dasdudli7a 12SCD

spur dahyvgi7a LBYD dihyvgisdi JBY2J

squat daj ihlusga LkV2S

squirrel saloli tlGP

stab gatiha S3.C - stagger dudokdiha SVSJ.G

stairs akihlosvsdi7i D Y 6 m J T

stand anidona7a DhVeD gadoga S VS

stand in certain spot -- alehvsga D 69.af

stand in liquid uduha 0S.G -- stand upright dalehdiha 16J.G

star nokwsi z v b - starch asdagayhdiha D 2 L SBJ+

start ahnigi7a DhYD ahnigisdiha DhY2J.C. aleniha D&h+

steak wahga hawiya G S

steal ganosgi7a S Z2YD

steam atanolega DWZGS utanolvda BWZ4L

steel talugisgi WMY@Y

steering wheel ahi71vsdi?i DA 92JT

step alasdvsga D W X a S

swollen 221

steps akihlosvsdi3i D Y d m J T

stick gansda S h J l

stick head out alsgwaludi7a --- DPXMJD ulsgwaluda BP@LTWl

stick out uksata 0 f i j\Y -- still si b

sting gajvysga SC&S

stingy person upeyuhna?i 0.FCt7

stir asuyeha DZ8.I.

1 stolen ganosgida S ZGIYI i

stomach usgwohlivi B X C T I

I stompgrounds gatiyoqi SI f iT

stop alehwisdiha D685J.G alehwisdohdiha D6BJVJ.G

stop by galohisdiha S G4dJ.L

store adana3nv3i Dl 8 0 7

store owner udana3ni 8 1 0 h -- storm unole 076 - stove osi 6 6

stove* ahujawoladvdi DTCOWPJ

gachinosda S lPml jiyukdi hGAJ

straighten gachinosiha f h2b.G

strain kanvsolvsdiha a@+ ?>A+

strap gadlohiha Sd.O+

strawberry a?ni Dh

street galanvdvvi f W06"T

stretch adahyasdiha Dl ;3;c?J+

strike gvhniha Eh$.

string asti DX

striped julohldi J G 4~

strong uhlinigida OChYL uhyvsdi BB2J

stub toe uhnasgwalo7a @ta?xG~ -- student didehlohgwasgi JSdZAY

stump uhnihlgvvi iFh'iTET

substitute adanedliyvsdisgi D I / ICB~IJ@Y

suck asgwanutsga DZlX4h.S

suddenly uyelo7isdi 88GT;lJ

suffocate ahawosdiha DW3J.G uhawosdiha OKJ2J.G

sugar kalsej i a P 4 h

summer gogi AY

sun nvda 01 - Sunday Dodagwasgvvi Vl , X X T

Udodagwasgvvi O'Vl22ET

supplies adanehlvvi DLlZP T

surgeon didahyehlohi J18tl4

swallow akisga DYJf

sweat ali DP

sweep gvnosasga E Z i j 2 f

sweet uganasda 8 5 821

swell gotisga A T @ S

swim adawova DIUD - ahyu7inega DGTAS

swollen uwotida 0'021

222 sycamore

sycamore kuwajunega JGdAS

syrup wadulisi GSPh

table gasgilo SJYG

Tahlequah Daligwa L PZ

tail ganida7dv?i S hL f fT - gatohga sv f

take ganega S A S ganehwidiha [email protected] ganhj ega f 0% wigakahvsga @ S a & f wiganehvsga @ f A&AS wiganvvvsga @f DiJ f

take a bite atsde7a I ) ~ @ S D --- take a break ayohisdiha ~ f i A @ j . ~ --- take a drink atugi7a DSYD --- take a seat alsdvhlusga ~ ~ m a s --- take a step alasgv7a DWJED -- take from ganegiveha SAYR.G -- take off nigvnhde7a ~ E O S D -- take off cap alsdule7a DP@SGD -- takeoff flying ahlawidiha DL'@& -- take off glasses daktinvde7a --

I SIOSD

take off loves daliyesule7a -- L P8edD

take off hat alsgwetuhgi7a DPLJSYD --- take off pants asuleva DCdD -- take off ring aliyesustgi?a --

DP3TATYD

take off running adanawsdiha -- I)18C,Llb

take off shirt ahnaweva D ~ D D --- take off shoes dalasuleva LWC~D --- take off socks daliyogiva L P ~ ~ Y D --- take out of container gale?a . $ d ~ ---

galiha SP.G

take revenge adlecheha DLY+ - udlega V L S

take somewhere ahwidiha D8J.G - ahyega D8S ayvhwidiha DB8J.G gahnega SAS ganawidiha f 88J.G ganega S A f

take time ahli7ilidoha DCTPV.G -- take turns adanedliyvsdiha --

D1ACBJJ.G

tamed udanhtisahnv7i VlOIbrOT

teach dadehyohvsga LSfiaJf - teacher didehyohvsgi JSA&AY

tease gawehliha S99C.G

telephone dihlinohehdi7i JCZ?JT

telescope aktohdi DfVJ

television adayvlatvsgi DLBW6J.Y

tell kanoheha a Z?+ - ten sgohi 2 A ~ 3 - tender adage7i D I P T

tent gahljotv7i f PK6"T - tenth syohinevi 9,44117

terrapin daksi LYb

'Texas Nvdagi OLY

tornado 223

than - sihnv 6 0

thank alihelicheha DP?PY%

thankful aliheliga DP?PS

thank you wad0 GY

that na 8 - vsgina i D 8

themselves unvsa DOtl

then nahiyu 813G - there uhna Q t

there are nani7a 8hD -- therefore vsgihnv iyusdi

iGV0 TGJJ

these hi?a AD

thick uhwageda OGFL

thief ganosgisgi S W Y J Y

thin ulesoda O'&d - usage7i @@kT

thin that kills g-- adahihi DdA.9

think adanhteha D d O % + eli7a RPD

third jo?ine?i K 7 X l

thirsty utadegiva DWSYD

this hi7a AD - thorny jujayosdi dC'fiAJ

those na 8

thought adanhtehdi D L D ~ J

thousand iyagayvli T@SBP

thread asti D a

three jo?i KT -

throw udega 0 . y ~

thunder ahyvdagwalo7a D B L X G D ahyvdagwalosgi DB ImaY

Thursday Nvhgine Iga DYA TS

tick gugu J J - tickle dahyvgi7a LBYD

tie dakanehiha L3AA.G - tie 2 gahlvviha SPT+ - tie 9 a 3 ganvhlohiha S W B + - - time iyuwakdi TGGAJ - tin talugisgi WMYJY - tired duyawega S a S

toad tehga 55 - tobacco jola KW

toe kanasavdvvi 38@6T - toenail uhnasuhgahlv7i O t r S P T

together unaligoha Q g p ~ +

tomato tamahli \Y/K

tomorrow sunale?i &"8$T

tomorrow evening sunale svhiyeyi re$ RA8d

tongue ganhgovi SDAT

tonsils tuleji S$h

too big utani @Wh - too far invhi TDA 7-

too large utani QWh - tooth ganhdohgvvi SDVET

tornado unole QZJ

224 toss about

toss about ganvjidoha f 0 l~V .G -- touch asvhniha D R ~ +

tow gansinega SebAS -

toward didla Ad

toward morning sunale didla red' Ad

town gaduhvvi SS&T - dinehldohdi AAPVA

trade ali3idi?a DPTAD

trail usdi ganvhnvvi @@A SOOT

translate ahnehldiha DACA.G

translation ahnehltanv?i DACWO-

trap asadvsga DUG25 sadvdi UGA

tree hlgvvi 'PET - trick galonasdiha SGe@JQ

trigger gojanesdi7i ACAAA7

trim asdoyeha DJV8.G - tromp alasda7eha DW2LR.G

truth duyukdv7i SGAGT

tub svdoni RVh - Tuesday Ta9line Iga WPA T f

turkey gvna E e

turn aktahvva D S W ~ D - gadeysdiha S.S;3;3A.G

turn back aktahv7a D S W a D -- turnip dakwsani LV'Uh

turn off adlesgvvi DLJET --

turn off road adeyoha DPfi.6 --- adleva D L D

turn on li ht ajvstvsga DCJmS - A turn out light kdladiva EoXJD --- turn over dekalihgwadega S a P I S S --

twist adanuteyoha D L 45fi.6 ganuteyoha S 4lfi.G

twister agaluga D S M S

two - taTli WP

u unegihldi 8 M 4 A

uncle uduji 8 S b

under hawini +@h

underneath hawini didla +@h Ad

understand gohlga APS

undress dahnaweva LMD

unhitch gudale7a JLd'D

unhook gudaleTa JLd'D

United States Amayehli D8'8C

unit of measure iyuhliloda TGCGL -- suhliloda rCG L

unplug gudale?a J L $D

untie dakanehyiha LaAJ5.G

until igohida TAAL

uphill kanalusgvvi aeM@ET

upstream jogi KY

ganiladi?a ShWAD

use kdiha EA+ -

wear shoes 225

use 2 asvhvsga DRaJS - wash -- face agvsgwo7a D E X D

wash hair alsduleha ~ p @ S d + -- v Washington Wasvda7na GRL e

valley ukedaliyv7i O'I. LPBT Wasvda?no?i GILL 27

various judalehnvda ~ L $ @ L wasp kanaj isdej i C J B ~ J S ~

very dohiyu VAG doyu VG udohiyu O'VAG

very young adage7i D L I . 7 ~ Vian - Dahnugo7i L ?AT

waste ajewi7a DY@D

watch aktosdi DSVJJ uksesdi O'S45J waji Gb

water ama D B

visit adahwahtvhidoha DLGOT.0V+ waterbucket amahldohdi D f l V J !i - vomit duksdiha S S J J 6 watercress ajila DbW -

vouch gohiyhdaneha A.9GLA.G

wagon dagwalela LXdW

wait for aktiya 0533 --

wake 9 ayega D8S - aye7isdiha D8TJJ.L

walk a7i DT - walk around edoha RV+ - walking cane adolanvsdi DVW@JJ

walnut sedi 46

want - uduliha O'SP+

war dahnawa L t G -

warm - aganawhdiha D S 8e'J.G uganawa O'f BG -

wash guhilo?a J.0GD - wash clothes dekgilo7a SEYGD - wash dishes degvdiye7a SEJ8D

watermelon gvgisdi EYJJ

water well -- amahldi7i D f l J T

wave hand asolvdagi7a DI. 9LYD -- we ayv D B - weak ulisdi O'P21J -

wealth jugvwahldi dEGGJ

wealthy uwehna7i O'dt 7

wear uhnuwa O'4G

wear a 9 ulsdula O'PJSW --

wear a hat ulsgwetuhga O'P3;?SS

wear an earring udli7ada O'CDL --

wear a ring uliyesustga O ' P 8 C a f --

wear glasses duktinvta S S J W - wear gloves - wear pants -

wear shoes --

duliyesula SPBCW

usula @CW

dulasuhla .SWCf

226 wear socks

wear socks duliyoha SPfi+ -- wedge gahatdi S . 6 5 1 1

Wednesday Jo7ine Iga KTA TS

weed ganulv f 4 Q - weeks iyunadodagwasdi T G ~ v L X,aJ

weep dadlohyiha dGi54-

weld kanvwi7a a 0 8 ~ - welder t a l u g i s g i dikanvwisgi

WMYAY away

welding rod t a l u g i s g i dikanvwodohdi WMYAY A a W V d

well osda h a 1 - t o h i va

west wudeligv7i JSPET - wet gadulida SSP1 -

what gad0 SV - gado u s d i SV @@A h i l a BW

wheat u j a l e s d i O.C62d -

wheel gagwatdi S a d - when h i l ayv7 i AWBT - where hadlv dp

wherever y i n i g a l s d i h a g w i l v h d l v ? i IShS P@drb2 T QP T

which gad0 u s d i SI.' @@A

w h i l e = kohi R9

whinny nigawe?a h f bD

whippoorwill tsgwalegwala h.I$2W

whis t l e gasvnhga SRhS

white unega @/IS -

white man yonega fiAf -- white person ayvwunega DBJAS - w h i t t l e ayohlvsga DfiPAf

who gagi SY - gaga s A

whole gvhwanosda EG Z21

a gadohv Sv0

wife u d a l i ? i BLPT - usdayvhvsgi @2LB&&'

wild - gehyahtahi f.3W.Q

wilderness inage?i T8I.7

w i l l i n ~ udvnv?isdi @POT@A

wind unole @ Z 6 - window j o l a n i Kwh

wing kanoge a 2 kanogeni a ZI. h

wink aktasdiha DSW2lJ.G - winter gola AW

wisdom akto7vhisdi D f V i A 2 A

with gvhdi E l - withdraw ases iha Dab=+

withdrawn asesvda D4RL

without a mind -- nudanht vna 4 1 O r 8

witness a k t a h i D S W 8

wolf wahya G3 - woman agehya D I . 9

wood ada D L - woodpecker d a l a l a L WW

nine 227

wool uwa7ni OGh - years ijudet iyvda T J S J B L

work dulvhwisdaneha s ~ @ J L A + - yell gehluhvsga ~ a ' a 2 f uwehluhga emf

worker julvhwisdanehi d*1@&LA& yesterday svhi rn

worm ujiya @b3 - yesterday evening svhi svhiyeyi

worried uwelihi?a @ d p , g ~ RA RA86 uwelihisdi O . d p , g ~ d

wound asonvsga ~ $ 0 2 ~

wrap gakwenvsga fa^^

wrestle ahnehiha DAB+

wrestler dihnehihi 1ABA

wring out gajvwasdiha SCGJ1.6

wrinkled udanegoyuha 0 LAAG+

write gohweliva AdPD

Y yawn uhahlogeha @MI.+

NUMBERS

Disesdi

14031 - CARDINAL

one - two - three

four

five - six - seven

eight

nine -

s agwu ta?li

j o?i

nvhgi

hisgi

sudali

gahlgwogi

chanela

sohnela

yesterday morning svhi sunale?i RA C 8 8 T

yes, that's it sgidv 2 Y 6 - - yet si 6

you nihi h A

young animal a?da D L agina DY8

young man awina D88

young woman ata DW

yourself jvsa C6r

yourselves ijvsa TCH sdvsa 2bW

6rJ

WP

KT

DY

A2Y

r L P

f my

CAW

IAW

228 t e n

t e n - e leven

twelve

t h i r t e e n

f o u r t e e n

f i f t e e n

s i x t e e n

seventeen

e igh teen

n ine t een

twenty

twenty one - twenty two

twenty t h r e e

twenty fou r - twenty f i v e

twenty s i x - twenty seven

twenty e i g h t

twenty n i n e

t h i r t y

t h i r t y one

thlrty two

t h i r t y t h r e e

t h i r t y f o u r

thirty f i v e

t h i r t y s i x

t h i r t y seven

t h i r t y eight t h i r t y n i n e

forty_

forty one

f o r t y two -- f o r t y t h r e e

f o u r -

sgohi

sa?du

t a ? l d u

jo?ga?du

niga?du

sg iga?du

da ladu

gahlgwadu

neladu

sohneladu

t a ? l s g o h i

t a ? l sgo sagwu

t a ? l s g o t a ? l i

t a ? l s g o j o ? i

t a 7 l s g o nvhgi

t a ? l s g o h i s g i

t a v l s g o s u d a l i

t a ? l s g o gahlgwogi

t a ? l s g o chanela

t a 7 l s g o sohnela

jo?sgohi

jo?sgo sagwu

j o?sgo t a ? l i

jo?sgo j o ? i

jo7sgo nvhgi

jo7sgo h i s g i

jo?sgo s u d a l i

jo?sgo gahlgwogi

jo?sgo chanela

jo?sgo sohnela

nvksgohi

nvksgo sagwu

nvksgo t a 7 l i

nvksgo jo?.i

nvksgo nvhgi

2/44

US

N P S

K S S

h S S

@ Y S S

L W S

s P X S

A W S

C A W S

W P @ 429

W P J . 4 u, W P @ A WP

W P 2 A K T

W P @ A D Y

W P @ A BAY

W P @ A C L P

WP@A S W Y

W P 2 A CAW

W P J A f AW

K @ R 9

K @ A u; K @ A W P

KJ .4 K T

K @ A QY

K @ A A @ Y

K @ A C L P

K @ A 5 PVY

K @ A CAW

K J A ? A W

OYOa A29

OY2 A

D Y Z A W P

D Y Z A K T

QY2 A D Y

fort five 2- forty - six

forty seven

forty eight

forty nine - fifty fifty one

fifty - two

fift three 2- fifty four - fifty five - fifty six

fifty seven

fifty eight

fifty nine - sixty sixty one

sixty two

sixty three

slxty four - sixty five

sixty six

sixty seven

sixty eight

sixty nine

seventy

seventy one

seventy two

seventy three

seventy four

seventy five

seventy six

seventy seven

seventy eight

seventy nine

seventy nine 229

nvksgo hisgi D Y ~ A .QJY

nvksgo sudali D Y ~ A CL f a

nvksgo gahlgwogi @YaA S W Y

nvksgo chanela DYJ A e,? U'

nvksgo sohnela OYaA C;IW

hiksgohi O ~ Y ~ A A

hiksgo sagwu O@Y@A V 2

hiksgo ta7li .9@YaA WP

hiksgo jo7i QAVv@A K T

hiksgo nvhgi .Q@Y@A DY

hiksgo hisgi .OaY@A 22Y

hiksgo sudali ASYJA C L P

hiksgo gahlgwogi AJYJA S W Y

hiksgo chanela A~Y@A CAW

hiksgo sohnela AJYV@A CAW

sudalsgohi C L P@AA

sudalsgo sagwu CLPdA G

sudalsgo ta7li CLPJA WP

sudalsgo jo?i CLPJA KT

sudalsgo nvhgi CLPJA DY

sudalsgo hisgi CLPdA AaY

sudalsgo sudali CL P@A elf sudalsgo gahlgwogi ClPdA SffY

sudalsgo chanela CIP@A CAW

sudalsgo sohnela C L P@A $AW

gahlgwasgohl S PI2.U

gahlgwasgo sagwu SPIJA Hi2

gahlgwasgo ta7li SPI@A WP

gahlgwasgo J o7i S PZ2A KT

gahlgwasgo nvhgi SPXZA OY

gahlgwasgo hisgi SPX2A A2Jr

gahlgwasgo sudali S PZ2A el P gahlgwasgo gahlgwogi S PZ2A S W Y

gahlgwasgo chanela SP.Z'G,A CAW

gahlgwasgo sohnela SPXZA +AW

230 e igh ty

e i g h t y

e i g h t y one

e i g h t y two

e i h t t h r e e a- e i g h t y fou r

e i g h t y f i v e

e i g h t y s i x

e i g h t y seven

e i g h t y e i g h t

e i g h t y n i n e

n i n e t y

n i n e t y one - n i n e t y two

n i n e t y t h r e e

n i n e t y f o u r

n i n e t y f i v e

n i n e t y s i x

n i n e t y seven

n i n e t y e i g h t

n i n e t y n i n e

one hundred - one hundred one - one hundred two - -

ORDINAL

f i r s t

second

t h i r d

f o u r t h

f i f t h

s i x t h - seven th

e i g h t h

n i n t h

t e n t h

e l even th

n e l s g o h i

ne l sgo sagwu

ne l sgo t a 7 l i

ne l sgo j o 7 i

ne l sgo nvhgi

ne lsgo h i s g i

ne l sgo s u d a l i

ne l sgo gahlgwogi

ne l sgo chane l a

ne lsgo sohnela

sohnelsgohi

sohnelsgo sagwu

sohnelsgo t a ? l i

sohnelsgo j o ? i

sohne lsgo nvhgi

sohnelsgo h i s g i

sohnelsgo s u d a l i

sohne lsgo gahlgwogi

sohnelsgo chane la

sohnelsgo sohnela

sgohi tsgwa

sgohi tsgwa sagwu

sgohi tsgwa t a 7 1 i

A w a u

AW2A t13

AW@A W P

AW2A KT

AW2A UY

AW@A A U

AW2A t"l P

AWJA S W Y

AW2A CAW

AW2A I.AW

I. A w a u

I.AW2A E1;3

I.AW2A W P

I.AW2A KT

I.AW2A UY

1AW2A BAY

I.AWaA CL P

I.AW2A S W Y

I.AW2A CAW

I.AW2A I.AW

2AAbI

a u b I 613 2 M b I W P

TEdT

WPA T

KTAT

UYA T

BAYAT

t 7 L PAT

SWYA7

CA PA T

I.APAT

2 AAA T

61SbAT

twelfth

thirteenth

fourteenth

fifteenth

sixteenth

seventeenth

eighteenth

nineteenth

twentieth

twenty first

twenty second

twenty third

twenty fourth

twenty fifth

twenty sixth - twenty seventh

twenty eighth

twenty ninth

thirtieth

thirt first 2- thirty second

thirt third 2- thirty fourth

thirty fifth

thirty sixth

thirty seventh

thirty eighth

thirty ninth

fortieth

forty first

forty second

fort third 2- forty fourth

fort fifth 2- forty sixth

forty sixth 231

ta?ldusine?i

jo?gavdusine?i

niga?dusine?i

sgiga?dusine?i

daladusine?i

gahlgwadusine7i

neladusine?i

sohneladusine?i

ta?lsgohine?i

ta?lsgo sagwuhinevi

tavlsgo ta7linevi

ta?lsgo jo?ine?i

ta?lsgo nvhgine?i

ta?lsgo hisgine?i

ta?lsgo sudalinevi

tavlsgo gahlgwoginevi

ta31sgo chanelinevi

tavlsgo sohneline?i

j o?sgohinevi

jo?sgo sagwuhine?i

jo?sgo tavline?i

jo?sgo jovine?i

jovsgo nvhginevi

jo?sgo hisgineyi

jovsgo sudaline?i

jo?sgo gahlgwoginevi

jo?sgo chaneline?i

jovsgo sohnelinevi

nvksgohinevi

nvksgo sagwuhinevi

nvksgo tavlinevi

nvksgo jovinevi

nvksgo nvhginevi

nvksgo hisgine?i

nvksgo sudalinevi

VP.TbAT

KSSbAT

hSSbAT

@YfSbAT

L WSbAT

f PXSbAT

AWSbAT

SAWSbAT

WP@&A T

WP@A K A A T

WP@A WPAT

WP@A K TA T

WP@A DYA T

WPJA Aa'A T

WP@A CLPAT

WP@A f W Y A T

WP@A CAPAT

WP@A SAPAT

K @ U A T

K@A i7'2AA T

K2A WPAT

K@A KTAT

K@A PYA7

K@A A@YAT

K@A CLPAT

K@A SWYAT

K@A CAPAT

K@A SAPAT

@Y@UAT

DY2A VZAAT

DY@A WPAT

DY@A KTAT

DY@A DYAT

DY@A A X A T

DY@A CLPAT

232 forty seventh

forty seventh

forty eighth

forty ninth

fiftieth

fift first Y- fifty second

fift third 2- fifty fourth

fifty fifth

fift sixth Y- fifty seventh

fifty eighth

fift ninth 2- sixtieth

sixty first

sixty second

sixty third

sixty fourth

sixty fifth

sixty sixth

sixty seventh

sixty eighth

sixty ninth

seventieth

seventy first

seventy second

seventy third

seventy fourth

seventy fifth

seventy sixth

seventy seventh

seventy eighth

seventy ninth

eightieth

eighty first

nvksgo gahlgwogine'i

nvksgo chaneline'i

nvksgo sohnelinevi

hiksgohinevi

hiksgo sagwuhinevi

hiksgo tavlinevi

hiksgo jovinevi

hiksgo nvhgine'i

hiksgo hisgine'i

hiksgo sudalinevi

hiksgo gahlgwogine'i

hiksgo chanelinevi

hiksgo sohnelinevi

sudalsgohine'i

sudalsgo sagwuhine'i

sudalsgo tavline'i

sudalsgo j ovine'i

sudalsgo nvhginevi

sudalsgo hisgine'i

sudalsgo sudalinevi

sudalsgo gahlgwogine'i

sudalsgo chaneline'i

sudalsgo sohneline'i

gahlgwasgohine'i

gahlgwasgo sagwuhinevi

gahlgwasgo ta'linevi

gahlgwasgo j o'inevi

gahlgwasgo nvhginevi

gahlgwasgo hisgine'i

gahlgwasgo sudaline'i

gahlgwasgo gahlgwogine'i

gahlgwasgo chanelinevi

gahlgwasgo sohnelinevi

nelsgohinevi

nelsgo sagwuhinevi

@YJA S f f Y A T

@YJA CAPAT

@Y@A IAPAT

A@YJR9/1T

AJY@A tl,?AAT

AJYJA WPAT

A Z @ A KTAT

AJYJ A @YA T

AJY@ A A Z A T

A Z @ A CLPAT

A@Y@A S W Y A T

A@Y@A CA PA T

AJYJA -fAPAT

CL PJAAAT

CL P@A MAAT

CLP@A WPAT

CLP@A KTAT

CLP@A DYAT

CLPJA A U A T

CL P@A CL PAT

CL P@A S f f Y A T

CLP@A CAPAT

CLP@A IAPAT

S P52RSAT

S P52A K2AAT

SP52A WPAT

S PB@A KTAT

S PB@A @YAT

S P5@ A A Z A T

SP52A CLPAT

S PX@A S f f Y A T

SPBaA CAPAT

SPX@A IAPAT

AW@&AT

AW@A tl,?AAT

one million 233

i eighty second I I elghty third

elght_y fourth

eighty fifth

eighty sixth

eighty seventh

eighty eighth

I eighty ninth

ninetieth

ninety first

ninety second

ninety third i 1 ninety fourth

j ninety fifth

I ninety sixth

I ninety seventh

i ninety eighth

' ninety ninth

one hundredth - one hundredth first

one hundredth second

two hundred - three hundred

four hundred - five hundred - six hundred - seven hundred

eight hundred

nine hundred - one thousand - one million -

nelsgo tavlinevi

nelsgo jovinevi

nelsgo nvhginevi

nelsgo hisgine?i

nelsgo sudaline?i

nelsgo gahlgwoginevi

nelsgo chanelinevi

nelsgo sohneline?i

sohnelsgohine?i

sohnelsgo sagwuhinevi

sohnelsgo tavline7i

sohnelsgo j o?ine?i

sohnelsgo nvhginevi

sohnelsgo hisgine?i

sohnelsgo sudalinevi

sohnelsgo gahlgwoginevi

sohnelsgo chanelinevi

sohnelsgo sohneline?i

sgohitsgwine?i

sgohitsgwa sagwuhinevi

sgohitsgwa ta?line?i

talitsgwa

jo7itsgwa

nvhgitsgwa

hisgitsgwa

sudalitsgwa

gahlgwogitsgwa

nelatsgwa

sohnelatsgwa

saghu iyagayvli

sagwu iy~g~adinvda

, . -. ,.;I:?: . 11.s --

Sinvaa Dekaivj egv9 l

6 4 .S39YE7

j,,,,yy February

March

April

June - July

August

September

October

November

December

Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Unolvtana

Kaga7li

Anvhyi

Kawohni

Ansgvti

Dehaluyi

Kuyegwona

Ga7lohni

Dulisdi

Duninhdi

Nvdadegwa

Vskihyi

DAYS OF THE WEEK ---- Svnadodagwasdi

R t l I ' L I & J Lb'LLLT

Unadodagwasgv7i

Unadodagwohnv7i

Ta7line Iga

Jo'ine Iga

Nvhgine Iga

Junhgilosdi

Unadodagwidena

OUTLINE OF CHEROKEE GRAMMAR

WILLIAM PULTE

Assistant Professor Southern Methodist University

Datlas, Texas

and

Cherokee ianguage Instructor ?.ic:theastern Okiahorna State University

Tahlequah, Oklahoma

CHEROKEE RATION OF OKLAHOMA

1975

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

I . THE VERB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . i n i t i a l pref ixes 241 B . pronoun pref ixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 C . non-final su f f ixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 D . f i n a l s u f f i x e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 E . ref lexive . passive and c l a s s i f i c a t o r y verbs . . . . . . . . 295 F . verb "to be" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

I1 . THE NOUN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A nounpre f ixes 306

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B . nounsuf f ixes 308 C . possessed nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 D . compoundnouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 E . derived nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 F . f i r s t person s ingu la r forms of nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

I11 . OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

A . pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 B . adject ives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 C . adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 D . preposit ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 E . i n t e r j e c t i ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 F . conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

. . . . . . I V . NOTES ON CHEROKEE SYNTAX

. . . . . . . A . negative sentences B . questions . . . . . . . . . . . C . coordination . . . . . . . . . . D . subordination . . . . . . . . . E . possession . . . . . . . . . . . F . notes on word order i n Cherokee

. . . . . . . . . . G Cherokee t e x t

INTRODUCTION

This outline or sketch of Cherokee grammar is intended primarily as an aid to the user of the Cherokee-English dictionary.l The authors hope that Cherokee speakers who utilize the dictionary will acquire a deeper understanding of the complex structure of their language by reading the grammar sketch. Students of Cherokee attempting to learn the language and linguists interested in studying the structure of Cherokee should also find the dictionary and grammar outline useful.

The traditional parts of speech, used to classify the Cherokee entries in the dictionary, provide a useful framework by means of which the non-linguist can understand the grammatical systems of Cherokee. Each of the eight part of speech categories is described in the grammar outline. The first section is devoted to a discussion of the Cherokee verb. Since the structure of verbs in Cherokee is quite complex, this is the longest and most detailed section of the grammar sketch. The structure of Cherokee nouns is described in the second section, and the remaining parts of speech are discussed in the third section. The fourth section of the grammar outline consists of notes on various aspects of Cherokee syntax, the principles of sentence formation in the language.

Throughout the grammar sketch examples are provided for each of the points discussed. In addition to the examples, the first section contains a number of complete and partial verb paradigms. In the examples and paradigms we have chosen to spell final syllables in their entirety, and the reader should remember that final vowels are ordinarily not pronounced in spoken Cherokee. Further study of the language is needed to determine the precise nature of the rules which govern the dropping of vowels in various contexts.2

Those examples in the grammar outline which can stand alone as sentences are followed by periods and are translated by sentences in English. This practice is not followed in the case of examples which cannot stand alone as sentences. In addition to the discussion of the various grammar points and the examples which illustrate them, the reader is urged to study the.illustrative sentences in the dictionary. These sentences provide further insight into the structure of the Cherokee language.

'we would like to thank Bill Cook for discussing various aspects of Chero- kee with us, and for pointing out a number of facts regarding the future tense prefix and the suffix system of the verb. We would also like to thank Willard Walker for generously making available to us many of his unpublished materials on Cherokee. We have also profited from reading Reyburnls study of Cherokee morphology ("Cherokee Verb Morphology I, 11," International Journal of American Linguistics, 19:172-180, 259-73, and "Cherokee Verb Morphology 111," - International Journal of American Linguistics, 20:44-64).

* ~ ~ n a l vowels are more often retained at the end of sentences or utterances than elsewhere, apparently indicating that they function as carriers of the final part of intonation contours. The retention or dropping of final vowels also seems to mark the extent of formality of various speech styles; many more final vowels are retained in oratorical style than in casual spoken style, for example.

-

- 241

Sec t ion I . The Verb

-

-

Figure 1

Verb forms i n Cherokee must con ta in a verb stem, one o r more pronoun p r e f i x e s , and a f i n a l s u f f i x . They may a l s o e x h i b i t one o r more i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s , a r e f l e x i v e p r e f i x which d i r e c t l y precedes t h e stem, and one o r more n o n - f i n a l s u f f i x e s . These f a c t s a r e d i sp layed i n Figure 1 , with o p t i o n a l elements i n d i c a t e d by + and o b l i g a - - t o r y elements i n d i c a t e d by + .

I-A. The i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s . A verb form i n Cherokee may o p t i o n a l l y e x h i b i t one o r more i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s ; because o f t h e i r p o s i t i o n immediately preceding t h e pronoun p r e f i x e s , t h e i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s a r e a l s o r e f e r r e d t o a s prepronominal p r e f i x e s . Since severa l i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s may occur t o g e t h e r i n a s i n g l e verb form, it i s necessary t o d e s c r i b e t h e o r d e r i n which they appear r e l a t i v e t o each o t h e r ; t h i s information i s p resen ted i n Figure 2 .

I + i n i t i a l I - p r e f i x (es) - .

+ v e r b stem

1 Figure 2

I + pronoun

p r e f i x ( e s )

Pref ixes which a r e shown i n t h e same box i n F igure 2 do not occur t o g e t h e r ; f o r example, t h e p r e f i x e s y- and j i - , which appear i n t h e f i r s t box i n F igure 2 , do

1 not co-occur. In a d d i t i o n , i n some cases p r e f i x e s which occur i n d i f f e r e n t p o s i t i o n s cannot occur t o g e t h e r . This i s g e n e r a l l y due t o an inheren t con t ra - d i c t i o n i n t h e meaning of t h e two p r e f i x e s ; f o r example, t h e w- p r e f i x , which i n d i -

1 c a t e s t h a t t h e person spoken of has h i s back turned t o t h e speaker , obviously cannot occur t o g e t h e r with t h e n- p r e f i x which i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e person spoken of i s posi t ioned l a t e r a l l y i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e speaker . S i m i l a r l y , t h e j - p r e f i x which i s used with c e r t a i n p a s t t e n s e verb forms cannot co-occur with da - , t h e f u t u r e 1 tense p r e f i x . A d i s c u s s i o n of each of t h e i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s fo l lows .

+ r e f l e x i v e - p r e f i x

+ n o n - f i n a l - s u f f i x (es)

1 y- , nega t ive j - , r e l a t i v e ,

p a s t , e t c .

5 da - , f u t u r e da - , motion

toward speaker

d i - , d i s t a n t p o s i t i o n .

-, nega t ive , c o n d i t i o n a l

1 :arm: y- be fore a vowel, y i - be fo re a consonant , 9- b e f o r e w - ; c f . (1-3) .

+ f i n a l s u f f i x

2 w-, away from speaker

6 i - , again

3 n - , l a t e r a l

p o s i t i o n , a l r e a d y , e t c .

7 ga- , s i n c e e - , d i s t a n t

imperat ive

2 . 3 (1) a . algowh tl; ha . "He sees i t ."

1 b. h l a 3 ya2gowh3ti2ha. "tle d o e s n ' t s e e it ."

L 4 de- , p l u r a l obj e c t

8 pronoun p r e f i x (es)

(2) a . j i2gowh1t i3ha . " I see i t . "

1 b. h l a 3 y i 2 j i 2 g o w h 3 2 t i 3 h a . "I d o n ' t s e e i t ."

(31 a. wa2gowh3ti2ha. "He sees it (with h i s back tu rned) . " b. h l a 3 yu2wa2gowh3ti2ha. . . "He d o e s n ' t s e e i t (with h i s back tu rned) . "

When y- d i r e c t l y precedes h - , me ta thes i s occurs a s i n ( 4 ) .

( 4 ) a . hizgowh2ti3ha. "You s e e it ." . h l a 3 hyi2gowh3ti2ha. '!You d o n ' t s e e i t ."

func t ion : When y- i s used t o g e t h e r wi th t h e nega t ive word h l a ( t l a i n some d i a - l e c t s ) "not ," it s e r v e s t o negate verb forms, as i n (1-2) . When y- occurs i n a ve rb form not preceded by h l a , i t s presence shows u n c e r t a i n t y on t h e p a r t of t h e speaker toward t h e occurrence of t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e expressed by t h e verb , a s i n

( 5 ) .

(5) a. ga2wo3ni2ha. "He i s speaking."

b. yi2ga2w032ni4ha " i f he i s speaking" . . Condi t ional forms l i k e (5b) must occur a s subord ina te c l a u s e s i n longer sen tences , as i n ( 6 ) .

( 6 ) yj2ga2w032ni'+ba, h l a 3 ya2gwanh3ta. " I f he i s speaking, I d o n ' t know it."

When used t o i n d i c a t e s o n d i t i o n a l i t y i n p a s t t ime, y- r e q u i r e s t h e non-progressive form of t h e verb stem a d t h e s u f f i x o r d i n a r i l y employ.ed wi th p r e s e n t p rogress ive forms, -a; see (7) .

(7) y ~ ~ w o ~ ~ n i ~ s a -*if h e spoke"

comments: The a d d i t i o n of y- t o verb forms r e s u l t s i n p i t c h changes i n t h e verb; t h e same occurs i n t h e case o f o t h e r i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s a l s o . The r u l e s which determine these changes are n o t f u l l y understood a t p r e s e n t .

j - , r e l a t i v e

form: j - be fo re a vowel, j i - b e f o r e a consonant , c f . (8-9) ; ju - be fore w - .

(8) a . a2sga2ya ~ ' w o ~ ~ h l a . l tA man i s s i t t i n g . "

b . a2sga2ya julwo"hla " ' the man who i s s i t t i n g t 1

(9) a . a2sga2ya ga2w03ni2ha. "A man i s speaking."

b. a2sga2ya ji2ga2w03ni4ha " the man who i s speaking"

f u n c t i o n : j - marks r e l a t i v e c l a u s e s ; it corresponds t o t h e English r e l a t i v e pronouns "who," "which," and " t h a t ," as (10-11) i n d i c a t e .

(10) a . a2sga2ya ga2w03ni2ha. "A man i s speaking."

b. a2sga2ya j12ga2w03ni4ha "the man who i s speaking"

(11) a . g i 2 h l i j i2gowh' t l3ha . "I s e e a dog."

b. g i 2 h l i j i 2 j i 2 g o w h ' t i 4 h a " the dog t h a t I see"

comments: Since t h e r e l a t i v e p r e f i x cannot be a t t a c h e d d i r e c t l y t o a negated v e r b form, nega t ive r e l a t i v e s a r e formed by adding t h e nega t ive a f f i x e s n- (or n i - ) and -na t o t h e ve rb form; t h e r e l a t i v e j - i s t h e n a t t a c h e d t o t h e a u x i l i a r y verb - i g i , y i e l d i n g j i g i , a s i n ( 1 2 ) . When j - i s p r e f i x e d , t h e second l a s t s y l l a b l e i n t h e word t akes p i t c h 4 .

(12) a. a2sga2ya hla3 y12ga2w032n12ha. "A man isn't speaking."

b. a2sga2ya n~2g?2w032ni2sgv4na ji4gi "the man who isn't speakingt1

Similarly, j- cannot occur in the same verb form with ga- "since," but it is possible for j- to be attached to -igi in instances in which the main verb is marked with ga-, as in (13).

(13) go1hi3gi gv2wa2g02hv4?i ji4gi "the one he hasn't seen in a long time"

j-, specific past time

form: j- before vowels, ji- before consonants, cf. (14-15) ; ju- before w.

(14) a. ~ ' w o ~ n i ~ s v ~ ~ ~ i . "He spoke."

b. sv2hi j ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ s v ~ ~ ~ i . "He spoke yesterday ." (15) a. ja2w03ni2sv23?i. "You spoke."

b, sv2hi jj2ja2~03ni2sv23?i. YOU spoke yesterday ." function: j- is used in sentences such as (14b and 15b) which contain a reference to a definite time in the past. It is also prefixed to verb forms in sentences which do not contain an explicit time reference if such a reference to a definite time in the past has previously been made or is understood by the speaker and hearer to exist; see (17), which would be the correct reply to (16).

(16) ga2d02 u1dv3ne21e3?i sv2hi? "What did he do yesterday?"

(17) j ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ s v ~ ~ ? i . ItHe spoke."

The use of j- is required in sentences in which reference to a specific past time is understood, as noted above, provided that the past tense suffix -v?i is employed This suffix indicates that the speaker witnessed the action or state indicated by the verb form in question; when the reportative past tense suffix -e?i is employed, j- cannot be used regardless of the presence or absence of a specific time reference; cf. (18-19).

(18) ga2d02 u1dv3ne21e3?i sv2hi? "What did he do yesterday?"

(19) u1w03ni2se3?i. "He spoke (reportedly)."

j-, negative imperative

form: j- before vowels, ji- before consonants, cf. (20-21); ju- before w-

function: j- must be employed to mark negative commands; cf. (20-21).

(20) a. e2nv3nilga. "Let's you and I hit him."

b. hle'sdi je3nv2ni11i. "Let's you and I not hit him."

(21) a. di2ja2du32ga. "Throw them."

b . hle'sdi j i2doZ3ja3de3si. "Don't throw them."

comments: See Section I-C for a discussion of the suffixes employed in imperative forms; see the discussion of de- in this section for the forms which this prefix takes when it occurs together with j- as well as with other prefixes.

j -, "again1'-imperative form: j- before vowels, ji- before consonants, cf. (22-23); ju- before w-.

2 3 . 1 (22) a . e nv n l ga . " L e t ' s you and I h i t him."

b . j i 3 ? e 2 n ~ 2 n i 3 2 g a . " L e t ' s you and I h i t him aga in . "

c . j ~ ~ n v ~ n i ~ ~ ~ a . l l L e t f s you and I h i t him a g a i n . "

(23) a . j a2dulga . "Throw i t . "

b. j i 2 3 j ? 3 d u 3 2 ga . "Throw i t aga in . "

f unc t i on : j - must be used t o mark a f f i r m a t i v e commands wi th "again"; c f . (22-23) .

comments: When the fo l lowing p r e f i x beg ins with a vowel, j - may appear e i t h e r a s j i - o r a s j - ; i f it appears a s j i - , a g l o t t a l s t o p i s i n s e r t e d between it and t h e vowel which fol lows.

Note t h a t t h e c o n t r a s t between commands wi th "again" and t hose without i s n e u t r a l - i z e d i n t h e c a s e of nega t i ve commands; s e e ( 2 4 ) .

(24) h l e l s d i j i Z 3 j a 3 d e 3 s i . "Don't throw i t" o r "Don't throw it aga in . "

w - , p o s i t i o n o r motion .away from speaker

form: w - b e fo re vowels, wi- be fo re consonants ; c f . (25-26)

( 2 5 ) a . algowh2ti3ha. "He s e e s it ." b. ~ ~ ~ ~ o w l n ~ t i ~ h a . "He s e e s l t (with h i s back t u rned t o t h e speaker) ."

(26) a . ja2de3ga. *Y,mutre throwing it ." b. wi2ja2de32ga. "You're throwing i t (away from speaker ) ."

When it preceeds h-, m e t a t h e r i s occu r s , a s i n (27) .

(27) a . h i2gowh2ti3ha. YOU s e e i t ."

b. h ~ i ~ ~ o w h ~ t i ~ h a . "Y.ou s e e i t ( looking away from t h e speaker ) ." In some forms, w- may be d e l e t e d a f t e r t h e nega t i ve y-; n o t e (28) , i n which t h e nega t i ve p r e f i x y- becomes yu- w i t h w - o p t i o n a l l y d e l e t e d .

(28) a . yq2wi2ga2w032ni2ha. "Me i s n ' t speaking (with h i s back tu rned) ." b . yu2ga2w032ni2ha. "Be i s n ' t speaking (with h i s back t u r n e d ) . "

f u n c t i o n : w - i s employed o p t i o n a l l y t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e ve rb i s f ac ing away from t h e speaker . In t h e c a s e o f motion v e r b s , i t fo l lows t h a t t h e motion w i l l be away from t h e speaker .

(29) a . ~ l w o ~ ~ h l a . ' 'He's s i t t i n g . "

b . ~ ~ ~ w o ~ h l a . "Hers s i t t i n g (wi th h i s back t o t h e speake r ) . "

(30) a . a 3 ? i . "He's walking."

b . wa3?i . "Hets walking (away from t h e speaker ) ." w - must be used with non-second person forms with t h e meaning " l e t " ; s e e (31) .

(31) a . j i 2w032n i2h i . "Let me speak."

b . ~ i ~ j i ~ w o ~ ~ n i ~ h i . "Let me speak."

The use of w- wi th second person impera t ive forms r e s u l t s i n a change i n meaning; compare (31b) with (32b).

(32) a . h i2wo1n iZ3h i . "Speak ."

b. h ~ i ~ w o ~ ~ n i ~ h i . "Speak (facing away) . " When the subject of the verb is not within sight of the speaker, the use of w - indicates distance; see (33).

(33) a. d ~ ~ l v ~ ~ h w j ~ s d a ~ n e ~ h o ~ ? i . "He works ." b. w ~ 2 d ~ 2 3 1 v 3 h w ~ 2 s d a 1 n e 2 h 0 3 7 i . "tle works (at a distance) ."

In the case of certain verbs, in forms with the dative-benefactive suffix, w- is used to indicate dative meaning; cf. (34-35).

(34) de2g03hwe231137a. "He's writing them."

(35) a. de2g03hwe231a32ne2ha. "He's writing them for him ." b. w~2d~2goZ3hwe31a1ne2ha. "He's writing them to him . I1

comments: A few verbs which inherently contain the notion of motion away from the speaker always occur with w-; e.g. wa2hv3sga "he's sending it ."

n-, lateral position

form: n- before vowels, ni- before consonants; metathesis occurs before -h-; cf. 136-3).

(36) a. a'gmh2t13ha- "He sees it ." b. naZgowh3ti2ha. "He sees lt (from a lateral position) ."

(37) a. ga2w03n~2ha. "He's speaking . " b. ni2ga2w03%~2ha. . . "He's speaking (laterally). "

(38) a. hj2go&2ti3ha- "YDU see it ." b. hniZgomh3tq2ha. "You see it (laterally) . I 1

function: n- is used optionally to indicate that the person spoken of is in a lateral position with respect to 6he speaker; i.e., in (36b), (37b1, and (38b), the subject of the verb is understood to be standing with his side to the speaker.

n- "'already"

form: n- before vowels, ni- before consonants, metathesis occurs when n- is followed by h-; cf. (36-38). Note that all the n- prefixes have the same forms exhibited by n-, lateral position, and illustrated by (36-38).

function: n- may be attached to a past tense verb form to indicate that the action or state expressed by the verb had already taken place or was already in progress prior to some subsequent point in time; see (39).

(39) a. u1ga2hna2nvZ3?i. "It rained ." b. nu2ga3hnrt2n047i. "It had already rained."

Sentences like (39b) can stand alone, provided that the necessary time reference has been established; typically, however, forms with n- form a clause in a sentence such as (40).

(40) nuZga3hna2no47i wa3g~?21uh2 ja. "It had already rained when I arrived there. "

comments: The use of n-, "already," requires the use of the habitual suffix -07i

Note t h a t t h e verb i n t h e independent c l a u s e may i t s e l f be i n t h e h a b i t u a l . When t h i s i s t h e ca se , t h e v e r b marked with n- i s a l s o unders tood t o be h a b i t u a l ; no t e (41) .

(41) n ~ ~ w o ~ ~ n i ~ s o ~ ? i ~ i ~ j i ? ~ l u h ~ ~ o ~ ? i . ' ) I a r r i v e ( h a b i t u a l l y ) t h e r e a f t e r he has a l r e a d y spoken."

n- may a l s o be used with t h e f u t u r e p r o g r e s s i v e , a s i n (42) .

(42) n i2ga2w032ni2sge4sd i . !!He w i l l a l r e a d y be speaking ( a t some s p e c i f i e d f u t u r e t ime) . "

n - , nega t i ve

form: c f . (36-38)

f u n c t i o n : n- i s used t o g e t h e r with t h e s u f f i x -na t o b r i n g about nega t ion i n c e r - t a i n types of c o n s t r u c t i o n s ; s e e (12) f o r an i n s t a n c e of t h i s t ype of nega t ion i n r e l a t i v e c l a u s e s . Some a d d i t i o n a l examples fo l l ow i n (43-44) .

(43) a . "He was hungry."

b . n ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ s i ~ s ~ v ~ n a . "He's wi thout hunger ."

(44) a . a1gowh2 t i23sgv3? i . "He was s ee ing i t ."

b . na2gowh3ti2sgv4na. "He's without s ee ing i t ."

n- , s p e c i f i e d a c t i o n

form: c f . (36-38).

f u n c t i o n : This p r e f i x occurs w i th t h e ve rb a1dv3ne2ha " t o do'!; it must be used wi th t h i s verb when t h e a c t i v i t y being done has been s p e c i f i e d o r i s unders tood; c f . (45-46).

(45) ga2d02 a1dv3ne2ha? "What's he doing?"

(46) ga3g02 na1dv3nf2ha? "Who's doing i t ? "

In (46) , t h e a c t i o n r e f e r r e d t o by t h e v e r b " t o do" i s unders tood t o be known; i n (45) , on t h e o t h e r hand, it is unders tood t h a t someone o r something i s doing some- t h i n g , bu t t h e exac t n a t u r e o f t h e a c t i o n being performed i s unknown. n- must be used i n i n s t a n c e s l i k e (46) , bu t may no t be used i n s en t ences l i k e (45) .

n - , a p r e f i x occu r r i ng be fo re da- , motion toward speaker o r p o s i t i o n f a c i n g speaker

form: This p r e f i x i s found on ly be fo re d a - , and t h e r e f o r e always appears a s n i - .

f u n c t i o n : There i s an n- p r e f i x which occurs i n i n f i n i t i v e forms b e f o r e da - , motion toward speake r , and be fo re t h e da- form of d i - , p o s i t i o n f a c i n g speaker ; s e e (47) .

(47) ni2da2yu3gowh2tvh3di . . u1du21i3ha. "He wants t o s e e it ( looking t h i s way)."

comments: Th i s n- p r e f i x does no t seem t o add any meaning t o t h e ve rb forms i n which it appea r s ; i t is s imply i n s e r t e d b e f o r e t h e da- p r e f i x i n i n f i n i t i v e forms.

I t should be no ted t h a t a few ve rbs must occur w i th n - , n i - ; s e e (48) .

(48) weZ3sa ni2g?2w5,2?a. "A c a t i s meowing."

In i n s t a n c e s such a s (48) , t h e presence o f n- does no t seem t o be meaningful , and t h e presence of n- i n a l l forms of v e r b s l i k e "meow" seems t o be an a r b i t r a r y

property of the verbs in question.

de-, plural object

form: de- before consonants, d- before vowels, except before-i-; cf. (49-50).

(49) a. jiZgowh1ti3ha. "I see it . I '

b. de2ji3gowh1ti3ha. "I see them."

(50) a. algowh2ti3ha. "He sees it."

b. da1gowh2t13ha. "He sees them."

When de- is followed by-i-,the -i- deletes, as in (51).

(51) a. ilni2gowh2t13ha- TIYou and I see it ." . de3niZgowh2ti3ha. lfYou and I see them. "

de- becomes di- after y-, w-, and n-, except when followed by a vowel with pitch 3; cf. 152-553.

2. .2 (52) a. hla3 y i 3 ; gowh32t53ha. "I don't see it."

b. hla3 *2d?2ji2gowh32ti3ha. '7 don't see them."

(533 a. ~ ~ ~ s d i ~ ~ ~ o w h ~ t ~ ~ h a . 'You (dl) see it (facing away)."

b. ~ ~ % ~ ~ s d i ~ ~ ~ o w h ~ t i * h a . "You (dl) see them (facing away)."

(543 a. n52sdi23gowh3tj2ha. "You (dl) see it (facing sideways) ." b. n~2dj2sdi23gowh3t~2ha- l'You (dl) see them (facing sideways) . I 1

(55) a. de2ji3gowhlti2 3sgv3?i. *#I was seeing them . I 1

b. ~ ~ ~ d e ~ j ~ ~ g o w h ~ t i ~ ~ s ~ v ~ ~ i . "I was seeing them (facing away) ." de- also becomes di- in infinitive and imperative forms when followed by a consonant; cf. (56-57).

(56) a. sdi2gowh2tvh3di u1du22i3ha. "He wants you (dl) to see it."

b. di2sdi2gowh2tvh3di u'du21i3ha. "He wants you (dl) to see them."

(57) a. ja2du1ga. "Throw it.'"

b. di2ja2du32ga. "Throw them."

de- becomes j- in infinitive and imperative forms when followed by a vowel other than a-. When followed by a-, de- becomes di-; cf. (58-60).

(58) a. uZgowh2tvh3di u1du21i3ha. "He wants to see it."

b. ju2gowh2tvh3di u1duZ1i3ha. "He wants to see them."

(59) a. e2na3di72ny2si. "Let's you and I throw it for him."

b. je2na3di~2nv2si. "Let's you and I throw them for him."

(60) a. 62g~2go~h2tvh3di u1du21i3ha. IIHe wants me to see it."

b. di2g~2gowh2tvh3di u1du21i3ha. "He wants me to see them."

In those instances in which de- becomes di-, as noted above, and also preceding -h-, the prefix vowel drops and the combination of d- plus -h- yields t-; see (61).

2 .3 (61) a. de2hl3gowh t; ha. "You see them."

b. ~ i ~ t ? ~ g o w h ~ t i ~ h a . "You see them (facing away) .I'

de- becomes do- before da-, future, before da-, motion toward speaker, and before di-, position facing speaker; cf. (62-64) .

(62) a. da2j$2gS,3?i. "1 will see it."

b. do2da2ji3g02?i. 111 will see them."

(63) a. d ~ ~ ~ t l i . "He, it's coming this way."

b. d ~ ~ d v ~ ~ t l i . "They 're coining this way."

Note that the sentence in (63b) is understood to refer to vehicles, not people; a different prefix would be needed in (63b) for an animate subject.

(64) a. di2gowh3ti2ha. "He sees it (facing toward speaker) ." b. d ~ ~ d i ~ ~ g o w h ~ t i ~ h a . "He sees them (facing toward speaker) ."

function: The primary function of de- is to indicate plurality of inanimate direct objects of transitive verbs; compare (65) with (66).

(65) a2ni2sga2ya ga2j i2gowh1ti3ha. "I see men.

(66) di2ga2ne'sa3?i de2j l3gowh'tl3ha. "I see boxes ." de- may also indicate plurality of the action or state referred to by the verb; see (67).

(67) a. a2ni2sga2ya ga2ji2y??21~3?i2ha. "I'm tying up the men." (a single act of tying)

b. a2ni2sga2ya de2ga3j i2ya?21v3?i2ha. "I'm tying up the men." (plural acts of tying)

In the case of (67a), it is understood that only one act of tying is taking place. (67b), however, indicates that two or more acts of tying are taking place. If six men were being tied, for example, (67b) would be appropriate to describe a situation in which each of the men were being tied individually, as well as a situation in which three men were tied together in two separate groups. (67b) could also be used to refer to a situation in which one group of men were being tied together, but with several ropes employed; the essential difference between (67a) and (67b) is, accordingly, one of plurality of the act described by the verb.

Ambiguity can result from the use of de-; compare (68) with (69).

(68) a. ga?21v3?i2ha. "I'm tying it up."

b. de2ga?31v3?i2ha. ."I'm tying it up." (plural acts)

(69) de2ga?31v3?i2ha. "I'm tying them (in) up." (single or plural acts)

Forms (68b) and (69) are ambiguous; unless the context clearly indicates to the hearer that the meaning of (68b) is intended, however, the form in question would ordinarily be understood to have the meaning of (69).

Note that de- cannot be used to make the distinction between single and plural acts of the verb in instances such as (69), since its use is required in these cases to signal the plurality of the direct object of the verb.

de- must be used with certain intransitive verbs in the plural. The verbs "to

s i t , " " to s t a n d , " " to be hungry," and " t o be t h i r s t y , " f o r examplc, r e q u i r e de- when t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e verb i s p l u r a l ; s e e ( 7 0 ) .

(70) a . u l y o 3 s i 2 h a . "He's hungry."

b . d ~ l n i ~ ~ o ~ s i ~ h a . "They a r e hungry."

The presence o f de- i n forms l i k e (70b) i s r edundan t , s i n c e t h e p l u r a l i t y o f t h e s u b j e c t i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e p resence o f t h e pronoun p r e f i x - n i - ; n e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e f a i l u r e t o use de- i n p l u r a l forms of i n t r a n s i t i v e ve rb s o f t h i s t ype r e s u l t s i n ungrammatical s en t ences such a s (71) .

(71) * ~ l n i ~ ~ o ~ s i ~ h a . "They a r e hungry . I 1

When sen t ences such a s (71) a r e suggested t o Cherokee speake r s , t h e y tend t o r e a c t wi th amusement and t hey t y p i c a l l y comment t h a t (71) f o r example, seems t o r e f e r t o two o r more persons w i th one stomach. On t h e o t h e r hand, t h e use o f de- wi th t h e s i n g u l a r form "he i s hungry," a s i n ( 72 ) , would seem t o mean t h a t a s i n g l e i n d i - v i d u a l has two o r more s tomachs.

(72) * d ~ ' ~ o ~ s i ~ h a . "He i s hungry."

In a d d i t i o n , o t h e r i n t r a n s i t i v e ve rb s r e q u i r e t h e u s e o f de- wi th bo th s i n g u l a r and p l u r a l forms; s e e ( 7 3 ) .

1 . 2 (73) a . da g l ya2we3ga. "I am t i r e d . "

b . du1ni2ya2we3ga. "They a r e t i r e d . l1

de- is a p p a r e n t l y used w i th t h e s i n g u l a r form of t h e v e r b " to be t i r e d " because t h e s e n s a t i o n of t i r e d n e s s i s perce ived s imul taneous ly i n v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e body.

comments: The use of de - w i t h t r a n s i t i v e ve rb s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Sec t i on 1-8 , i n Paradigm One.

da- , f u t u r e

form: da- b e f o r e a consonant , da- w i th a -y- i n s e r t e d be fo r e vowels, except a s noted below; c f . (74-75) .

(74) a . ga2w03ni2ha. "He i s speak ing ."

b . d a 2 g a 2 ~ 0 3 2 n i 2 s i . "He w i l l speak."

(75) a . e3ga . "He i s go ing . "

b . d a Z y e 3 s i . "He w i l l go . "

When da- i s fol lowed by - a - , t h e sequence of da- p l u s - a - y i e l d s dv- ; s e e (76)

(76) a . a lgowh2t l3ha . "He s e e s i t . "

b , dvZgo3hi . "He w i l l s e e i t . "

When da- i s followed by - i- , t h e -i- i s d e l e t e d ; s e e (77 ) .

(77) a . i1n i2w03ni2ha . "You and I a r e speak ing ."

b . d a l r ~ i ~ ~ w o ~ ~ n i ~ s i . "You and I w i l l speak ."

When followed by t h e p r e f i x - i- , "aga in , " t o be d e s c r i b e d below, da- p lu s -i- becomes dv- ; s e e (78) .

(78) a . i23h i3w03ni2ha . "You a r e speaking a g a i n . "

250

b . d ~ ~ ~ h i ~ w o ~ n i ~ s i . "You w i l l speak aga in . "

da- p lu s a fol lowing -h- becomes t - ; s ee ( 7 9 ) .

(79) a . h?2w03n12ha. "You a r e speaking ."

b . t / 2w032n i2s i . IYou w i l l speak."

da- becomes d i - before consonants and j - before vowels i n c e r t a i n cons t ruc t ion which w i l l be commented on below.

func t ion : da- i s p r e f ixed t o a verb form t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a c t i o n of t h e verb w i l l t ake p l ace i n t h e f u t u r e ; c f . (77-79). Note t h a t da- occurs t oge the r with t h e f u t u r e t e n s e s u f f i x -i i n t h e s e i n s t a n c e s ( see I-C f o r a d i s cus s ion of t h e f u t u r e s u f f i x ) . When t h e -i s u f f i x i s added, t h e ve rb stem must appear i n i t s non- p rog re s s ive form; s ee I -C f o r a d i s cus s ion of t h e changes which occur i n verb stems under s u f f i x a t i o n .

d a i s used with t h e f u t u r e s u f f i x followed by t h e p a s t t e n s e s u f f i x - v 7 i t o i n d i - c a t e t h a t t h e subjec t of t h e verb was planning t o ~ e r f o r m t h e a c t i o n of t h e verb i n t he p a s t ; see (80) . Note t h a t t he f u t u r e s u f f i x becomes - i s - before a vowel.

(80) da2ga2w032ni2s i3sv237i . "He was going t o speak. " da- i s used with t h e f u t u r e s u f f i x followed by t h e h a b i t u a l s u f f i x - o ? i t o i n d i - c a t e t h a t t h e sub jec t o f t h e ve rb i s accustomed t o speaking whenever t h e oppor tun i ty p r e s e n t s ; s e e (81) .

(81) d?2ga2w032ni2s i3s03? i . "He's always about t o speak."

When da- i s used with t h e h a b i t u a l , a s i n (81 ) , it changes i n form t o d i - , provided t h a t a consonant fo l l ows ; i f a vowel fo l l ows , i t changes t o j - , a s i n ( 8 2 ) .

(82) j e 3 s i ' s o 3 ? i . "He's always about t o go ."

da- i s used with t h e s u f f i x - e s d i t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e ve rb w i l l i n tend t o perform t h e a c t i o n expressed by the ve rb a t a f u t u r e t ime, a s i n (83 ) . When da- i s used i n t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n , i t appears a s d i - be fo re consonants and j - before vowels.

(83) d i2ga2w032n i2s i3 se3sd i . "He w i l l be going t o speak ."

da- i s used with t h e -i s u f f i x followed by t h e r e p o r t e d p a s t s u f f i x - e ? i t o i n d i - c a t e t h a t t h e sub jec t o f t h e verb r e p o r t e d l y intended t o speak i n t he p a s t ; s e e (84). In t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n a l s o , da- appears a s d i - before consonants and a s j - be fo re vowels.

(84j d i2ga2w032n i2s i3 se37 i . . . "He was r e p o r t e d l y going t o speak."

The p rog re s s ive f u t u r e i s formed without t h e use of da - ; s e e (85) .

(85) a . ga2wo3nl2ha. "He i s speaking."

b . ga2w03ni2sge3sdi. "He w i l l be speaking. l 1

There i s t hus a c o n t r a s t between t h e non-progressive f u t u r e , i l l u s t r a t e d above i n (77b), (78b), and (79b) , and t h e p rog re s s ive f u t u r e . Th i s c o n t r a s t i s imposs ib le i n t he case of verb forms e x h i b i t i n g t h e p r e f i x da - , motion toward speaker , o r t h e p r e f i x d i - , d i s t a n t p o s i t i o n , s i n c e t h e s e p r e f i x e s cannot occur with da - , f u t u r e ; compare (86) and (87) .

(86) a . ga2w03ni2ha. "He is speaking . I f

b. da2ga2w032ni2si. "He w i l l speak." C:

-- on- I IS

-

ded

c . g ~ 2 w 0 3 n i 2 s g e 3 s d i . "He w i l l be speak ing ."

(87) a . d i2ga2w032ni2ha. "He i s speaking ( f ac ing t h e speaker ) . ' I

c . d i2ga2w032ni2sge3sd i . "He w i l l speak, he w i l l be speak ing ."

The absence of t h e b-form i n (87) i s due t o t h e f a c t t h a t da- , f u t u r e , cannot occur wi th d i - , d i s t a n t p o s i t i o n . I n o rde r t o form t h e f u t u r e t e n s e i n t h e ca se of a verb form wi th d i - ( o r w i th da - , motion toward s p e a k e r ) , t h e s u f f i x o r d i n a r i l y used t o form t h e p rog re s s ive f u t u r e must be used . A s a r e s u l t , forms l i k e (87c) can be understood t o have e i t h e r t h e f u t u r e p r o g r e s s i v e meaning o r t h e non- p rog re s s ive one.

da- , motion toward speaker

form: da- be fo re consonants and vowels, wi th - y - i n s e r t e d before vowels, except as noted below; c f . (88-89).

(88) a . g a 3 ? i . "I am walking."

b , d a Z g a 3 ? i . ItI am walking ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e speaker , a s when watching onese l f i n a movie) ."

(89) a . a 3 7 i . "He i s walking."

b . d?'ya3?i. "He's walking ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e speaker ) ." The vowel -i- d e l e t e s fo l l owing da- ; s.ee (90 ) .

(90) a . i 1 n a 3 ? i . "You and I a r e walking."

b . da1na3? i . "YOU and I a r e walking ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e speaker a s when watching onese l f i n a movie) ."

When t h e vowel fol lowing da- i s -a - , t h e sequence of da- p l u s -a- y i e l d s dv-; s e e (91).

(91) a . a l t l i . "He's running ."

b . d v Z 3 t l i . "He's running ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e speake r ) . "

When da- i s used with t h e h a b i t u a l s u f f i x , t h e r e p o r t a t i v e s u f f i x , and t h e f u t u r e p rog re s s ive s u f f i x , i t t a k e s t h e form d i - bo th be fo re consonants and be fo re a fo l lowing - a - . I n t h e l a t t e r c a s e , t h e -a- i s d e l e t e d ; c f . (92-97) .

(92) a . g a 3 ? i 2 s 0 3 ? i . "I h a b i t u a l l y walk."

b . d i 2 g a 3 ? i 2 s 0 3 7 i . "I h a b i t u a l l y walk ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e speaker , a s when watching o n e s e l f i n a movie) ."

(93) a . a1dan2s i23ne32g03? i . "He h a b i t u a l l y c r awl s . "

b . d i 2 d a n 3 s i 2 n i 1 s 0 3 ? i . "He h a b i t u a l l y c rawls ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e s p e a k e r ) .

(94) a . g a 3 7 i 2 s e 3 ? i . "I was r e p o r t e d l y walking."

b . d i Z g a 3 ? i 2 s e 3 ? i . "I was r e p o r t e d l y walking ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e s p e a k e r ) . "

(95) a . a 1 t l i 3 s e 3 ? i . "He was r e p o r t e d l y running ."

b. d i Z 3 t l i 1 s e 3 ? i . "He was r e p o r t e d l y running ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e

speaker ) . I' (96) a . g a 3 ? i 2 s e 3 s d i . "I w i l l be walking."

b. d iZga3? i2se3sd i . "1 w i l l be walking ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e speake r ) . l l

(97) a. a 1 t l i 3 s e 3 s d i . "He w i l l be running."

b. d i 2 3 t l i 1 s e 3 s d i . "He w i l l be running ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e speaker ) . I 1

The ve rb " to walk" i s excep t iona l w i th r ega rd t o t h e form of da- expected w i th t h e h a b i t u a l , r e p o r t a t i v e , and f u t u r e p r o g r e s s i v e s u f f i x e s . I n s t ead of da- appear ing a s d i - before a fo l lowing -a- a s i n (93b), (95b) , and (97b) above, i t appears a s j - i n t h e r e l e v a n t forms o f " t o walk"; s e e (98) .

(98) a . a3? iZse3? i . "He was r e p o r t e d l y walking."

b. j a 3 ? i 2 s e 3 ? i . "He was r e p o r t e d l y walking ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e speaker ) ."

The except iona l s t a t u s o f " to walk" wi th r e s p e c t t o t h e forms o f da- seems t o be due t o t h e presence of a p i t c h of l e v e l t h r e e on t h e -a- o f " to walk."

A sequence of da- p lu s -h- y i e l d s t - . Th i s i s t h e change desc r ibed above f o r da - , f u t u r e t e n s e ; c f . (79) . Also , -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r da-; s e e (77) .

f u n c t i o n : da- i s used wi th i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s of motion such a s "walk," "run," and "crawl" t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e motion i s toward t h e p o s i t i o n occupied by t h e speaker .

comments: T r a n s i t i v e motion v e r b s such a s "bring" seem t o r e q u i r e t h e d i - p r e f i x , which i n d i c a t e s p o s i t i o n f a c i n g speaker o r motion toward speake r , a s descr ibed below. In a d d i t i o n , some i n t r a n s i t i v e motion ve rbs t a k e d i - r a t h e r t han da-. da- i s t h u s extremely l i m i t e d wi th r e s p e c t t o t h e number of v e r b s w i th which i t can appear .

I t would be expected t h a t da- would t a k e t h e form j - b e f o r e vowels o t h e r than -a- and -i-, j u s t a s t h e f u t u r e t e n s e p r e f i x da- does ; s e e (82 ) . S ince no i n t r a n s i t i v e motion ve rbs have been noted which begin w i th vowels o t h e r than -a - , no i n s t a n c e s of da- appear ing a s j - have been found.

Since da- i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e v e r b i s moving toward t h e speaker , t h e u s e of f i r s t person forms w i th da- i s r e l a t i v e l y r a r e ; t h e s e forms a r e n a t u r a l , however, i n t h e c a s e of non-present t e n s e forms such a s "I w i l l be walking ( t o t h e p o s i t i o n which I am now occupying) ." I t i s a l s o p o s s i b l e t o u se da- i n t h e p r e sen t t e n s e wi th f i r s t person forms i n s i t u a t i o n s i n which t h e speaker i s watching himself i n a movie, and commenting upon h i s own a c t i o n s . In such s i t u - a t i o n s it i s p o s s i b l e f o r a speaker t o s a y "I'm walking t h i s way now" o r something s i m i l a r .

d i - , p o s i t i o n f a c i n g speaker o r motion toward speaker

form: d i - b e f o r e consonants , j - b e f o r e vowels o t h e r t han -a- o r - i - ; c f . (99-100).

(99) a . ga2w03ni2ha. "He's speaking ." b. dizga2wo 32ni2ha . I1Hels speaking ( f ac ing t h e speaker ) . I 1

(100) a . u lgo2he3? i . "He r e p o r t e d l y saw i t ."

b. juZgo3he37i . "He r e p o r t e d l y saw it ( f ac ing t h e speaker ) ." A fol lowing -a- o r -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r d i - ; c f . (101-102).

(101) a . a1gowh2ti3ha. "He s e e s i t ."

b. di2gowh3ti2ha. "He s e e s it ( f ac ing t h e speaker ) . I 1

(102) a . i 1 j i 2gowh2 t i3ha . "You ( p l ) s e e it . I 1

b. d i1 j i 23gowh3 t i2ha . "You ( p l ) s e e it ( f ac ing t h e speaker) ." When d i - appears i n a verb form ending i n t h e p a s t t e n s e s u f f i x - v 7 i , it changes t o da- be fo re consonants and vowels, w i th a -y- i n s e r t e d be fo re vowels o the r than -a- ; a fo l lowing -a- i s d e l e t e d ; c f . (103-105). These changes occur i n both pro- g r e s s i v e and non-progressive p a s t t e n s e forms with - v ? i , bu t n c t wi th -e? i ; s ee (100).

(103) a . j i 2gowh1 t i23sgv3? i . "I was s ee ing it ." b . da2 j i2gowh32t i23sgv37i . "I was s ee ing i t ( f ac ing t h e speaker) ."

(104) a . ~ l g o ~ h v ~ ~ 7 i . "He saw- it ." 2 3 3hv237i . '?He saw it ( fac ing t h e speaker) . I 1 b . d? yu go

(105) a . a1gowh2ti23sgv3?i . "He was s ee ing i t . I t

b. d ~ ~ ~ o w h ~ t i ~ s g v ~ ~ ~ i . "He was s ee ing it ( f ac ing t h e speake r ) . "

An -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r da- ; s e e (106)

(106) a . i1n i2gowh2t i23sgv3?i . "You and I were s ee ing i t ." b . da1ni23gowh3ti2sgv237i . "You and I were s ee ing i t ( fac ing t h e

speaker) ." The changes noted above i n (103-105) a l s o t a k e p l a c e i n i n f i n i t i v e forms; i n a d d i t i o n , any i n f i n i t i v e form wi th d i - must be preceded by n i - . Note (107), i n which d i - changes t o da- with -y- i n s e r t e d be fo re a vowel, and i n which n i - i s added t o t h e i n f i n i t i v e form.

(107) a . ~ ~ ~ o w h * t v h ~ d i u1du21i. "He wants him t o s e e i t ."

b . ni2da2yu3gowh2tvh3di u1du21i. "He wants him t o s e e i t ( fac ing t h e speaker) . I 1

While n i - i s a l s o i n s e r t e d be fo re d a - , motion toward speaker , i n i n f i n i t i v e forms, t h e forms o f da- remain t h e same; i . e . , t h e forms o f da- which occur fol lowing n i - i n i n f i n i t i v e s a r e t hose i l l u s t r a t e d by (88-91).

f unc t ion : d i - i s employed wi th non-motion verbs t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e verb i s f ac ing t h e speaker . I t a l s o occurs wi th verbs such a s " to f i g h t , " which involve motion which does no t t a k e p l ace i n a s t r a i g h t l i n e ; i . e . , a l though t h e r e i s obviously mction involved i n f i g h t i n g , t h e motion i s e s s e n t i a l l y non- d i r e c t i o n a l . T r a n s i t i v e motion verbs such a s " to br ing" a l s o t a k e d i - ; i n forms l i k e (108), i t is understood t h a t t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e v e r b i s br ing ing the ob jec t i n ques t i on t o a p o s i t i o n a d j a c e n t t o t h e speaker . With a few ve rbs , such a s " t o f i g h t , " d i - simply i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e ve rb is i n a d i s t a n t view from t h e speaker . This f u n c t i o n of d i - seems t o be l i m i t e d t o verbs such a s " to f i g h t " i n which t h e n a t u r e o f t h e a c t i o n ind i ca t ed by t h e ve rb involves non- d i r e c t i o n a l motion.

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(108) di2hyo3h?2ha. "He i s b r i ng ing i t ( t o a p o s i t i o n ad j acen t t o t h e speaker ) ." comments: A s i nd i ca t ed i n F igure Two, d a - , f u t u r e , da- motion toward speaker , and d i - a r e mutual ly e x c l u s i v e . Fu r the r s t udy may i n d i c a t e t h a t da- , motion toward speaker , and d i - , p o s i t i o n f ac ing speaker o r motion toward speaker , should be analyzed a s a s i n g l e p r e f i x . Such an a n a l y s i s would r e q u i r e f a i r l y d e t a i l e d r u l e s t o provide t h e c o r r e c t form o f t h e p r e f i x i n t h e v a r i o u s c o n t e x t s descr ibed above.

i- Magain"

form: i- be fo re consonants and vowels, wi th - 7 - i n s e r t e d be fo re vowels; c f . (109- 110) .

(109) a . ga2w03nj2ha. "He s speaking.

b . i23ga3w03n,2ha. "He Is speaking a g a i n ." (110) a . a lgowh2t j3ha . "He s e e s it ."

b. ;3??2gowh2t13ha. "He s ee s it aga in . "

i- becomes v- before ga- "s ince" ; s e e (111) .

(111) a . ga2 j a2w01n i23sv4? i " s ince you have spoken"

b. ~ ' ~ a ~ j ? ' w o 1 n i 2 3 s v 4 7 i "s ince you have spoken aga in"

i- a l s o becomes v- i n verb forms with t h e p a s t t e n s e - v ? i (whether used i n i t s p rog re s s ive o r non-progress ive f u n c t i o n ) , with non-motion verbs i n t h e p r e s e n t , and i n i n f i n i t i v e forms; c f . (112-114).

(112) a . j a2w03ni2sv23? i . "You spoke."

b . lrYou spoke aga in . " (113) a . a 3 ? i . "He's walking."

b. y 3 ? + 2 ? i . "He's walking aga in .I1

(114) a . u2gowh2tvh3di u1du21j3ha. "He wants him t o s e e i t ; he wants t o s e e i t . "

b. v3?u2gowh2tvh3di u1du21i3ha. "He wants him t o s e e i t a g a i n ; he wants t o s e e i t a g a i n . "

A p e c u l i a r i t y o f t h e i- p r e f i x i s i t s behavior i n forms with a vowel fo l lowing . In t h e s e cases , i n s t e a d of a g l o t t a l s t o p being i n s e r t e d , t h e p r e f i x may appear simply a s high p i t c h on t h e vowel which would o the rwi se have d i r e c t l y fol lowed i - ; c f . (115-116).

(115) a . 1 3 ? ~ 2 g 0 2 h e 3 7 i . "He r e p o r t e d l y saw i t aga in . "

b . u3g02he3? i . "He r e p o r t e d l y saw it aga in . "

(116) a . v 3 ? a 2 g o w h 2 t i 2 3 s g ~ 3 ? i . "He was s ee ing it aga in .

b . a3gowh2t i23sgv37i . "He was s e e i n g it aga in . "

The op t ion of d e l e t i n g t h e p r e f i x with a change i n p i t c h t a k i n g p l a c e on t h e f o l - lowing vowel i s a p e c u l i a r i t y o f i - , and a p p a r e n t l y has t o do w i th t h e f a c t t h a t i- c a r r i e s high p i t c h , i . e . p i t c h t h r e e .

A sequence of de - , p l u r a l o b j e c t , p l u s -i-, y i e l d s do-; s e e (117) .

(117) a . de2hi3gowh2t i3ha . "You a r e s e e i n g them."

-r 1 . and

b. do2hi3gowh2ti3ha. "You are seeing them again."

Other prefixes, such as di-, position facing speaker, coalesce with -i- as in (118) . (118) a. a1gowh2ti3ha. "He sees it."

b. di2gowh3ti2ha. "He sees it (facing speaker) ." c. di3??2gowh2ti3ha. "He sees it again (facing speaker) ."

When such a coalescence occurs, note that the deletion of -a- following di- does not take place; a glottal stop is inserted instead, as in (118~).

Before vowels, the coalescence of a preceding prefix and -i- is optional. Instead, the -i- prefix may occur only as high pitch; see (119).

(119) a. a1gi2g02hv23?i. !'I saw it."

b. da1gi2g02hv23?i. 111 saw them."

C. do3?a2gi2g02hv23?i. "I saw them again."

d. da3gi2g02hv237i. 111 saw them again."

1 function: i- is used to indicate that an action or state is reoccurring.

- I ga- "since"

-

I form: ga- before consonants and vowels, with -y- inserted before vowels; ga- plus -a- yields gv-; cf. (120-122). Exceptions are noted below.

comments: Note that i- does not occur in imperative forms; see the description of ji-, "again1'--imperative, given above.

- 1 (120) a. gi2ni2g02hv23?i. "You and I saw it."

b. ga2y02gi2ni2g02hv4?i llsin~e he and I saw it"

(122) a. a1gi2g02hv23?i. "I saw it ."

-

I b. gv2gi2g02hv47i "since I saw it"

b. ga2gi2ni2g02hv47i "since you and I saw it"

(121) a. ~ ' g i ~ n i ~ g o ~ h v ~ ~ ~ i . "He and I sak it."

In second person forms, ga- becomes ge-; cf. (123-124)

(123) a. ja2g02hv23?i. "You saw it."

b. ge2j?2g02hv4?i !?since you saw it"

(124) a. ~ d i ~ g o ~ h v ~ ~ 7 i . "You (dl) saw it."

b, ge2sdi2g02hv47i "since you (dl) saw it"

- I ga- appears as gvw- in third person forms; cf. (125-126)

(125) a. ~ l g o ~ h v ~ ~ 7 i . "He saw it."

b. gv2wa2g02hv4?i "since he saw it"

(126) a. ~ ' n i ~ g o ~ h v ~ ~ 7 i . "They saw it . I 1

b. gv2wa2ni2g02hv"i "since they saw it"

1 A peculiarity of the third person form of ga- is that the pronoun prefix u-, which

256

normally occurs i n n o n - p r o g r e s s i v e p a s t t e n s e forms, changes t o -a- fo l lowing gvw-.

f unc t i on : ga- i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t a c e r t a i n p e r i o d of t ime has e l ap sed s i n c e an event occur red ; s e e (127) .

(127) t a ? 2 1 i i2yu3na2d023d?2gwa1sdi j 2 g e 1 s v g a 2 j a 2 g 0 2 h ~ 4 ? i . " I t ' s been

two weeks s i n c e you saw i t . "

e - , d i s t a n t impera t ive

form: e - ; d i - a f t e r de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (128-129).

(128) a . ~ d i ' ~ o w h ' t ? ~ h a . "You [dl) see i t ."

b. e2sdi23g03hwah2ta . "You ( d l ) s e e i t ( f a c i n g t h e speaker ) ." (129) a . de2sd i3gowh2t i3ha . '!You (d l ) s e e them. "

b . d ~ ~ d i ~ s d i ~ ~ o ~ h w a h ~ t a . IYou [ d l ) s e e them ( f ac ing t h e speaker ) ." f u n c t i o n : e - i s used w i th impe ra t i ve forms when t h e person spoken t o i s f a c i n g t h e speaker from a p o s i t i o n some d i s t a n c e away.

comments: An a l t e r n a t i v e t o cons ide r i ng e- and d i - , p o s i t i o n f a c i n g speake r , t o be two d i s t i n c t p r e f i x e s i s t o ana lyze them a s a s i n g l e p r e f i x d i - , wi th a v a r i a n t form e- which occurs i n impe ra t i ve forms when n o t preceded by a n o t h e r p r e f i x .

I-B. The pronoun p r e f i x e s . The purpose o f t h i s s e c t i o n i s t o d e s c r i b e t h e pronoun p r e f i x e s which d i r e c t l y p recede v e r b s tems i n Cherokee. A number o f ve rb paradigms, i l l u s t r a t i n g t h e s e p r e f i x e s , w i l l be p r e s e n t e d and commented on.

Verb stems i n Cherokee must be preceded by one o r more pronoun p r e f i x e s which r e f e r t o t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e v e r b . I n t h e c a s e o f t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s , t h e p resence o f a d i r e c t o r i n d i r e c t o b j e c t i s a l s o i n d i c a t e d by t h e pronoun p r e f i x e s . There a r e two s e t s o f pronoun p r e f i x e s i n Cherokee, S e t A and S e t B; wh i l e most ve rb s r e q u i r e t h e u s e o f t h e Se t A p r e f i x e s , a l a r g e number o f Cherokee ve rb s a l s o occur w i th p r e f i x e s from Se t B . I n t h e paradigms which f o l l o w , both s e t s o f p r e f i x e s w i l l be i l l u s t r a t e d i n paradigms and commented on.

Paradigm One:

The verb forms i n t h i s paradigm e x h i b i t Se t A pronoun p r e f i x e s a s t h e y appear before a t r a n s i t i v e verb stem beg inn ing w i th a vowel. The stem of t h e ve rb " to t i e up" i s e i t h e r - a ? l v ? i h - o r - a h l v ? i h - , depending on t h e p a r t i c u l a r combinat ion o f s u b j e c t and o b j e c t ; s e e t h e Notes on Paradigm One below. T h i s paradigm i s t h u s i l l u s t r a t i v e o f t h e a l t e r n a t i o n between g l o t t a l s t o p and -h- which c h a r a c t e r i z e s a number o f Cherokee ve rb s . I n a d d i t i o n , Paradigm One has been chosen t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e u s e o f t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x d e - ; o the rw i se i d e n t i c a l forms a r e p r e sen t ed which c o n t r a s t wi th r e s p e c t t o t h e p r e sence o r absence of de - , demons t ra t ing t h e f u n c t i o n of t h i s p r e f i x throughout t h e paradigm.

Cherokee form Eng l i sh meaning Ana ly s i s

(1) gv2ya?21v37i2ha "I'm t y i n g you up" gv- "I- -youw: g - , 1st per - (a s i n g l e a c t o f son ; -v- , 1st person sub jec t , t y i n g ) 2nd person o b j e c t ; -y- i s

i n s e r t e d be fo r e a fo l lowing vowel.

de-, p l u r a l ; I f . (1) f o r a n a l y s i s of t h e pronoun p r e - f i x e s .

"I'm t y i n g you up" ( p l u r a l acts of t y ing )

"I'm t y i n g him up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

j i - "I--himf': j - , 1st person ; -i-, animate o b j e c t ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e a vowel.

"I 'm t y i n g him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (3)

"I'm t y i n g it up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

g- " I - - i t w : g - , 1st pe r son .

"I'm t y i n g i t up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (5)

"I 'm t y i n g you ( d l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

sdv- "I--you (d l ) " : s - , 2nd pe r son ; -d-, d u a l ; -v-, 1st person s u b j e c t , 2nd person o b j e c t .

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . ( 7 ) . " I ' m t y i n g you ( d l ) up" ( p l u r a l a c t )

"I'm t y i n g you ( p l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

i j v - "I--you (p l ) " : i-, p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd person ; -v-, 1st pe r son s u b j e c t , 2nd person o b j e c t .

" I ' m t y i n g you ( p l ) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . ( 9 ) ; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r de - .

" I ' m t y i n g them (an) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

g a j i - "I--them (an)": ga- , 3rd person p l u r a l animate; - j - , 1st person ; -i-, animate o b j e c t ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e vowels.

"I'm t y i n g them (an) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (11).

" I ' m t y i n g them ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e o r p l u r a l a c t s )

dega- "I--them ( i n ) " : de - , p l u r a l ( i n t h i s i n s t a n c e , 3rd person p l u r a l inan imate o b j e c t ) ; -g-, 1st person .

"you ' re t y i n g me up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

sgw- "you--me1': s - , 2nd p e r - son; -gw-, 1st pe r son .

"you ' re t y i n g me up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (14) .

"you ' re t y i n g him up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

h i - "you--him1': h- , 2nd p e r - son ; -i-, animate o b j e c t ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d .

de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (16) . " y o u ' r e t y i n g him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

(18) ha2hlv37i2ha "you ' re t y i n g i t up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

(19) de2ha3hlv3? i2ha "you ' r e t y i n g i t up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

(20) sg i2na?21v3? i2ha "you ' re t y i n g me and him up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

(21) de2sg i3na?21v3? i2ha "you ' r e t y i n g me and him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

(22) i 1 sg i2ya?21v3? i2ha "you ' re t y i n g me and them up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

(23) de2sg i 3ya721v3?i2ha "you ' r e t y i n g me and them up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

(24) ga2hi2ya?21v3? i2ha "you ' r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

"you ' r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"you ' r e t y i n g them ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e o r

p l u r a l a c t s )

"he ' s t y i n g me up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

" h e ' s t y i n g me up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

" h e ' s t y i n g you up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

" h e ' s t y i n g you up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

" h e ' s t y i n g him, i t up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

"he ' s t y i n g him, i t up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"he ' s t y i n g me and you up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

(34) de2gi3na2hlv3? i2ha " h e ' s t y i n g me and you up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

(35) i l g a 2 h l v 3 ? i 2 h a " h e ' s t y i n g me and you ( p l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

h- "you - - i t f ' : h- , 2nd pe r - son.

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (18) .

s g i n - "you--me and him": s - , 2nd person ; -g- , 1st person ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e -n- ; -n - , d u a l .

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (20)

s g i - "you--me and them": s - , 2nd person ; -g - , 1st person ; -i-, p l u r a l ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d .

de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (22) ; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r de - .

gah i - "you--them (an)": ga - , 3rd person p l u r a l animate; -h- , 2nd person ; -i-, animate o b j e c t ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d .

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (24) .

deh- "you--them ( i n ) " : de- , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; -h- , 2nd person .

agwa- "he--me1': a - , 3rd person ; -gw-, 1st person.

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (27) .

j -, 2nd person .

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (29)

g - "he--him, i t " : g- , 3rd person s u b j e c t .

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (31) .

g i n - "he--me and you": g- , 1 s t pe r son ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e -n- ; -n- , d u a l .

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (33) .

i g - "he--me and you ( p l ) " : i - , p l u r a l ; -g - , 1st person*

" h e ' s t y i n g me and you (p l ) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

" h e ' s t y i n g me and him up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

"he ' s t y i n g me and him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"he ' s t y i n g me and them up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

"he ' s t y i n g me and them up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"he ' s t y i n g you ( d l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

" h e ' s t y i n g you ( d l ) upw ( p l u r a l a c t s )

" h e ' s t y i n g you ( p l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

" h e ' s t y i n g you ( p l ) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"he ' s t y i n g them (an o r i n ) up" ( s i n g l e or p l u r a l a c t s )

"you and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

"you and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"you and I a r e t y i n g i t up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

"you and I a r e t y i n g i t up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"you and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

"you and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"you and I a r e t y i n g them ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e o r p l u r a l a c t s )

"YOU ( p l ) and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (35); -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r de - .

og in- "he--me and him": e - , exc lu s ive ; - g - , 1 s t person ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e -n- ; -n - , d u a l .

d - , p l u r a l ; c f . (37) .

og- "he--me and them": o - , exc lu s ive ; - g - , 1st person .

d - , p l u r a l ; c f . (39)

sd- "he--you ( d l ) " : s - , 2nd person; -d- , dua l .

de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (41) .

i j - "he--you ( p l ) " : i-, p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd person .

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (43) .

deg- "he--them (an o r i n ) " : d e - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; -g-, 3rd person .

en- "you and I--himt' : e - , 3rd person animate o b j e c t ; - n - , d u a l ; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r e - ; c f . (48) .

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (46) ; -e - i s d e l e t e d a f t e r de- .

i n - "you and I - - i t u : i - , 1 s t person ; -n - , dua l .

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (48) ; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r de - .

gen- "you and I--them (an)" : g e - , 3rd person p l u r a l ; -n - , dua l ; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r ge- ; c f . (48) .

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . ( 5 0 ) .

de - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; -n- , d u a l ; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r de- ; c f . (48) .

ed- "you (p l ) and I--him1': e - , 3rd person animate; -d-, p l u r a l ; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r e - .

de- , p l u r a l ; c f . (53) . t l y ~ ~ ( p l ) and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

l'you ( p l ) and I a r e t y i n g it up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

I1you ( p l ) and I a r e t y i n g i t up" ( p l u r a l )

i d - "you ( p l ) and I - - i t " : i-, 1st person ; -d- , p l u r a l .

d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (55) ; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r de - .

"you ( p l ) and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

ged- "you ( p l ) and I--them": g e - , 3rd person p l u r a l ; -d-, p l u r a l ; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r

ge- ; c f . (55) .

"you ( p l ) and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (57)

"you (p l ) and I a r e t y i n g them ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e o r p l u r a l a c t s )

ded- "you ( p l ) and I--them ( i n ) " : d e - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r de - .

sdv- "he and I--you": s - , 2nd person ; -d- , d u a l ; -v - , 1st person s u b j e c t , 2nd person o b j e c t ; -y- i s i n - s e r t e d b e f o r e a f o l l owing vowel.

de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (60) .

"he and I a r e t y i n g you up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

"he and I a r e t y i n g you up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"he and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

osd- "he and I--him1': o - , e x c l u s i v e ; -s- , ano the r person ; - d - , d u a l .

"he and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

d - , p l u r a l ; c f . (62) .

"he and I a r e t y i n g it up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

osd- "he and I - - i t w : o - , e x c l u s i v e ; -s-, ano the r person ; -d-, d u a l .

d - , p l u r a l ; c f . (64) . "he and I a r e t y i n g it up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"he and I a r e t y i n g you ( d l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

sdv- "he and I--you (d l ) " : 5 - , 2nd person ; -d-, dua l ; -v - , 1st person s u b j e c t , 2nd person o b j e c t ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d .

"he and I a r e t y i n g you ( d l ) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (66) .

"he and I a r e t y i n g you ( p l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

i j v - "he and I--you (p l ) " : i - , p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd p e r - son; -v-, 1st person sub- j e c t , 2nd person o b j e c t .

. . - -

.. . .

.-ial.

- i -

hem": .d-, ' t e r -

-

.' m

. . ' , -

. - - ,

I -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

"he and I a r e t y i n g you ( p l ) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

de- , p l u r a l ; c f . (68).

"he and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

gosd- "he and I--them (an)": g - , 3rd person p l u r a l ; -0-,

exc lu s ive ; -s-, another person ; -d-, d u a l .

"he and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (70) .

"he and I a r e t y i n g them ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e o r p l u r a l a c t s )

dosd- "he and I--them(in)": d - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; -0- ,

exc lu s ive ; -s-, another person; -d-, d u a l .

" they and I a r e t y i n g you up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

i j v - "they and I- -youn: i-, p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd person; -v-, 1st person s u b j e c t , 2nd person o b j e c t ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d .

" they and I a r e t y i n g you up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

de- , p l u r a l ; -i- i s de- l e t e d ; c f . (73) .

" they and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

o j - " they and I--him1': o - , exc lu s ive ; - j -, o t h e r persons .

" they and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

d - , p l u r a l ; c f . (75) .

" they and I a r e t y i n g it up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

o j - "they and I - - i t " : o - , exc lu s ive ; - j - , o t h e r pe r sons .

" they and I a r e t y i n g it up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

d - , p l u r a l ; c f . (77) .

"they and I a r e t y i n g you (d1 ,p l ) up" ( s i n - g l e a c t )

i j v - "they and I--you ( d l , p l ) " : i-, p l u r a l ; j - 2nd person; -v-, 1 s t person s u b j e c t , 2nd person o b j e c t ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d .

" they and I a r e t y i n g you (d1 ,p l ) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (79) .

" they and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

g o j - "they and I--them (an)": g - , 3rd person p l u r a l ; -0-, exc lus ive ; - j - , o t h e r persons .

" they and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

de- , p l u r a l ; c f . (81) .

"they and I a r e t y i n g them ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

o j - "they and I--them ( in ) " : o- , exc lu s ive ; - j - , o t h e r pe r sons .

"you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g me s g i n - "you (dl)--me": S - ,

up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) 2nd pe r son ; - g - , 1 s t pe r - son ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d ; - n - , d u a l .

"you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g me de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (84) . up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"you (d l ) a r e t y i n g him esd- "you (dl)--him": e - , up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) 3 rd person animate; -s - ,

2nd person; -d-, d u a l .

"you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g him de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (86) . up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g it sd- "you ( d l ) - - i t " : s - , 2nd up" [ s i n g l e a c t ) person ; -d- , d u a l .

"you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g it de- , p l u r a l ; c f . (88) . up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g me s g i n - "you (dl)--me and and him up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) him": s - , 2nd person; -g- ,

1st person; -i- i s i n s e r t e d ; -n - , d u a l .

"you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g me de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (90) . and him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g me i s g i - "you (dl)--me and and them up" ( s i n g l e them": i- , p l u r a l ; - s - , 2nd a c t ) person ; -g- , 1st person;

- i- , p l u r a l ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d .

"you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g me de - , p l u r a l ; c f . ( 92 ) . and them up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g them gesd- "you (dl)- - them (an)": (an) up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) ge - , 3 rd person animate;

-s - , 2nd person; -d-, d u a l .

"you (d l ) a r e t y i n g them d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (94) . (an) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g them de - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; - s - , ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e o r 2nd person; -d- , d u a l . p l u r a l a c t s )

"you ( p l ) a r e t y i n g me i s g i - "you (p1)--meM: i-, up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) p l u r a l ; -s-, 2nd person;

-g-, 1st person; -i-, p l u r a l ; -y- is i n s e r t e d .

"you ( p l ) a r e t y i n g me de- , p l u r a l ; c f . (97) . up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"you ( p l ) a r e t y i n g him e j - "you (p1)--him1!: e - , up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) 3rd person animate; - j - ,

2nd pe r son .

" Y ~ U ( p l ) a r e t y i n g him de- , p l u r a l ; c f . (99). up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"you (p l ) a r e t y i n g i t up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

i j - "you (p1) - - i t1 ' : i-, p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd person .

de- , p l u r a l ; c f . (101). "you ( p l ) a r e t y i n g i t up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"you ( p l ) a r e t y i n g me and him, me and them up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

i s g i - "you (p l ) --me and him, me and them": i-, p l u r a l ; -s-, 2nd person , -g-, 1st person; -i-, p l u r a l ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d .

de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (103) inyou ( p l ) a r e t y i n g me and him, me and them up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"you ( p l ) a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

g e j - "you ( p l ) --them (an) " : ge- , 3rd person animate; - j - , p l u r a l .

de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (105). "you i (pl) a r e t y i n g them (an) kp" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

de j - "you ( p l ) --them ( in ) " : de- , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; - j - , 2nd person.

"you ( p l ) a r e t y i n g them ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e o r p l u r a l a c t s '

" they a r e t y i n g me up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

gvgw- "they--me" : gv-, 3rd person p l u r a l ; -gw-, 1st person .

"they a r e t y i n g me up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (108).

" they a r e t y i n g you up" ( s i n g l e a c t )

g e j - "they--you1': ge- , 3rd person p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd person .

de- , p l u r a l ; c f . (110). " they a r e t y i n g you up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"they a r e t y i n g him, it ilp" ( s i n g l e a c t )

an- "they--him, it": a- , 3rd person; -n-, p l u r a l .

d - , p l u r a l ; c f . (112). " they a r e t y i n g him, it up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"they a r e t y i n g me and geg in- "they--me and you": you up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) ge- , 3rd person p l u r a l ;

-g- , 1st person; -n-, d u a l .

"they a r e t y i n g me and de- , p l u r a l ; c f . (1141. you up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

" they a r e t y i n g me and ge- , 3rd person p l u r a l ; you ( p l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) -g-, 1st person .

" they are t y i n g me and de- , p l u r a l ; c f . (116). you ( p l ) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

"they a r e t y i n g me and gogin- "they--me and him": him up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) g - , 3 r a person p l u r a l ;

-0-, exc lus ive ; -g-, 1 s t person; -i- i s i n s e r t e d ; -n- , d u a l .

3 . 2 (119) deZgo g; na2hlv3?i2ha "they a r e t y i n g me and de- , p l u r a l ; c f . (118) him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

2 2 (120) go ga h l v 3 ? i 2 h a "they a r e t y i n g me and gog- "they--me and them" : them up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) g - , 3rd person p l u r a l ; -0- ,

e x c l u s i v e ; -g- , 1 s t person.

(121) de2g03ga2hlv 37i2ha "they a r e t y i n g me and de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (120). them up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

(122) ge2sd?2hlv3?i2ha "they a r e t y i n g you gesd- "they--you (dl )" : ge- , ( d l ) up1' ( s i n g l e a c t ) 3rd person p l u r a l ; - s - , 2nd

pe rson ; -d- , d u a l .

(123) de2ge3sda2hlv3?i2ha !'they a r e t y i n g you de - , p l u r a l ; c f . (122). ( d l ) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

(124) ge2ja721v3?i2ha "they a r e t y i n g you g e j - "they--you (pl )" : ge- , ( p l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) 3rd person p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd

person.

(125) de2ge3ja?21v3?i2ha "they a r e t y i n g you de- , p l u r a l ; c f . (124). ( p l ) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )

(126) da1na2hlv3?i2ha "they a r e t y i n g them dan- "they--them (an, i n ) ' I :

(an o r i n ) upt1 ( s i n - d - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; -a- , 3rd g l e o r p l u r a l a c t s ) person; -n-, p l u r a l .

Notes on Paradigm One

The a n a l y s i s of t h e pronoun p r e f i x e s . I t i s f r e q u e n t l y t h e c a s e i n Cherokee, a s wel l a s i n many o t h e r American Indian lannuanes, t h a t combinations of s u b j e c t and o b j e c t p r e f i x i s cannot r e a d i l y be analyzed i n t o t h e i r component p a r t s . I n t h e above paradigm, t h e meaning of each s u b j e c t - o b j e c t pronoun combination is given, followed by an a n a l y s i s of t h e ind iv idua l e lements found wi th in t h a t combination. In a number of cases a l t e r n a t i v e analyses a r e p o s s i b l e .

Person, number, and gender. The pronoun p r e f i x e s i n d i c a t e whether ve rba l s u b j e c t s and o b j e c t s a r e f i r s t , second, o r t h i r d person. In a d d i t i o n , non-singular f i r s t person forms must be e i t h e r i n c l u s i v e or exc lus ive . F i r s t person dual i n c l u - s i v e forms a r e t r a n s l a t e d i n t o English wi th "you and 1"; f i r s t person p l u r a l i n c l u - s i v e forms a r e t r a n s l a t e d "you ( p l ) and I . " Dual and p l u r a l f i r s t person exc lus ive forms a r e t r a n s l a t e d "he and I " and "they and I " r e s p e c t i v e l y .

There i s a c o n t r a s t between s i n g u l a r and p l u r a l i n a l l persons i n Cherokee. In a d d i t i o n , t h e r e i s a dual number which appears i n f i r s t and second person forms but not i n t h e t h i r d person.

The ca tegory of gender i s p resen t i n t h e t h i r d person, where t h e r e i s a con- t r a s t between animate and inanimate o b j e c t s of v e r b s . I t should be noted t h a t Cherokee has no sex gender.

The a l t e r n a t i o n between -h- and g l o t t a l s t o p . The stem of t h e ve rb ."to t i e up" e x h i b i t s t h e a l t e r n a t i o n between -h- and g l o t t a l s t o ~ which i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of ., many Cherokee ve rbs . G l o t t a l s t o p appears under t h e fo l lowing c o n d i t i o n s : i n a l l forms with a f i r s t person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t ; i n forms wi th a second person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t and a t h i r d person animate o r f i r s t person exc lus ive o b j e c t ; i n forms with

a f i r s t person i n c l u s i v e s u b j e c t a n d a t h i r d person animate o b j e c t ; i n forms with a f i r s t person exc lus ive sub jec t and a t h i r d person animate o r second person dual o r p l u r a l o b j e c t . In a l l o t h e r c a s e s , -h- appears .

The use of t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x de-. The use of t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x de- t o i n d i - c a t e both p l u r a l i t y of t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e of t h e ve rb and a l s o t o mark t h i r d pe r - son inanimate o b j e c t s o f verbs i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Paradigm One. See Sect ion I-A f o r a more complete d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e func t ions of t h i s p r e f i x .

The i n i t i a l p l u r a l marker i- . A redundant p l u r a l marker, i-, appears i n forms 22, 92, 97, and 103. This i n i t i a l element may o r may not be p resen t ; many Cherokee speakers apparen t ly never use ve rb forms wi th redundant i - .

A process of l i n g u i s t i c change. Many Cherokee speakers make no d i s t i n c t i o n between t h i r d Derson a l u r a l animate and inanimate d i r e c t o b i e c t s i n forms with

~d ~

~ ~

f i r s t o r second person dual o r p l u r a l s u b j e c t s . For t h e s e speakers , t h e t h i r d pe r - son p l u r a l animate ob jec t marker has been rep laced by t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x de- (or one of i t s v a r i a n t forms) , which i s used t o mark t h i r d person p l u r a l inanimate d i r e c t o b j e c t s . For example, t h e form ge2sda?21v37i2ha "you ( d l ) a r e ty ing them (an) up" has been replaced, i n some d i a l e c t s of Cherokee, by t h e form de23sda3hlv3?j2ha. The l a t t e r form has t h u s come t o mean "you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g them (an o r i n ) up" i n t h e s e d i a l e c t s .

Paradigm Two : " to h i t "

This paradigm i l l u s t r a t e s t h e use of t h e Set A p r e f i x e s with a verb stem beginning with a vowel, a s i n Paradigm One. The stem of " h i t " e x h i b i t s an a l t e r n a t i o n between -h- and i t s absence; -h- appears under t h e same condi t ions a s i n Paradigm One, but note t h a t t h e r e a r e no i n s t a n c e s of g l o t t a l s t o p .

Cherokee form English meaning Analysis

(1) gv2yv1ni3ha "I'm h i t t i n g you" c f . PI , 1 .

(2) j i2yv1ni3ha "I'm h i t t i n g him" c f . P1, 3 .

(3) gv1ni3ha "I'm h i t t i n g it" c f . PI , 5 .

( 4 ) sdvZyv1ni3ha "I'm h i t t i n g you ( d l ) " c f . P I , 7 .

(5) i l j ~ ~ ~ v l n i ~ h a "I'm h i t t i n g you ( p l ) " c f . P I , 9 .

(6) ga2j i2yv1n13ha "I'm h i t t i n g them (an)" c f . P I , 11.

"I'm h i t t i n g them ( i n ) " c f . P1, 13.

"you're h i t t i n g me" c f . P1, 14 .

"you ' re h i t t i n g him" c f . P1, 16.

"you ' re h i t t i n g it" c f . PI , 18 .

(11) sgi2nv1ni3ha "you ' re h i t t i n g me and him" c f . P1, 20.

(12) i1sg i2yv1ni3ha "you're h i t t i n g me and them" c f . P I , 2 2 .

(13) ga2hi2yv1n+3ha "you ' re h i t t i n g them (an)" c f . P I , 2 4 .

(14) de2hv3hni3ha "you ' re h i t t i n g them ( i n ) " c f . P1, 26

(15) algwv'hni3ha " h e ' s h i t t i n g me"

(16) jv2hni3ha "he ' s h i t t i n g you"

c f . P1, 27.

c f . P I , 2 9 .

- (33) sdv2yv l n i 3 h a

(34) o sdv 3ha

- (35) 01sdv2hni3ha

(36) sdv2yv1ni3ha

- (37) i 1 jv2yv1n i3ha

(38) go2sdv1ni3ha

" h e ' s h i t t i n g him, it"

" h e ' s h i t t i n g me and YOU"

" h e ' s h i t t i n g me and YOU ( p l ) "

" h e ' s h i t t i n g me and him"

" h e ' s h i t t i n g me and them"

" h e ' s h i t t i n g you ( d l ) "

" h e ' s h i t t i n g you ( p l ) "

" h e ' s h i t t i n g them (an o r i n ) "

"you and I are h i t t i n g him"

"you and I a r e h i t t i n g it"

"you and I are h i t t i n g them (an)

"you and I a r e h i t t i n g them ( i n ) "

"you ( p l ) and I are h i t t i n g him"

"you ( p l ) and I a r e h i t t i n g it1'

"you ( p l ) and I are h i t t i n g them (an)"

"you ( p l ) and I are h i t t i n g them ( i n ) "

"he and I are h i t t i n g you"

"he and I are h i t t i n g him"

"he and I are h i t t i n g it"

"he and I a r e h i t t i n g you ( d l ) "

"he and I a r e h i t t i n g you ( p l ) "

"he and I are h i t t i n g them (an) l 1

"he and I are h i t t i n g them ( i n )

" they and I are h i t t i n g you"

" they and I are h i t t i n g him"

" they and I are h i t t i n g it"

" they and I are h i t t i n g you ( d l o r p l ) "

" they and I are h i t t i n g them (an) I t

" they and I are h i t t i n g them ( i n ) "

cf. P1, 31.

cf. P1, 33.

cf. P I , 35.

cf. P1, 37.

cf. P1, 39.

cf. P I , 41.

cf. P I , 43.

cf. P I , 45.

cf. P I , 46.

cf. P I , 48.

cf. P I , 50.

cf. P I , 52.

cf. P I , 53.

cf. P1, 55.

cf. PI , 57.

cf. P I , 59.

cf. P1, 60 .

cf. P I , 62.

cf. PI , 64.

cf. P I , 66.

cf. P I , 68.

cf. PI , 70.

cf. P I , 72.

cf. P I , 73.

cf. P1, 75.

cf. P I , 77.

cf. P I , 79.

cf. P I , 81.

cf. P I , 83.

"you ( d l ) a r e h i t t i n g me"

llyou (d l ) a r e h i t t i n g him"

"you ( d l ) a r e h i t t i n g it"

"you ( d l ) a r e h i t t i n g me and him"

"you ( d l ) a r e h i t t i n g me and themt1

"you (d l ) a r e h i t t i n g them (an)"

"you ( d l ) a r e h i t t i n g them ( in )"

"you ( p l ) a r e h i t t i n g me"

"you ( p l ) a r e h i t t i n g him"

"you ( p l ) a r e h i t t i n g it1'

"you ( p l ) a r e h i t t i n g me and him"

"you ( p l ) a r e h i t t i n g them (an)"

"you ( p l ) a r e h i t t i n g them ( in )"

"they ' r e h i t t i n g me"

"they ' r e h i t t i n g you"

" t h e y ' r e h i t t i n g him, it"

" t h e y ' r e h i t t i n g me and you"

" t h e y ' r e h i t t i n g me and you (pl ) l t

" , they ' re h i t t i n g me and him"

"they ' r e h i t t i n g me and them1'

" they ' r e h i t t i n g you ( d l ) ' '

" they ' r e h i t t i n g y o u ( p l ) "

"they ' r e h i t t i n g them (an o r i n ) "

c f . PI , 84.

c f . PI , 86.

c f . PI , 88.

c f . PI , 90.

c f . PI , 92.

c f . P I , 94.

c f . P I , 96.

c f . PI , 97.

c f . P I , 99.

c f . PI , 101.

c f . P I , 103.

c f . P I , 105.

c f . PI , 107.

c f . P I , 108.

c f . PI , 110.

c f . PI , 112.

c f . PI , 114.

c f . P I , 116.

c f . PI , 118.

c f . PI , 120.

c f . PI , 122.

c f . P I , 124.

c f . P I , 126.

Notes on Paradigm Two

The use of t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x de- wi th forms of " to h i t . " Since t h e use of - t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x dewas i l l u s t r a t e d i n Paradigm One. forms i n which de- i n d i - - ( c a t e s p l u r a i i t y of t h e a c t i o n of t h e ve rb a r e not given i n t h i s paradigm nor i n

subse uent paradigms. I t should be pointed o u t , however, t h a t forms such a s 9 . ge2 jv n13ha "you ( p l ) a r e h i t t i n g them" (see 57) a r e r e l a t i v e l y uncommon. Since r it i s d i f f i c u l t t o conceive of a s i t u a t i o n i n which t h r e e o r more i n d i v i d u a l s a r e c o l l e c t i v e l y h i t t i n g a second roup o f i n d i v i d u a l s , t h e form de2ge3jv2ni 3ha i s 5 . 3 much more common than i s g e 2 j v n+ ha. In de2ge3jv2ni3ha, i t i s understood

r t h a t t h e r e a r e a number o f i n d i v i d u a l a c t s of h i t t i n g . Forms l i k e ge2jv2ni3ha do occur, however, and would be used, f o r example, i f a c a r conta in ing severa l occu- pan t s were t o s t r i k e a second c a r wi th severa l occupants.

r Paradigm Three: Itto see"

The stem of t h e verb " t o see" i s -gowhtih- (or -gowahtih-). This verb r e q u i r e s t h e - use of t h e Se t A p r e f i x e s , a s do t h e ve rbs " to t i e up" and " to h i t . " An important

difference exists, however: since the stem of "to see" begins with a consonant, the prefixes appear in somewhat different form. In particular, the insertion of -y- between the final vowel of the prefix and the initial vowel of the stem does not take place. Other differences will be noted below.


(1) gv2gowh1ti3ha "I see you" cf. P1, 1.

(2) j i2gowh1ti3ha "I see him" cf. PI, 3.

(3) ji2gowh1ti3ha "I see it" ji- ~lI--it~~: j-, 1st person; -i- is inserted before a following consonant (see notes below).

(4) sdv2gowh1ti3ha "I see you (dl)" cf. PI, 7.

(5) i1jv2gowh'ti3ha "I see you (pl)" cf. PI, 9.

(6) gg2j i2gowh1ti3ha "I see them (an)" cf. PI, 11

(7) de2j i3gowh1ti3ha "I see them (in)" dej i- "I--them (in)": de-, plural object; -j -, 1st person; -i- is inserted before a following consonant.

2 .3 (8) sgi2gowh t; ha "you see me" sgi- ffyou--me": s-, 2nd person; -g-, 1st person; -i- is inserted before a following consonant.

(9) hi2gowh1ti3ha "you see him" cf. PI, 16.

(10) hi2gowh2t i3ha "you see it" hi- ffyou--it": h-, 2nd person; -i- is inserted before a following consonant.

(11) sgi2ni2gowh1ti3ha "you see me and him" cf. P1, 20; -i- is inserted before a following consonant.

(12) i1sgi2gowh1ti3ha "you see me and them" cf. P1, 22.

(13) ga2hi2gowh1ti3ha "you see them (an)" cf. P1, 24.

(14) de2hi3gowh2ti3ha "you see them (in)" cf. PI, 26; -i- is inserted before a following consonant.

1 . 2 2 , 3 (15) a g; gowh t; ha "he sees me"

"he sees you"

agi- "he--me": a-, 3rd person; -g-, 1st person; -i- is inserted before a following consonant.

ja- "he--youw: j-, 2nd person; -a-, 3rd person.

"he s e e s him, it" a - "he--him, it": a - , 3rd person.

"he s e e s me and you" c f . P 1 , 33; -i- is i n s e r t e d before a consonant.

"he s e e s me and you ( p l ) " c f . P 1 , 35; -i- i s i n s e r t e d before a consonant.

"he sees me and him" c f . P 1 , 37; -i- i s i n s e r t e d be fore a consonant.

"he sees me and them" c f . P 1 , 39; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"he s e e s you (d l ) ' ! c f . P 1 , 41; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"he s e e s you ( p l ) " c f . P I , 43; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"he s e e s them (an o r i n ) " da- "he--themq1: d- , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; - a - , 3rd person.

"you and I see him" c f . P I , 46; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"you and I s e e it" c f . P 1 , 48; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"you and I s e e them (an)" c f . P I , 50; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"you and I s e e them ( i n ) " c f . P 1 , 52; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"you ( p l ) and I s e e him" c f . P I , 53; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"you ( p l ) and I see it" c f . P 1 , 55; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"you ( p l ) and I s e e c f . P 1 , 57; -i- i s them (an)" i n s e r t e d .

"you ( p l ) and I see c f . P I , 59; -i- i s them ( i n ) " i n s e r t e d .

"he and I see you " c f . P I , 60 .

"he and I s e e him" c f . P 1 , 62; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"he and I s e e i t" c f . P I , 64; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"he and I s e e you ( d l ) " c f . P I , 66.

"he and I see you ( p l ) " c f . P I , 68.

"he and I s e e them (an)"

"he and I s e e them ( i n ) "

"they and I s e e you"

"they and I s e e him"

"they and I s e e it"

"they and I s e e you ( d l , ~ 1 ) "

"they and I s e e them (an)"

"they and I see them ( i n ) "

"you (d l ) s e e meff

"you ( d l ) s e e him"

"you ( d l ) s e e it"

"you ( d l ) s e e me and him"

"you ( d l ) s e e me and them"

"you ( d l ) s e e them (an)"

"you ( d l ) s e e them ( i n ) "

"you ( p l ) s e e me"

"you ( p l ) s e e him"

"you ( p l ) s e e it"

"you ( p l ) s e e me and him, me and them"

"you ( p l ) s e e them (an)"

"you ( p l ) s e e them ( in)Iq

"they s e e me"

"they s e e you"

c f . P1, 70; -i- i s i n - s e r t e d .

c f . P I , 72; -i- i s i n - s e r t e d .

c f . P1, 73.

c f . P I , 75; -i- i s in- s e r t e d .


c f . P I , 79.


c f . PI , 83; -i- i s i n - s e r t e d .





c f . PI , 92.


c f . P1, 96; -i- i s i n - s e r t e d .

c f . P1, 97.

c f . P1, 99; -i- i s i n - s e r t e d .

c f . P1, 101; -i- i s i n - s e r t e d .

c f . P1, 103.

c f . P1, 105; -i- i s i n - s e r t e d .

c f . PI , '107; -i- i s i n - s e r t e d .

c f . PI , 108; -i- is i n - s e r t e d .

c f . P I , 110.

"they s e e him, it" c f . P I , 112; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"they s e e me and you" c f . P 1 , 114; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"they s e e me and you ( ~ 1 ) "

c f . P1, 116; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

(64) go2gi2ni2gowh2ti3ha "they s e e me and him" c f . P 1 , 118; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"they s e e me and them" c f . P 1 , 120; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

(66) ge2sdi2gowh2t i 3ha "they s e e you ( d l ) " c f . P 1 , 122; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

(67) g e 2 j i2gowh2ti3ha "they s e e you (p l ) " c f . P 1 , 124; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

(68) da1ni2gowh2ti 3ha "they s e e them (an o r c f . P 1 , 126; -i- i s i n ) i n s e r t e d .

Notes on Paradigm Three

The i n s e r t i o n of -y - and of -i- between t h e pronoun p r e f i x and t h e verb stem. A -y- i s i n s e r t e d between pronoun p r e f i x e s ending i n a vowel and a fo l lowing ve rb - - stem beginning wi th a vowel; numerous examples may be seen i n Paradigms One and Two. On t h e o t h e r hand, an -i- i s i n s e r t e d between a pronoun p r e f i x ending i n a consonant and a verb stem beginning with a consonant; s e e t h e forms i n t h i s paradigm f o r examples.

The f i r s t person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x . The f i r s t person s i n g u l a r sub jec t pronoun p r e f i x occurs a s g- be fore stems beginning wi th a vowel; be fo re stems beginning with a consonant , -i- is i n s e r t e d and g- changes t o j - .

The t h i r d person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x . The form of t h e t h i r d pe r - son s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x i s g- be fore v e r b stems beginning wi th a vowel, and e i t h e r ga- o r a - be fo re stems beginning with a consonant . A few verbs wi th stems beginning with vowels do not t ake a s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x i n t h e t h i r d p e r - son s i n g u l a r .

Paradigm Four: " to f o r g e t "

A umber of Cherokee ve rbs r e q u i r e a second s e t of pronoun p r e f i x e s , which we w i l l r e f e r t o a s t h e Set B p r e f i x e s . While most of t h e s e ve rbs a r e i n t r a n s i t i v e , some t r a n s i t i v e verbs do t a k e t h e Set B p r e f i x e s . One such ve rb i s -vkewsg- " to f o r - g e t . " Most of t h e s u b j e c t - o b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x combinations found i n p a r a d i p s of ve rbs t ak ing t h e Set B p r e f i x e s a r e t h e same a s t h o s e used with ve rbs r e q u i r i n g t h e Set A p r e f i x e s . The fol lowing paradigm i s t h e r e f o r e a p a r t i a l one, wi th on ly t h o s e forms l i s t e d which e x h i b i t pronoun p r e f i x e s which d i f f e r from t h e c o r r e - sponding Set A p r e f i x e s . The c o r r e c t pronoun p r e f i x f o r any form not g iven below can be determined by f i n d i n g t h e correspondin form i n Paradigm One. For example, S t h e form f o r "I am f o r g e t t i n g you," gv2yv1kew sga , is no t iven below s i n c e t h e 4 p r e f i x gv- is found i n t h e form f o r "I am t y i n g you up" gv ya?21v3?i2ha i n Para- digm One. In both cases , s i n c e t h e ve rb stem beg ins with a vowel, Iy- i s i n s e r t e d .

- Cherokee form English meaning

(1) a1gwv2kew2sga "I 'm f o r g e t t i n g it" -

(2) dalgw2kew2sga l ' I1m f o r g e t t i n g them ( i n ) "

- (3) jv2kew2sga "you l re f o r g e t t i n g it"

- (4) de2jv3k=w2sga "you're f c r g e t t i n g them ( in )"

- (5) gv2kew2sga "he ' s f o r g e t t i n g him"

- (6) u1wa2kew2sga "he ' s f o r g e t t i n g it"

"he 's f o r g e t t i n g them (an) "

" h e ' s f o r g e t t i n g them ( in )"

(9) gi2nv2kew2sga "you and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g it"

(10) de2gi3nv2kew2sga "you and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g - them ( in )"

(11) i1gv2kew2sga - "you ( p l ) and I a r e f o r -

g e t t i n g it"

- (12) de3gv2kew2sga "you ( p l ) and I a r e f o r - g e t t i n g them ( i n ) "

(13) olsdv lkew'sga "he and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g - him"

- (14) 01gi2nv2kev?sga "he and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g

it"

Analysis

agw- " I - - i t " : agw-, 1 s t person.

dagw- "1--them ( i n ) de , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 1 .

j - "you- - i tq f : j - , 2nd person.

d e j - "you--them ( i n ) " : de- , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 3 .

g- "he--himff: g- , 3rd person; s e e t h e Notes on Paradigm Four.

uw- "he-- i t" : u- , 3rd person; -w- i s i n s e r t e d between u- and a f o l - lowing vowel. (Note t h a t i n i t i a l -v i n stems changes t o -a i n 3rd person forms.)

deg- "he--them (an) : de- , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 5 .

duw- "he--them ( in )" : d- , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 6 .

g i n - "you and I - - i t 1 ' : g- , 1 s t person; -i- i s i n s e r t e d before -n-; -n- , d u a l .

degin- "you and I--them ( i n ) " : de- , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 9 .

i g - "you ( p l ) and I - - it!!. . i-, p l u r a l ; -g-, 1 s t person.

de- , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 11.

osd- "he and I--himf1: o- , exc lus ive ; - s - , another person; -d- , d u a l .

ogin- "he and I - - i t M : o - , exc lus ive ; -g-, 1 s t person; -i- i s i n - s e r t e d be fore -n-; -n-, d u a l .

dosd- and I--them (an)": d - , p l u r a l ob- j e c t ; c f . 13.

- I ( I S ) do1sdv2kew2sga "he and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g them (an)"

dogin- Ifhe and I - - them ( i n ) " : d- , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 14.

"he and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g them ( i n ) "

"they and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g him"

o j - "they and I--himf': o- , exc lus ive ; - j - , o t h e r persons .

"they and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g it"

og- "they and I - - i t " : o- , exc lus ive ; -g-, 1st person.

"they and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g them (an)"

goj - "they and I - - them (an)": g - , 3rd person p l u r a l animate o b j e c t ; -0- , exc lus ive ; - j -, o t h e r persons.

"they and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g them ( i n ) "

dog- "they and I - - them ( in )" : d-, p l u r a l o b j e c t ; -0-, exc lus ive ; -g- , 1st person.

" t h e y ' r e f o r g e t t i n g him" an- "they--himtf : a - , 3rd person; -n-, p l u r a l .

"they ' r e f o r g e t t i n g it" un- "they--him": a - , 3rd person; -n-, p l u r a l .

" t h e y ' r e f o r g e t t i n g them (an)

dan- "they--them (an)": d- , p l u r a l ob jec t ; c f . L l .

" t h e y ' r e f o r g e t t i n g them ( i n ) "

d - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 2 2 .

1 Notes on Paradigm Four

The c o n t r a s t between t h i r d person animate and inanimate d i r e c t o b j e c t s i n

forms. In t h e paradigm of " forget" t h e r e i s a c o n t r a s t -[ between t h i r d person animate and t h i r d person inanimate d i r e c t o b j e c t s i n verb

forms with t h i r d person s u b j e c t s . Compare, f o r example, gv2kew2sga "he 's f o r - g e t t i n g him" and u1wa2kew2sga " h e 7 s f o r g e t t i n g i t . " This c o n t r a s t i s no t present

T i n paradigms o f verbs r e q u i r i n g t h e Set A p r e f i x e s , nor i n t h e paradigms of a l l t r a n s i t i v e verbs which t a k e t h e Set B p r e f i x e s .

The change from -v t o -a i n t h i r d person forms. In verbs which t ake t h e Set B p r e f i x e s , stem i n i t i a l -v changes t o -a i n t h i r d person forms; no te t h e forms algwv2kew2sga "I 'm f o r g e t t i n g it" and u1wa2kew2sga "he Is f o r g e t t i n g it. "

( Paradigm Five: " to l i k e "

The paradigm of " to l i k e , " l i k e t h e paradigm of " to f o r g e t , " f u r t h e r i l l u s t r a t e s t h e use of t h e Set B p r e f i x e s wi th t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s . There a r e some important r d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e paradigms of "to l i k e t ' and "to f o r g e t , " however. The stem

- of " to l i k e , " -1vkwd-, begins wi th a consonant r a t h e r than a vowel. In a d d i t i o n , t h e c o n t r a s t between t h i r d person animate and t h i r d person inanimate d i r e c t o b j e c t s i n forms wi th t h i r d person s u b j e c t s does no t appear i n t h i s paradigm. A s i n t h e

- paradigm of " t o f o r g e t , " only t h o s e forms which d i f f e r from t h e corresponding p r e - f i x forms i n Paradigms One, Two, and Three a r e l i s t e d below. To f i n d t h e c o r r e c t p r e f i x f o r any form of " to l i k e 1 ' no t given below, see t h e corresponding form i n

.- Paradigm Three. Since t h e stem of "l ikeI1 begins with a consonant , no -y- i s i n - s e r t e d between p r e f i x e s ending i n a vowel and t h e stem. An -i- i s i n s e r t e d , however, between p r e f i x e s ending i n a consonant and t h e i n i t i a l consonant of t h e stem.

- Cherokee form English meaning Analysis

(1) a1gi21v23kwdi "I l i k e it" a g i - w ~ - - i t g f . . ag- , "I"; - -i- i s i n s e r t e d before

a fol lowing consonant.

(2) da1gi21v23kwdi "I l i k e them ( i n ) " d- , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 1. -

(3) ja21v23kwdi "you l i k e it" j a - "you--it1': j -, 2nd person; -a , 3rd person.

- (4) d e 2 j a 3 1 v 2 3 k ~ d i "you l i k e them ( i n ) " de- , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 3.

"he l i k e s him, it" u- "he--him, it": u - , 3rd person.

"he l i k e s them (an du- "he--them (an o r in)" : o r in)!! d - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 5.

- (7) g i2ni21v2 3kwdi "you and I l i k e it" g i n i - "you and I - - i t v v : g - , 1st person; -i- i s i n s e r t e d before -n-; -n-,

- d u a l ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d before a consonant.

(8) de2gi3ni21v23kwdi "you and I l i k e them d e g i n i - "you and I--them - ( i n ) I ' ( in )" : de- , p l u r a l o b j e c t ;

c f . 7.

- (9) i1gi21v23kwdi "you ( p l ) and I l i k e it"

- (10) de3gi21v2 3kwdi "you (p l ) and I l i k e them ( i n ) "

(11) ~ l ~ i ~ n i ~ l v ~ ~ k w d i Ithe and I l i k e it" -

- (12) d ~ l ~ i ~ n i ~ l v ~ ~ k w d i "he and I l i k e them

( i n ) " -

(13) ~ ' ~ i ~ l v ~ ~ k w d i "they and I l i k e it"

i g i - "you ( p l ) and I - - it": i-, p l u r a l ; -g-, 1st person; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

de - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 9.

o g i n i - "he and I - - i t 1 ' : o- , exc lus ive ; -g-, 1s t person; -i- is i n s e r t e d be fore -n-; -i i s i n - s e r t e d before a consonant.

dog in i - "he and I--them ( in)" : d- , p l a r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 11.

o g i - "they and I - - i t v t : o- , exc lus ive ; -g-, 1st person; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

(14) d ~ l ~ i ~ l v ~ ~ k w d i "they and I like them dogi- "they and I--them (in) " (in)": d-, plural object;

cf. 13.

(15) ~ l n i ~ l v ~ ~ k w d i "they like him. it" uni- "they--him, it": u-, 3rd person; -n-, plural; -i- is inserted.

(16) d ~ l n i ~ l v ~ ~ k w d i "they like them (an duni- "they--themsv: d-. or in)" plural object; cf. 15

Paradigm Six: "to speak"

The following paradigm illustrates the use of the Set A subject pronoun prefixes with an intransitive verb stem. The stem is -wonih-.


(1) j i2w03ni2ha "I'm speaking" ji- "I": j-, 1st person; -i- is inserted before a consonant.

"you are speaking" hi- "you": h-, 2nd person; -i- is inserted.

(3) g?2w03ni2ha "he 1 s speaking" ga- "he". . ga-, 3rd person.

(4) i1ni2w03n12ha "you and I are speaking" ini- "you and I": i-, 1st person; -n-, dual; -i- is inserted.

(5) i1di2w03ni2ha "you (pl) and I are idi- "you (pl) and I": speaking" i-, 1st person; -d-,

plural; -i- is inserted.

(6) 01sdi2w03ni2ha "he and I are speaking" osdi- "he and I": o-, exclusive; - s - , another person; -d-, dual.

(7) 01ji2w03ni2ha "they and I are speaking" oji- "they and I": o-, exclusive; -j -, other persons; -i- is inserted.

(8) sdi2w03ni2ha "you (dl) are speaking" sdi- "you (dl)": s-, 2nd person; -d-, dual; -i- is inserted.

(9) i1ji2w03ni2ha "you (pl) are speaking" ij- "you (pl)": i-, plural; -j-, 2nd ptrson; -i- is inserted.

(10) a1ni2w03ni2ha "they are speaking" ani- "they": a-, 3rd person; -n-, plural; -i- is inserted.

Notes on Paradigm Six

Intransitive verb stems beginning with vowels which require the Set A prefixes. The Set A prefixes which appear in this paradigm are also used with

i n t r a n s i t i v e stems beginning with a vowel, wi th t h e fo l lowing d i f f e r e n c e s . The form of t h e f i r s t person s i n g u l a r p r e f i x i s g - , and t h e t h i r d person s i n g u l a r i s g- o r i s not marked, depending on t h e verb i n ques t ion . In a d d i t i o n , -1- i s never i n s e r t e d a s it i s i n t h e case of stems beginning wi th a consonant.

Paradigm Seven: " t o be hungry"

The stem of " t o be hungry1' r e q u i r e s t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s . The stem i s -yosih- , r e - q u i r i n g t h e i n s e r t i o n of -i- a f t e r a p r e f i x ending i n a consonant .

Cherokee form English meaning

"I ' m hungry"

Analysis

a g i - "I": ag- , 1st pe r - son; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

( 2 ) ja2y03si2ha "you're hungry" j a - "you": j a - , 2nd person.

(3) u lyo3s i2ha "he ' s hungry" U- flhe". . u - , 3rd person.

(4) de2g i3n i2y03s i2ha "you and I a r e hungry" deg in i - "you and I": de-, p l u r a l ; -0-, exc lus ive ; -g- , 1st person; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

(5) de3g i2y03s i2ha "you ( p l ) and I a r e deg i - "you ( p l ) and I": hungry" de-, p l u r a l ; -g- , 1st

person; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

(6) d ~ ' ~ i ~ n i ~ ~ o ~ s i ~ h a "he and I a r e hungry" dog in i - "he and I": d- , p l u r a l ; -0-, exclus ive; -g-, 1st person; -i- is i n s e r t e d ; -n-, dua l ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

" they and I a r e hungry" dogi- "they and I": d- , p l u r a l ; -0-, exclus ive; -g- , 1st person; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

"you ( d l ) a r e hungry"

"you ( p l ) a r e hungry"

d e s d i - "you (d l ) " : de - , p l u r a l ; - s - , 2nd person; -d-, dua l ; -i- is i n - s e r t e d .

d e j i - "you (p l ) " : de- , p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd person; -i- is i n s e r t e d . Note t h a t i-, p l u r a l , i s de- l e t e d a f t e r de- .

(10) d ~ l n i ~ ~ o ~ s i ~ h a "they a r e hungry" duni- " theyf1: de- , p l u r a l ; -u-, 3rd person; -n-, p l u r a l ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .

Notes on Paradigm Seven

I n t r a n s i t i v e verb stems beginning wi th vowels which r e q u i r e t h e Se t B p re f ixes . The Set B p r e f i x e s used wi th t h e forms of "to be hungry" a l s o occur wi th i n t r a n s i t i v e stems beginning with a vowel, wi th t h e fo l lowing changes. The f i r s t s i n g u l a r p r e f i x

changes from a g i - t o agw-, t h e t h i r d pe r son s i n g u l a r p r e f i x i s uw-, and -i- i s never i n s e r t e d a s it i s i n t h e c a s e of s tems beg inn ing w i t h a consonant .

The u s e o f t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x de-. w i t 1 1 t1.e v e r b '! to be hungry." The p l u r a l p r e f i x de- must be used w i t h t h e n o n - s i n g u l a r foi-111s o f " t o be hungry ." F a i l u r e t o u s e de - i n p l u r a l fo r r i~s o f t h i s v e r b l e a d s t o ludicrous r e s u l t s . For example, t h e form * ~ ' n i ~ ~ o ~ s i ~ h a " t o be hungry" would seem t o imply t o Cherokee s p e a k e r s t h a t two o r more i n d i v i d u a l s have a s i n g l e s tomach. O t h e r v e r b s which behave s i m i l a r l y a r e d ~ ' n i ~ t ~ ~ d e ~ ~ i ~ ? a " they a r e t h i r s t y " and du1ni2ya2we3ga " they a r e t i r e d . " "To be t i r e d " r e q u i r e s t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x i n s i n g u l a r form. presumably because t h e s en - s a t i o n o f t i r e d n e s s i s f e l t i n a l i p a r t s o f t h e body.

Paradigm E i g h t : " to h i t , " p a s t t e n s e

The s tems of a l l Cherokee v e r b s must appea r i n one o f two b a s i c fo rms : p r o g r e s s i v e o r non -p rog re s s ive . I n t h e p reced ing paradigms, each v e r b appeared wi th t h e p r o - g r e s s i v e form of t h e s tem. In S e c t i o n I-C, t h e d i f f e r e n c e between p r o g r e s s i v e and non-p rog re s s ive s tems w i l l be d i s c u s s e d f u r t h e r . For our p r e s e n t purposes it i s s u f f i c i e n t t o p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s a r e used o n l y wi th p r o g r e s s i v e ve rb s tems . Those v e r b s which r e q u i r e t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s w i th p r o g r e s s i v e s tems t a k e S e t B p r e f i x e s w i t h n o n - p r o g r e s s i v e s t ems . There a r e , a c c o r d i n g l y , two c l a s s e s of v e r b s i n Cherokee: t h o s e which a p p e a r w i t h t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e form o f t h e s tem, and t h o s e which t a k e S e t A p r e f i x e s w i t h p r o g r e s s i v e stems and Se t B p r e f i x e s w i t h non -p rog re s s ive s t ems . " H i t " i s an i n s t a n c e o f t h e l a t t e r group o f v e r b s . I n t h e f o l l o w i n g paradigm t h e stem o f " h i t " i s i n i t s non-progres - s i v e form, - h n i l - , fol lowed by t h e p a s t t e n s e s u f f i x - v 7 i . Only t h o s e forms a r e l i s t e d which e x h i b i t s u b j e c t - o b j e c t p r e f i x combina t ions d i f f e r i n g from t h e c o r r e - sponding p r e f i x e s i n Paradigm Two. To de t e rmine t h e c o r r e c t p r e f i x f o r any form n o t g i v e n , f i n d t h e co r r e spond ing form i n Paradigm Two.

Cherokee form

(1) a lgwv2hni31v3?i

( 2 ) d a l g ~ v ~ h n i ~ l v ~ ~ i

(3) j v2hn i31v37 i

(4) d e 2 j v 3 h n i 3 1 v 3 7 i

(5) u1wa21ini31v3?i

Eng l i sh meaning

"I h i t it1'

"I h i t them ( i n ) "

"you h i t it"

"you h i t them ( i n ) "

"he h i t him, it"

"he h i t them (an o r i n ) "

"you and I h i t it"

"you and I h i t them ( i n ) "

"you ( p l ) and I h i t it"

"you ( p l ) and I h i t them ( i n ) "

"he and I h i t it"

"he and I h i t them ( i n ) "

Ana lys i s

c f . P4, 1.

c f . P4, 2 .

c f . P4, 3 .

c f . P4, 4 .

uw- "he--him, i t " : c f . P4, 6 .

duw- "he-- them (an , i n ) I t : c f . P4, 8 .

c f . P4, 9 .

c f . P4, 10.

c f . P4, 11.

c f . P4, 12.

c f . P4, 1 4 .

c f . P4, 16 .

(13) olgv2hni31v37i "they and I h i t it" c f . P4, 18.

(14) d ~ l ~ v ~ h n i ~ l v ~ ~ i "they and I h i t them ( i n ) " c f . P4, 20 .

(15) ~ l n v ~ h n i ~ l v ~ ~ i "they h i t it" c f . P4, 2 2 .

(16) du1nv2hni31v3?i "they h i t them ( i n ) " c f . P4, 24.

Notes on Paradigm Eight

The a l t e r n a t i o n between -h- and t h e absence of -h- . The a l t e r n a t i o n between -h- and i t s absence i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of both t h e p rogress ive and non-progressive stem of " h i t . " I t i s apparen t ly t h e case i n Cherokee t h a t a l t e r n a t i o n s of t h i s kind, a s wel l a s a l t e r n a t i o n s between -h- and g l o t t a l s t o p , always occur i n both t h e p rogress ive and non-progressive stems of t h e verbs s u b j e c t t o them.

The change from S e t A t o Set B p r e f i x e s i n verbs wi th stems beginning with a consonant. To determine t h e c o r r e c t form of a Se t B p r e f i x with a non-progressive stem of a verb l i k e "see ," f i n d t h e corresponding p r e f i x i n Paradigm Five . For example, t h e p r e f i x used i n t h e form a1gi21v23kwdi "I l i k e i t" i s a l s o used i n t h e form a1gi2g02hv23?i 1 1 1 saw i t . "

Summary of Sec t ion I-B

The var ious s e t s of pronoun p r e f i x e s i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e preceding paradigms a r e d isplayed below i n Figures 1--4 . Figure 1 i s a d i s p l a y o f t h e Se t A s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s which occur wi th i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s . The Se t B s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s a r e shown i n Figure 2 . F igure 3 d i s p l a y s t h e s u b j e c t - o b j e c t pronoun combinations which occur wi th t r a n s i t i v e verb stems t a k i n g t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s . Figure 4 shows those Set B s u b j e c t - o b j e c t p r e f i x combinations which d i f f e r from t h e corresponding Se t A p r e f i x e s i n Figure 3 .

The Se t A s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s . The Ser A s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s which occur with i n t r a n s i t i v e verbs a r e d isplayed i n Figure 1. The numerals 1 , 2 , and 3 i n d i c a t e whether a given p r e f i x i s f i r s t , second, o r t h i r d person. he headings s i n g u l a r , d u a l , and p l u r a l i n d i c a t e t h e number of each p r e f i x . Note t h a t t h e l a b e l " inclus ive" is employed t o r e f e r t o forms i n which t h e s eaker and t h e person o r

1 .5 persons spoken t o a r e t h e s u b j e c t of t h e v e r b ; e . g . i n l wo3ni2ha "you and I a r e speaking" i s a f i r s t person dua l i n c l u s i v e form. The l a b e l "exclusive" i s used t o r e f e r t o forms i n which t h e person spoken t o i s excluded while t h e s eaker and 8 one o r more o t h e r persons a r e included a s t h e s u b j e c t ; e . g . 01sdi2w03ni ha "he and I a r e speaking" i s a f i r s t person dual exc lus ive form. I t should be noted t h a t t h e pronoun p r e f i x e s d i sp layed i n Figures 1--4 a r e p resen ted a s wholes; i . e . , they a r e not f u r t h e r analyzed. For such a n a l y s i s , s e e t h e a n a l y s i s presented above with each paradigm. Each form i s presented f i r s t a s it appears be fore a stem beginning wi th a vowel; d i r e c t l y below t h i s form t h e same p r e f i x is shown a s i t appears be- f o r e a stem beginning wi th a consonant . For example, t h e form of t h e f i r s t person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x be fore a stem beginning with a vowel i s g - ; t h e form of t h e same p r e f i x be fore a consonant i s j i - , however. Note t h e t h i r d person s i n g u l a r p r e f i x forms. Some verb stems beginning with vowels r e q u i r e t h e p r e f i x g - , while o t h e r s t ake no p r e f i x i n t h i r d person s i n g u l a r ; e . g . gv2n02.sa3sga "he i s sweeping" b u t e3ga "he i s going." Some verb stems beginning wi th consonants

3 . 2 t a k e ga- i n t h e t h i r d person s i n g u l a r , while o t h e r s r e q u i r e a - ; e . g . ga2wo n; ha "he i s speaking," but algowh2ti3ha "he s e e s i t ."

s i n g u l a r dua 1 - p l u r a l

Figure 1

The Se t B s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s . The Se t B s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s which occur with i n t r a n s i t i v e verbs a r e d isplayed i n Figure 2 . A s i n Figure 1, each p r e f i x i s given f i r s t i n t h e form it t a k e s before a stem beginning with a vowel, followed by t h e form of t h e same p r e f i x which occurs before stems beginning

exclus ive

o j -

o j i -

with consonants.

i n c l u s i v e

i d - i d i -

s i n g u l a r dua 1 p l u r a l -

exc lus ive

osd-

o s d i - g -

j i -

i j -

i j i -

------------------

i n c l u s i v e

i n -

i n i -

h-

h i -

g-

ga-, a-

Figure 2

sd-

s d i -

------------------

The Set A sub jec t -ob jec t p r e f i x e s . The complex sub jec t -ob jec t p r e f i x e s used with t r a n s i t i v e verb stems r e q u i r i n g t h e Se t A p r e f i x e s a r e shown i n Figure 3 . To

agw-

a g i -

f i n d a given sub jec t -ob jec t p r e f i x , f i n d t h e l a b e l f o r t h e sub jec t component of t h e p r e f i x a t t h e l e f t of Figure 3 and t h e l a b e l f o r t h e o b j e c t component a t t h e t o p o f t h e c h a r t . The box where t h e row labe led f o r t h e s u b j e c t component and t h e column labeled f o r t h e o b j e c t component i n t e r s e c t w i l l con ta in t h e p r e f i x . For example, t o f i n d t h e p r e f i x used i n verb forms wi th f i r s t person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t s and t h i r d person s i n g u l a r animate o b j e c t s , l o c a t e t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e row labeled f i r s t person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t and t h e column labeled t h i r d person s i n g u l a r animate ob- j e c t . The box located a t t h a t p o i n t w i l l con ta in t h e p r e f i x being sought .

i n c l u s i v e

g in -

g i n i -

exc lus ive

ogin-

o g i n i -

j - j a -

uw -

u -

i n c l u s i v e

i g -

i g i -

sd-

s d i -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

exclus ive

Og -

ogi -

i j -

i j i-

un -

uni -

1 s g .

1 s g .

2 sg .

gvY - gv-

2 s g .

3 sg .

1 d l . i n c l .

1 d l . exc l . 1 p l . i n c l . 1 p l . exc l . 2 d l .

2 p l .

3 p l .

sdvy- sdv-

sgw- s g i -

agw- a g i -

s g i n - s g i n i -

i s g i y - i s g i -

gvgw- gvg i -

i j v y - i j v -

g e j - g e j i -

3 s g . 3 s g . l d l . l d l . l p l . l p l . 3 p l . 3 P I . .

F i g u r e 3 - -

~~~~

The Set B sub jec t -ob jec t p r e f i x e s . The Set B sub jec t -ob jec t p r e f i xe s which

d i f f e r from t h e corresponding Set A p r e f i x e s a r e d isplayed i n Figure 4 .

3 sg . i n . 3 p l . i n .

2 s g .

3 sg .

1 d l . i n c l .

1 p1. i n c l .

1 d l . exc l .

1 p l . exc l .

3 p l .

Figure 4

The r e f l e x i v e p r e f i x -adad-. The r e f l e x i v e p r e f i x -adad- occurs fol lowing t h e pronoun p r e f i xe s and d i r e c t l y preceding t h e verb stem. This p r e f i x i s descr ibed i n Sect ion I-E.

I-C. The non-f inal s u f f i x e s . Every verb form i n Cherokee must end i n a s u f f i x . Those s u f f i x e s which can end verb forms a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s f i n a l s u f f i x e s . Most f i n a l s u f f i x e s , however, a r e not l im i t ed t o occurrence i n f i n a l pos i t i on : two o r more of these su f f i xe s f r equen t l y occur toge ther i n a s i n g l e verb form. The f i n a l su f f i xe s w i l l be discussed i n Sect ion I-D.

There a r e a l s o a number of s u f f i x e s which cannot end verb forms. One o r more of t he se non-final su f f i xe s may occur i n a verb form, followed by a t l e a s t one f i n a l s u f f i x . The non-f inal s u f f i x e s a r e d iscussed i nd iv idua l l y i n t h i s s e c t i o n . F igure 1 shows t h e r e l a t i v e o rde r i n which t h e non-f inal and f i n a l s u f f i x e s occur fol lowing t h e verb stem. F ina l s u f f i x e s a r e i nd i ca t ed by an ( f ) following t h e s u f f i x l a b e l . The s u f f i x e s i n box 13 a r e l imi ted t o f i n a l pos i t i on .

Figure 1

I t should be noted t h a t t h e r e is a c e r t a i n amount of v a r i a t i o n among Cherokee speakers regarding t h e order of t h e non- f ina l s u f f i x e s . We w i l l n o t a t tempt t o d i s c u s s t h i s v a r i a t i o n ; t h e reader should bea r i n mind t h a t t h e preceding c h a r t r e f l e c t s t h e speech of some Cherokee speakers , while o t h e r speakers may use verb forms with s u f f i x e s occurr ing i n a somewhat d i f f e r e n t o r d e r . In p a r t i c u l a r , f o r some speakers - i l o - fo l lows t h e s u f f i x e s shown a t p o s i t i o n s 4--6 i n t h e c h a r t , and -ohn- fol lows t h e s u f f i x e s shown a t 6--7. A d i s c u s s i o n of t h e i n d i v i d u a l non-f inal s u f f i x e s fo l lows .

3 . -110-, r e p e t i t i v e

6 - e l - , da t ive -benefac t ive

9 -g-, p rogress ive - i d i - , p r e - i n c i p i e n t ( f ) -i-, f u t u r e ( f )

1 . - g i - , - e - J -y- r e v e r s i v e

4 -dan-, ins t rumenta l - causa t ive

-dohdan-, u n i n t e n t i o n a l

7 . - i d o l - I1around"

-g i - , r e v e r s i v e

form: -g i - before consonants, - g i s - be fo re vowels, be fo re -g-, and be fore t h e ins t rumenta l -causa t ive and a c c i d e n t a l s u f f i x e s ; ( c f . 1 - 5 ) .

2 . - is-, d u p l i c a t i v e -is- lvbecome"

5 -ohn-, completive

8 -e- "a t i n t e r v a l s " - i h l - "come t o "

1 (1) a . gv sga. "I'm weaving it."

10

-v7 i , p a s t ( f ) - e ? i , r e p o r t a t i v e ( f ) - e s d i , f u t u r e p rogress ive ( f ) -o3 i , p l u p e r f e c t ( f ) -03i, h a b i t u a l ( f ) - d i , i n f i n i t i v e ( f ) -a , p r e s e n t , r ecen t p a s t imperat ive ( f ) - v ? i , f u t u r e imperat ive

b . gv2gi 37a. "I 'm unweaving i t . "

11 -gwu "only, j u s t , s t i l l "

1 2 -sgo, i n t e r r o g a t i v e ( f )

1 3 - j ~ , i n t e r r o 6 t i v e -ke "or" -na "and what i f " -hv "but" - i s i "or e l s e " -d ina , imperat ive i n t e n s i f i e r -dv, focus s u f f i x

(2) a . gv2se3ha "He's weaving it f o r him."

b . gv2gi37e2ha. "He's unweaving it f o r him."

( 3 ) gv2gi 3sgv2 3 7 i . "He was unweaving i t .

(4) gv2g i3sd i2ha . "He's us ing it t o unweave i t . "

(5) gv2gi3sdoh2di3ha. "He's a c c i d e n t a l l y unweaving it . I f

f unc t ion : -g i - i s used wi th a number of ve rbs i n Cherokee t o r e v e r s e t h e b a s i c meaning.

comments: -g i - i s a t t ached t o t h e f i n a l vowel of t h e verb stem. Note t h a t a se - quence of -g i - p l u s -g-, p r o g r e s s i v e , p l u s -a, p r e s e n t , y i e l d s -g i7a , a s i n ( l b ) . A sequence of -g i - p lus - e l - , d a t i v e , y i e l d s -g i7e l - , a s i n (6 ) .

2 3 .37e21 i . "He w i l l unweave it f o r him." (6) d? gv g;

-e- , r e v e r s i v e

form: -e-.

func t ion : A r e v e r s e meaning i s achieved i n some verbs by changing t h e f i n a l stem vowel t o -e- , a s i n ( 7 ) .

( 7 ) a . da1hna2w03sgv237i. IIHe was d r e s s i n g . "

b. da1hna2we3sgvZ37i. "He was undress ing . "

- y - , r e v e r s i v e

form: -y-.

func t ion : A r e v e r s e meaning i s achieved f o r some verbs by i n s e r t i n g -y- be fore t h e l a s t stem vowel, a s i n ( 8 ) .

(8) a . a1da3dlo2h+3ha. "He i s p u t t i n g on h i s b e l t . "

b . a1da3dlo2hyi3ha. "He i s t a k i n g o f f h i s b e l t . I 1

- is-, d u p l i c a t i v e

form: -is- be fore vowels, except a s noted below, and -isis- before -g-; c f . (9- 10) .

(9) g ? 2 w 0 3 n i 2 s i 2 3 ~ i 3 1 ? 2 ? a . "He i s making t h e same speech repea ted ly . "

(10) a . g ( t 2 ~ 0 3 n i 2 s g v 2 3 7 i . '?He was speaking.

b. ga2w03ni2si23si 3sgv23? i . "He was making t h e same speech ." Note, however, t h a t -is- p l u s -g- p l u s -a y i e l d s t h e sequence - i s i h a , a s i n (11)

(11) ga2w03ni2s i23~+3ha . "He i s making t h e same speech."

-is becomes - i sahn- be fore t h e p a s t t e n s e s u f f i x -v7i and before t h e f u t u r e impera- t i v e - v ? i ; c f . (12-13).

(12) u1w03ni2si23s?3hnv237i. "He made t h e same speech."

(13) hi2w03ni2si23s?3hnv27i. "Make t h e same speech l a t e r . "

When followed by t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x - d i , - is- changes t o - i soh- , a s i n (14).

(14) a . ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ h / ~ s d i u 1 d 2 1 i . "He wants him t o speak."

b . ~ ~ w o l n i ~ ~ s l ' 3 soh2di u1du21i. "He wants him t o make t h e same speech aga in . "

func t ion : - is- i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a c t i o n of t h e verb i s being repea ted i n t h e same manner a s on a p rev ious occas ion. I n ( 1 0 b ) , f o r example, it i s under- s tood t h a t t h e same c o n t e n t s used i n a previous speechwerebeing repeated,.

- is- "become"

form: - isahn- before vowels, s e e (15) , except a s noted, and -isis- before -g-; see (16).

(15) u lyo3s i2sa2hne37 i . "He r e p o r t e d l y go t hungry."

(16) u 1 y 0 3 s i 2 s i 2 3 s g v 3 ~ i . "He was g e t t i n g hungry . I f

The sequence of -is- p lu s -g- p lu s -a y i e l d s - i s i h a , a s i n (17) . 1 3 .2 . 3 (17) u yo s l s t ha . "He i s g e t t i n g hungry."

Rather than - isahn- , - is- i s used before t h e r e p e t i t i v e s u f f i x - i l o - ; no te (18).

(18) u 1 y 0 3 s i 2 s i 2 3 1 0 3 2 s g o 3 ~ i . "He repea ted ly g e t s hungry."

The form - i san- i s used before t h e da t ive -benefac t ive , a s i n (19) .

(19) ~ ' ~ o ~ s i ~ s a ~ ~ n , ~ h a . "He's g e t t i n g hungry because of him."

Note t h a t t he dat ive-benefact ive s u f f i x a l s o has a meaning which may be t r a n s l a t e d a s "because o f . " This i s a t h i r d , r e l a t i v e l y r a r e func t ion of t he dat ive-benefact ive; f o r t he two major func t ions , see t h e d i scuss ion of - e l - below.

funct ion: This su f f i x apparen t ly occurs with a l imi ted number of i n t r a n s i t i v e verbs of sensa t ion t o i nd i ca t e t h a t t h e sub jec t of t h e verb i s beginning t o experience t he sensa t ion i n ques t ion .

- i l o - , r e p e t i t i v e

form: - i l o - before vowels, with a g l o t t a l s t op i n s e r t e d , a s i n (20); - i l o s - before consonants, a s i n (21). Exceptions a r e noted below.

1 3 . 2 (20) a . u wo n l s e 3 ? i . "He repor ted ly spoke."

b . u1w03n i2~ i231037e3? i , "He repor ted ly spoke over and over . " 2 3 . 2 (21) a . g? wo n l sgv237 i . "He was speaking."

b. ga2~03ni2si231032sgv23?i . "He w a s speaking repeatedly ."

- i l o - changes t o - i l o j - before t h e imperat ive s u f f i x , - a , a s i n (22); note t h a t t he imperative s u f f i x -i changes t o -a when preceded by another s u f f i x .

(22) a. hi2wo1niZ3hi. "Speak." 1 . 2 . 2 2 3 b. hi2wo n l s l l o j a . "Speak repea ted ly . "

func t ion : - i l o - i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e expressed by t h e verb i s being repeated severa l t imes .

-dan-, ins t rumental , causa t ive

form: -dan- before vowels, -d i s - before -g; c f . (23-24), except a s noted.

(23) ~ ' w o ~ n i ~ h i ' s d a ~ ~ n e ~ l e ~ ? i . "He repor ted ly used it t o speak with f o r him."

(24) ga2w03ni2hi2sdi23sgv3?i. "He was using it t o speak wi th ."

The sequence of - d i s - p lu s -g- y i e l d s -dih- be fore -a , p r e sen t t en se ; c f . (25) . 3 . 2 2 (25) ga2wo n l h i sd i3ha . "He's us ing it t o speak wi th ."

The sequence of -dan- p lu s - d i , t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x , y i e l d s -dohdi, as i n ( 26 ) .

(26) t ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d o h ~ d i u1du21i. "He wants t o u s e it t o speak wi th ."

Before t h e imperat ive s u f f i x -a, -dan- changes t o -d-, a s i n C27).

(27) hq2w01ni2hi2sda. lUse it t o speak with . I 1

f unc t ion : There a r e two important func t ions served by -dan-. When used wi th t r a n s i t i v e ve rbs , i t s presence i n d i c a t e s t h a t some ins t rument i s being employed by t h e animate sub jec t of t h e ve rb t o a s s i s t i n c a r ry ing ou t t h e a c t i o n of t he

verb. This func t ion is i l l u s t r a t e d by (23-27) above. The second funct ion i s a

causa t ive one: -dan- may be used with i n h e r e n t l y i n t r a n s i t i v e verbs t o show t h a t t h e ac t ion of t h e verb is being performed by an inanimate o b j e c t i n d i r e c t l y through t h e c a u s a l i t y of an animate agen t ; c f . (28) .

(28) a . a 1 1 s g i 3 ? a . "He's dancing."

b. a11sg i3sd i2ha . "He's making i t dance ." I t i s p o s s i b l e f o r -dan- t o have t h e c a u s a t i v e f u n c t i o n i n t h e case of t r a n s i t i v e verbs with animate d i r e c t o b j e c t s , a s i n ( 2 9 ) , b u t t h i s i s r e l a t i v e l y r a r e . Fur the r - more, it i s understood i n (29) t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e verb i s a c t i v e l y a s s i s t i n g t h e person who i s d r ink ing by holding t h e d r ink t o h i s l i p s .

(29) a1d i2 ta2sd i3ha . "He's caus ing him t o d r ink ." The use of t h e c a u s a t i v e with t r a n s i t i v e verbs i s thus allowed only when t h e sub- j e c t of t h e verb i s understood t o be a c t i v e l y a s s i s t i n g t h e animate d i r e c t o b j e c t t o perform t h e a c t i o n .

comments: -dan- i s a t t ached t o t h e i n f i n i t i v e stem o f verbs when i t i s not p r e - ceded by another non- f ina l s u f f i x . The i n f i n i t i v e stem of verbs may be found by removing the i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x -d i from t h e i n f i n i t i v e form of verbs found i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y . The i n f i n i t i v e form of " to speak" i s l i s t e d i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y a s ~ ~ w o l n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d i . When t h e s u f f i x - d i and t h e p r e f i x u- a r e removed, t h i s leaves t h e i n f i n i t i v e stem -wonihis-, t o which -dan- i s a t t a c h e d .

-dohdan-, u n i n t e n t i o n a l

form: -dohdan- be fore vowels, -dohdis- before -g-; except ions correspond t o t h e exceptions noted f o r -dan-. That i s , -dohdan- p l u s -g- p l u s -a y i e l d s -dohdih-, a s i n (30); -dohdan- p lus t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x - d i y i e l d s -dohdi, a s i n (31); -dohdan- p l u s -a , imperat ive , y i e l d s -dohda, a s i n (32).

(30) a1gowh2tvh2doh3di3ha. "He's see ing it a c c i d e n t a l l y . I 1

(31) ~ ~ ~ o w h ~ t v h ~ d o h ~ d i u'du21i. "He wants.him t o see it a c c i d e n t a l l y . "

(32) hi2w01ni2hi2sdoh2da. "Speak u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y . "

I t should be noted t h a t forms l i k e (32) , while b i z a r r e , a r e understandable and i l l u s t r a t e t h e form which -dohdan- would t ake when followed by t h e imperat ive s u f f i x .

func t ion : The presence o f -dohdan- i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e a c t i o n of t h e verb has been performed u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y . The adverbs "un in ten t iona l ly" and "accidenta l ly" can both be used i n t r a n s l a t i n g forms with -dohdan- i n t o Engl ish .

-ohn-, completive

form: -ohn- before vowels, -ohvs- be fore -g- and before t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x ; c f . (33-35).

(33) u1w03ni2sp3hnv3?i. lrHe f i n i s h e d speaking . I 1

3 . 2 3 3 (34) ga2wo n i so hy sga . "He's f i n i s h i n g speaking ." (35) ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ s p ~ h ~ ~ s d i u1du21i . "He wants t o f i n i s h speaking . I 1

func t ion : -ohn- i s used t o r e f e r t o t h e completion of an a c t i o n . Note (36-38).

(36) ga2w03ni2s03hv3sga. "He i s f i n i s h i n g speaking."

(37) ga2w03ni2s03hna. "He j u s t f i n i s h e d speaking." (-a marks t h e r e c e n t p a s t i n t h i s form.)

286 ---

(38) da2gg2w032ni2sS,3hni. "He w i l l f i n i s h speaking ( a t a s p e c i f i c po in t i n time) . l 1

- e l - , dat ive-benefact ive

form: - e l - be fore vowels, -eh- be fore t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x ; c f . (39-40). 2 2 (39) a . d? g? ~ o ~ ~ n i ~ s i . "He w i l l speak."

32 . 2 - 2 b . da2ga2wo n l h; ~ e ~ ~ l i . "He w i l l speak f o r him."

(40) ~ ~ w o ' n i ~ ~ h i ~ s e h ~ d i u1du21i3ha. "He wants t o speak f o r him."

The sequence of - e l - p lu s -g- p lu s -a y i e l d s -eha; s ee (41) .

(41) ga2w03ni2hi2sB3h?. "He i s speaking f o r him."

func t ion : - e l - is used t o show t h a t an a c t i o n i s being undertaken on behalf of someone, a s i n (40-41). This is t h e benefac t ive func t ion of - e l - . The second major funct ion, t h e d a t i v e one, is i l l u s t r a t e d by (42).

(42) a1hne3ha. "He i s g iv ing it t o him."

The converse o f (42) i s a l s o achieved i n Cherokee by t h e use of - e l - i n i t s da t i ve funct ion; no te (43).

(43) a1hwa2hi3se2ha. "He i s buying it from him."

A t h i r d func t ion of - e l - was d i scussed i n r e l a t i o n t o (19) above.

comments: Verb stems ending i n -s- before -v? i and exh ib i t i ng -s- p lu s -g- p l u s -a i n t he p resen t t en se ( including those stems i n which -s- p lu s -g- p lu s -a y i e ld s -ha) r equ i r e t h e i n f i n i t i v e form o f t h e stem when t h e stem i s d i r e c t l y followed by -e l - ; c f . (44-47).

(44) du1da3y02sv23?i. "He surrendered. ' I

(45) da1da3y02sga. "He's su r render ing .

(46) ju2da2y03hi3sdi u1du21i3ha. "He wants him t o surrender ."

(47) da1da3y02h/2se3ha. "He's surrender ing f o r him."

- i do l - "around"

form: - i do l - before vowels, - ido l - p lu s -g- y i e l d s -idoh-; c f . (48-49).

(48) a . ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ s v ~ ~ ~ i . "He spoke."

b. ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ s i ~ ~ d o ~ ~ l v ~ ~ ~ i . "He went around speaking.

(49) a . ga2w03ni2sgv237i. "He was speaking.

b. g?2w03ni2si23d032hv23?i . "He was going around speaking."

The sequence - ido l - p lus t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x -d i y i e l d s - idoh-, a s i n (50) (50) ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ s i ~ d a ~ s d i u 1 d u 2 "He wants t o go around speaking."

Before -a , imperat ive , and - a , r e cen t p a s t , - i do l - becomes i d - ; c f . (51-52).

(51) h12wo l r ~ i ~ s i ~ ~ d a . "Go around speaking.

(52) ga2w03ni2si23da. "He j u s t now went around speaking. " func t ion : The presence o f - i do l - i n a verb form i n d i c a t e s movement from p lace t o p lace on t h e p a r t of t h e sub jec t of t h e ve rb . The use of - ido l - does not neces- s a r i l y imply lack of purpose on t h e p a r t of t h e speaker , o r unplanned random

movement; (53) could be said of a politician who is going from place to place speaking during his campaign.

(53) ga2w03ni2si23d032ha. '!He is going around speaking."

-idol- can also be used to refer to essentially random movement within a small area; (53) could be used in a situation in which a person is pacing while talking.

-e- "at intervals"

form: -vs- before vowels and before -di; -e- before -g-; cf. (54-56).

(54) a. ~'wo~ni'sv~~?i. "He spoke."

b. ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ s v ~ s v ~ ~ ? i . "He spoke at intervals."

(55) ~ ~ w o ' n i ~ ~ s v ~ ~ s d i u1du21i3ha. "He wants to speak at intervals."

(56) a. ga2w03ni2sgv237i. "He was speaking."

b . ga2w03ni2se3gv23?i. "He was speaking at intervals ." An exception is the form -es- which appears before the future tense suffix -i, as in (57).

(57) da2ga2w032ni2se3si. "He will speak at intervals ." A second exception is the change to -ug- before -a, recent past, as in the verb ga2w03ni2su32ga Ithe just now went to speak."

function: -e- is used to indicate that the action of the verb takes place at intervals of time or space. Note the spatial example in (58).

(58) a11e2hwi2sta2ne3ga. "He, it's stopping at intervals."

A second major function of this suffix is to indicate that the subject of the verb is going to a certain place in order to perform the action of the verb; note (59).

(59) ga2w03ni2se3ga. "He is going (to acertain location) in order to speak." . All forms with -e- are thus ambiguous. (59) could also mean "He is speaking at intervals." Form (54b)could also mean "He went in order to speak." Which meaning -e- has in a given instance is determined by the context.

-ihl- "come to"

form: -ihl- before vowels, -ihis- before -di, -ihl- plus -g- yields -ihih; cf. (60-62). -ihl- becomes -ig- before -a, recent past and -a, imperative; cf. (63- 64).

(60) a. da2ga2w032ni2si. "He will speak."

b. da2ga2w032ni2si23hli. . . "He will come to speak."

(61) a. ~ ~ w o ' n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d i u1du21i3ha. "He wants to speak .I1 1 .23 .3 .2 b. u2wo ni si hi sdi u1du21i3ha. "He wants to come to speak."

(62) a. ga2w03ni2sgv237i. "He was speaking.

b. ga2w03ni2,i23h/3hv23?i. "He was coming to speak." 3 .2 .23 (63) ga2wo ni si ga. "He just now came to speak."

(64) h ~ * ~ o ' n i ~ s i ~ ~ g a . "Come to speak. "

f u n c t i o n : - i h l - i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e v e r b i s coming t o t h e s p e a k e r ' s l o c a t i o n i n o r d e r t o per form t h e a c t i o n o f t h e v e r b .

-g-, p r o g r e s s i v e

form: -g- . When preceded by v a r i o u s s u f f i x e s , a s no t ed above, -g- f r e q u e n t l y becomes -h- ; n o t e (65 ) .

(65) a . ga2w03ni2sge3sdi . '!He w i l l be s p e a k i n g . " b. ga2w03ni2si23d032he3sdi. "He w i l l b e go ing around speak ing . "

I n (65b) , -g- changes t o -h- because it i s p receded by t h e s u f f i x - i d o l - ( s e e t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f - i d o l - above ) . Other changes i n v o l v i n g -g- when preceded by c e r t a i n s u f f i x e s have been no ted above i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s u f f i x e s .

-g- a l s o undergoes changes when preceded d i r e c t l y by v e r b s tems of v a r i o u s c l a s s e s of v e r b s . Note (66) f o r example, i n which t h e sequence of s tem f i n a l -s- p l u s -g- p l u s -a y i e l d s -ha . -g- r ema ins unchanged, however, i n (67 ) , when fo l lowed by t h e p a s t t e n s e s u f f i x .

(66) ga2w03n;2ha. . "He i s speak ing . "

(67) ga2w03ni2sgv23vi . "He was speak ing . I 1

For f u r t h e r d e t a i l s r e g a r d i n g t h e changes which -g- undergoes when preceded d i r e c t l y by v e r b s t ems , s e e t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f Cherokee v e r b s i n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e d i c t i o n a r y .

f u n c t i o n : -g- i s used w i t h v e r b forms d e s c r i b i n g a n a c t o r s t a t e i n p r o g r e s s or which is h a b i t u a l . P r o g r e s s i v e v e r b forms a r e shown i n (65-67); n o t e t h e u se of -g- i n h a b i t u a l forms such a s (68 ) .

(68) ga2w03ni2sgo3"i . "He speaks h a b i t u a l l y .

Perhaps t h e te rm "non-punctual" might be more a p p r o p r i a t e t h a n "p rog re s s ive" a s a l a b e l f o r -g-; i t i s used w i t h v e r b forms which d o n o t r e f e r t o a s p e c i f i c p o i n t i n t ime , b u t i s n o t used w i t h t h o s e which do . To i l l u s t r a t e t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n , compare (69) and (70 ) .

(69) a . ga2w03ni2sgv237i . "He was s p e a k i n g . " b . ~ ' w o ~ n i ~ s v ~ ~ ~ i . "He spoke . " (at a s p e c i f i c p o i n t i n t ime)

(70) a . ga2w03ni2sge3sdi . "He w i l l b e s p e a k i n g . " b . da2ga2w032n i2s i . "He w i l l s p e a k . " ( a t a s p e c i f i c p o i n t i n t ime

comments: See t h e d i s c u s s i o n of t h e i n d i v i d u a l f i n a l s u f f i x e s i n S e c t i o n I-D f o r f u r t h e r i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e f u n c t i o n o f -g - .

A conc luding n o t e on t h e n o n - f i n a l s u f f i x e s . See t h e l is t o f v e r b forms a t t h e end o f S e c t i o n I - D f o r a d d i t i o n a l examples o f t h e n o n - f i n a l s u f f i x e s .

I-D. The f i n a l s u f f i x e s . The s u f f i x e s d e s c r i b e d below may occu r a t t h e end of v e r b forms i n Cherokee. Two o r more f i n a l s u f f i x e s may occu r t o g e t h e r , and o n l y t h o s e s u f f i x e s which occu r i n t h e f i n a l box i n t h e c h a r t a t t h e beginning of S e c t i o n I -C a r e l i m i t e d t o o c c u r r e n c e a t t h e end of v e r b forms . D i scus s ion o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l f i n a l s u f f i x e s f o l l o w s .

- i d i , p r e - i n c i p i e n t

form: - i d i i n f i n a l p o s i t i o n , - i d i s - be fo re vowels; c f . (71-72).

(71) u 'wo3ni2si4di . "He is about t o speak."

(72) u ' ~ o ~ n i ~ s i ~ ~ d i ~ ~ s v ~ ~ ? i . lfHe was about t o speak."

func t ion : - i d i i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e verb is about t o pe r - form t h e a c t i o n of t h e verb o r i s about t o exper ience t h e s t a t e expressed by t h e verb . When used without r e f e r e n c e t o p a s t o r f u t u r e t ime, and when used i n a non- hab i tua l sense , - i d i occurs i n f i n a l p o s i t i o n , a s i n (71) . - i d i may be followed by t h e fol lowing s u f f i x e s : - v ? i , p a s t ; - e 7 i , r e p o r t a t i v e ; - e sd i , f u t u r e progres- s i v e ; - o ? i , p l u p e r f e c t ; - o ? i , h a b i t u a l . Examples of t h e co-occurrence of - i d i with each of t h e s e s u f f i x e s fo l low.

(73) ~ ' w o ~ n i ~ s i ~ ~ d i ~ ~ s v ~ ~ ? i . "He was about t o speak."

(74) ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ s i ~ ~ d i ~ ~ s e ~ ? i . "He was r e p o r t e d l y about t o speak."

(75) ~ ' w o ~ n i ~ s i ~ ~ d i ~ ~ s e ~ s d i . "He w i l l be about t o speak."

(76) ''He was a l r e a d y about t o speak."

(77) ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ s i ~ ~ d i ~ ~ s o ~ ~ i . "He i s h a b i t u a l l y about t o speak."

comments: - i d i cannot occur wi th t h e imperat ive s u f f i x e s . When it is used with s u f f i x e s which r e f e r t o p a s t o r f u t u r e t ime , as i n (73-76), t h e d i s t i n c t i o n between progress ive and punctual t ime i s n e u t r a l i z e d . (73), f o r example, can be used i n a sentence l i k e "He was about t o speak when I a r r ived" o r i n a sentence l i k e "He was about t o speak f o r an i n s t a n t . "

A v a r i a n t form of - i d i , - idena , i s sometimes used. This form can only be fol lowed by t h e ques t ion s u f f i x e s -sgo and - j u and i s t h u s l i m i t e d t o p resen t t ime. When it is used, a s i n (78), it impl ies t h a t t h e a c t i o n t o be performed w i l l occur immediately.

(78) ~ ~ ~ a ~ h n ? ~ n i ~ d e ~ n a . " I t ' s about t o raih'." (immediately)

- i d i r e q u i r e s t h e use of t h e S e t B pronoun p r e f i x e s .

-i, f u t u r e

form: -i i n f i n a l p o s i t i o n o r when followed by a s u f f i x beginning with a conso- nan t ; c f . (79-80). -is- when followed by a vowel, a s i n (81).

2 2 3 2 . 2 . (79) d? g? wo n i s l . "He's going t o speak." 2 2 32 . 2 . 3 (80) d? g? wo n l s; sgo? " I s he going t o speak?"

(81) d a 2 g ? 2 ~ 0 3 2 n i 2 s i 3 s v 2 3 ? i . "He was going t o speak."

func t ion : -i i s o r d i n a r i l y used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e verb w i l l perform t h e a c t i o n of t h e verb a t a p o i n t of t ime i n t h e f u t u r e . Contras t t h e punctual f u t u r e of (79) wi th t h e f u t u r e p rogress ive of (82).

(82) ga2w03ni2sge3sdi. "He w i l l be speaking . I 1

(79) can be used i n sen tences l i k e "He's going t o speak a t 2:001' while (82) i s appropr ia te i n sentences such a s "He w i l l be speaking when I g e t t h e r e . "

-i can a l s o be used with t h e p a s t t e n s e s u f f i x - v ? i , a s i n (83).

32 . 2 . 3 2 3 7 i . "He was going t o speak." (83) d? g? wo n i s l sv

. - There i s no d i s t i n c t i o n between t h e punctual and t h e p rogress ive i n forms l i k e (83), which imply t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e verb was in tend ing t o perform t h e a c t i o n of t h e verb a t some po in t i n t h e f u t u r e . Forms l i k e (83) a r e n e u t r a l wi th respec t t o

- whether t h e a c t i o n was a c t u a l l y performed subsequently o r n o t .

-i can be followed by t h e p l u p e r f e c t - o ? i , a s i n (84) .

- (84) ni2d~2g?3w03ni2~i3s04?i. "He was a l r e a d y going t o speak."

The h a b i t u a l -o? i can be used wi th -i t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e verb h a b i t u a l l y in tends t o speak, a s i n (85).

- (85) d i2ga2w032ni2s i3s03? i . "He always in tends t o speak."

The f u t u r e p rogress ive -esd i can a l s o fo l low i-; no te (86) . -

(86) d ~ 2 g ? 2 w 0 3 2 n i 2 s i 3 s e 3 s d i . "He w i l l be going t o speak . I 1

Form (86) could be used i n response t o t h e ques t ion "What w i l l he be doing a t 1:30?11 - i f t h e person i n ques t ion i s due t o speak a t 2:OO. On t h e o t h e r hand, (79) would

be t h e appropr ia te response t o t h e ques t ion "What w i l l he do a t 2:00?"

-i can a l s c be followed by - e ? i , 8 i t h e r e p o r t a t i v e p a s t , a s i n (87). -

(87) di 'g?2w032ni2si3se37i . "He was r e p o r t e d l y going t o speak. " - v ? i , p a s t

- form: - v ? i .

func t ion : This s u f f i x can on ly be used wi th ve rb forms r e f e r r i n g t o p a s t a c t i o n s

- o r s t a t e s which were d i r e c t l y experienced o r witnessed by t h e speaker . In (88), f o r example, t h e speaker i s understood t o have witnessed t h e a c t of speaking.

(88) ~ ~ w o ' n i ~ s v ~ ~ ? i . "He spoke."

- When - v ? i i s used without being preceded by -g-, it is understood t o r e f e r t o a s p e c i f i c po in t of time i n t h e p a s t . For i n s t a n c e , (88) is understood t o r e f e r t o a s i n g l e a c t of speaking a t some p a s t t ime. The p a s t p r o g r e s s i v e i s formed by t h e

- use o f -g- followed by - v ? i ; n o t e (89).

(89) gg2w03ni2sgv23?i. "He was s ~ e a k i n g . I 1

- See a l s o t h e d i scuss ions of - i d i and -i above. The f u t u r e imperat ive i s formed by - v 7 i , a s i n (90) .

-- (90) h i2w03ni2sv2? i . "Speak ( l a t e r ) ." comment: The f i n a l -?i of s u f f i x e s c o n s i s t i n g of a vowel p l u s -?i i s o p t i o n a l . When another s u f f i x fo l lows, t h e f i n a l -?i may o r may not be p r e s e n t .

- - e 7 i , r e p o r t a t i v e

form: - e ? i . -

func t ion : This s u f f i x f u n c t i o n s a s does - v ? i , except t h a t it i s understood t h a t t h e speaker d i d not d i r e c t l y exper ience o r wi tness t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e expressed by t h e verb . Compare (91-92) wi th (88-89).

- (91) u1w03ni2se 37i. "He r e p o r t e d l y spoke.

(92) g?2wo 'n i2sge3? i . "He was r e p o r t e d l y speaking. -

- e s d i , f u t u r e p rogress ive

form: - e s d i .

func t ion : -esdi i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e expressed by t h e verb w i l l be t ak ing p l a c e dur ing a pe r iod of t ime i n t h e f u t u r e ; n o t e (93 ) .

(93) ga2w03ni2sge3sdi . "He w i l l be speaking."

See a l s o (86) above f o r t h e use of - e s d i fo l lowing t h e f u t u r e t e n s e s u f f i x -i.

-esdi may a l s o be used t o form imperat ives i n t h e f u t u r e p rogress ive ; n o t e (94).

(94) h i2w03ni2sge3sdi . lrBe speaking." (as i n "Be speaking when I g e t there .")

With some verbs , imperat ive forms can only be formed by t h e use of - esd i . These verbs can be found by checking t h e imperat ive e n t r y f o r each verb i n t h e d i c t i o n - a ry .

- o ? i , p l u p e r f e c t

form: - o ? i .

func t ion : -o? i i s used with t h e p r e f i x n- ( see Sec t ion I-A) t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e expressed by t h e verb had a l r e a d y taken p l a c e p r i o r t o a subsequent point i n time; no te (95).

(95) "He had a l r e a d y spoken. ( p r i o r t o some o t h e r event)

comment: -o? i does not occur wi th t h e p r o g r e s s i v e -g-.

- o ? i , h a b i t u a l

form: - o ? i .

func t ion : This s u f f i x i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e expressed by t h e verb i s h a b i t u a l , a s i n (96-97).

(96) ga2w03ni2sgo3?i . "He h a b i t u a l l y speaks."

Note t h e uses of -o? i wi th - i d i and -i; s e e (77) and (85).

Forms l i k e (96) may be negated i n t h e usua l way, wi th t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e nega t ive p r e f i x and t h e use of h l a , a s i n (97).

(97) h l a 3 yi2gg2w032ni2sgo37i. "He doesnl t speak h a b i t u a l l y ." Note a l s o t h e nega t ive use of -09 i i n forms l i k e (98) .

(98) h l a 3 y ~ ~ ~ w o ~ ~ n i ~ s 0 ~ 7 i . "He never speaks." (although he could)

- d i , i n f i n i t i v e

form: - d i .

func t ion : - d i is d i r e c t l y a t t a c h e d t o t h e i n f i n i t i v e stem, which i s given f o r each verb i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y . Note t h a t i n f i n i t i v e s t a k e t h e S e t B s u b j e c t pronoun p re f ixes , a s i n (99-100).

(99) ~ ~ w o ' n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d i u1du21i3ha. "He wants him t o speak" o r "He wants t o speak.

(100) a2gi2w01ni23hi3sdi u1du21i3ha. "He wants me t o speak."

For f u r t h e r d i scuss ion of t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x , s e e Sec t ion 1 1 - E .

- -a , p resen t

form: -a.

- f u n c t i o n : When t h i s s u f f i x d i r e c t l y fo l lows -g- , it i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e expressed by t h e verb i s i n p rogress a t p r e s e n t , a s i n (101).

3 2 (101) da lda yo sga . "He i s surrender ing." -

When -a i s no t preceded by -g-, it i n d i c a t e s t h a t an a c t i o n has j u s t been completed. This func t ion of -a i s u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e r e c e n t p a s t . The b a s i c meaning of -a s t i l l ' s e e m s t o be p r e s e n t t ime , however; t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e r e c e n t p a s t i s

- t o i n d i c a t e t h a t an a c t i o n has j u s t been completed i n t h e p r e s e n t .

-a i s a l s o used with p r e s e n t impera t ives , a s i n (102).

- (102) hi2w01ni2si23103ja. "Speak over and over . " Note, however, t h a t -a i s used wi th imperat ives only when preceded by another s u f - f i x . -a changes t o -i i n imperat ive forms i n which no o t h e r s u f f i x in te rvenes , a s

- i n (103).

(103) hi2wo1niZ3hi. "Speak."

- Motion verbs a r e excep t iona l wi th r e s p e c t t o - a . -i i s added d i r e c t l y t o t h e stem i n p resen t t e n s e forms; no te (104).

(104) a1h;v31i. "Hets d r i v i n g . " ~ -

When another s u f f i x i n t e r v e n e s , however, -a marks t h e p r e s e n t t e n s e , a s i n (105).

(105) a1hi?31i23d032ha. "Hels d r i v i n g around." -

The imperat ive of motion verbs i s formed by adding t h e s u f f i x -e- "at i n t e r v a l s " followed by -a, a s i n (106).

- (106) hi2hi?21u1ga. . . "Drive."

When t h e da t ive -benefac t ive s u f f i x occurs d i r e c t l y preceding t h e imperat ive s u f f i x , it drops , and -a changes t o -i, a s i n (107).

(107) h i2w01ni2h i2s i . "Speak f o r him."

Another major f u n c t i o n of -a i s t o show doubt on t h e p a r t o f t h e speaker regarding whether t h e a c t i o n of t h e ve rb has a c t u a l l y been performed, a s i n (108).

(108) yy3w03ni2sa. "He may have spoken. I f

Note t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n used i n (108) r e q u i r e s t h e use of t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s t o g e t h e r with t h e non-factual p r e f i x y - . In a d d i t i o n , -a may not be preceded by -g-, t h e p rogress ive s u f f i x , i n p a s t forms express ing d o u b t . , When -a is used wi th p resen t t e n s e forms express ing doubt , -g- precedes i t , a s i n (109); no te t h a t -g- p l u s -a y i e l d s -ha i n t h e case o f "speak."

(109) yi23ga3w03ni2ha. "He may be speaking . " The -i s u f f i x which i s used i n imperat ives i s t r e a t e d above a s a v a r i a n t of -a. An a d d i t i o n a l use o f -i i s shown i n (110).

(110) y i 2 j i2w03ni2hi . "I can speak . * I

Note t h a t t h e express ion o f c a p a b i l i t y i n (110) r e q u i r e s t h e y- p r e f i x and t h e -i s u f f i x . When ano ther s u f f i x i n t e r v e n e s , -i changes t o -a, a s i n (111).

(111) y i 2 j i2w03ni2s i23103ja . 1 1 1 can speak over and over ."

- v ? i , f u t u r e imperative

form: -v? i .

funct ion: Future imperat ives a r e formed by t h e use o f -v7 i , a s i n (112b).

(112) a . hi2w01ni23hi. "Speak."

b. hi2w03ni2sv2?i . Speak l a t e r . " One or more s u f f i x e s may precede -v? i i n t h i s cons t ruc t i on , a s i n (113).

(113) h ~ 2 w 0 3 n i 2 s i 2 3 d 0 3 2 1 v 2 ~ i . "Go around and speak l a t e r . I 1

-gwu "only, j u s t , s t i l l "

form: - g w .

funct ion: -gwu i s used with t h e meaning "only" o r " jus t " a s i n (115). 3 . 2 (114) a . ga2wo n; ha . "He's speaking."

b . ga2w03ni2h?3gwu. l lHels j u s t speaking . I t o r "He's only speaking . I t

When preceded by t h e adverb s i , gwu-means "s t i l l ," a s i n (115).

(115) si ga2w03nj2ha3gwu. "He's s t i l l speaking. "

-sgo, i n t e r roga t i ve

form: -sgo.

funct ion: Questions which can be answered with yes o r no a r e formed by t h e add i - t i o n of -sgo, o r by i t s s h o r t form -s, t o verb forms; no te (116).

2 3 2 (116) a . g? wo n i ha . "He is speaking."

b . ga2~03n i2ha3sgo? " I s he speaking?"

c . g?2w03ni2has3? l f I s he speaking?"

comments: -sgo must d i r e c t l y fo l low one of t h e p r e f i x e s shown a t pos i t i on 10 i n Figure 1 above. I t may be followed only by -hv "but ." When -sgo i s not followed by -hv, it o r d i n a r i l y appears i n i t s s h o r t form, -s, a s i n ( 1 1 6 ~ ) .

-ju, i n t e r roga t i ve

form: - j u .

func t ion : - j u i s used with yes-no ques t ions , but i t c a r r i e s an add i t i ona l component of meaning not p resen t i n t h e c a s e of -sgo; no te (117).

(117) ga2w03ni2ha3ju? . . "Well, is he speaking?11

(117) would be an appropr ia te quest ion t o ask someone i f a c e r t a i n person who was expected t o make a speech i s speaking. S imi l a r l y , i f t h e weather f o r eca s t c a l l e d f o r snow, and someone goes t o t h e window t o s e e i f snow is f a l l i n g , a second person might ask t h e ques t ion i n (118).

3 3 (118) gu2t$ ha ju? "Well, i s it snowing?"

-ke "or1 ' - in te r roga t ive

form: -ke.

function: -ke i s a t t ached t o t h e second verb i n d i s j u n c t i v e quest ions; see ( 1 1 9 ~ )

(119) a . ga2~03n;2has? "Is he speaking?"

294

b . de23ka3n02gi3?as3? " I s h e S inging?"

c . ga2w03ni2has3, de23ka3,oZgi3?a3ke? " I s h e speak ing o r s i n g i n g ? "

-na "and what i f ? "

form: -na.

f u n c t i o n : -na is a n i n t e r r o g a t i v e s u f f i x which c a r r i e s t h e meaning "and what i f 1 '

o r "and what about?" Note (120) .

(120) a . e3w03ni2sa. "He may have spoken."

b . yu23w032ni4sa2na1? "And what i f he spoke?"

comments: -na i s more f r e q u e n t l y a t t a c h e d t o nouns o r p ronouns , a s i n (121) ; s e e t h e d i s c u s s i o n of nouns i n S e c t i o n 11.

(121) n i2h i4na1? "And what abou t you?"

-hv "but"

form: -hv.

f u n c t i o n : -hv occu r s f o l l o w i n g -sgo t o q u e s t i o n a n a s s e r t i o n , a s i n (123) , which i s a p p r o p r i a t e a s a r e p l y t o (122 ) .

(122) e2da32 tv2da32sda . " L e t ' s you ( p l ) and I l i s t e n t o him."

(123') g?2w03ni2ha3sgo1hv? "But is he speaking?"

The q u e s t i o n o f (123) shows doubt t h a t t h e man mentioned i n (122) i s r e a l l y speaking . Note a l s o (124) , which cou ld be asked a s a r e s p o n s e t o a s t a t emen t such a s " L e t ' s go s e e him."

(124) ~ ~ w o ~ ~ h l ~ ~ s ~ o ' h v ~ ? "But i s he home?"

- isi "or e l s e "

form: - i s i .

f u n c t i o n : - i s i i s used w i t h t h e meaning "or e l s e , " a s i n (125 ) .

(125) j a 2 k s e 2 s d e 3 s d i , t i 2 n v 3 2 j i 3 2 s i . "Be c a r e f u l , o r e l s e y o u ' l l f a l l . "

comment: - i s i always o c c u r s i n f i n a l p o s i t i o n ; i t may be p receded by n o n - f i n a l s u f f i x e s , a s i n (126) .

(126) d 0 ~ d ~ ~ c h ~ ~ n a ~ ~ s v ~ h l i ~ ~ d o ~ ~ 1 i ~ ~ s i . " O r e l s e y o u ' r e go ing t o s l i d e a round."

- d i n a , conces s ive i m p e r a t i v e

form: - d i n a .

f u n c t i o n : -d ina may fo l low t h e i m p e r a t i v e s u f f i x t o show t h a t t h e speake r i s w i l l i n g f o r t h e pe r son spoken t o t o perform t h e a c t i o n exp re s sed by t h e v e r b ; n o t e (127) .

(127) a . h i2w01ni23hi . "Speak.

b . h i ' w ~ l n i ~ ~ h i ~ d i ~ n a . "Speak, t h e n . "

Forms such a s (127b) imply t h a t t h e s p e a k e r h a s been i n f l u e n c e d t o u t t e r t h e impera t ive form by some c o n s i d e r a t i o n which has been brought t o h i s a t t e n t i o n .

-dv, focus s u f f i x - form: -dv.

funct ion: -dv i s used t o i n d i c a t e a kind of focus which i s not f u l l y understood. I t f r equen t ly appears on verb forms used i n r ep ly ing t o ques t ions ; no t e (129).

(128) gu2 t i3has3 a1ga2sga3ke? " I s it snowing o r ra in ing?"

(129) a1ga2sga3dv3. " I t ' s r a i n ing . "

Notes on t he co-occurrence of s u f f i x e s

Several of t h e s u f f i x e s l i s t e d a t pos i t i o , , 10 on t h e c h a r t i n Figure 1 op t i ona l l y drop t he vowel -i when followed by -sgo, - j u , and -ke. These s u f f i x e s which drop -i a r e - v? i , p a s t ; - e ? i , r e p o r t a t i v e ; - o ? i , p l upe r f ec t ; - o? i , h ab i t ua l . No t e , f o r example, (130).

(130) a . u1w03ni2se3?is3? "Did he speak?"

b . u1w03ni2ses 3? "Did he speak?"

A list of forms of t h e verb "to speaku conta ining two o r more s u f f i x e s . The forms contained i n t he following l i s t i l l u s t r a t e t h e occurrence of two o r more su f f i xe s i n a s i n g l e verb form. I t should be borne i n mind t h a t t h e t o t a l number of s u f f i x combina;ions which i s pos s ib l e i n Cherokee i s a c t u a l l y much la rger than t he number of combinations found i n t h e l ist , which i s intended t o be i l l u s t r a t i v e of t he kind of complex verb forms which can occur.

1 3 . 2 . 2 3 . 4 . u wo n l s l s i d l . '?He's about t o make t h e same speech again." 1 3 . 2 .23 . 3 . 1 u wo n i s i s i d l s v Z 3 ? i . "He was about t o make t h e same speech again."

da2ga2w032ni2si23si3102?i. . . "He w i l l make t h e same speech repeatedly . ' '

da2ga2w032ni2~i23si3102?i32~i. "Or e l s e h e ' l l make t h e same speech repeatedly . ' '

ga2w03ni2hi2sta2n03hv3sga. "He's f i n i s h i n g us ing i t t o speak wi th . " . . . "He had a l ready been about t o speak."

ga2w03ni2si231032sdi2ha. "He's using it t o speak wi th repea ted ly . "

ga2w03ni2si23103?y2~ga. "He's f i n i s h i n g speaking repea ted ly . "

ga2w03ni2si23103?e1ga. "He's going t he r e t o speak repeatedly ."

ga2w03ni2h?2se231e32 ga. "He's going t h e r e t o speak f o r him."

ga2w03ni2si23d032h03~i . "He h a b i t u a l l y goes around speaking."

ga2w03ni2si231037i2hi3ha. "He i s coming t o speak repea ted ly . " 2 3 . 2 . 2 3 . 3 2 ga wo n l s l s l l o ?e lga . "He's going t h e r e t o make t h e same speech

repeated1 y. "

g?2w03ni2si23si31027e21e3ga. "Hers going t h e r e t o make t he same speech repea ted ly f o r him."

ga2w03ni2si23si315,27e21e3ga3sgo1hv3? "But i s he going t h e r e t o make t h e same speech f o r him repeatedly? '?

I -E . The r e f l ex ive , t h e pa s s ive , and c l a s s i f i c a t o r y verbs

The r e f l e x i v e . There i s a r e f l e x i v e p r e f i x i n Cherokee which d i r e c t l y

follows the pronoun prefix and precedes the verb stem. It appears as -adad- before

a stem beginning with a vnwel other Chan -a-, as -ad- before -a-, and as ada- be- fore a stem beginning with a consonant; cf. (1-3).

(1) a. gv2hni,3ha. "He's hitting it."

b. a1da2dv2hni3ha. "He's hitting himself ."

(2) a. g?2hlv3?i2ha. "He's tying it up."

b. a1da2hlv3?i2ha. "He's tying himself up .I1

(3) a. a1gowh2ti3ha. "He sees it ."

b. a1da2gowh2ti3ha. "He sees himself ."

When preceded by the Set B third person pronoun prefix u-, the initial -a- of -adad- is dropped; cf. (4a-b) .

(4) a. u1wa2hni31v3?i. "He hit it."

b. u1da2dv2hni31v3?i. "He hit himself ."

Note the following reflexive paradigms.

Paradigm One: "to see oneself"

In this paradigm, the reflexive prefix appears as -ada- before the stem of "to see," which begins with a consonant.

ga2da2gowh1ti3ha. "I see myself ."

ha2da2gowh2ti3ha. "You see yourself.

a1da2gowh2ti3ha. "He sees himself ."

i1n?2da2gowh2ti3ha. "You and I see ourselves."

i1da2da2gowh2ti3ha. "You (pl) and I see ourselves. I t

o1 sda2da2gowh2ti3ha. "He and I see ourselves ." 1 . 2 2 2 .3 o J ? da gowh t; ha. "They and I see ourselves."

sda2da2gowh2ti3ha. "You (dl) see yourselves ." i1 ja2da2gowh2ti3ha. "You (pl) see yourselves. "

alr~?~da~gowh~ti~ha. "They see themselves.

Paradigm Two: "to see oneself," past tense

In this paradigm the Set B pronoun prefixes are required because of the presence of the past tense suffix -vVi used to indicate the punctual past (see Section I-B for discussion of the change from Set A to Set B prefixes).

a1gwa2da2g02hv23?i. "1 saw myself."

ja2da2g02hv237i. "You saw yourself.

~ ' d a ~ g o ~ h v ~ ~ ? i . "He saw himself. " gi2na2da2g02hv23?i. "You and I saw ourselves. " i1ga2da2g02hv23?i. "You (pl) and I saw ourselves ." ~ ~ g i ~ n ~ ~ d a ~ g o ~ h v ~ ~ ~ i . "He and I saw ourselves.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d a ~ ~ o ~ h v ~ ~ ? i . "They and I saw ourselves ."

sda2daZgo2hv23?i. lqYou (dl) saw yourselves. "

i1ja2da2g02hv23?i. "You (pl) saw yourselves."

u1na2da2g02hv23?i. "They saw themselves ." V' This paradigm illustrates the use of the reflexive prefix, appearing as -adad-, before a verb stem beginning with a vowel other than -a-; as noted above, the reflexive appears as -ad- before a stem beginning with -a-.

ga2da2dv1ni3ha. "I am hitting myself . I t

ha2da2dv2hni3ha. "You are hitting yourse1f.l'

a1da2dv2hni 3ha. "He's hitting himself. "

i1n?2da2dv2hni3ha. "You and I are hitting ourselves .It

i1da2da2dv2hni3ha. . . "You (pl) and I are hitting ourselves."

01sda2da2dv2hni3ha. "He and I are hitting ourselves."

01ja2da2dv2hni3ha. "They and I are hitting ourselves."

sda2da2dv2hnj3ha. "You (dl) are hitting yourselves ." i1jB2da2dv2hni3ha. 91You (pl) are hitting yourselves."

a1na2da2dv2hnj3ha. "They are hitting themselves ." Paradigm Four: "to hit oneself," past tense

This paradigm illustrates the use of the reflexive following the Set B prefixes preceding a vowel stem.

a1gwa2da2dv2hni31v3?i. "I hit myself ." ja2da2dv2hni 31v3?i. "YOU hit yourself. "

u1da2dv2hni31v3?i. ItHe hit himself ."

gi2na2da2dv2hni31v3?i. . . "You and I hit ourselves ." i1ga2da2dv2hni31v3?i. "YOU (pl) and I hit ourselves."

~ ' ~ i ~ n a ~ d a ~ d v ~ h n i ~ l v ~ ? i . . . "He and I hit ourselves .It

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d a ~ d v ~ h n i ~ l v ~ ~ i . ltThey and I hit ourselves ." sda2da2dv2hni31v3?i. "YOU (dl) hit yourselves ."

i1 ja2da2dv2hni31v3?i. "You (pl) hit yourselves ."

u1na2da2dv2hni31v3?i. "They hit themselves ." Paradigm Five: "to forget oneself"

"Forget" is a verb which ordinarily requires the Set B prefixes in all tenses. When the reflexive prefix is employed, however, verbs like "forget11 follow the same pattern as those verbs which take Set A prefixes in the present tense (see Section I-B for discussion and illustrative paradigms). Note the use of the Set A prefixes in this paradigm, and the use of the Set B prefixes in Paradigm Six, in which reflexive forms of "forget" are shown in the non-progressive past. The

pattern followed is thus iike that of verbs like "hit" and "tie up," which take Set A prefixes in most tenses, but which require Set B prefixes in the non- progressive past (see Section I-B for paradigms of these verbs).

ga2da2dv lkew2sga. "I am forgetting myself ."

ha2da2dv2kew2sga. "You are forgetting yourself .I1

a1da2dv2kew2sga. "He is forgetting himself ."

i1na2da2dv2kew2sga. "You and I are forgetting ourselves."

i lda2da2dv2kew2sga. "You (pl) and I are forgetting ourselves. "

sda2da2dv2kew2sga. "You (dl) are forgetting youselves ." i j a2da2dv2kew2sga. "You (pl) are forgetting yourselves. "

a1na2da2dv2kew2sga. "They are forgetting themselves.

Paradigm Six: "to forget oneself," past tense

a1gwa2da2dv2kew2sv237i. "I forgot myself."

ja2da2dv2kew2svZ37i. "You forgot yourself ."

~ l d a ~ d v ~ k e w ~ s v ~ ~ ? i . !'He forgot himself ." gi2n?2da2dv2kew2sv237i. lYou and I forgot ourselves .I1

i1ga2da2dv2kew2s~237i. r'Y~u (pl) and I forgot ourselves."

~ d ~ ~ d a ~ d v ~ k e w ~ s v ~ ~ 7 i . "You (dl) forgot yourselves . I 1

i 1j?2da2dv2kew2~v237i. "You (pl) forgot yourselves."

~ ~ n a ~ d a ~ d v ~ k e w ~ s v ~ ~ ~ i . "They forgot themselves .'I The reciprocal. Reciprocal forms, translated by "each other" in English, are

formed in Cherokee by the use of the plural prefix de- together with -adad-, as in '(5). (Note that de- appears as d- before. a following vowel; see the discussion of de- in Section I-A.)

(5) da1n?2da2dv2hni3ha. "They are hitting each other."

Verb forms combining de- and -adad- can also have a plural reflexive meaning. (5), for example, can also mean "they are hitting themselves," with the understanding that there are plural reflexive actions involved; i.e., each of the individuals involved is understood to be hitting himself separately. Note (6), in which it is understood either that the parties involved are tying each other up, or that each of the individuals in question are tying themselves separately.

(6) da1n?2da2hlv3?i2ha. "They are tying each other up," "They are tying themselves up." (plural acts of tying)

See (7), in which it is understood that the individuals referred to are tyi.ig themselves collectively.

(7) a1na2da2hlv3?i2ha. "They are tying themselves." (a single act of tying)

The reciprocal meaning is impossible in the case of (7), since the absence of the prefix de- means that only a single act of tying is taking place.

Other uses of the reflexive. There is a non-reflexive use of -adad- which is possible only when there is no overtly expressed direct object; compare (8) and (9)

(8) a2sga2ya a1gowh2t13ha. "He s e e s a man."

(9) a1da2gowh2t13ha. "He s e e s (him) . I 1

Form (10) i s understood t o mean "the man sees , " not "he s e e s a man."

(10) *a2sga2ya aldaZgowh2ti 3ha. "He s e e s a man. " This non-ref lexive use of -adad- is p o s s i b l e on ly when it i s understood t h a t t h e r e i s a cover t animate d i r e c t o b j e c t of t h e ve rb . In sentences i n which an inanimate d i r e c t ob jec t i s no t o v e r t l y expressed, but i s understood, forms without -adad- must be used, a s i n (11). I t i s important t o n o t e , however, t h a t forms without -adad- can a l s o be used when an animate d i r e c t o b j e c t i s understood.

(11) a1gowh2ti3ha. "He sees him, i t .

In s i t u a t i o n s i n which an animate d i r e c t o b j e c t i s understood, but no t o v e r t l y expressed, it i s t h u s p o s s i b l e t o f i n d ve rb forms wi th o r without -adad-. There a r e some r e s t r i c t i o n s , however; forms wi th -adad- may no t be used with t h e h a b i t u a l s u f f i x , apparent ly . Note t h a t (12) may be used a s a response t o a s ta tement l i k e "Tom works a t Muskogee now," whi le (13), an ungrammatical form, cannot .

(12) h i2gowh1t i23sgo3?is3? "Do you ( h a b i t u a l l y ) s e e him?"

(13) *ha2da2gowh2ti23sg937is3? lrDo you ( h a b i t u a l l y ) s e e him?"

There a r e s i t u a t i o n s i n which -adad- must be used when t h e animate d i r e c t o b j e c t is not expressed o v e r t l y . Note ( I S ) , t h e response t o (14) .

(14) A l i u2sgwo2hli gvnhZga Foreman. "Foreman j u s t h i t A l i i n t h e stomach." (immediate p a s t )

(15) Alihnv y3?a2da2dvnh2ga. "And A l i j u s t h i t back."

-adad- is apparen t ly requ i red wi th v- "back," i n c a s e s l i k e (15). (Note t h a t v - is a v a r i a n t of i-, l l aga in l f ; s e e Sec t ion I-A.)

Non-reflexive -adad- must a l s o be used wi th agen t ive forms, derived from verbs , when no d i r e c t o b j e c t i s s p e c i f i e d ; n o t e (16-18).

(16) a2daZ3hi2h i " k i l l e r " ( inanimate)

(17) d i 2 d a Z 3 h i 2 h i " k i l l e r " (animate)

(18) g i 2 h l i d i Z 3 h i 2 h i "dog k i l l e r " (animate o r inanimate)

Agentive forms never t a k e -adad- when t h e d i r e c t o b j e c t i s s p e c i f i e d , a s i n (18) . An animate agent ive wi th unspec i f i ed d i r e c t o b j e c t must t a k e -adad- preceded by t h e p l u r a l ob jec t p r e f i x de-, a s i n (17) . (Note t h e fol lowing changes which t a k e p l a c e i n t h e case of (17): de- becomes d i - , a change which t a k e s p lace i n nouns; t h e i n i t i a l -a- of -adad- d e l e t e s a f t e r -i-, and t h e f i n a l -d- of -adad- does not appear because t h e stem of " k i l l " begins with a consonant . ) Note t h a t t h e p l u r a l ob jec t p r e f i x does not occur i n t h e c a s e of inanimate agen t ives wi th unspec i f i ed d i r e c t o b j e c t , a s i n (16) . I t should a l s o be pointed out t h a t a ques t ion l i k e (19) seems t o c a r r y a meaning component not p resen t i n forms such a s (20). I n (19), t h e ques t ion seems t o imply t h a t t h e person spoken of has a t f i r s t not seen t h e person o r persons , while i n (20) t h e r e is no impl ica t ion of t h i s s o r t . In o t h e r words, (19) might be t r a n s - l a t e d "is he beginning t o s e e him" o r "is he becoming aware of him by see ing him."

(19) a1da2gowh2ti3has3? llDoes he s e e (him)?"

--

(20) algowh2ti3has 3? "Does he see him?"

Verb forms which take the non-reflexive -adad- do not admit the plural object prefix de-; (19) could thus also mean "does he see (them)?" (20), on the other hand, can only mean "Does he see him, it?" Agentive forms like (17-18) are exceptions.

The non-reflexive use of the prefix -adad- is a fundamental aspect of Cherokee structure which requires further study.

The Cherokee passive constructions

The passive with unspecified actor. There is a passive construction in Chero- kee which is used when the agent performing the action of the verb is unspecified. This construction is illustrated in (21).

(21) a2sgaZya alj iZgowh1ti3ha. "A man is being seen."

In (21) it is understood that a man is being seen by one or more unspecified individuals. Paradigms Five and Six illustrate the form that the special passive pronoun prefixes required by this construction take before consonants and vowels, respectively.

Paradigm Five: "to be seen"

vlgiZgowh2ti3ha. "1 am being seen."

e1ja2gowh2ti3ha. "You are being seen."

a1ji2gowh1ti3ha. "He's being seen." 1 2 2 e gi ni gowh1ti3ha. "You and I are being seen."

elgi2gowh1ti3ha. "You (pl) and I are being seen."

e1sdi2gowh1ti3ha. "You (dl) are being seen."

el j iZgowh1ti3ha. "You (pl) are being seen .It

ge2ji2gowh1ti3ha. "They are being seen:"

Paradigm Six: "to be hit"

vlgwv2hni3ha. "I am being hit ." e1jv2hni3ha. "You are being hit."

algv1ni3ha. "He's being hit."

e1gi2nv1ni3ha. "You and I are being hit .I1

e1gv1ni3ha. "You (pl) and I are being hit."

e1sdv1ni3ha. "You (dl) are being hit ." el jv1nj3ha. "You (pl) are being hit ." ge2gv1ni3ha. "They are being hit .It

The passive prefixes illustrated in the preceding paradigms are summarized in Figure One. In each box, the form which a given prefix takes before a following vowel is shown directly above the form used before a following consonant.

301

s i n g u l a r dual p l u r a l -

A second pass ive c o n s t r u c t i o n . Cherokee e x h i b i t s a second pass ive const ruc- t i o n which i s formed by r e p l a c i n g t h e Se t A pronoun p r e f i x wi th t h e corresponding Set B p r e f i x and i n v e r t i n g t h e o rder of t h e s u b j e c t and d i r e c t o b j e c t . Compare t h e pass ive sentence i n (23) with t h e corresponding a c t i v e sentence i n ( 2 2 ) .

(22) a2ge23hya a'gowh2ti3ha a2sga2ya. "A man s e e s a woman.It woman s e e s man

exclus ive

Og-

ogi -

(23) a2sga2ya ulgowh2ti3ha ? lgeZ3hya. "A woman i s being seen by a man." man i s being seen woman

i n c l u s i v e

eg-

e g i -

The kind of pass ive i l l u s t r a t e d by (23) can only be formedwhen both t h e sub jec t and ob jec t of t h e ve rb a r e t h i r d person and when t h e ve rb i s one which t akes t h e Se t A p re f ixes . Furthermore, even when these cond i t ions a r e met, pass ives l i k e (23) can only be formed i n t h o s e t e n s e s which a l low t h e Se t A p r e f i x e s . I t would thus be impossible t o form a pass ive from sentence ( 2 4 ) , t h e past t e n s e equivalent of ( 2 2 ) . Passives l i k e ( 2 3 ) can be formed i n t h e immediate p a s t t e n s e , however, s i n c e t h e immediate p a s t s u f f i x t akes S e t A p r e f i x e s .

exc lus ive

ogin-

og in i -

vgw-

vgi-

(24) a2ge23hya ~ ~ g o w h ~ t v ~ h v ~ ~ ? i ?2sgg2ya. "A man saw a woman . I 1

woman saw man

e j - e j i -

geg-

g e j i -

i n c l u s i v e

egin-

e g i n i -

e j -

e j a -

ag-

a j i -

The second pass ive r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e r e c i p i e n t of t h e a c t i o n be animate. The doer of t h e a c t i o n may be e i t h e r animate o r inanimate; compare ( 2 5 - 2 6 ) .

esd-

e s d i -

.----------------

(25) a lga2sga . " I t ' s r a i n i n g . I 1

(26) ulga2sga . " I t ' s r a i n i n g on him."

Since t h e second pass ive Const ruct ion can only be formed when both t h e sub jec t and o b j e c t a r e t h i r d Person, t h e r e a r e only f o u r p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r p a s s i v i z a t i o n : forms with t h i r d person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t and o b j e c t ( 2 7 ) , with t h i r d person singu- l a r sub jec t and t h i r d person p l u r a l o b j e c t ( 2 8 ) , with t h i r d person p l u r a l s u b j e c t and s ingu la r o b j e c t (291 , and wi th t h i r d person p l u r a l s u b j e c t and o b j e c t ( 3 0 ) .

(27) a2sga2ya u1gowh2ti3ha g i 2 h l i . "A dog i s being seen by a man." man i s being seen dog

(28) a2sga2ya u1ni2gowh2ti3ha2 g i 2 h l i . "Dogs a r e b e i n g s e e n by a man." man a r e being seen dogs

-

302

- (29) a2ni2sg?2ya g~r2wa2gowh2ti3ha gi2hli. "A dog is being seen by men."

men is being seen dog

- (30) a2ni2sga2ya gv2w?2ni2gowh2ti3ha gi2hli. "Dogs are being seen by men." men are being seen dogs

Forms (27-30) illustrate the form of the prefixes used in the second passive when - the following verb stem begins with a vowel. Forms (31-34) illustrate the same

prefixes as they occur before a stem beginning with a vowel; note, however, that the plural prefix is used in forms (32-34) to show that separate acts of hitting

- are taking place. (31) a2sgaZya u1wa2hni gi2hli. "A dog is being hit by a man."

(32) a2sga2ya du1nv2hni gi2hli. "Dogs are being hit by a man." - (33) a2ni2sga2ya de2gv3wa2hni gi2hli. "A dog is being hit by men."

(34) 62ni2sga2ya de2gv3wa2nv2hni gi2hli. "Dogs are being hit by men." -

A third passive construction. There is a third construction in Cherokee which is sometimes best translated with English passive forms. This construction is marked by -ad- before vowels, by al- before -s-, -t-, and -k-, by ad- before vowels, by - al- before the voiceless consonants -s-, -t-, and -k-, and by ali- before voiced consonants; cf. (35-37). It occurs only in the third person singular and seems to be used when the action expressed by the verb takes place without a human agent or

- when the action itself is being focused on as if there were no human agent.

(35) a. go2hwe231i37a. "He's writing it . I 1

b. ald0~hwe~~li~7a. "It's being written."

(36) a. a l ~ ~ o ~ ~ l v ~ d i ~ ~ a . "He's erasing it .I1

b. a11sgo231v3d~2~a. "It's erasing itself ." (37) a. algv2ha21i3ha. . . "He's cutting it out."

b. a11i2gv2ha21i3ha "It's cutting itself out."

(35b) would be appropriate in a situation in which a pen were seen writing by itself, without any apparent causality, and could be translated as "it's writing

- itself" instead of "it's being written." (36b) might be used to refer to a neon sign which goes off automatically. For a further instance of the third passive construction; note (38).

- (38) a. a l s ~ ~ ~ h w i ~ s ~ a . "He's painting it ." b. al1suZ3hwi3sga. "It's being painted." or "It's painting itself ."

- The form in (38b) could be used in the sentence shown in (39). (39) 04sdas a l l ~ u ~ ~ h w i ~ s ~ a ? "IS the painting going well?"

In (391, although the painting is being carried out by an animate agent, the third - passive is still used since the act of painting is focused on without regard for the person doing the painting. This construction requires further study and might more appropriately be termed a reflexive rather than a passive.

- Classificatory verbs. There are a number of verbs in Cherokee which appear in one of several stem forms, depending on the nature of the direct object in the case of

- transitive verbs and on the nature of the subject in the case of intransitive verbs. These verbs are termed classificatory verbs; note, for example, (40-44).

(40) ga2ka2h1.2yp3?a. "He's l eav ing a l i v i n g t h i n g behind."

(41) ga2ne2hi2ya3?a. "He's l eav ing a con ta ine r of l i q u i d behind."

(42) a1d i32s i2yg3?a . "He's. leaving a long o b j e c t behind."

(43) g??3ni2ya3?a. llHe's l eav ing a f l e x i b l e o b j e c t behind."

(44) a lh i2ya3?a . uble's leaving it behind ." (an o b j e c t not belonging t o any of t h e shape c a t a g o r i e s of (40-43)

Note a l s o (45-49).

(45) ganh2ga. "A l i v i n g th ing i s ly ing . "

(46) g?2ne3ha. :'A c o n t a i n e r of l i q u i d i s l y i n g . I '

(47) j i Z 3 y a . "A long o b j e c t i s l y i n g . "

(48) ga2n?3?a. "A f l e x i b l e o b j e c t i s l y i n g . "

(49) a l h a . " I t ' s l y i n g . " (an o b j e c t n o t belonging t o any of t h e preceding shape c a t e g o r i e s )

The t r e e diagram i n Figure Two d i s p l a y s t h e c a t e g o r i e s i n t o which t h e c l a s s i f i c a - t o r y verbs a r e grouped.

C l a s s i f i c a t o r y verb c a t e g o r i e s

I aniAate inanimate

long and r i g i d non-long , o r f l e x i b l e i n f l e x i b l e

I I long and r i g i d f l e x i b l e

Examination of Figure Two w i l l r e v e a l t h a t t h e primary d i s t i n c t i o n made wi th in t h e system of c l a s s i f i c a t o r y ve rbs i s t h a t between animate and inanimate, Inanimate o b j e c t s a r e f u r t h e r ca tegor ized i n t o l i q u i d s and non- l iqu ids , and t h e non- l iquids i n t u r n i n t o two c a t e g o r i e s : o b j e c t s which a r e e i t h e r long and r i g i d o r f l e x i b l e , and o b j e c t s which a r e not long and r i g i d nor f l e x i b l e . The fol lowing l i s t con- t a i n s some of t h e c l a s s i f i c a t o r y verbs a lphabet ized by t h e form used f o r t h e

animate category. The related forms are listed under each entry in the list. It should be noted that the individual stem forms of each classificatory verb are treated as distinct verbs in the dictionary; i.e., for each classificatory verb there are five separate entries.

List of Classificatory Verbs

a1hwah2ti 3ha "He's finding a living thing. "

ga2ne2hwah2ti3ha (liquid)

alyv2hwah2ti3ha (long-rigid)

ga2nawh32t i3ha (flexible)

a1hwah2ti3ha (neutral)

a1hya2ni3ha . . "He's receiving a living thing."

ga2ne2gi 3?a (liquid)

alyi3ha (long-rigid)

ga2ne3?a (flexible)

a 'gi 37a (neutral)

a1ti2hne3ga "He's taking a living thing somewhere.

ganh2 j e 3ga (liquid)

ga2ne 3ga (long-rigid)

ga2hne3ga (flexible)

a1hye3ga (neutral)

a1ti2hne3ha "He has a living thing with him."

ganh2j e3ha (liquid)

ga2ne 3ha (long-rigid)

ga2hne 3ha (flexible)

a1hye3ha (neutral)

ga2hni23d032ha IrHe 's handling a living thing."

ganh2 j i 3do 2ha (liquid)

ga2ni23d032ha (long- rigid)

ga2hni23d032ha (flexible)

a1hi23d032ha (neutral)

ga2ka32ne2ha "He's giving him a living thing."

ga2ne2hne 3ha (liquid)

a1de3ha (long-rigid)

g?2nv3np2ha (flexible)

a1hne3ha (neutral)

u1we2ka3ha "He has a living thing."

u1ne3ha (liquid)

( long- r ig id )

( f l e x i b l e )

( n e u t r a l )

~ i ~ g a ~ ~ k ? ~ h \ ! ~ s g a l1He's sending a l i v i n g t h i n g . "

wi2ga2ne3hv2sga ( l i q u i d )

wa2di3?a (long - r i g i d )

w$2g?2nv3?v2sga ( f l e x i b l e )

wa2hv3sga ( n e u t r a l )

I-F. The verb " to be." The ve rb " to be" i n Cherokee i s i r r e g u l a r . I t appears a s i Z 3 g i i n t h e p resen t t e n s e , a s ge1svZ3?i i n t h e p a s t , and a s ge1se3sdi i n t h e fu ture . The p resen t t e n s e form i Z 3 g i r a r e l y occurs except when preceded by t h e r e l a t i v e p re - f i x j - o r by t h e nega t ive p r e f i x y- (see I-A f o r a d i scuss ion of t h e s e p r e f i x e s ) . The verb " to be" i s no t r equ i red i n Cherokee i n sentences l i k e (1 ) .

(1) na a2sga2ya uZ3ta2na . "The man i s b ig ." t h e man b i g

The p resen t t ense form of " to be , " i Z 3 g i , g e n e r a l l y func t ions a s a bea re r of t h e p r e f i x e s j - and y-, a s i n (2-3).

(2) na 6 2 ~ g p 2 y a u23ta2na j i 4 g i 0 2 g i 2 n a 2 1 i 4 ? i . "The man who i s big i s my t h e man b i g who i s my f r i e n d f r i e n d ."

(3) h l a a2sga2ya yi2gi. " I t ' s not a man." not man i s no t

i Z 3 g i can occur a lone i n sen tences l i k e ( 4 ) .

(4) d ~ l n ? ~ d o ~ ? v ~ h n o h i 2 ? a i23gi. "And t h e i r names a r e t h e s e . " t h e i r names and t h e s e a r e

Sentences such a s (4) a r e no t commonly used i n Cherokee; they tend t o occur i n formal s t y l e s , such a s t h e s t y l e employed i n w r i t i n g o b i t u a r i e s .

The p a s t t e n s e form of " to be" i s g e l ~ v ~ ~ ? i , c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e stem ges- followed by t h e s u f f i x - v ? i . ge1sv23?i may be used wi th a noun o r a d j e c t i v e t o i n d i c a t e pas t t ime, a s i n (5) .

(5) ?'geZ3hya g e l ~ v ~ ~ ? i . " I t was a woman." woman it was

(6) 04sda ge1sv23? i . l l I t was good.I1

The r e p o r t a t i v e p a s t t e n s e s u f f i x - e ? i i s a l s o used wi th " to be ," a s i n ( 7 ) .

(7 ) 04sda g e 1 s e 3 ? i . " I t was good ( repor ted ly ) ." The f u t u r e p rogress ive -esd i i s a t t a c h e d t o ges- t o d e r i v e t h e f u t u r e form of " to be"; note (8-9).

(8) ?2ge2hyu4ja ge1se3sd i . " I t w i l l be a g i r l . "

(9) 04sda g e 1 s e 3 ~ d i . "I t w i l l be good."

The c o n t r a s t between p rogress ive and non-progressive i s not p resen t i n forms of " to be"; c f . (10-11).

(10) a2ge23hya ji2ga2w03ni2sgv47i. "It was a woman who was woman it was who was speaking speaking. I t

(11) a2ge23hya g e l ~ v ~ ~ ? i ju1w03ni2sv4?i. "It was a woman who spoke." woman it was who spoke

There is also a habitual form of "to be" formed by adding the habitual suffix -07i to ges-, as in (12).

(12) a2ge23hya ge1s03?i. "It's a woman (habitually) . ' I

woman it is (habitual)

Another important function of "to be" is illustrated by the comparative sentence in (13).

(13) ja23ni ~ ' g o ~ ~ d i u1ta2na ~ i ~ ~ h n v jaZ31i ge1sv4?i. John more big than Charley is "John is bigger than Charley."

The past tense form of "to bet1 is always employed in comparative sentences like (13). Note that the comparative ge1sv4?i is the same as the past tense ge1svZ3?i except for a difference in pitch.

A complete analysis of "to be" has not been attempted and further study of this highly important irregular verb is needed.

Section 11. The Noun

The prefixes and suffixes which can occur with nouns in Cherokee are discussed in 11-A and 11-B. Section 11-C deals with the possessed nouns, nouns which always refer explicitly to a possessor. Section 11-D is a brief discussion of compound nouns, and Section 11-E lists some of the more important kinds of nouns derived from verbs in Cherokee.

11-A. Noun prefixes

di-, plural

form: di- before a following consonant, j- before a vowel, d- before -u- in some non-possessed nouns; cf. (1-3).

(1) a. ka2ne lsa37i "boxtf

b. di2k?2ne1sa3?i "boxes"

function: di- marks the plural of some inanimate nouns in Cherokee. Many nouns referring to inanimate objects do not mark the plural, however; compare (4-5).

(4) a. ka2ne1sa33i ji2gowh1ti3ha. "I see a box."

b. di2ka2ne1sa3?i de23j i3gowh1ti3ha. "I see boxes ." (5) a. gulgu ji2gowh1ti3ha. "I see a bottle."

- I b. gulgu deZ3ji3gowhlt+3ha. "1 s e e b o t t l e s . "

- Each inanimate noun which t a k e s d i - i n t h e p l u r a l i s given i n i t s p l u r a l a s well as i t s s i n g u l a r form i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y . Nouns f o r which no p l u r a l form i s given are no t i n f l e c t e d f o r p l u r a l i t y .

-

-

1 func t ion : Nouns r e f e r r i n g t o persons e x h i b i t a - i n t h e t h i r d person, a s i n (8-10).

comment: d i - i s t h e same p r e f i x which appears a s de- i n verb forms. Compare t h e verb form i n (6) with t h e noun der ived from it i n ( 7 ) .

(6) de23gv3n02s?3sga. ItHels sweeping them."

(7) d+2gv2n023s92sgi "sweeper (of p l u r a l o b j e c t s ) "

- a- , human

form: a - .

( comment: Some nouns r e f e r r i n g t o persons t a k e a - o p t i o n a l l y i n t h e s i n g u l a r , al though a - must appear i n p l u r a l forms o f t h e same noun; n o t e (11).

1 (11) a . +2gg?3n+2kti l ldoctorf t

b. ga?3ng2kt i "doctorll

-

1 -n-, p l u r a l

form: -n- be fore a vowel, -n i - be fo re a consonant . T

(8) a2sg?2ya "man"

(9) a2geZ3hya llwomanll

1 func t ion : -n- marks t h e p l u r a l i n t h e case of animate nouns, a s i n (12); i t a l s o i n d i c a t e s p l u r a l i t y of t h e possessor i n forms such a s (13) .

i (10) a2chu4 ja "boy"

T (12) a2ni2sgg2ya "ment1

(13) a , y2we23j i "h i s o f f s p r i n g "

T b. u2ne23. ' j 1 " t h e i r o f f sp r ing" I Pref ixes employed i n non- th i rd person forms. Nouns r e f e r r i n g t o human beings

a r e i n f l e c t e d f o r person and number by t h e u s e of t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s used wi th a l a r g e c l a s s of Cherokee ve rbs (see Sec t ion I-B f o r d i scuss ion and examples). Para- r digm One includes t h e f i rs t , second, and t h i r d person forms of "man" i n t h e s i n g u l a r , dua l , and p l u r a l . r Paradigm One

1. j i1sga2ya "I - man"

2 . hi2sga2ya "you - man"

3 . a2sga2ya "man" r !- 4 . i1ni2sggZya "YOU and I - men"

5 . i1di2sga2ya "You ( p l ) and I - men"

- 6 . 02sdi2sga2ya "he and I - men"

7 . ,2j i2sga2ya "they and I - men11

8 . sd i2sgaZya "you ( d l ) - men"

9. i1 j i2sga2ya "you ( p l ) - men"

10. ?2ni2sga2ya Ilmenl'

Noun forms r e f e r r i n g t o human beings may be used a s complete sentences , a s i n (14)

(14) j i l ~ g + ~ ~ a . "I 'm a man . I 1

The p r e d i c a t i v e use of form (14) i s shared wi th o t h e r nouns i n Cherokee; note (15) which could answer t h e ques t ion "what i s i t ? "

(15) ka2ne1s?37i. " I t I s a box."

Second person human forms may be used a s terms of address , a s i n (16).

(16) s i Z y o h j2chu4 ja . I1Hello, boy."

Inanimate nouns may t ake t h e same p r e f i x e s shown i n Paradigm One t o form surnames. Note Paradigm Two, i n which t h e noun a3ma l v s a l t " t a k e s t h e Se t A p r e f i x e s t o c r e - a t e t h e surname "Sa l t . " Note t h a t a g l o t t a l s t o p i s i n s e r t e d between t h e p r e f i x and t h e i n i t i a l -a- o f a3ma i n each form.

Paradigm Two

1. ji27a3ma "I - S a l t t t

2. hi27a3ma "you - S a l t "

3. a27a3ma "Sal t"

4. i1ni27a3ma "you and I - S a l t s u

5. i1di27a3ma "you ( p l ) and I - S a l t s f 1

6. o2sdiZ7a3ma "he and I - S a l t s f f

7 . 02ji27a3ma "they and I - S a l t s "

8 . sdi27a3ma "you ( d l ) - S a l t s 1 !

9 . i1j i27a3ma "you ( p l ) - S a l t s "

10. a2ni27a3ma "Sal ts"

II-B. Noun s u f f i x e s

-i, l o c a t i v e

form: -i.

func t ion : The l o c a t i v e s u f f i x c a r r i e s t h e meaning "place o f . " I t i s added t o nouns i n Cherokee t o form p l a c e names, a s i n (1-4).

(1) a . ?2gu4sa "Creek"

b . gu2s047i "Muskogee" ( i . e . "Creek place")

(2) a . g i 2 h l i "dog"

b . g i 2 h l i 4 7 i "dog place"

(3) a . ?'ni2ge2 3hya ttwomen"

b . a2ni2ge2hyv47i "place of women"

(4) a. ko3ga "crow"

b. k ~ ~ ~ v " ? i lfcrow place"

comment: When -i is added to a noun ending in -a, the -a changes to -0- in some nouns, and to -v- in others; note (11, (31, and (4).

-hi "on, in"

form: -hi.

function: This suffix means "on" or "in," cf. (5-7). It can also mean "into"; as in (8).

(5) a. ga2nu231v "grass"

b. ga2nu21v4hi "in the grassff

(6) a. a3ma "salt"

b. a2m04hi "in salt"

(7) a. ga2sgi210 "table"

b. ga2sgi21v4?i "on the table"

(8) a. ta21uZ3ja "basket"

b. ta21u2j04hi "into the basket"

comment: -hi requires a change of final -a to -0- in (6b) and (8b). In (7b) the suffix takes the form -i rather than -hi, requiring a change in the final vowel of the noun form -0 to -v-. Further study is needed to determine whether more than one suffix is involved and precisely what kinds of final vowel changes are caused by the addition of the suffix or suffixes illustrated by (5-8b).

-ha "all, only"

form: -ha.

function: -ha is used with the meaning "only1' as in (9-lo), and with the partitive meaning, as in (11).

(9) a. yo3ne2ga ga2w03n12ha. "He's speaking English."

b. yo3ne2gv2ha ga2w03n12ha. "He's speaking only English." 2 .2 (10) a. a nl sga2ya "men" 2 .2 b. a nl sga2yv2ha !!only the men"

(11) a. hi2sgi da1gwa2du2113ha. "I want five."

b. h12sgi2ha dalgwa2du21i3ha. "I want five of them."

Further examples of -ha are contained in (12-13).

(12) a. ja21a2gi go2hwe41i go2hwe21i a'go21i23ye3?a. "He's reading a letter written in Cherokee."

b. ja21a2gi2ha go2hwe41i go2hwe21i a1g021i23ye3?a. "He's reading a letter written entirely in Cherokee."

(13) a. a2ni2sga2ya da1ni2hno2gi3sv2?i. "Let the men sing." 2 .2 b. nl sga2yv2ha da1ni2hno2gi3sv27i. "Let only the men sing."

comment: A sequence of -a plus -ha yeilds -vha, as in (lob) and (13b).

310

-ya?i "pure, real"

form: -ya?i.

function: -ya?i is added to animate nouns to convey the meaning "pure" or "real," as in (14-15).

(14) a. a2yv2wi "person"

b. a2yv2wi2ya4?i "pure person, real person (Indian)"

(15) a. sihZgwa "hog!'

b. sihZgwazya4?i "pure hog"

comment: A sequence of final -a plus -ya?i yields -iya?i in the case of some nouns, but not in others.

Suffixes which also occur with verbs. A number of suffixes occur with both nouns and verbs. These include -gw, -sgo, -na, -ju, -ke, -hv, and -dv. Since each of these suffixes has been described in I-D above, they will not be discussed in detail, but simply illustrated in noun forms.

(16) a. ta?'1i "two" .(

(17) a. a2sga2ya "man"

b. a2sga2ya4sgo? "IS it a man?"

(18) a. wiZ31i "Bill"

b. wiZ31i3na1? "and what about Bill?"

(19) a. gi2hli "dog"

b. gi2h1i3ju? "Well, is it a dog?"

(20) gi2hlis3, ~e'~s?~ke? IlIs it a dog or a cat?"

(21) a. a2chu4ja "boyvt

b. a2~h~4j?3~go1hv? "But is it a boy?"

(22) a. giZhli "dog"

b. v, gi2hli3dv3. !'Yes, it's a dog."

The relative order of the noun suffixes is shown in Figure One.

Figure 1 II-C. Possessed nouns

A number of nouns in Cherokee always occur with a possessive prefix. Kinship terms as well as terms for body parts and some articles of clothing fall into this

-i, locative

-hi "on, in"

-ha "all, only1I

-ya?i "pure, real"

- g w "only" -sgo, interrogative

-na "and what about?"

-ju, interrogative

-ke "orel

-hv "butlf

-dv, focus suffix

category. I t i s impossible, f o r example, t o say simply "hand" i n Cherokee un less a detached hand o r an image of a hand i s understood; it i s necessary t o say "my hand, your hand," e t c . Discussion and i l l u s t r a t i v e paradigms fol low.

Body p a r t s . Some terms f o r body p a r t s i n d i c a t e t h e possessor by t h e use of the Set A pTonoun p r e f i x e s used with v e r b s , while o t h e r s t a k e t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s (see Sect ion I-B f o r d i s c u s s i o n ) . The use of t h e S e t A and Set B p r e f i x e s with body p a r t terms i s i l 1 u s t r a t e d . b ~ Paradigms One and Two, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Paradigm One : "nose"

1. j i1yv2s041 i "my nosev1

2 . h i2hyv2s041i "your nose"

3 . ka2yv2s041i "h i s nose"

4 . di1ni2hyv2s041i "your and my noses"

5 . d i1di2hyv2s041i "your ( p l ) and my noses"

6 . jo2sdi2hyv2s041i "h i s and my noses"

7 . jo2 j i2hyv2s041 i I t t h e i r and my noses"

8. d i2sdi2hyv2s041i llyour (d l ) noses"

9. d i ' j i2hyv2s041i "your ( p l ) noses"

10. d i2ni2hyv2s041i " t h e i r noses"

Paradigm Two : "brain"

1 . a2g?2nv23j i 3 d a Ifmy bra in"

2 . ja2nv23j i 3 d a Ityour b ra in"

3 . ~ ~ n v ~ ~ j i 3 d a " h i s bra in"

4 . d i 2 g i 2 n i 2 n v 2 3 j i 3 d a . . "your and my bra ins" :$

5. d i1g i2nv23j i3da "your ( p l ) and my b r a i n s v

6 . j ~ ~ g i ~ n i ~ n v ~ ~ j i ~ d a "his and my bra ins"

7. j ~ ~ g i ~ n v ~ ~ j i 3 d a " t h e i r and my bra ins"

8. d i 2 s d i 2 n v 2 3 j i 3 d a Ityour ( d l ) b ra ins"

9. d i 1 j i 2 n v 2 3 j i 3 d a "your ( p l ) b ra ins"

10, j ~ ~ n i ~ n v ~ ~ j i3da " t h e i r bra ins1!

Paradigms One and Two i l l u s t r a t e t h e formation of p l u r a l s of s i n g l e body p a r t s i n cases i n which two o r more i n d i v i d u a l s a r e involved. Compare Paradigm Three, which i l l u s t r a t e s how p l u r a l s a r e formed i n t h e case of pa i red body p a r t s .

Paradigm Three : "knee"

1 . j i 1n i2ge4n i "my knee"

2 . d i 2 j i 1 n i 2 g e 4 n i Irmy knees"

3. h i 2hni 2ge4ni ltyour knee"

4 . t i 2 h n i 2 g e 4 n i "your knees"

5 , ka2ni2ge4ni " h i s knee"

6. d i2ka2ni2ge4ni I fh is knees"

7 . d i 'n i2hni2ge4ni "your and my knees"

8 . d i1d i2hn i2ge4n i "your ( p l ) and my knees"

9 . jo2sdi2hni2ge4ni I fh is and my knees"

10. j o 2 j i 2 h n i 2 g e 4 n i " t h e i r and my knees"

11. d i2sd i2hn i2ge4n i t lyour (d l ) knees"

12. d i l j i 2hn i2ge4n i llyour (p l ) knees"

13. d i2n i2hn i2ge4n i I t t h e i r knees"

A note on detached body p a r t s . Terms f o r detached body p a r t s d i f f e r from t h e corresponding non-detached forms wi th r e s p e c t t o t h e noun stem a s wel l a s by t h e absence o r presence of t h e possess ive p r e f i x ; c f . (1-2) .

(1) a2k ta "eye" (detached)

(2) a2k to41 i "his eye"

N o t e - t h a t ossess ion of detached body p a r t s i s ind ica ted by t h e use of t h e posses- !. s i v e a2gw? ] e 2 1 i 4 ? i "my," a s i s t h e case wi th o the r non-possessed nouns; c f . (3-4).

(3) ka2ne1sa3?i a2gwa2je21i4?i limy box"

(4) a 2 k t a a2gwa2je21i4?i "my eye" (detached)

The eye r e f e r r e d t o i n (4) could be understood t o have been detached from t h e speaker ' s body, from someone e l s e ' s body, o r t o be a p i c t u r e o r some o the r r e p r e - s e n t a t i o n of an eye.

I t was pointed out i n Sect ion 11-A t h a t t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x appears a s de- before a fol lowing consonant i n verb forms and a s d i - be fo re a consonant i n nouns. There a r e a few except ions t o t h i s , inc lud ing t h e p l u r a l forms f o r t t t o e t t and "f inger t1 ; no te (5-6).

(5) a . k a 2 n a 3 2 s a ? 2 d ~ 4 7 i "h i s toe"

b. de23ka3na32sa?2dv4?i "his toes"

(6) a . ga3ye2sa?3dv4?i "h i s f inger"

b. de2 3ga32ye2sa?3dv4?i ! ) h i s f i n g e r s "

A l i s t of body p a r t terms. A l i s t of some of t h e more f requen t ly used terms f o r body p a r t s i n Cherokee fo l lows. Terms f o r detached a s wel l a s non-detached, possessed forms a r e inc luded; note t h a t some s e p a r a t e terms f o r detached body p a r t s a r e no t a s common a s o t h e r s and do no t always e x i s t .

a2h041i "his mouth" - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

a 2 h y v h 2 j e h i "his neck, t h r o a t " a2hyvh2j e "neck"

a2ka2sge4ni "his hip" a 2ka 2sge "hip"

a 2 k i h 2 s g e 4 n i I this elbow"

a2k to41 i "his eye" 2 2 4 ?2sgv d? ge n i "h i s shin"

2 a ~ g w ~ ~ g e ~ n i . "h is s i d e "

2 . 2 a k; p 2 s g e "elbow"

?2k ta "eye"

?2sgv2d?2ge "shin" 2 sgwa 2 ge "side"

-1 a2sko41i "h i s head" u2ska "head"

ga1di2ge4ni "h i s hee l "

ga721e4ni "his ea r" 2 2 . . 47i

g? ne 11 "h i s ches t "

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

di2gr t2nu21g2j i " r ibs"

a2ye21v47i r r h i s body"

ju2nu21a2j i ' ? h i s r i b s "

g a l d i 2ge "heel"

ga7 'le "ear"

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

-! ganh2doh3gv4?i "his too th" - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1 ganh'go4?i "his tongue"

7 gq2nv2di 4 7 i "h is b r e a s t " 1 gq%v 'sge4ni "his leg"

ga2nv2wo4?i I this shoulder"

1 ga2s02hi47i "his backtt ga3ye2sq7 3dv47i "his f i n g e r "

I k a % a 3 2 s + 7 2 d ~ 4 7 i "h i s toe"

ganh lga "tongue"

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 ga nv sge " l egf f

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - --------------

ka%i2ge4ni "his knee" k q % i 2ge "knee"

k?%02ge4ni "his arm, i t s wing" kc %O 2ge "arm, wingff

ka2yv 2s041i Iqhis nose" - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

7 u l d i 3yv2dq73dv47i "h i s navel" - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I u lha2ne 3 g a 7 2 1 ~ 4 7 i "h i s l i p " - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

I ~ ' h n a ~ ~ s u h ~ g q ~ h l v ~ ~ i "his t o e n a i l " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - u 'hne21v 3sv4?i Iqhis s c a r " --------------

T u21a1sih2de4ni I fh is foot I t --------------

I u 1sdi2ne3g?721v47i "h i s s c a l p " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - u lne 3ga721v47i "his s k i n n ga 2 ne 1 ga "skin"

I u2sgwo2hli47i "his abdomen, stomachll u 2sgwo2 31a "stomach" ~ l s t i h ~ ~ v ~ 7 i "h i s head of h a i r " - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

I- u 3suh2ga2hlv47i "his claw" - - - - - - - - - - - - - - u1tsgwa21v2tv4~i "h i s ankle" --------------

r u%e21a "his l i v e r " u2we21a r f l i v e r f l 2 1 4 . y wo ye n i "h i s hand" y 2 wo 3 2 ya "hand"

Kinship terms. Nouns i n d i c a t i n g family r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e i n h e r e n t l y possessed. r The same s e t of p r e f i x e s used wi th t r a n s i t i v e verbs such a s "to l i k e " ( see Sec t ion 1-8) i s used with k in terms, a s i l l u s t r a t e d by Paradigm Four. r Paradigm Four : l l f a t h e r f t

1. ,gv2d02da "I - your f a t h e r " -

2 . j i2d02da "I - h i s f a t h e r w

sdv2d02da "1 - your ( d l ) f a t h e r "

i l jv2d02da 111 - your ( p l ) f a t h e r "

ga2j i2d02da "1 - t h e i r f a t h e r "

sgi2d02da I1you - my f a t h e r

hi2d02da "you - h i s f a t h e r 1 '

sg i2ni2d02da "you - h i s and my f a t h e r "

i1sgi2d02da "you - t h e i r and my f a t h e r "

ga2hi2d02da "you - t h e i r f a t h e r "

a2gi2d02da "he- my f a t h e r "

ja2d02da "he - your f a t h e r "

u2d02da "he - h i s f a t h e r "

gi2ni2d02da "he - your and my f a t h e r "

i1gi2d02da llhe - your ( p l ) and my f a t h e r "

02gi2ni2d02da "he - h i s and my f a t h e r "

02gi2d02da "he - t h e i r and my f a t h e r "

sdi2d02da "he - your ( d l ) f a t h e r "

i1 j i2d02da I1he - your ( p l ) f a t h e r u

u2ni2d02da "he - t h e i r f a t h e r "

di2ge2ni2d02da "you and I - t h e i r f a t h e r s "

di2ge2di2d02da "you ( p l ) and I - t h e i r f a t h e r s "

di2sdv2d02da "he and I - your ( d l ) f a t h e r s "

di1jv2d02da llhe and I - your ( p l ) f a t h e r s "

jo2sdi2d02da lvhe and I - t h e i r f a t h e r s "

di ' jv2d02da "they and I - your ( p l ) f a t h e r s "

jo2j i2d02da Ifthey and I - t h e i r f a t h e r s "

d i2sg i2n i2d02da ''you ( d l ) - h i s and my f a t h e r s v f

d i1sgi2d02da "you ( d l ) - t h e i r and my f a t h e r s "

di2sdi2d02da llyou (d l ) - t h e i r f a t h e r s "

d i ' sg i2d02da "you ( p l ) - t h e i r and my f a t h e r s "

d i1 j i2d02da rlyou (p l ) - t h e i r f a t h e r s "

dl2ge2gl2ni2do2da "they - your and my f a t h e r s "

di2ge2gi2d02da I1they - your ( p l ) and my f a t h e r s "

di2g02gi2ni2d02da "they - h i s and my f a t h e r s "

di2g02gi2d02da "they - t h e i r and my f a t h e r s "

di2ge2sdi2d02da "they - your ( d l ) f a t h e r s "

38. di2ge2ji2d02da "they - your ( p l ) f a t h e r s "

39. di2gv2wa2ni2d02da "they - t h e i r f a t h e r s "

Compare P a r a d i p F ive , t h e paradigm o f "ch i ld , " which includes forms which do not occur i n t h e paradigm of " f a t h e r . " For example, t h e r e i s no form i n t h e paradigm of " fa ther" which corresponds t o (35) i n Paradigm Five , s i n c e a s i n g l e person never has more than one f a t h e r , except i n a n o n - l i t e r a l sense which seems s t r a n g e t o Cherokee speakers .

Paradigm Five: "o f f sp r ing , c h i l d "

1. gvZyez3 j i 1 1 1 - your c h i l d "

2 . j i 2 y e 2 3 j i "I - h i s c h i l d "

3. "1 - your (d l ) c h i l d H

4 . i 1 j v Z y e z 3 j i I 1 I - your ( p l ) c h i l d "

5. g a 2 j i Z y e z 3 j i ''1 - t h e i r c h i l d "

6 , sgweZ3j i "you - my c h i l d g 1

7. h i 2 y e 2 3 j i rryou - h i s c h i l d "

8 . ~ g i ~ n e ~ ~ j i "you - h i s and my c h i l d g 1

9. i 1 s g i 2 y e 2 3 j i "you - t h e i r and my c h i l d "

10. ga2hi2 ,ye23j i "you - t h e i r c h i l d "

11. 92gwe23ji "he - my c h i l d "

12. j e 2 3 j i Ifhe - your c h i l d t 1

13. y2w,e23Ji Ifhe - h i s ch i ld"

14. g;2ne23j i "he - your and my c h i l d "

15. ilgeZ3ji Ifhe - your ( p l ) and my c h i l d "

16. 02gi2ne23j i "he - h i s and my c h i l d f 1

17. 02ge23ji Ifhe - t h e i r and my c h i l d "

18. ~ d e ~ ~ j i "he - your ( d l ) c h i l d "

19. i 1 j e 2 3 j i Ifhe - your ( p l ) c h i l d "

20. u2neZ3j i Ifhe - t h e i r c h i l d "

21. j e2ne23 j i "you and I - h i s ch i ld ren"

22. d i2ge2neZ3j i "you and I - t h e i r ch i ld ren"

23. j e 2 d e Z 3 j i "you ( p l ) and I - h i s ch i ld ren"

24. d i2ge2deZ3j i "you ( p l ) and I - t h e i r ch i ld ren"

25. d i ' s d ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ j i "he and I - your ch i ld ren"

26. j o 2 s d e Z 3 j i "he and I - h i s ch i ld ren"

27. d i2sdvZyez3 j i "he and I - your (d l ) c h i l d r e n "

28. d i 1 j v Z y e z 3 j i "he and I - your ( p l ) ch i ld ren"

29. j ~ ~ s d e ~ ~ j i lthe and I - t h e i r ch i ld ren"

316

30. d i l j ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ j i "they and I - your children"

31. j ~ ~ j e ~ ~ j i "they and I - his children" 32. d i ' j ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ j i "they and I - your (dl) children"

33. d i l j ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ j i "they and I - your (pl) children" 34. jo2jeZ3ji "they and I - their children"

35. di2sgi2neZ3ji "you (dl) - my children"

36. je2sdeZ3ji "you (dl) - his children" 37. di2sgi2neZ3ji Ifyou (dl) - his and my children"

38. di1sgiZyez3ji "you (dl) - their and my children" 39. je2sdeZ3ji "you (dl) - their children" 40. di1sgeZ3ji "you (pl) - my children" 41. je2jeZ3ji Inyou (pl) - his children"

2 23.. 42. dilsgi ye j1 "you (pl) - his and my children" 43. di1sgeZ3ji "you (pl) - their and my children"

2 2. 23 44. di ge je ji "you (pl) - their children" 45. diZgwez3ji '!they - my children" 46. di2jeZ3ji "they - your children" 47. jy2weZ3j i "they - his children"

48. di2gi2ne23ji "they- your and my children"

49. di1geZ3ji "they - your (pl) and my children"

50. joZgi2nez3ji "they - his and my children" 51. joZgez3ji "they - their and my children" 52 . di2sdeZ3ji "they - your (dl) children"

53. di1je23ji "they - your (pl) children"

54. ju2neZ3ji "they - their children"

Notes on Paradigms Four and Five

In Paradigm Four, as noted above, forms which do not ordinarily occur have not been included. An example is "you (dl) are my fathers" which is somewhat unnatural for Cherokee speakers since an individual can have only one natural father. In Para- digm Five all possible forms are included in the paradigm, although (4), (IS), (17), and (19) are somewhat odd since these forms involve situations in which a single individual is the child of more than two parents, once again forcing a non-literal interpretation. These forms have been included in Paradigm Five, however, so that the full range of forms is displayed in at least one entire paradigm.

Note that the stem of "child" begins with a vowel, while that of "father" begins with a consonant. As a result, the prefixes indicating possession change in form in exactly the same way in which they change in verb forms. See Section I-B for more detailed discussion of the changes in form which the pronoun prefixes undergo depending on whether the following stem begins with a vowel or with a consonant.

Non-singular kinship terms. Some kinship terms, as well as a few other nouns referring to persons, do not exhibit singular forms. A noun of this type is "friendI1l shown in Paradigm Six.

Paradigm Six : "friend"

1. gi2na21i4?i lVyou and I - friends"

2. ilga21i4?i Ityou (pl) and I - friends" 3. 02gi2na21i4?i "he and I - friends"

4. oZga21i4?i "they and I - friends" '\

5. sda21i4?i "YOU (dl) - friends"

6. i1ja21i4?i r l y ~ u (pl) - friends"

7. u2na21i4?i "they - friends"

The forms in Paradigm Six can be used as the subjects of plural verbs, as one would expect; cf. (7-8).

(7) sda21i4?i sdi2w03ni2ha. q'You (dl) friends are speaking."

(8) gi2na21i4?i i1ni2w03ni2ha. "You and I, friends, are speaking."

Since there are no forms of "friend" in the singular, it is necessary to utilize the forms in Paradigm Six to express meanings such as '!my friend" and "your friend." Note (9-IS), in which the forms from Paradigm Six are given their singular meanings.

(9) oZgi2na2li4?i "my friend"

(10) sda21i4?i 'lyour friend"

(11) u2na21i4?i '!his friend"

(12) ilga21i4?i "your (sg or pl) and my friend"

(13) oZga21i4?i "his and my, their and my friend"

(14) i1ja21i4?i "your (d1,pl) friend"

(15) u2na21i4?i "their friend"

When a non-singular noun like "friend" occurs as the subject of a sentence in its singular sense, it requires a singular verb form; cf. (16-17). In addition, the verb form must exhibit the third person singular prefix.

(16) 02gi2na21i47i ga2w03ni2ha. "My friend is speaking."

(17) u2na21i4?i a1 1sda32y,2hv3sga. "His friend is eating."

A list of kinship terms. The following is a partial list of some of the more important Cherokee kinship terms.

a2ni2ne4 1i "her husband"

di2ni2da23hna2wi Ithis enemy"

du1da2ti2hna3?v4?i "his family"

u2da21i2?i I1his wife"

u2do Ifhis sister, her brother"

u2d02da "his father"

u2du1du "his grandfather (maternal)"

u2du2j i "his uncle"

u2h lo2g i "his aunt"

u2hnv2hli "his brother"

u2hye4hi "her husband"

u 2 j i Ithis mother"

u 2 1 i 3 s i Ifhis grandmother (maternal)"

u21v3?i "her s i s t e r "

u2na21 i4? i "his f r iend"

u2na21i4kdi I this g i r l f r i e n d , he r boyfriend"

~ ~ n i ~ ~ s i "his grandparent (pa te rna l ) "

u2sda1yv23hv2sgi "h i s w i f e "

~ ~ w e ~ ~ j i Ithis o f f s p r i n g t 1

u2we2 3 j i a2chu4ja "his son (ch i ld )"

y2we2 3j i a2ge23hya I fh is daughter ( adu l t ) "

,'weZ3j i a2ge2hyu4ja "h i s daughter ( c h i l d ) "

~ ~ - , i e ~ ~ j i a2sgg2ya "h i s son (adu l t ) "

I I -D . Compound nouns

The formation of compound nouns i s somewhat l i m i t e d i n Cherokee. The compound i n ( l c ) i s grammatical, while t h a t of (2c) i s n o t ; t h e grammatical equivalent of (2c) i s (3) .

(1) a , go2hlv2nv "but ter"

b. gahl 3doh2di "container"

c . go2hlv2nv gahl 3doh2di "bu t t e r con ta ine r"

(2) a . ~ * ~ h y a "wolf"

b . a2sg?2ya "man"

c . * ~ ? ~ h y a a2sg?2ya "wolf man"

(3) wa2hya i2yu4sd i a2sga2ya I 'wolf- l ike man"

Productive p a t t e r n s do e x i s t f o r t h e formation of compound nouns. A t r a n s i t i v e verb form may be changed t o a noun by t h e nominalizing s u f f i x -i (see Sect ion 1 1 - E ) ; when such verb forms have a d i r e c t o b j e c t , t h e nominal iza t ion r e s u l t s i n a compound noun; n o t e (4) .

(4) a . a 2 j i Z 3 1 a ge2hlo3ha. "He's f eed ing t h e f i r e ." b . a 2 j i Z 3 1 a geZ3hlq2hi " f i r e - feeder"

S i m i l a r l y , an i n t r a n s i t i v e verb form wi th a s u b j e c t may be nominalized, y i e l d i n g a compound l i k e (5 ) .

(5) a . j i2ta23ga a1niZyv2hi 3ha. "Chickens a r e goirig i n . "

b. j i 2 t a Z 3 g a u2n i2yv2sd i4? i "where chickens go in" ( i . e . , chicken house)

Note t h a t forms l i k e u2n i2yv2sd i4? i a r e formed by adding t h e l o c a t i v e s u f f i x t o t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x - d i .

Compound nouns l i k e (4b) and (5b) can then be used a s s u b j e c t s o r o b j e c t s o f sen- t ences , a s i n (6-7).

(6) a 2 j i 2 3 1 a geZ3hlo2hi ga2w03ni2ha. "A C a t h o l i c i s speaking."

(7) j +2 ta23ga u 2 n i Z y v 2 s d i 4 ? i a l k ~ u ~ ~ h w ? 3sv237i . "I pa in ted t h e chicken house. l 1

11-E. Derived nouns

There a r e a number of p rocesses i n Cherokee by which nouns may be de r ived from verbs . Severa l types of noun d e r i v a t i o n a r e commented on b r i e f l y i n t h i s s e c t i o n .

Agentive forms. Agentive nouns, which can f r e q u e n t l y be t r a n s l a t e d by t h e - e r s u f f i x i n Engl ish , a r e formed by adding -i t o t h e ve rb stem, a s i n t h e example ( l b ) .

(1) a . g ? 2 ~ 0 3 n i 2 s g o 3 ? i . "He speaks ( h a b i t u a l l y ) . "

b. ga2w01ni4sgi "speaker"

Note t h e a d d i t i o n a l examples i n (2-3) .

(2) a . j i2sdu da lyo2h i2h03? i . "He shoo t s r a b b i t s ( h a b i t u a l l y ) . l 1

b. j i 2 s d u d i 2 y 0 2 3 h i 2 h i " rabb i t s h o o t e r f 1

(3) a . ga2~03ni2hi2si23d0321e2ha. "He's going around speaking f o r him."

b. ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ h i ~ s i ~ d o ~ l e ~ h i !lone who goes around making speeches f o r him"

There a r e s i t u a t i o n s which r e q u i r e noun forms with -i r a t h e r -than t h e corresponding verb form. An example i s ( 5 ) , which i s de r ived from (4) . While (5) can be understood t o have an animate o r inanimate s u b j e c t , (4) must have an animate sub- j e c t .

(4) a . a1d iZ3sgo3? i . "He says i t ," o r "He says ( h a b i t u a l l y ) . "

b . a 2 d i 4 s g i llone t h a t says"

The der ived form i n (4b) would have t o be used, f o r example, i n (5 ) , i n which an inanimate o b j e c t i s s a i d t o "say" something.

(5) h i2?a j i 2 g ~ 2 h w e 4 1 a "ha" a 2 d i 4 s g i . "This l e t t e r says ' ha . 11 '

The sentence i n (6) can only be understood t o have a n animate s u b j e c t .

(6) "ha" a1d i23sg93? i . "He says ' h a 1 ( h a b i t u a l l y ) . I t

Nouns der ived from i n f i n i t i v e ve rb forms. Nouns which r e f e r t o t h e a c t i o n or s t a t e of t h e ve rb may be formed from i n f i n i t i v e forms, a s i n (7) .

( 7 ) a . ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d i u1du21i. "He wants him t o speak." him t o speak he wants

b. ga2w01ni2 3h i 3 s d i l lspeechll

Derived nouns l i k e (7b) r e q u i r e t h e use o f t h e t h i r d person s i n g u l a r p r e f i x used i n p resen t t e n s e forms of t h e r e l e v a n t ve rb , and t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x - d i . Not

all verbs permit the formation of derived nouns such as (7b); an unabridged dictionary would include derived forms like "speech" as separate entries.

The infinitive suffix may be used with the Set B prefixes to form derived nouns referring to one's facility in performing the action of the verb, as in (8-10).

(8) a2gi2w01ni23hi3sdi "my facility in speaking"

(9) j a2w01ni23hi3sdi "your facility in speaking"

(10) ~ ~ n i ~ w o l n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d i "their facility in speaking"

(7b) might be used to refer to a class in speech, while (8-10) can only be understood to refer to an individual's facility in speaking.

Cherokee infinitive forms may be modified in pitch to express obligation or neces- sity; compare the a-forms in (11-13) with the b-forms.

(11) a. ~ ~ w o ' n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d i u1du21i3ha. "He wants to speak."

b. ~ ~ w o l n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d i . "He must speak."

(12) a. ~ ~ ~ o w h ~ t v h ~ d i u1du21i3ha. !!He wants to see it . I t

b. ~ ~ ~ o w h ~ ~ t v h ~ d i . "He must see it ." (13) a. j ~ ~ l v ~ ~ h w i ~ s d a n h ~ d i u1du21i3ha. "He wants to work."

b. j ~ ~ l v ~ ~ h w i ~ s d a n h ~ d i . "He has to work."

The b-forms in (11-13) function a5 verbs, but this construction is discussed here because of its similarity to the nouns derived from infinitives. Note that forms like (7b) and (9) can serve as subjects and direct objects of sentences, as in (14-15).

(14) ga2w01ni23hi3sdi a1gt21v23kwdi. "I like speech."

(15) ja2w01ni23hi3sdi 04sda. "Your ability to speak is good."

On the other hand, forms like (llb) serve as.predicates in sentences such as (16).

(16) na3 a2sga2ya ~ ~ w o l n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d i . I1That man must speak. I t

Instrumental nouns may also be derived from infinitive forms by using the third person singular prefix for the verb in question and replacing the infinitive suffix by the instrumental -dohdi; cf. (17-19).

(17) a. ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d i u1du21i3ha. "He wants him to speak."

b. g?2w01ni23hi2sdoh2di "instrument to speak with"

(18) a. u1du21i3ha. "He wants to hear it."

b. a2tv23g01doh2di "instrument to hear with1'

(19) a. g ~ ~ ~ v ~ n i ~ s d i u1du21i3ha. "He wants me to hit you."

b. g ~ ~ n v ~ ~ w a ~ l o ~ s d o h ~ d i lfinstrument for me to hammer you with"

The infinitive suffix may be used with the third singular prefix used in present progressive forms to form derived nouns with the meaning "something to be 11. note (20).

(20) a. u2gi1sdi u1du21i3ha. "He wants to eat it."

b. a3gi1sdi "something to be eaten"

b. g a 2 ~ 0 1 n i 2 3 h i 2 ~ d i "something t o be spokenw ( i . e . ,. a speech t o be made)

(22) a. u2nv2'gwa2101~di u1du21i3ha. "He wants t o hammer."

-

-

2 2 2 4 b . g? nv gw? l o s d i "something t o be hammered, hammer"

Note t h a t t h e type of de r ived noun i l l u s t r a t e d by (20b) d i f f e r s from t h e type i l - l u s t r a t e d by (7b); c f . (21-22).

(21) a . ga2w01ni23h+3~di "speech"

(23) i s thus understood t o r e f e r t o any kind of an ins t rument f o r hammering including t h e conventional hammer.

-

-

-1 The i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x i s a l s o used t o g e t h e r wi th t h e p r e f i x e s i l l u s t r a t e d below i n Paradigm One t o i n d i c a t e a b i l i t y o r c a p a c i t y t o perform t h e ac t ion ' of t h e ve rb .

In t h e case of a few l e x i c a l i t ems , forms l i k e (22b) a r e used t o r e f e r t o t h e instrument i t s e l f . The Cherokee term f o r "hammer" i s thus (22b) r a t h e r than t h e expected ins t rumenta l form (23) , formed on t h e same p a t t e r n as (17-19b).

(23) ga2nv2gwa2103sdoh2di "instrument t o hammer with"

I Paradigm One : "to speak"

g ~ ~ g ; ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ h ~ ~ s d i "1 am a b l e t o speak"

ga2 ja2w01ni23h i2~di "you a r e a b l e t o speak"

1 g ~ ~ w a ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d i "he i s a b l e t o speak" ga2gi2ni2w01ni23hi2sdi "you and I a r e a b l e t o speak"

1 g ? 2 y 0 2 g i 2 ~ ~ 1 n i 2 3 h i 2 s d i "they and I a r e a b l e t o speak"

ga2y02gi2ni2w01ni23hi2sdi llhe and I a r e a b l e t o speak"

7 ga2sdi2w01ni23hi2sdi "you ( d l ) a r e a b l e t o speak"

g a 1 j i 2 ~ 0 1 n i 2 3 h i 2 s d i llyou ( p l ) a r e a b l e t o speak"

7 g ~ ~ w ~ % i ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ h ~ ~ s d i "they a r e a b l e t o speak" . I The forms contained i n Paradigm One a r e verb forms, but we have included t h i s con-

s t r u c t i o n i n t h i s s e c t i o n because o f i t s s i m i l a r i t y t o t h e der ived nouns under d iscuss ion. Note t h a t t h e forms i n Paradigm One can only be understood t o r e f e r 1 t o t h e a b i l i t y o f a person t o speak i n p resen t t ime. (24), f o r example, might be used a s a r e p l y t o t h e ques t ion " I s he a b l e t o speak?" when i n q u i r i n g about a p e r -

1 son who has l o s t h i s v o i c e .

(24) v , g ~ ~ w ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d i ~ d v . "Yes, he i s a b l e t o speak . I t

Forms such a s (8-20), on t h e o t h e r hand, a r e der ived nouns and r e f e r t o t h e f a c i l - 1 .ity a person has a t performing t h e a c t i o n of t h e ve rb r a t h e r than t o t h e phys ica l o r mental a b i l i t y t o do so .

Nouns der ived from past t e n s e verb forms. Derived nouns which may be t r a n s - T l a t e d by an - ing verb form i n Engl ish may be formed i n Cherokee from p a s t progres- s i v e forms by means o f a s h i f t i n p i t c h , a s i n (25-27).

T 2 3 . 2 (25) a . g? wo n l s g v Z 3 ? i . "He was speaking."

b . ga2w03ni2sgv4?i I this speaking"

T (26) a . a1gowh2ti23sgv3?i . "He was see ing it."

b. a l g ~ w h ~ t i ~ ~ s g v ~ ? i "his see ing it"

(27) a . t ~ d e ' l i ~ ~ s g v ~ ? i . "He was helping you."

b . t ~ d e ~ l i ~ ~ s g v ~ ? i "h i s helping you"

The b-forms i n (25-27) a r e understood t o r e f e r t o s p e c i f i c a c t s ; (25b), f o r example, might be used i n a sentence such a s " H i s speaking yes terday was not c l e a r . "

Derived nouns l i k e (28b) may be formed from p a s t t e n s e forms l i k e (28a).

(28) a . ~ l h i ~ y v ~ ~ v i . "He l e f t i t behind."

b. a 2 h i 2 y v 4 ? i "something l e f t behind"

11 -F . F i r s t person s i n g u l a r forms of nouns

I t was noted i n Sect ion I-A t h a t a l l nouns, inc luding those r e f e r r i n g t o inanimate o b j e c t s , can be p e r s o n i f i e d by t h e use of t h e s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s , a s i n (1) . See a l s o 11-A, Paradigm Two.

(1) a . a3ma " s a l t "

5 . ?2?a3ma "Salt"

c . ' j i2?a3ma. "I ' m a S a l t . I 1

Personif ied forms of inanimate nouns l i k e " s a l t , " which begin with a vowel, a r e formed by t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e pronoun p r e f i x e s d i sp layed i n 11-A, Paradigm Two, with a g l o t t a l s t o p i n s e r t e d i n each i n s t a n c e between t h e p r e f i x and t h e i n i t i a l vowel of t h e inanimate noun. Note a l s o t h a t t h e p r e f i x vowel which occurs d i r e c t l y before t h e g l o t t a l s t o p i s s h o r t . The same s e t of p r e f i x e s a r e used with inanimate nouns beginning wi th a consonant, except t h a t no g l o t t a l s t o p i s i n s e r t e d a f t e r the p r e f i x ; c f . (2a-c) .

(2) a . gan2sda " s t i ck"

b . a2gan2sda "Stick"

c . j i2gan2sda. "I'm a S t i c k . "

These nouns form t h e f i r s t person s i n g u l a r by rep lac ing t h e t h i r d person p r e f i x inheren t i n t h e noun.

The fol lowing l ist includes those nouns which do not form non- th i rd person forms a s i n (1-2) above. For each of t h e s e nouns, t h e t h i r d person and f i r s t person s i n g u l a r forms a r e shown. Given t h e f i r s t person s i n g u l a r form, t h e f i r s t person dual and p l u r a l and t h e second person forms of each verb can be p r e d i c t e d . For example, if a f i r s t person form has t h e s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x j i - , t h e second person s i n g u l a r form w i l l have t h e p r e f i x h i - , e t c . , a s i n (3) .

(3) a . j i2w01ni4sg i . "I'm a speaker."

b. h i2w01ni4sgi . "You're a speaker ." C . sd i2w01ni4sgi . "You (d l ) a r e speakers .

I f t h e f i r s t person s i n g u l a r form of a given noun has g - a s t h e p r e f i x , then t h e second person s i n g u l a r form w i l l have h - , e t c . , a s i n (4 ) .

(4) a . g ~ ~ n o ~ s ? ~ s g i . "I'm a sweeper." 2 3 2 b . hv2no s? s g i . llYou1re a sweeper."

c , ~ d v ~ n o ~ ~ s ~ ~ s g i . "You (d l ) a r e sweepers . I f

Third person p l u r a l animate forms r e q u i r e t h e use o f t h e p r e f i x an- before noun stems beginning with a vowel, and of a n i - b e f o r e noun stems beginning with a consonant , a s i n (5-6).

2 1 . 4 (5) a . g? wo n i s g i t tspeaker ' t 2 . 2 1 . 4 b . a n l wo n l s g i "speakers"

(6) a . llsweeper"

b . a2nv2n02 3sa2sgi "sweepers"

L i s t o f nouns forming f i r s t person s i n g u l a r forms by a p r e f i x change. Note t h a t t h i s l i s t does not inc lude nouns which r e f e r t o k i n terms; s e e 11-C f o r t h e p r e f i x changes which occur i n these nouns.

?2w023ha731i - ji2w023hg731i 2 .2 . a3ya1t02hi2hi - ji3ya1tq h; hi

62ye21v4?i - ji2ye21v4?i

p2y023hli - j~2y023hli 92yv2wi - jiZyv2wi

+2yv2wi2ya4?i - ji2yv2wi2ya4~i

a2yv3wV3nezga - j~2yv3w~3ne2ga

ga721e1gi - ji?21e1gi

ga?21e4ni - ji?21e4ni

g?Zne2j i4?i - j iZne2j i47i

ga2ne41i - ji2ne41i

ganh1g04?i - jinh1g04?i

ga2ni 3dp?2dv4?i - j i2ni 3da?2d~4?i

gp?2ni23yi4sgi - j~?2ni23yi4sgi

gp2n02hp21i2d04hi - ji2n027a21i2d04hi g~2n02sgi4sgi - ji2n01sgi4sgi

ga2nv1sge4ni - j i2nv1sge4ni

ga2nv2w04?i - j i2nv2w04?i

ga2sp2hi4?i - ji1s02hi4?i

ga3ye2sa?3dv4?i - j i3ye2sa?3dv4?i I

kp2ni2ge4ni - j i 'ni2ge4ni

kp2n02ge4ni - j i1noZge4ni Section 111. Other Parts of Speech

I1 I-A. Pronouns

Personal pronouns

ayv "I, we1'

This pronoun has a variant, ?'ya, which is. used by some speakers. It refers to one or more first persons. It is frequently used in replying to questions; note (2) as a response to the question in (1).

(1) ga3go u1we2nv3se3?i? "Who went?" who went

?'yv is also used in stative sentences like (3).

(3) ?2yv ji2jg21?2gi "I 'm a C h e r ~ k e e . ~ ~ I Cherokee

a2yv can also be used for emphasis as the subject of a verb. This use of is optional, as (4) indicates.

(4) a . j i2w03ni 2ha. "I am s p e a k i n g . " b. ? Z Y v j l 2wo3n i2ha . "I am s p e a k i n g . "

n i h i "you"

n i 2 h i i s used i n a d d r e s s i n g one o r more second p e r s o n s . I t f u n c t i o n s l i k e a s i l l u s t r a t e d by (5 -8 ) .

(5) ga3go nu1dv3ne21e3? i ? "Who d i d i t ? "

(6) n i 2 h i . "You."

( 7 ) n12h i h iZyo3ne2ga . "You're a w h i t e man." you w h i t e man

(8) n i 2 h i h i2w03ni2ha . "You're speak ing ." you a r e s p e a k i n g

aZyv and n 1 2 h i a r e t h e o n l y i ndependen t p e r s o n a l pronouns i n Cherokee. The demon- s t r a t i v e pronouns a r e employed i n p l a c e o f t h i r d p e r s o n independent p ronouns , a s n o t e d below.

Demons t ra t ive pronouns

The d e m o n s t r a t i v e a d j e c t i v e s d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 1 1 1 - B c an s t a n d a l o n e a s demon- s t r a t i v e pronouns , as i n (9 -10) .

(9) h i 2 ? a a1gwa2du21i 3ha. " I want t h i s ." t h i s i want

(10) v 1 s g i 2 n a a l g o w h 2 t i 3ha. "He s e e s t h a t one." t h a t one he s e e s

These d e m o n s t r a t i v e pronouns may r e f e r t o human b e i n g s when t h e c o n t e x t makes i t c l e a r t h a t a human i s b e i n g r e f e r r e d t o , a s i n (11 -13 ) .

(11) h127a j i 2 g ~ ~ h 1 t ; 3 h a . " I s e e him."

(12 ) v1sg12na ga2 j i2gowh1 t i 3ha. "I s e e them (an) ." them I s e e

(13) h i 2 ? a ga2w03n?2ha. "He i s s p e a k i n g . "

In (11) t h e v e r b form i n d i c a t e s an an ima te d i r e c t o b j e c t ; compare (14-15) .

(14) j i Z g o w h 1 t l 3 h a . "I s e e him."

(15) j?2gowh1t?3ha. " I s e e i t . "

S incc it i s c l e a r from t h e v e r b form used i n (11) t h a t a pe r son is b e i n g s e e n , t . : i s unde r s tood t o mean "him." S i m i l a r l y , t h e form o f t h e v e r b used i n (12) i . < c i t e s t h a t t h e r e i s an an ima te p l u r a l d i r e c t o b j e c t . h i 2 7 a c a n t h u s mean " 1 : ~ . him, s h e , h e r , t h e y , them" when r e f e r r i n g t o an ima te nouns which a r e n e a r t h e s p e a k e r , v1sg12na h a s t h e same E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n s when r e f e r r i n g t o a n i - mate nouns which a r e some d i s t a n c e from t h e s p e a k e r .

Re f l ex ive pronouns .

The r e f l e x i v e pronouns a r e more complex t h a n t h e p e r s o n a l and d e m o n s t r a t i v e p r o - nouns. They a r e i n f l e c t e d i n a manner similar t o v e r b s . Paradigm One c o n t a i n s t h e r e f l e x i v e pronoun forms "myse l f , y o u r s e l f , " e t c .

Paradigm One

rt2gwv23sa "myself"

j ~ ~ ~ s a "yourself"

u2wa23sa "himself, itself"

gi2nv23sa "ourselves" (you sg. and I)

i l g ~ ~ ~ s a (you pl. and I)

"ourselves" (he and I)

02gv23sa "ourselves" (they and I)

5 d ~ ~ ~ s . a llyourselves" (you dl. )

i1jv23sa tlyourselvesll (you pl.)

The stem of the reflexive pronoun is -vsa; -v- changes to -a- in the third person singular form v2wa23sa. For discussion and analysis of the pronoun prefixes used in Paradigm One, see Section I-B. Sentences (16-17) illustrate the reflexive use of the above forms.

(16) a2gwv23sa ga2da2gowh1ti3ha. "I see myself."

(17) u2wa23sa a1da2dv2hni3ha. "He Is hitting himself.

Note thst the reflexive pronouns are redundant, and do not have to be used in sentences like (16-17) since the presence of the reflexive prefix in the verb form makes the reflexive meaning clear; compare (18-19).

(18) ga2da2gowh1ti3ha. "I see myself."

(19) a1da2dv2hni3ha. ItHels hitting himself."

Reflexive pronouns often stand alone in sentences like (21), said in reply to questions like (20).

(20) ga3go hi2gowh1t<3ha?" "Who do you see?"

(21) rt2gwv23sa. "Myself ." The dual and plural reflexive pronouns may never be used with verb forms understood reciprocally. While verbs with the reflexive prefix -adad- and the plural prefix de- can ordinarily be interpreted as either plural reflexives or reciprocally, sentences like (22-23) can only have the plural reflexive meaning because of the presence of the reflexive pronouns. See the discussion of de- and -adad- in Sec- tion I-A for further details of forms which can be interpreted either as plural reflexives or reciprocally.

(22) ~ ~ n v ~ ~ s a da1na2da2gowh2ti3ha. "They see themselves (plural acts) .I1

(23) 02gv23sa do1ja2da2gowh2ti3ha. "They and I see ourselves (plural acts) ." There is a second set of reflexive forms identical to those of Paradigm One except in pitch. These reflexives, displayed in Paradigm Two, have the meaning "1 alone" or "only I," etc.

Paradigm Two

a2gwv4sa "I alone"

jv4sa "you alone"

~? 'wa~sa "he alone"

gi2nv4sa Ifwe a loneu (you sg . and I )

i1gv4sa "we a loneu (you p l . and I ) 2 . 2 4

0 g; nv s a "we alone" (he and I )

02gv4sa "we alone" ( they and I )

sdv4sa "you ( d l ) alone"

i 1 j v 4 s a "you ( p l ) alone"

u2nv4sa "they alone"

The forms of Paradigm Two occur in sentences l i k e (24) .

(24) ?'gwv4sa j ~ 2 w 0 3 n i 2 s g v 2 3 ? i . "1 a lone was speaking."

I n d e f i n i t e pronouns

k i l o "somebody, someone"

k i l o i s i l l u s t r a t e d by (25) .

(25) k i 2 1 0 gg2wo3nl2ha. "Someone i s speaking. " hla k i l o "no one, nobody1'

This pronoun i s formed by combining t h e nega t ive h l a "not" and k i 2 1 0 a s i n (26)

(26) hla3 k1210 yi2gri2w032ni2ha. "No one i s speaking."

gohusdi "something"

This form has s e v e r a l v a r i a n t s , inc lud ing gohusd, gosd, and gusd. The use of a p a r t i c u l a r form depends upon t h e speaker and upon t h e fo rmal i ty of t h e speech s t y l e .

h l a gohusdi "nothing"

The s t r u c t u r e of t h i s pronoun p a r a l l e l s t h a t of hla3 k j 2 1 0 .

nigada " a l l , everyone, everything"

This pronoun may sta.nd a lone o r may se rve a d j e c t i v e l y t o modify nouns; i t s use i s i l l u s t r a t e d by (27-28).

(27) n l2ga4da a1gwa2du21j3ha. "I want a l l of i t . " (28) n i2ga4da a2n i2sga2ya ' a1ni2gowh2t13ha. " A l l t h e men s e e i t . I 1

I n t e r roga t ive pronouns

gag0 "who"

This pronoun r e f e r s only t o persons; no te (29) .

(29) ga3go hi2g02?e3? "Who d i d you see?"

gagi "who"

This pronoun r e f e r s t o persons and i s used i n s i t u a t i o n s i n which t h e speaker has not understood t h e i d e n t i t y o f a person j u s t r e f e r r e d t o by someone e l s e ; no te (30-31).

(30) j a 2 3 n i g?2w03ni2sgv2 37i. "John was s p e a k i n g . "

(31) g a 3 2 g i ? "Who?" ( i . e . "Who d i d you say?")

gado "what"

The u se o f t h i s q u e s t i o n word c a l l s f o r a n answer c o n t a i n i n g a v e r b ; i . e . , t h e q u e s t i o n r e f e r s t o t h e n a t u r e of t h e a c t i o n b e i n g performed by t h e pe r son spoken t o . An example i s (32 ) , which might be answered by ( 3 3 ) .

(32) g?2d02 ha2dv3ne2ha? Itwhat a r e you doing?"

(33) di2g02hwe21i d e Z 3 j i3g021i23ye3?a. "1 Im r e a d i n g a book."

gad0 u s d i "what"

Th i s q u e s t i o n word i s a compound c o n s i s t i n g o f ga2d02 and u 2 s d i . I t c a l l s f o r a

noun answer . The q u e s t i o n i n (34) might be answered by ( 3 5 ) .

(34) g?2d02 u 2 s d i h i2gowh2 t i3ha? "What do you s e e ? "

(35) u Z 3 t a 2 n a da2gwa21e31a. "A b i g c a r . "

ga2d02 u 2 s d i can a l s o be u sed t o q u e s t i o n t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e s e n t e n c e , a s i n (36 ) , which cou ld be answered by (37 ) . ,

(36) ga2d02 u 2 s d i na1dv3ne2ha? "What 's do ing i t ? "

(37) u2n021e. "The wind."

gado u s d i "which"

Th i s pronoun d i f f e r s from ga2d02 u 2 s d i "whatu o n l y i n p i t c h . I t s u s e i s i l l u s - t r a t e d by (38-39) .

(38) grt2d02 u 4 s d i j a2du21 i3ha? "Which one do you want?"

(39) ga2d02 u 4 s d i na1dv3ne2ha? "Which one i s do ing i t ? "

gad0 u s d i can a l s o modify nouns , a s i n ( 4 0 ) .

(40) ga2d02 u 4 s d i a2sga2ya ga2wo 3n i2ha? "Which man i s speak ing?"

P o s s e s s i v e pronouns

The s tem o f t h e p o s s e s s i v e pronoun i s - j e l i 7 i . Th i s s tem i s employed t o form t h e p o s s e s s i v e pronouns d i s p l a y e d i n Paradigm Three .

Paradigm Three

a2gwa2 je21 i4? i ' lminett

d i2gwa2j e 2 1 i 4 ? i llmine" ( p l )

j a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i IIyoursl'

d i 2 j a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i t t y o u r s f l ( P I )

u 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i "his"

j u 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i I I ~ ~ ~ I I ( ~ 1 )

g i 2 n a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i "ours" (your s g . and mine)

d i 2 g i 2 n ? 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i "ours" (your s g . and mine, p l . )

i 1 g a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i "ours" (your p l . and mine)

d i 1 g a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i t l o u r s t t (your p l . and mine, p l . )

0 ~ ~ i ~ n ~ ~ j e ~ 1 i ~ ? i lloursl ' ( h i s and mine)

j o 2 g i 2 n a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i M ~ ~ r ~ l l ( h i s and mine, p l . )

o Z g a 2 , e 2 1 i 4 ? i llours1l ( t h e i r s and mine)

jo2ga2je21i" i "ours" ( t h e i r s and mine , p l . )

s d a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i I fyours ( d l ) "

d i 2 s d a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i "yours ( d l ) " ( p l )

i 1 j ? 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i l q y o u ~ s ( p l ) "

d i 1 j ? 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i "yours ( p l ) " ( p l )

u 2 n a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i " t h e i r s "

j u 2 n a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i l l t h e i r s l t ( P I )

The p l u r a l p r e f i x o c c u r s w i t h t h e p o s s e s s i v e forms i n i n s t a n c e s i n which t h e r e a r e two o r more pos se s sed i t e m s . T h i s p r e f i x a p p e a r s a s d i - b e f o r e a f o l l o w i n g consonant and a s j - b e f o r e a f o l l o w i n g vowel.

The u se o f t h e p o s s e s s i v e pronouns i s i l l u s t r a t e d by (41 -42 ) .

(41) ga2dc2 u 4 s d i a 2 g w ? 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i ? "Which one i s mine?"

(42) h i 2 7 a j u 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i . "These a r e h i s ( p l ) . " The pe r sona l pronouns may b e used t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e p o s s e s s i v e pronouns , a s i n (43-44).

(43) a2yv a 2 g w a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i 0 4 s d a . "Mine i s good." I mine good

(44) n i 2 h i j a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i a lgwa2du21i3ha . IrI want you r s ." You you r s i want '

The p o s s e s s i v e pronouns may a l s o f u n c t i o n a s a d j e c t i v e s , a s i n (45-46) .

(45) da2gwa21e31a j a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i g i 2 3 g a 3 g e 4 ? i . "Your c a r is r e d . " c a r you r s r e d

(46) da2gwa21e31a ? 2 g w a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 7 i u Z 3 t a 2 n a . "My c a r i s b i g . " c a r mine b i g

Pronoun s u f f i x e s

The pronouns can o c c u r w i t h t h e s u f f i x e s -gwu, - sgo , - j u , -ke , -hv, -dv, and -na , d e s c r i b e d i n 1 1 - B . Examples f o l l o w .

(47) a2y\!3gwu " j u s t me"

(48) n ,2h i s3? "Is i t you?"

(49) u 2 j e 2 1 i 4 j u ? "Well , is it h i s ? "

(50) j a Z 3 n i s 3 , n i 2 h i 3 k e ? l l I s i t John o r you?"

(51) n i 2 h i 3 s g o 1 h v ? "But i s i t YOU?"

(52) v , n i 2 h i 3 d v . "Yes, i t you."

(53) n i 2 h i 4 n a ? "And what about you?ll

See t h e d i s c u s s i o n of each of t h e s e s u f f i x e s i n 1 1 - B .

- 111-B. Adjectives

Adjectives i n Cherokee g e n e r a l l y precede t h e nouns they modify. This f a c t has provided a c r i t e r i o n f o r i d e n t i f y i n g a d j e c t i v e s . In (1) t h e a d j e c t i v e precedes t h e

- noun; i n ( 2 ) two nouns form a compound noun c o n s t r u c t i o n .

(1) u2w02du4hi ji3sgwa ga2n02hi231i . l tA p r e t t y b i r d i s f l y i n g . " p r e t t y b i r d i s f l y i n g

-

(2) j i 2 t a 2 3 g a +2chv2ya ayh3ga. "A r o o s t e r i s crowing." chicken male i s crowing

- A semantic c r i t e r i o n has a l s o been used t o c l a s s i f y words a s a d j e c t i v e s : those forms which a r e understood t o impute a q u a l i t y t o a person o r ob jec t a r e c l a s s i - f i e d a s a d j e c t i v e s , even though t h e noun r e f e r r i n g t o t h a t e n t i t y may no t always

- appear i n t h e sentence. An example i s ( 4 ) , t h e response t o (3 ) .

(3) a2sga2yas3 hiZgowh1ti3ha? "Do you see a man?"

- (4) v , llYes, a b ig one." Note a l s o t h a t a d j e c t i v e s can func t ion a s adverbs modifying ve rbs . This f a c t pro- v ides a second c r i t e r i o n f o r i d e n t i f y i n g a d j e c t i v e s . For example, u2%a2na can

- serve a s an adverb, a s i n (5,.

(5) u23ta2na g+2w03ni2ha. "He's t a l k i n g b i g . "

- Adject ives d i f f e r from verbs wi th respec t t o a f f i x a t i o n . The i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s and t h e s u f f i x e s which occur with ve rbs i n Cherokee do not occur wi th a d j e c t i v e s . Compare (6-7); i n ( 6 ) , t h e p a s t t e n s e s u f f i x -v? i i s a t t ached d i r e c t l y t o t h e verb form while it cannot be a t t ached t o t h e a d j e c t i v e i n ( 7 ) . Ins tead , -v?i i s a t t ached - t o t h e p a s t t ense form o f t h e verb " to be" i n (7) .

(6) ga2w03ni2sgv23?i. "He was speaking. " - (7) uZ3ta2na ge1sv23? i . "He was b ig ."

Adjectives a r e i n f l e c t e d f o r person and number by t h e use of t h e s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s described i n Sec t ion I-B. Paradigm One i l l u s t r a t e s t h e use of t h e Se t A

- p r e f i x e s with a d j e c t i v e stems beginning wi th a consonant .

Paradigm One: "red"

1. j i2g i23g+3ge4? i I 1 I - red"

2 . h i2gi23g+3ge4?i llyou - red"

3. ?2gi23ga3ge4?i "he - red"

4. g i23ga3ge4?i ! l i t - red"

i lni2gi23 ga3ge4?i "you and I - red"

i1di2gi23g+3ge4?i llyou ( p l ) and I - red"

l1he and I - red"

0 2 j i2g i23g+3ge4? i "they and I - red"

~ d i ' g i ~ ~ g ? ~ g e ~ ? i 'lyou ( d l ) - redw

i l j i2gi23ga3ge4?i "you ( p l ) - red" 2 . 2 . 2 3 a n l gi ga3ge4?i "they (an) - red"

d i 2 g i 2 3g?3ge4?i "they ( inan) - red"

Note t h a t t h e p l u r a l o b j e c t p r e f i x i s u sed t o form t h e p l u r a l o f inanimates, a s i n (12 ) ; t h i s p r e f i x t a k e s t h e form d i - i n a d j e c t i v e s , j u s t a s i t does i n nouns.

Paradigm Two i l l u s t r a t e s t h e u s e o f t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s w i t h an a d j e c t i v e stem be - g inn ing wi th a vowel .

Paradigm Two:

,go3'sda "1 - good"

ho4sda "you - good"

04sda "he, i t - good"

i1n04sda "you and I - goodt '

i1d04sda "you ( p l ) and I - good"

02sdo4sda "he and I - good"

02 j04sda " they and I - good"

sdo4sda "you ( d l ) - good"

i 1 j 0 4 s d a "you ( p l ) - good"

a2n04sda " they (an) - good"

jo4sda " they ( i n ) - good"

Note t h a t a d j e c t i v e s l i k e " r ed , " which b e g i n w i t h c o n s o n a n t s , show a c o n t r a s t be - tween t h i r d pe r son s i n g u l a r i nan ima te and t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r an ima te forms . T h i s c o n t r a s t i s no t p r e s e n t i n t h e c a s e o f "good" and o t h e r a d j e c t i v e s tems l i k e i t which beg in with s tem i n i t i a l vowels . Paradigm Three d i s p l a y s a n a d j e c t i v e s tem beginn ing w i th a consonant which r e q u i r e s t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s .

Paradigm Three : "crazy"

a 2 g i 2 1 u 2 1 0 1 j v 4 ? i "I - c razy"

ja21u210 l j v 4 ? i "you - c razy"

u21u2101 j v 4 ? i "he - c razy"

g i 2 n i 2 1 u 2 1 0 1 j v 4 ? i 'lyou and I - c r a z y f f

i 1 g i 2 1 u 2 1 0 1 j v 4 7 i Ityou ( p l ) and I - crazy"

0 2 g i 2 n i 2 1 u 2 1 0 l ' JV 4 7 i "he and I - c r a z y t t

~ ~ ~ i ~ l u ~ l o ~ j v ~ ? i " t hey and I - c r a z y "

s d i 2 1 u 2 1 0 1 j v 4 ? i lryou ( d l ) - c razy"

i 1 j i 2 l u 2 l o 1 j v 4 ? i "YOU ( p l ) - c razy" 1 . 4 . u2ni21u210 J V ?1 " they - c razy"

The a d j e c t i v e s i n Paradigms Four and F i v e have s t ems beg inn ing w i th vowels and r e q u i r e t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s ; n o t e t h a t t h e i n i t i a l - a - o f t h e stem is dropped i n t h i r d person forms i n Paradigm F ive . Note t h e i n s e r t i o n o f -w- b e t w e e n . t h e t h i r d person p r e f i x u- and t h e i n i t i a l stem vowel -0- i n Paradigm Four.

Paradigm Four: " p r e t t y "

g2gwo2du4hi 1 1 1 - p r e t t y u

jo2du4hi llyou - p r e t t y "

di2gi2n02du4hi "you and I - p re t t y "

di 'go2du4hi f f y ~ ~ (p l ) and I - p r e t t y "

jo2gi2n02du4hi "he and I - p re t t y ' !

jo2g02du4hi "they and I - p re t t y "

di2sdo2du4hi "you (d l ) - p r e t t y "

d i1 j02du4hi lryou ( p l ) - p re t t y "

ju2n02du4hi "they (an) - p re t t y "

jV2wo2du4hi "they ( i n ) - p re t t y " -

Paradigm Five : "bigf1

g3gwa2ta2na "I - big" - ja3ta2na "you - big"

uZ3ta2na "he, it - big" 3 2 2 - d i2g i na t? na "you'and I - big"

di1g?3ta2na llyou (p l ) and I - big"

- joZ3gi2na2ta2na "he and I - big"

jo23ga2t?2na "they and I - big"

- di2sda3ta2na "you (d l ) -' big" d i1 ja3 ta2na ltyou (p l ) - big"

ju23n?2ta2na "they (an) - big" - 2 3 2 ju t+ na "they ( in ) - big"

Third person p lu r a l a d j e c t i v e forms. Third person p l u r a l inanimate ad j ec t i ve - forms a r e marked f o r p l u r a l i t y by t h e add i t i on o f t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x , a s noted above;

t h i s p r e f i x t akes the-form d i - before a fol lowing consonant, and j - before a f o l - lowing vowel. Third person p l u r a l animate forms of ve rbs which t ake t h e Set B

- p re f i xe s r equ i r e a double marking; t h e j - p r e f i x followed by -u- followed by -n-.

Categor izat ion of f r u i t s f o r purposes of a d j e c t i v e i n f l e c t i o n . Terms f u r f r u i t s i n Cherokee r e q u i r e t h e same form of a modifying a d j e c t i v e a s animate nouns

- do. Note (8-10).

1 . 3 (8) ju2n02du4hi ?2ni2ge2hyu4ja ga2 j i2gowh t; ha. "I s ee p r e t t y g i r l s . "

- (9) ju2w02du4hi d i2gG2ne1s?33i d e 2 3 j i3gowh1ti3ha. "I s e e p r e t t y boxes ." (10) a2n04sda di2ga2dv3di de23 j i3gowh1ti3ha. "I s e e good pears ."

- L i s t of f i r s t person s i n g u l a r a d j e c t i v e forms. Since f i r s t person s ingu la r forms of ad j ec t i ve s a r e not included i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y e n t r y f o r each ad j ec t i ve . t he following l is t gives t h e f i r s t person s i n g u l a r form of gd j ec t i ve s included i n t he d i c t i ona ry which do no t follow t h e p a t t e r n of Paradigm One. I t is understood

- t h a t any ad j ec t i ve not included i n t h e l i s t t ake s t h e same p r e f i xe s shown i n Para- digm One. Demonstrative a d j e c t i v e s and numerals a r e not included i n t h e l i s t ; they are commented on below.

2 . 2 2 4 ? g? g? na sdi "sweet"

?2gi2ga23na2\,ra "warm, Democrat" 2 .2 5 g? gvZ3ha2hli "part" 3 g? .2 hyy2sdi "strong"

2 g; .2 ka 2 hyo4da "dry"

a3gi2k~1hi2sdi llcute"

2 g; . 2 11 .2 hwo1jv47i "dead" 2 . 2 a g; ne4ga "white"

a2gi2ne3gih12di "ugly"

a2gi2ye21v2ha47i . . "naked" 2 .2 a g; yo2hu2sv47i ltdead''

a2gi2y04?i "badu

?2gwa2da23 j a2tdi "reckless"

a2gwa2da21v4kwdi "snobbish"

a2gwa2danh4ti "friendly"

a2gwa2danh2ti2sa2hnv47i fltamedfl

a2gwa2da2nv2ga21v4da . . "clean"

a2gwa2de2h02 3sa2t i "bashful"

a2gwa2hli2ni23gj2da "powerfult1

a2gwa21e2s04da "skinny"

a3gwa?21i2sdi "weak" 2 .2 a3gwa12sgwa 1; da "broken"

a3gwa12sih2gi "dark"

a2gwa2sdi47i "smalltf

a3gwa2ta2na "big"

a2gwe23hna27i "wealthyll

,2gwe4ti "old"

a2gwo2de23hwi4da "damp"

a2gwo2du4hi "pretty"

a2gwoh14di "funnyff

a2gwo23ti2da "swollen"

a2gwu23ya2ti

a2gwvn2sv47i "cooked, ripe"

a2ki . . 'p4dla "cold, Republican"

a2ki2yv2sde4da . . "drunk'+

a2ksa2n041i "slow"

a2ksda2g?2yv23hi2da "crisp"

a3ksgwa2ni2kdi "interesting"

di2gi2ksv4sdi l1smoky"

di2gi21i2"e4na "deaf"

di2gi210h14di "striped"

di2gwa21i2chv2 . . 3ya1sdi "brave"

di2j i ~ ~ g e ~ w i tlblindfl

di2ji721e23nv3hi4da "long-eared"

di2ki2na2j04sdi vlsourtl

ge32gwa 81hugell

ge32yah2ta2hi "wild"

go 32sda1yi "sharp"

go1 sdilyu4hli "dull"

gv 32na2ga12sdi "active"

gv lno4da "alive"

gv lwa2no4sda ''whole''

na2gwa3danh2tv4na "insane"

v2kwsu2ye4da "chosen"

The demonstrative adjectives. The demonstrative hi27a means "this, these." modifies both animate and inanimate nouns; note (11-13).

(11) hi2"a ?2sga2~a "This man is big." this man big

(12) hiZ7a k? 2ne1sa37i algwa2du21i3ha. I I I want this box." this box' i want

r (13 ) ga2hi2gowh1ti2has hi27a a2ni2sga2ya? you see these men?" you see them (ques.) these ' men

vlsgi2na or its variant forms vlsgi and sgi2na "that, those," is used to refer to

r an object 0' PerSon some distance from the speaker, as in (14-15).

(14) v1sgi2na g i 2 h l i da1sy2hwi3sga. ' !!That dog i s barking ." t h a t dog i s barking

(15) v1sgi2na a2n i2sga2ya a lni2w03ni2ha. "Those men a r e speaking . " those men a r e speaking

v1sgi2na is used t o modify nouns r e f e r r i n g t o o b j e c t s which a r e out of reach of the speaker but a r e v i s i b l e , a s i n ( 1 6 ) .

(16) v1sgi2na a2sga2ya ga2w03ni2ha. "That man is speaking."

n a l s g i i s used more o r l e s s in terchangeably with v l s g i . n a l s g i seems t o funct ion a s a marker of formal o r b i b l i c a l s t y l e .

The demonstrative a d j e c t i v e s a l s o func t ion a s pronouns, a s noted i n Sect ion 111-B. na i s a noun modifier which func t ions much l i k e t h e d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e "the" i n Eng- l i s h ; no te (17-18).

( 1 7 ) a . a2sg?2ya ga2w03ni2ha. "A man i s speaking."

b. na3 ?2sg?2ya g?2w03ni2ha. "The man i s speaking."

(18) na3 a2sg?2ya j i2ga2w03ni2sgv4?i 0 2 g i 2 n a 2 1 i 4 ? i . "The man who was t h e man who was speaking my f r i e n d speaking i s my f r i e n d . "

Cardinal numbers. The terms f o r t h e c a r d i n a l numbers a r e a d j e c t i v e s which may s tand alone when t h e modified noun i s understood r a t h e r than expressed o v e r t l y ; n o t e (19-20).

(19) a . a 2 n i 2 3 t a ? 3 1 i a2ni2sga2ya a l ~ ~ i ~ w o ~ n ? ~ h a . "Two men a r e speaking." two men a r e speaking

b. a 2 n i 2 3 t a ? 3 1 i a1ni2w03n?2ha. "Two a r e speaking."

(20) a . t a v 3 1 i di2g?2ne l s a 3 ? i da1gwa2du21i 3ha. 111 want two boxes . I 1

two boxes I want

b. ta?31i da1gwa2du21i3ha. "I want two." two I want

The ca rd ina l number terms f o r "two" and "three" o p t i o n a l l y t a k e the animate p l u r a l p r e f i x a n i - (see Sect ion I-B) when they modify animate nouns; n o t e (21).

(21) a . t a q 3 1 i a2ni2sg?2ya a1ni2w03ni2ha. "Two men a r e speaking . I 1

b. a 2 n i 2 3 t a ? 3 1 i a2ni2sga2ya a1ni2w03ni2ha. "Two men a r e speaking."

L i s t o f terms f o r c a r d i n a l numbers

1 salgwu 10 sgo23hi

2 t a p 3 1 i 11 s?v3du

3 j o 2 ? i 12 t??1 3du

The terms f o r t h e o r d i n a l numbers. The terms f o r t h e o r d i n a l numbers a r e formed by t h e add i t ion of t h e o r d i n a l s u f f i x t o t h e terms f o r t h e c a r d i n a l numbers . This o r d i n a l s u f f i x appears a s - i n e when preceded by f i n a l vowels -a and -i a s i n 2-10, 22-30, 32-40, e t c . ( the f i n a l vowel sound i s d e l e t e d before - i n e ) ; a s - s ine when t h e c a r d i n a l number term ends i n -u a s i n 11-19, and a s -hine i n t h e terms f o r 2 1 , 31, 41, 51, e t c . The term f o r " f i r s t , " i2gv2y i4 , i s i r r e g u l a r .

Ordinal terms may se rve a s t h e s u b j e c t o r o b j e c t o f sentences when t h e modified noun i s de le ted , provided t h a t t h e a u x i l i a r y " t c be" i s employed with t h e r e l a t i v e p r e f i x j - ; note (22) .

(22) a . t a721 i2ne j i 2 j i 4 y a ka2ne1sa3? i a1gwa2du21i3ha. "I want t h e second which l i e s box I want second box. "

b . ta? '1i2ne j i g a l g ~ ? ~ d u ~ l i ~ h a . "1 want t h e second one." second which i s I want

List of o r d i n a l terms

f i r s t i 2 g v 2 y i

second t a ? 2 1 i 2 n e

t h i r d j 02?i2ne

f o u r t h nvh2gi2ne

f i f t h h i 2 s g i 2 n e

s i x t h su2da21i2ne

seventh gah12gwo2gi2ne 2 2 . 2 e igh th ch? ne 11 ne

n in th so3hne21i2ne

t e n t h sgo2hi2ne

1 . 2 e l even th ~ ? ? ~ d u s l ne

t w e l f t h t a ? l 3du1si2ne

t h i r t e e n t h j ~ ? ~ g ? ? ~ d u l s i ~ n e

f o u r t e e n t h n iZga? 3du1si2ne

f i f t e e n t h ~ g i ~ g ? ? ~ d u l s i ~ n e

s i x t e e n t h da21a2du1si2ne

seventeenth gah12gwa3du1si2ne

e igh teen th ne231a3du1si2ne

n i n e t e e n t h ~ ~ ~ h n e ~ ~ l a ~ d u ~ s i ~ n e

t w e n t i e t h ta?13sgo2hi2ne

336

2 . 2 twenty-first ta713sgo23 salgwu hl ne

thirtieth jo?2sgo2hi2ne

fortieth nv2ksgo2hi2ne

fiftieth hi2ksgo2hi2ne

sixtieth ~ u ~ ~ d a l ~ s g o ~ h i ~ n e

seventieth gah12gwa3sgo2hi2ne

eightieth ne123sgo2hi2ne

ninetieth ~ ~ ~ h n e l ~ ~ s ~ o ~ h i ~ n e

hundredth ~ g o ~ ~ h i ~ t s g w i ~ n e

hundred and first sgo2 3hj 3 t ~ g ~ a 3 sa1gwu2hi2ne

two hundredth ta721i32tsgwi2ne

one thousandth salgwu i2ya3ga2yv21i2ne

Quantifying adjectives. Quantifying adjectives are words like "all," "a few," and "many." Note the following examples.

(23) ni2ga4da ?2ni2sga2ya a1ni2w03ni2ha. "All the men are speaking." a1 1 men are speaking

(24'1 galyo4hli d?2ga2ne1sa37i da1gwa2du21i3ha. "I want a few boxes ." few boxes I want

(25) tsgwi4sdi a2ni2chu4ja ga2ji2gowh1ti3ha. "I see many boys." many boys I see

The quantifiers illustrated above can stand alone, as in (26-28).

(26) ni2ga4da da1gwa2du21i3ha. "I want all of them." all I waAt them

(27) galyo4hli deZ3ji3gowh1ti3ha. "I see a few." few I see them

(28) tsgwi4sdi a1ni2w03ni2ha. "Many are speaking." many are speaking

Adjective suffixes. Several of the suffixes which have been discussed above in sections dealing with the verb and the noun may also be attached to adjectives. These include -gwu, -sgo, -ju, -ke, and -dv. Examples follow.

(29) y 2 s d i 4 g ~ ~ "just little"

(30) uZ3ta2nas3? llIs it big?"

(31) oz3sdazju? "Well, is it good?"

(32) uz3ta2nas3, u2sdi4ke? "IS it big or little?"

(33) v2, uZ3tazna2dv. !!Yes, it's big."

These suffixes are described in Section I-C and in Section 11-B. Some additional suffixes occur only with adjectives, and several of these will be discussed briefly.

Some adjectives take the suffix -jv, "very"; note (34).

(34) juZno2dU1jv4 a2nizjiz1v4sgi d,1tv2hi2sdiz3sg~37i. . . "He grows very very beautiful flowers he grows beautiful flowers .'I

The s u f f i x -i can be added t o c e r t a i n a d j e c t i v e s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e q u a l i t y ex- p r e s s e d by t h e a d j e c t i v e i s p r e s e n t e x c e s s i v e l y , a s i n ( 3 5 ) .

(35) a . u Z 3 t a 2 n a !!big"

b . u 2 t a 2 n i 4 " too b ig"

The s u f f i x - i g e ? i may be t r a n s l a t e d by t h e E n g l i s h s u f f i x 'I-er"; n o t e (36 ) .

(36) a . uZ3 ta2na "big"

b. u 2 t a 2 n i 2 3 d i 3 g e 4 7 i "b igger"

- i g e ? i causes a p r eced ing a t o d e l e t e . When added t o an a d j e c t i v e ending i n -i, t h e form of t h e p r e f i x i s - g e 7 i ; n o t e ( 3 7 ) .

(37) a . g a 2 j a 2 n u 4 1 i " f a s t "

b . ga2 j a2nu231 i 3 g e 4 7 i " f a s t e r "

The f u n c t i o n of - i g e ? i i s i l l u s t r a t e d by (38 ) . (38) u2 ta2ni23di3ge4? i j i 4 g i a1gwa2du21i3ha. "I want t h e b i g g e r one."

b i g g e r which i s 1'want '

Some a d j e c t i v e s form t h e compara t i ve by add ing t h e s u f f i x -ya. These same a d j e c - t i v e s form t h e s u p e r l a t i v e by add ing - y v ? i ; n o t e ( 3 9 ) .

(39) a . a2sa2ma4di "smart"

b . a1sa2ma2di2 3ya "smar te r"

c . wa2~a3ma2d i2yv4? i " smar t e s t "

The p r e f i x w- i s used t o g e t h e r w i th -yv7 i t o form t h e s u p e r l a t i v e .

Another group o f a d j e c t i v e s form t h e compara t i ve by add ing -ka and t h e s u p e r l a t i v e by adding -kv? i and t h e s u p e r l a t i v e p r e f i x w - ; n o t e ( 4 0 ) .

(40) a . ? 'sdi4 l l sma l l t l

b . u 1 s d i 3 k a " sma l l e r "

c . ~ u ' ~ s d i ~ ~ k v ~ 7 i l ~ s m a l l e s t ' '

Ad jec t i ve s i n t h e Comparative a r e p r eceded by t h e adve rb u1g032di i n s e n t e n c e s l i k e (41) .

(41) w i Z 3 1 i u1g032di ~ i ~ ~ h n v daZ3mi g e 1 s v 4 7 i . B i l l more s m a r t e r t h a n Tom i s

" B i l l i s s m a r t e r t h a n Tom."

Note t h e compara t ive and s u p e r l a t i v e forms o f "big" i n ( 4 2 ) .

(42) a . u Z 3 t a 2 n a l lbigl t

b . u ' t a2na "b igger"

3 4 . C . W U ~ ~ ~ ~ nv 7 1 "b igges t"

Forms e x h i b i t i n g t h e s u f f i x - i d i g e canno t occu r i n compara t i ve s e n t e n c e s ; e . g . 3 u 2 t a 2 n i Z 3 d i ge can be used i n s e n t e n c e s l i k e (38) above b u t n o t i n compara t ive

s en t ences l i k e ( 4 3 ) .

(43) j a Z 3 1 i u ' g ~ ~ ~ d i u 1 t a 2 n a ~ i ~ ~ h n v ?2y, g e 1 s v 4 7 i . "Char les is b i g g e r C h a r l e s more b i g t h a n I i s than I am."

Note t h e comparat ive and s u p e r l a t i v e forms o f " p r e t t y . "

(44) a . v2w02du4hi " p r e t t y "

b . u1w02dv3ha I ' p r e t t i e r "

c . ~ ~ ~ w o ~ d u ~ s v ~ ? i " p r e t t i e s t "

Ad jec t ives l i k e " p r e t t y " e x h i b i t a change i n t h e f i n a l consonant o f t h e stem from -h- t o -s- b e f o r e t h e s u p e r l a t i v e s u f f i x - v v i . The f i n a l s u f f i x o f " p r e t t y " may be dropped; n o t e a l s o t h a t t h e f i n a l - v ? i s u f f i x o f s u p e r l a t i v e a d j e c t i v e forms may a l s o be dropped.

1 1 1 - C . Adverbs

In t h i s s e c t i o n t h e f u n c t i o n o f adverbs i n Cherokee i s i l l u s t r a t e d . Adverbs may modify v e r b s , a d j e c t i v e s , o r o t h e r adve rbs , a s i n (1-3) r e s p e c t i v e l y .

(1) a2sda4ya d ~ l l v ~ ~ h w i 3sda1n$2ha. "He's working h a r d . " h a r d h e ' s working

(2 ) ~ ~ ~ t a ~ n a n a 3 a 2 s g a 2 y a . "That man i s r e a l l y b i g . " r e a l i y bi'g t h a t . man

(3) ~ ~ d o ~ h i ~ ~ ~ a2sda4ya ga2w03n+2ha. "Hers r e a l l y speak ing loud ." r e a l l y loud h e ' s speak ing

The n e g a t i v e word h l a "not" f u l f i l l s an impor t an t a d v e r b i a l f u n c t i o n ; n o t e (4-6) .

(4) h l a 3 04sda y i 2 g e 3 s e 3 ? i . " I t wasn' t good . I '

n o t good it w a s n ' t

(5) h l a 3 yi2ga2w032ni2ha. "He i s n ' t speaking ." n o t i s n ' t speak ing

(6) h l a 3 a2sda4ya y~2du231v3hwi2sda1ne2ha. "He i s n l t working hard ." n o t hard i s n ' t wocking '

The a d v e r b i a l e lements v ( o r t h e emphat ic v a r i a n t v?v) and h l a may be used t o a f f i r m o r n e g a t e s e n t e n c e s , as i n (7-8) .

3 . 2 (7) v , ga2wo n + ha . "Yes, h e ' s speak ing . "

(8) h l a , h l a 3 y;2ga2w032ni2ha. "No, h e ' s n o t speak ing ." no n o t h e ' s speak ing

The Cherokee t ime adverbs a r e i l l u s t r a t e d by (9-11) .

(9) sy2na31e4vi d a 2 y e 3 s i . " H e ' l l go tomorrow.' ' tomorrow he w i l l go

(10) n ~ ~ ~ g w u ga2w03ni2ha. ItHe's speak ing now." now h e ' s speak ing 3 2 (11) yu d a ha ga2w03ni2sgo3?i . "He s p e a k s sometimes. ' I

sometimes he speaks

(12) h l a 3 i21v23hi3yu yi2du231~3hwi2sda1ne2h03?i. "He neve r works. ' ' n o t e v e r he doe;n4t work

3 2 3 . 2 (13) ga yu l a ga2wo n; h a . "He's a l r e a d y speak ing . " a l r e a d y h e ' s speak ing

The comparat ive ulgo3'di i s used t o form comparisons by modi fy ing a d j e c t i v e s , as i n (14 ) .

339

(14) ~ i ~ ~ 1 i u l g ~ ~ ~ d i u1 ta3na s i Z 3 h n v daZ3mi g e 1 s v 4 ? i . B i 11 more b ig than Tom i s

" B i l l i s b igger than Tom."

Note a l s o t h e comparative da1 jeZ3hla i n (15).

(15) wiZ31i da1 je23h la ga2w03ni2sgo s iZ3hnv daZ3mi g e 1 s v 4 ? i . B i l l b e t t e r he speaks than Tom does

" B i l l speaks b e t t e r than Tom."

Adverbs of p lace a r e i l l u s t r a t e d by (16-18).

(16) a3ha2ni ga2d032ga a2sga2ya. "A man i s s tanding here ." here i s s tanding man

(17) a3ge4 wa3?i . "He's walking over t h e r e . " over he ' s

t h e r e walking

(18) n i 2 k v 4 ? i j ? ' g ~ w h l t / ~ h a . "I see it everywhere." everywhere I see

Adverbs of p lace may be formed by t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e l o c a t i v e s u f f i x t o nouns, a s i n (19); f o r a d i scuss ion o f t h i s s u f f i x , s e e Sect ion 11-B.

(19) a . g i 1 t a 2 3 y a "cherry" o r "cherry t r e e "

b. g i 1 t a Z y o 4 ? i "Cherry Tree" ( l i t . "cherry place" o r "cherry t r e e place")

P repos i t iona l phrases of l o c a t i o n a l s o func t ion a s adverbs o f p l a c e ; no te (20-22), and s e e Section 111-D.

(20) gah12j023de na2?v ga2d032ga. "He's s t and ing next t o t h e house ." house nex t t o h e ' s

s t and ing

(21) a1da2neZ3lv4 i 2 g v 2 3 y i 3 d i 3 d l a ga2d032ga. "He's s tanding i n f r o n t o f bu i ld ing i n f r o n t h e ' s t h e bu i ld ing . "

s tanding

(22) ga2102hi2sdi u 2 d l i 3 d i 3 d l a ga2d032ga. "He's s tanding behind t h e door." door behind h e ' s

s tanding

Adverbs of motion a r e i l l u s t r a t e d by (22-23).

(23) ge2? i ~ u ' l o ~ s v ~ ~ ? i . "He went downstream." downstream he went

(24) ga21v31a2di w ~ ~ ~ d e ~ ~ g a . "He Is throwing it upward." upward h e ' s throwing

p repos i t iona l phrases a l s o se rve a s adverbs of motion, a s i n (25).

(25) gahl2joZ3de d i 3 d l a wa3?i . "He's walking toward t h e house ." house toward h e ' s

walking

Temporal sequence adverbs a r e i l l u s t r a t e d by (26-27).

(26) i 2 g v 2 3 y i di2ga23du3hv4 ~ i ~ d a ~ ~ e ~ d o ~ l i . "I ' m going t o town f i r s t . I '

f i r s t town I i l l go

(27) a13sdayh1di u1hwa2sv3?i noZ3gwu3hnv3 v 3 h n i 2 g i 3 2 s v 2 3 ? i . food he bought and t h e n he r e t u r n e d

"He bought food and t h e n he r e t u r n e d . "

Adverbs may exp re s s doub t , a s i n (28 ) .

(28) a2?'se ga2w03ni2ha. "Maybe h e ' s speak ing . "

Adverbs o f manner a r e i l l u s t r a t e d by (29-31) .

(29) 04sda ga2w03ni2ha. "He i s speak ing w e l l . I t

(30) g a 2 j a 2 n u 4 1 i a l t l i . "He 's runn ing f a s t . "

(31) a2sda4ya du11v2 3hwi3sda1n5,2ha. "He's working h a r d . " Adverbs may a l s o r e f e r t o t h e e x t e n t t o which t h e a c t i o n o f t h e v e r b i s c a r r i e d o u t , a s i n (32) .

(32) t s g w i 4 s d i ga2w03nt2ha. "He s speak ing a l o t .

Seve ra l adverbs may o c c u r t o g e t h e r i n a s i n g l e s e n t e n c e , a s i n (33-35)

(33) c ; ~ : ~ n a ~ l e s iZ3gwu 04sda "He w i l l speak w e l l a g a i n tomarrow a g a i n w e l l w i l l speak a g a i n tomorrow."

(34) h l a3 ?3h?2ni yi2d?2ga3wo 3 n i 2 s i s u ' na31e4? i . "He won ' t speak h e r e n o t h e r e he won' t speak tomorrow tomorrow. "

(35) h la3 a 2 3 s e a 3 h a 2 n i y i2da2ga3w03n i2s i sL! ' na31e4? i . "Maybe he won ' t n o t maybe h e r e he won' t speak tomorrow speak h e r e

tomorrow.

The above s e n t e n c e s i l l u s t r a t e t h e r e l a t i v e o r d e r i n which s e v e r a l adve rbs occu r t o g e t h e r i n a s i n g l e s e n t e n c e . Note t h a t s e n t e n c e a d v e r b s , which i n c l u d e i n t h e i r domain t h e e n t i r e s e n t e n c e , can occu r i n more p o s i t i o n s t h a n adve rbs which s e r v e t o modify t h e v e r b a l o n e . For example, a d v e r b s l i k e "tomorrow" a r e s e n t e n c e adverbs because t h e y e s t a b l i s h t h e t i m e r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e e n t i r e s e n t e n c e , a s i n (36) , wh i l e adverbs l i k e "hard" r e f e r s p e c i f i c a l l y t o t h e a c t i o n o f t h e v e r b i n s e n t e n c e s l i k e (37) .

( 3 6 ) sV2na31e4? i da2 3 m i dv2 3g03hi ~ i ~ ~ l i . "Tomorrow B i l l w i l l s e e Tom." tomorrow Tom w i l l s e e B i l l

(37) daZ3mi a2sda4ya da2gv23hn i31 i ~ i ~ ~ l i . . " B i l l w i l l h i t Tom ha rd . " Tom hard w i l l h i t B i l l

Sen tence adve rbs l i k e "tomorrow" and "always" can o c c u r a t t h e beg inn ing and end o f s e n t e n c e s , and a f t e r t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e s e n t e n c e p r e c e d i n g t h e d i r e c t o b j e c t ; s e e (38) .

(38) a. n i Z g o z 3 h i 31v4?i daZ3mi g v 2 h n i 3 h 0 3 ? i w i 2 3 1 i . " B i l l always h i t s always Tom h i t s ' B i 11 Tom.

b. W i 2 3 1 i n i 2 g 0 2 3 h i 31v4? i daZ3mi g v 2 h n i 3 h 0 3 ? i . " B i l l always h i t s B i l l a lways Tom h i t s Tom. "

A d j e c t i v e s s e r v i n g a s a d v e r b s . Most a d j e c t i v e s i n Cherokee can a l s o s e r v e a s adverbs . Note, f o r example, t h a t 0 4 s d a f u n c t i o n s a s a n a d j e c t i v e i n (39) and a s an adverb i n ( 4 0 ) .

(39) n a 3 04sda ?2sga2ya 0 2 g i 2 n a 2 1 i 4 ? i . "The good man i s my f r i e n d . " t h e good man f r i e n d

(40) 04sda ga2w03ni2sgo3?i . "He speaks w e l l . I '

In t h e d i c t i o n a r y , a number of a d j e c t i v e s which f r e q u e n t l y serve a s adverbs a r e designated a s both a d j e c t i v e and adverb. Words which a r e l abe led only as ad jec - t i v e s may genera l ly a l s o func t ion a s adverbs . For example, t h e a d j e c t i v e gi23- g a 3 g e 4 ? i 'lredt' may modify verbs l i k e "pa in t , " a s i n (41) .

(41) gi23ga2ge'+?i a l ~ u ~ ~ h w i ~ s ~ a . "Hels p a i n t i n g it red ." r ed h e ' s p a i n t i n g

Note t h a t t h e numeral a d j e c t i v e s , inc lud ing t h e terms f o r t h e o r d i n a l numbers, do not funct ion a s adverbs. S i m i l a r l y , t h e demonstrat ive a d j e c t i v e s cannot func t ion a s adverbs. Some of t h e quan t i fy ing a d j e c t i v e s , inc lud ing "many" and T1few,'f can function a d v e r b i a l l y , a s i n (42-43) ; o t h e r s , l i k e " a l l , I ' cannot .

(42) t sgwi4sd i ga2w03ni2ha. !'He i s speaking a l o t . " a l o t h e ' s speaking

(43) ga1y04hl i ga2w03ni2sgo3?i . "He speaks a l i t t l e . " a l i t t l e he speaks

111-D. Prepos i t ions

There a r e r e l a t i v e l y few words in Cherokee which func t ion l i k e p repos i t ions i n English. Those which do funct ion l i k e t h e Engl ish p r e p o s i t i o n s a r e , s t r i c t l y speaking, p o s t p o s i t i o n s r a t h e r than p r e p o s i t i o n s , s i n c e they fol low t h e nouns which serve a s t h e i r o b j e c t s . The t r a d i t i o n a l English term p r e p o s i t i o n i s r e t a i n e d here , however, i n o rde r not t o confuse t h e reader unfami l i a r with l i n g u i s t i c t e rmi - nology.

The p repos i t ion gvh4di "with" occurs very f r e q u e n t l y i n Cherokee. I t s use i s i l l u s t r a t e d by (1-2) .

(1) ga2nv2gwa2104sdi gvh4di gv2hni3ha. "He's h i t t i n g i t wi th a hammer." h d e r wi th h e ' s h i t t i n g

( 2 ) yo3ne2ga gvh4di ga2w03ni2ha. "He's speaking i n Engl ish ." English with h e i s speaking

Note t h a t t h e o b j e c t s of p r e p o s i t i o n a l phrases wi th gvh4di r e f e r t o an ins t rument , a s i n ( I ) , o r t o something by means of which t h e a c t i o n of t h e verb i s c a r r i e d o u t . In (2 ) , f o r example, t h e s u b j e c t of t h e sentence i s s a i d t o speak by means of Eng- l i s h .

The p repos i t ion d i 3 d l a "toward" i s used with motion ve rbs , a s i n (3-4)

(3) g a h l ' j ~ ~ ~ d e d i 3 d l a wa3?i . "He I s walking toward t h e house." house toward h e ' s

walking

( 4 ) d i2ga2 3 d u 3 h ~ 4 d i 3 d l a e3ga. "He's going toward town . I1

town toward h e ' s going

Note a l s o t h e p r e p o s i t i o n s i n (5-10) .

(5) a2ma23yi ha2wi4ni a1da2w03?a. "He's swimming under t h e water ." water under h e ' s swimming

(6) g a h ~ ~ j o ~ ~ d e ga21v231a3di2dla g?2n02hi231i3do lha . ' I I t ' s f l y i n g around house abdve i t ' s fly in^ around above t h e house."

( 7 ) gah12j023de ha2wi 3 n i 3 d i 3 d l a a l h a . " I t ' s ly ing underneath t h e house ." house under;leath i t ' s

l y i n g

(8) gahl 2 j 023de y 2 d l i 3 2 d i 3dla g?2d032ga. "He's s t and ing on t h e o t h e r s i d e house h e ' s of t h e house."

s tanding

(9) gah12j023de i 2 g v 2 3 y i 3 d i 3 d l a ga2d032ga. "He's s tanding i n f r o n t of t h e house i n f r o n t h e ' s house. "

s tand ing

(10) gah12j023de na2?v ga2d032ga. "He's s t and ing near t h e house ." house nea r h e ' s

s tanding

The p repos i t ions i n (6-9) a r e formed with d i 3 d l a , but func t ion a s s i n g l e l e x i c a l it ems.

I t should be noted t h a t a number o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s expressed i n English and o t h e r languages by p repos i t ions a r e expressed by d i f f e r e n t means i n Cherokee. There i s no p repos i t ion i n Cherokee, f o r example, equ iva len t t o t h e English p repos i t ion " a t . " In ~ h e r o k e e t h e l o c a t i v e noun s u f f i x f u l f i l l s t h e same f u n c t i o n . A second example i s t h e dat ive-benefact ive s u f f i x , which i s t h e equivalent o f t h e English prepo- s i t i o n "for ." Addit ional examples could e a s i l y be found. P repos i t ions i n Cherokee a r e r e l a t i v e l y few i n number, apparen t ly , because t h e r i c h v a r i e t y o f p r e f i x e s and s u f f i x e s employed i n t h i s language f u l f i l l s many of t h e func t ions of p repos i t ions i n o t h e r languages.

111-E. I n t e r j e c t i o n s

Those Cherokee vocabulary i tems which can occur a lone a s exclamatory u t t e rances a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s i n t e r j e c t i o n s . The g r e e t i n g 0 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 0 o r s i 2 y o "hello" i s perhaps t h e most important i n t e r j e c t i o n i n Cherokee. Note t h a t t h e terms f o r leave- taking i n Cherokee a r e delayed imperat ive verb forms; e . g . (1) .

(1) d ~ ~ n ? ~ d a ~ ~ o ~ h v ~ ? i . "Let us (you and I ) s e e each o t h e r again l a t e r . "

( 2 ) i 2 3 g v 3 g 0 2 ? ~ 2 ? i . "Let me see you again l a t e r . "

Note t h e a d d i t i o n a l i n t e r j e c t i o n s i n (3-10).

( 3 ) ayo! "Ouch! " (4) yo! "Gosh!"

(5) ha! "Gosh!"

(6) n i ! "Look!" o r "Listen!"

(7) na! "Here!"

(8) s i! "Wait!"

(9) kam! "Now! "

(10) nu41a! "Hurry!"

111-F. Conjunctions

Conjunctions j o i n words and c l a u s e s t o g e t h e r . This s e c t i o n inc ludes examples of severa l of t h e more important conjunct ions i n Cherokee.

a l e "and"

This con junc t ion is used i n r e l a t i v e l y formal speech s t y l e s i n Cherokee and i n w r i t t e n s t y l e . I t i s i l l u s t r a t e d by ( 1 - 3 ) .

(1) a2sga2ya a21e a2ge23hya a 'n i2w03ni2ha . "A man and a woman are man and woman a r e s p e a c i n g speaking ."

( 2 ) a2sga2ya ga2w03ni2ha a21e de23kp3n02g i3?a . "A man i s speaking and man is speak ing and is s i n g i n g s i n g i n g . I'

(3) a 2 c h u 4 j a ga2w03n/2ha a 2 1 e a2ge23hya de23ka3n02g i3?a . "A boy i s speak ing and a woman i s s i n g i n g . "

A s t h e above examples show, a21e can be used t o connec t nouns and v e r b s ; i t can a l s o j o i n s e n t e n c e s . I n most spoken s t y l e s , a 2 1 e is n o t used , however; t h e c a s u a l e q u i v a l e n t s o f (1-3) a r e (4 -6 ) .

I

1 . 4 3 . 2 ( 4 ) a2sga2ya a2ge23hya3hno a n wo n ha . "A man and a woman a r e man woman and a r e speak ing speak ing . "

(5) a2sga2ya ga2w03ni2ha de2 3ka3n02gi3?a3hno. "A man i s speaking and man i; speak ing s i n g i n g and s i n g i n g . "

(6) a 2 c h u 4 j a ga2w03ni2ha a2ge23hya3hno de23k?3n02g i3?a . boy i s speak ing woman and i s s i n g i n g

"A boy i s speak ing and a woman i s s i n g i n g . "

Note t h a t t h e s u f f i x -hno i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e f irst word o f t h e second c l a u s e i n (6)

-1e y i g i "or"

The s u f f i x -1e i s used t o g e t h e r w i th t h e n e g a t i v e form o f " t o be ," yi4gi, t o ex- p r e s s t h e meaning "or"; n o t e ( 7 ) .

(7) a2sg?2ya ga2w03ni2ha a2ge23hya31e3 y i 4 g i . "A man o r a woman; i s speaking . I 1

vsgwu h l a " n e i t h e r , i s n ' t e i t h e r "

The adverb vlsgwu "a l so" i s used w i t h t h e c o n j u n c t i v e s u f f i x -hno and t h e n e g a t i v e word h l a t o e x p r e s s t h e meaning " n e i t h e r " o r " i s n ' t e i t h e r " ; no t e ( 8 ) .

(8) a2sga2ya h l a 3 y i2g?2w032ni2ha , a2ge23hya3hno v'sgwu3 h l a 2 . man n o t i s n o t speak ing woman and a l s o n o t

"The man i s n o t speak ing , and n e i t h e r i s t h e woman." o r

"The man i s n ' t speak ing , and t h e woman i s n ' t e i t h e r . "

uh lov i " l i k e "

The f u n c t i o n o f u 2 h l o 4 y i i s i l l u s t r a t e d by ( 9 ) .

(9) da23mi ga2wo 3 n i 2 s g v 4 u 2 h l o 4 y i ga2w03ni2sgo w i Z 3 1 i . " B i l l speaks Tom h i s speak ing same he speaks B i l l l i k e Tom."

a s e s g i n i "but"

Th i s con junc t ion i s used i n s e n t e n c e s such a s ( 1 0 ) .

(10) na3 a2sga2ya h1a3 y i 2 g a 2 w 0 3 2 n ~ 2 h a , a 2 3 s e 3 s g i 3 n i de23k,3n02gi37a. t h e man n o t i s n o t speak ing but i s s i n g i n g

!!The man isn't speaking, but he is singing."

The related -sgi3ni is used in sentences like (11).

(11) a2sga2ya hla3 yi2ga2w032n~2ha, . . ?2ge23hya3sgi3ni. man not is not speaking woman but

"The man isn't speaking, but the woman is."

vsgihnv iyusdi "therefore, so"

v1sgi3hnv i2yu4sdi or its short form, ~ g i n h ~ ~ u s d ~ ~ , is used in sentences like (12).

(12) a2deZ31a sginh3yusdZ3 du11vz3hwi3sda1ne2ha. money he needs therefore he's ;orking

"He needs money, so he's working."

nelagihnv "even though"

This conjunction is used in sentences like (13).

(13) hla3 neZ3la2gi3hnv j~lhni~~gvlga. "He doesn't want it even rhough he needs it."

iyusdi "because1' .4

i2yu4sdi can fulfill an adverbial function; it can also function as a conjunction, as in (14).

(14) wiZ31i dul 1vZ3 hwi3sda1ne2hv4 iZyu4sdi. Bill is tired he's dorking because "Bill is tired because he is working."

Note that the suffix -heZ3hno, or its short form -hno, also means "because," as in (15).

(15) d~'y?~we~ga d ~ ~ l v ~ ~ h w i ~ s d a ~ n e ~ h ~ ~ h e ~ ~ h n o . he is tired he is Lorking because "He's tired because he's working."

It is clear that i2yu4sdi is not a suffix because the preceding verb can be ques- tioned, as in (16).

(16) d ~ ~ l v ~ ~ h w i ~ s d a ~ n e ~ h v ~ 7 i s ~ i2yu4sdi du1ya2we3ga? "Is he tired because he Is working?

Similar questions cannot be formed with -heZ3hno, which seems to function as a suffix.

See IV-C for further discussion of conjunction in Cherokee.

Section IV. Some Notes on Cherokee Syntax

The purpose of this section is to provide some information on Cherokee syntax. Various grammatical processes are discussed briefly and a number of sentence types are commented on in the sections which follow.

IV-A. Negative sentences

Declarative sentences such as (la) can be made negative by the use of hla and'the negative verb prefix (see Section I-A).

(1) a. daZ3mi p2hni3ha wiZ31i. "Bill is hitting Tom." Tom is hitting Bill

b . h l a 3 daZ3mi y i Z g v z 3 h n i 3 h a w i Z 3 1 i . " B i l l i s n ' t h i t t i n g Tom." n o t Tom i s no t h i t ' t i n g B i l l

Sen tences w i th a d j e c t i v e s as p r e d i c a t e s i n Cherokee may be nega ted by t h e u s e o f 2 . . h l a t o g e t h e r w i th t h e n e g a t i v e forms o f " t o be ," y i g l I n t h e p r e s e n t t e n s e and

. 2 3 3 7 . Y; ge se 1 i n t h e p a s t t e n s e ; n o t e ( 2 - 3 ) .

(2) a . u Z 3 t a 2 n a . ' ' B i l l i s b i g . " B i l l b i g

b . w i 2 3 1 i h1a3 uZ3t9'na y i Z g i . " B i l l i s n ' t b i g . " B i l l n o t b i g i s n o t

( 3 ) a. 04sda g e 1 s v 2 3 7 i . " I t was good." good it was

b . h l a 3 04sda y i Z g e 3 s e 3 7 i . " I t w a s n ' t good." n o t good it was n o t

Sentences which c o n s i s t o f two noun p h r a s e s i n j u x t a p o s i t i o n may be nega t ed as i n (4 ) .

(4) a. w i Z 3 1 i ?2sg?2ya. " B i l l i s a man." B i l l man

b . meZ31i h l a 3 a2sgg2ya y i 2 g i . "Mary i s n ' t a man." Mary n o t man is n o t

I n d i v i d u a l e l emen t s o f s e n t e n c e s o t h e r t h a n t h e v e r b may be nega t ed . I n (5-7) t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e s e n t e n c e i s nega t ed w h i l e t h e r e s t o f t h e s e n t e n c e i s assumed t o be t r u e .

2 2 3 . 4 (5) h l a 3 w i Z 3 1 i y i 2 g i j i g? wo n l ha . "I t i s n ' t B i l l who i s speak ing . " n o t B i l l i s n o t w h b i s speak ing

(6) h l a 3 w i Z 3 11 . y i 2 g i u Z 3 t a 2 n a j i 4 g i . " I t i s n ' t B i l l who i s big. ' ! no t B i l l i s n o t b i g who i s

(7) h l a 3 w i Z 3 1 i y i 2 g i a2sga2ya j i b g i . I r I t i s n ' t B i l l who i s a man." n o t B i l l i s n o t man who i s

D i r e c t o b j e c t s o f s e n t e n c e s may be nega t ed a s i n (8-9).

(8) h1a3 daZ3mi y l 2 g i w i Z 3 1 i j i 2 g v Z 3 h n i 2 h a . " I t i s n ' t Tom who B i l l i s n o t Tom i s n o t B i l l who i s h i t ' t i n g h i t t i n g . "

(9) h l a 3 g i 2 h l i y i Z g i ja 'gowh2t i4ha . " I t ' s n o t a dog he s e e s . " no t dog is n o t t h a t he s e e s

Adverbial e lements which modify t h e v e r b may b e n e g a t e d , a s i n (10-11) .

(10) w i Z 3 1 i h l a 3 s d a 4 y a ~ i ~ g v ~ ~ h n i ~ h a daZ3mi. " B i l l i s n ' t h i t t i n g Tom B i l l n o t h a r d i s n o t h i t ' t i n g Tom h a r d . ' I

(11) w i Z 3 1 i h l a 3 u2d02hi2yu u Z 3 t a 2 n a yi2gi. " B i l l i s n ' t v e r y b i g . " B i l l n o t v e r y b i g i s n o t

Adverb ia l e lements which modify t h e e n t i r e s e n t e n c e may b e nega t ed , a s i n (12) .

(12) h l a 3 s v 2 h i y12ge3se daZ3mi j ~ ' w a ~ h n ~ ~ l v w i Z 3 1 i . n o t y e s t e r d a y it was Tom t h a t h i t B i l l

n o t " I t wasn ' t y e s t e r d a y t h a t B i l l h i t Tom."

- Tag questions f o r which an a f f i rma t i ve answer i s expected a r e formed by t h e use of t h e t a g do4ka, as i n (13).

(13) w i Z 3 1 i ga2w03ni2ha, do4ka? " B i l l i s speaking, i s n ' t he?" - B i l l i s speaking t a g

(14) ~ l h n e ' l a ? ~ d e ~ d v ~ w i Z 3 1 i , do4ka? " B i l l l e f t , d i d n ' t he?" le'ft B i l l t a g

- The s u f f i x -dv, which i s descr ibed i n 111-C, i s f r equen t l y employed i n sentences l i k e (13-14). Questions f o r which a negat ive answer i s expected a r e formed by negating t h e sentence i t s e l f and adding t h e t a g h la4ka , a s i n (15) . .-

3 (15) h l a 3 s i ya23hne31?2d~2?a w i Z 3 1 i , h la4ka? " B i l l h a s n ' t l e f t y e t , not not l e f t B i l l t a g has he?''

- Sentences l i k e (16-17) a r e a l s o formed with t h e t a g h l a 2 k e 3 .

(16) da2ye3s i s3 , h la2ke3? I 1 W i l l he go o r not?"

- he w i l l go f a g (ques.

(17) uZ3ta2nas3 , h la2ke3? " I s he b ig o r not?"

- b ig (ques.) f ag " Compound sentences i n which t h e sub j ec t s of both c lauses a r e s a i d not t o perform the ac t ion of t h e verb a r e negated a s i n (18).

- (18) j a 2 3 n i h l a3 yu2we3nv1se3?i, da2,3mi 3hnv3 v1sgwu3 h l a 2 . John not d i d n ' t go Tom and a l s o not

"John d i d n ' t go and n e i t h e r d id Tom." -

Note (19), i n which t h e verb of t h e main c lause i s negated, while t h e d i r e c t ob j ec t of the main c lause i s a l s o t h e sub jec t of a r e l a t i v e c l ause .

~d (19) h l a 3 y i2 j i 23ya32yvh2 t e3se g i 2 h l i na3 a2sga2ya ju1sgah12jv4?i . not I d i d n ' t kick dog t he man b i t "I d i d n ' t kick t h e dog t h a t b i t t h e man."

-- Sentences (20-25) provide examples o f negat ive sentences including negat ive i n d e f i - n i t e pronouns.

(20) a . n;2ga4da ~ l n i ~ ~ o ~ h v ~ ~ ? i . "Everyone saw it ." - a1 1 saw

b . h l a3 ni2ga4da "Not everyone saw it . I t

- not a l l not they saw

( 2 1 ) a . go2hu4sdi 04sda ~ l t v ~ ~ a ~ ~ n e ~ ? i . '71e heard something good." something good he heard

- b . h l a 3 go2hu4sdi 04sda y ~ ~ ~ t v ~ g a ' n e ~ ? i . "He heard nothing good . ' I

no t something good not he heard

- (22) a . go2hu4sdi ~ ' l v ~ ~ k w d i j a Z 3 n i . "John l i k e s something . I t

something he l i k e s John 2 4 b . h l a 3 go hu s d i ~ u ~ ~ l v ~ k w d i j a 2 ~ n i . "John d o e s n t t l i k e anything."

-- not something not l i k e s John

(23) a . k i 2 1 0 4 go2hu4sdi ki210. "Someone s a i d something t o someone something s a i d t o someone someone. I t

-

347

b. h la3 ki2104 go2hu4sdi yU2w032se231e ki2104. "NO one s a i d any- not someone something not s a i d t o someone t h i n g t o anyone."

(24) a . ki210 go2hu4sdi u1g02he3?i . "Someone saw something . I t

someone something saw

b. h la3 go2hu4sdi yu23g03he3?i ki2104. f fS~meone d i d n ' t s e e anything." not something not saw someone

(25) a . ga3g02 go2hu4sdi u1g02he3?i? llWho saw something?" who something saw

b . ga3g02 h1a3 go2hu4sdi yu2 3go 3he3?i? ltWho d i d n l t s e e anything?" who not something no t saw

In some ins tances , English i n d e f i n i t e nega t ives a r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t i n s t r u c t u r e from t h e i r Cherokee equ iva len t s . Note (26-27), f o r example.

(26) a . ~ l g e ~ n v ~ s v ~ ~ ? i . "They and I went."

b. h l a 3 yo23ge3nv1se3?i . "They and I d i d n ' t go." ( i . e . , "None of us not not they and I went. If)

went

(27) ni2ga23da2gwu ~ ~ ~ u ~ s d i h l a 3 yu23ni3g02he3?i . "Just about everyone a i 1 j u s t almost no t no t saw d i d n ' t s e e it . I 1 ( i . e . ,

"Almost no one saw it."

For f u r t h e r examples of nega t ive sentences i n Cherokee, s e e t h e d i scuss ion of t h e negat ive p r e f i x e s y- and n- i n Sec t ion I-A.

IV-B. Questions

Questions which can be answered a p p r o p r i a t e l y wi th yes o r no may be formed i n Cherokee by t h e use o f t h e ques t ion s u f f i x e s -sgo and - j u ; s e e I-D f o r examples. Questions with "or," such a s " I s i t a man o r a woman?" may be formed wi th t h e s u f - f i x e s -sgo and -ke; s e e I-D f o r a d i scuss ion of - k e . . ,

Questions which reques t informat ion may be formed by t h e use of t h e i n t e r r o g a t i v e pronouns and o t h e r ques t ion words. The i n t e r r o g a t i v e pronouns a r e d iscussed i n - 1 1 1 - A . Other ques t ion words no t d i scussed above a r e i l l u s t r a t e d by (1-3).

(1) ha2dlv he3ga? "Where a r e you going?" where you ' re

going

(2) ga2d01hv4 do23ja3ya2we3ga? "Why a r e you t i r e d ? " why you a r e t i r e d (ques . )

(3) ga2d01 gv3nf!'ha? "How is he doing i t ? " what h e ' s doing

t o i t

The s u f f i x -na "what aboutf ' i s a l s o used t o form ques t ions . See I - D and 1 1 - B f o r examples. Quest ions can a l s o be marked i n Cherokee by i n t o n a t i o n changes, when s u r p r i s e i s i n d i c a t e d , a s i n (4) .

Note a l s o t h e fol lowing i n d i r e c t ques t ions .

(5) da23mi ~ l t v ~ ~ d v ~ h n v ~ i2yu3hnv3 meZ31i gu2so Tom he asked B i l l i f Mary s h e wantsMuskogee

412we2nv1sdi. " B i l l a sked Tom i f Mary wanted t o go t o Muskogee." t o go

(6) da23mi ~ ' t v ~ ~ d v ~ h n v ~ v g 2 n a u 1 w 0 3 n i 2 v s v 2 h i . Tom he asked B i l l who he spoke y e s t e r d a y

" B i l l asked Tom who spoke y e s t e r d a y . "

(7) w i Z 3 1 i ~ l t v ~ ~ d v 3hnv i2yu3hnv3 u2gv2wi2yu2hi gv2wa2w01ni23hi2sdi B i l l he asked i f c h i e f he cou ld speak

yi4gi s i 2 n a 3 1 e 4 ? i . " B i l l asked i f t h e c h i e f cou ld speak tomorrow." would tomorrow

IV-C. Coord ina t ion

When s e n t e n c e s which can s t a n d a l o n e a r e j o i n e d t o g e t h e r , t h e y a r e s a i d t o be c o o r d i n a t e . Th i s s e c t i o n i s a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p r o c e s s o f c o o r d i n a t i o n i n Cherokee. Sentences may be connec ted by t h e c o n j u n c t i o n a21e ( s ee 111-F) which o c c u r s i n Cherokee p r i m a r i l y i n formal speech s t y l e s ; n o t e ( 1 ) .

(1) a2sga2ya ga2w03ni2ha a21e g2geZ3hya d e 2 3ka 3n02gi 37a . man i s speak ing 'and woman i s ; ing ing

"A man i s speak ing and a woman i s s i n g i n g . "

The s u f f i x -hno is used much more o f t e n t h a n a 2 1 e ; t h i s s u f f i x i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e f i r s t word o f a l l s e n t e n c e s c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n a compound s e n t e n c e , w i th t h e excep t ion o f t h e f i r s t ; n o t e (2-3) .

(2) a2sga2ya gg2w03ni2ha, a2ge23hya 3hno de23ka3n02gi 37a.

man i s speak ing woman and i s s i n g i n g "A man i s speak ing and a woman i s s i n g i n g . "

(3) a2sga2ya ga2w03ni2ha, aZgez3hya3hno de23k?3n02g i37a , a2ni2chu23ja2hno man i s speak ing woman and i s s i n g i n g boys and

a1na2hl i2n02he3ha . "A man i s s p e a k i n g , a woman i s s i n g i n g , and boys a r e a r e convers ing c o n v e r s i n g . "

?'1e and -hno may a l s o be used t o c o n j o i n words and p h r a s e s ; n o t e (4-6) .

( 4 ) a2sga2ya a21e ?2ge2hyu4ja a1na2h l i2n02he3ha . "A man and a g i r l a r e man and g i r l a r e conve r s ing c o n v e r s i n g .

(5) a2sga2ya a2ge2hyu23ja2hno a1n?'hli2n02he3ha. "A man and a g i r l a r e man g i r l and a r e c o n v e r s i n g conve r s ing . "

(6) w i Z 3 1 i u 2 s d i a2ya2nu231i2hno. " B i l l i s s m a l l and f a s t . " B i l l Small f a s t and

When t h r e e o r more words a r e j o i n e d t o g e t h e r i n a s i n g l e compound p h r a s e , -hno may be s u f f i x e d t o t h e l a s t i t em i n t h e s e r i e s , a s i n ( 7 ) .

(7) w i Z 3 1 i , da23mi, saZ3mi3hno d ~ ~ n i ~ h n o ~ g i ~ s v ~ ~ ~ i . ' ! B i l l , Tom, and Sam B i l l Tom Sam and t h e y sang sang . "

Coord ina te s e n t e n c e s w i th "or" a r e formed by t h e s u f f i x -1e t o g e t h e r w i th y i 4 g i , a s i n (8 -9 ) .

(8) ?2~ga2ya ga2wo3nl2ha +2ge23hyp31e3 deZ3ka3no2gi3?a yi4gi. man is speaking woman is singing or

"A man is speaking or a woman is singing."

(9) wiZ31i da23mi31e3 yi4gi du1hno2gi3se3?i. "Bill or Tom sang." Bill Tom o r sang

Note that sentences like (lo), with identical intransitive verbs, are ungrammatical in Cherokee; the corresponding sentence (ll), with the first verb deleted, is acceptable.

(10) du1hno2gi3sv3 da23mi3hno d ~ l h n o ~ g i ~ s v ~ ~ ? i . "Bill sang and Tom Bill sang Tom and sang sang. 'I

(11) wi231i da23mi3hno d ~ ~ n i ~ h n o ~ g i ~ s v ~ ~ ? i . "Bill and Tom sang." Bi 11 Tom ' and sang

Note that the verb form in (11) is plural. Similarly, sentences like (12), with "or," are ungrammatical; reduced sentences like (13) are required instead.

(12) * ~ i ~ ~ l i d ~ l h n o ~ ~ i ~ s v ~ ~ ? i da23m?31e yi4gi d ~ l h n o ~ g i ~ s v ~ ~ ? i . Bi 11 sang Tom or sang

"Bill or Tom sang."

(13) daZ3mi 31e3 yi4gi du1hno2gi3svZ3?i. "Bill or Tom sang." Bill Tom or sang

Conjoined sentences with identical direct objects may exhibit deletion of all but the first or last direct object; in a sentence with two coordinate clauses, either the first or last identical direct object can be deleted, as in (14).

(14) a. gi2hli algowh2t13ha, a2ge23hya3hno a1tv2gi3?a. Bill dog sees woman and hears "Bill sees the dog, and the woman hears it."

b. algowh2ti3ha, a2ge23hya3hno a1tv2gi3?a gi2hli. Bill sees woman and hears dog "Bill sees, and the woman hears, the dog."

Alternate word orders are possible, as in (15).

(15) a. gi2hli a1gowh2t? 3ha wiZ31i a2ge23hya3hno a1tvZgi3?a. dog sees Bill woman and hears

"Bill sees the dog, and the woman hears it."

b. gi2hli a1gowh2ti3ha 82ge23hya3hno a1tv2gi3?a. Bi 11 dog sees woman and hears

"Bill sees, and the woman hears, the dog."

Note also (16).

(16) wah2ga du1hwp3sgo3 wiZ31i daZ3mi3hno de23g.+3n?2de3g03?i. cows buys them Bill Tom and sells them "Bill buys cows and Tom sells them."

Note (17), in which an identical subject and direct object are both deleted.

(17) wiZ31i da2gwa21e31a du1hwa2sgo3 de23ga3na2de3g037i3hno. . . Bill car buys 'them sells them and

"Bill buys and sells cars."

In sentences with compound subjects and first person dual or plural exclusive verbs,

- 35 0

- the first person pronoun a2yv may be deleted, as in (18).

(18) a. wi231i a2yv3hno ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n i ~ w o ~ n i ~ s v ~ ~ ~ i . "Bill and I spoke." - Bill I and he and I spoke

b. wi231i ~ ~ g i ~ n i ~ w o ~ n i ~ s v ~ ~ ? i . "Bill and I spoke." Bill he and I spoke

- Sentences (19-21) provide further examples of coordinate sentences from which identical elements have beemdeleted.

- (19) ja23ni u1d~2w03~v1sv3 ~ i ~ ~ l i ~ h n v vlsgwu. "John went swimming and John he went swimming Bill and also Bill did too.11

(20) wi23 11 ' da23mi3hnv i23ju31a d ~ ~ n i ~ h n o ~ g i ~ s v ~ ~ ? i . "Bill and Tom both Bill Tom and both - they sang sang.

(21) wiZ31i da23mi3hnv i23ju31a d ~ l n i ~ h n o ~ ~ i ~ s v ~ ~ ~ n a l ~ s g i ~ s v ~ ~ 7 i ~ h n o . Bill Tom and both they sang they danced and

- "Bill and Tom both sang and danced."

In coordinate sentences with identical verbs, the first verb may not be deleted; seftences such as (22a) ar,e thus grammatical, while (22b) is not. -

(22) a. ga4du u1du21i3ha, da23mi3hno nuZ3na. "Bill wants bread Bill bread wan& Tom and potato and Tom a potato."

- b. *wiZ31i ga4du, da23mi3hno u1du21j3ha. "Bill wants bread Bill bread Tom and potato wants and Tom a potato."

(22b) cannot be understood as a coordinate sentence which has undergone deletion - of an identical verb. Its only possible meaning is "Bill (is) bread, and Tom wants a potato."

- Sentences exhibiting identical verb deletion may also have the word order of (23).

(23) ga4du u1du21i3ha ~ i ~ ~ l i , daZ3mi3hno nuZ3na. "Bill wants bread and bread wants Bill Tom and potato Tom a potato."

- IV-D. Subordination

Subordinate clauses cannot stand alone; they occur only in compound sentences. A

- number of types of subordinate clauses, introduced by subordinate conjunctions, are noted in Section 111-F. Some additional types of subordinate clauses are dis- zussed briefly in this section.

- "if"-clauses

Clauses translated by "if" in English are formed in Cherokee by adding the prefix y- (see Section I-A) to the verb, as in (1).

- (1) no23gwu yi2ga3w032ni4ha, hla3 ya2gwanh3ta. "If he is speaking now, I

now if he's speaking not not I know don't know about it .IT

- Non-present tense "ifT1-clauses require y-, the Set B subject pronoun prefixes, and the non-progressive form of the verb stem followed by the -a suffix (see I-C); note (2-3).

- (2) hla3 ya3kwtv2ga1ne sv2hi y ~ ~ ~ w o ~ ~ n i ~ s a . IlIf he spoke yesterday, I not not I heard yesterday if he speaks didn't hear about it."

(3) yu23w032ni4sa, ya3kwtv2da1sdi. "If he speaks, 1'11 be listening." -- if he speaks listening

I

The subordinate c lause may e i t h e r precede t h e main c l ause , a s i n (1) and ( 3 ) , o r , - follow i t , as i n ( 2 ) .

I I when1'- c 1 ause s

The verbs of "whenw-clauses r e f e r r i n g t o pa s t a c t i o n t ake t h e Se t B p r e f i xe s and the non-progressive pa s t t en se form o f t h e stem followed by - a , as i n ( 4 ) .

(4) g a 2 ~ 0 3 n i 2 s g ~ 2 3 7 i u1g04ha. "He was speaking when he saw i t ." he was speaking when he

saw it

The verbs of "whentr-clauses r e f e r r i n g t o f u tu r e a c t i o n t ake t he Se t A p r e f i x e s and the non-progressive stem followed by - v 9 i , a s i n ( 5 ) . When hab i t ua l a c t i on i s r e f e r r ed t o , t h e verb appears i n t h e form descr ibed above f o r t he pa s t t en se ; note ( 6 ) .

(5) g?2w03ni2sv4ai . "1 I l l be t h e r e when he speaks." I w i l l be t h e r e when he speaks

(6) ga l t v 2 g i 3sgo yu2 3wo 32ni 4sa "I hear him whenever he speaks. I hear (hab.) when he speaks , -

"beforeu-clauses

"Beforet '-clauses a r e formed by adding t h e p r e f i x n- t o t h e verb and s u f f i x i n g -na followed by -gwu, a s i n ( 7 ) .

(7) wi2na2gi931uh2jv23na2gwu ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ s v ~ ~ ~ i . "He spoke before I got t h e r e . before I a r r i ved t h e r e he spoke

"a f te rM-c lauses

l lAfter"-clauses a r e formed by t h e use of t h e n- p r e f i x and s u f f i x - o ? i , a s i n (8 ) .

(8) w ~ 2 n a 2 g ~ 9 3 1 u h 2 j 0 4 ? i ~ ' w o ~ n i ~ s v ~ ~ 7 i . IrHe spoke a f t e r I got t he r e . " a f t e r I a r r i ved t h e r e he spoke

See t h e d i scuss ion of t h e p r e f i x n- i n I-A and t h e d i scuss ion of t h e s u f f i x - o ? i i n I-D.

Verbs such a s "know" and " th ink . " Verbs l i k e tlknowtl and "think" occur with complement sentences; no t e (9-14).

(9) a1gwanh2ta ga2w03ni2sgv47i. "1 know he i s speaking ." I know he i s speaking

(10) a1gwanh2ta u1w03ni2sv s v 2 h i . " I know he spoke yesterday . I 1

I know he spoke yes terday

(11) a1gwanh2ta d i2ga2w032ni2s i3sv47i . "I know he w i l l speak." I know i e w i l l speak

(12) g?2w03ni2ha ge21 i3?a . t h ink he i s speaking." h e ' s speaking I th'ink

(13) sv2hi u1w03ni2se3 ge21 i3?a . "I th ink he spoke yesterday." yes terday he spoke I th'ink

32 . 2 . (14) s i2na31e daZga2wo n l s l ge21i37a. 1 1 1 t h i n k he w i l l speak tomorrow." tomorrow he w i l l speak I t h ink

Note t h a t t h e form o f t h e verb i n t h e complement sentence depends upon t he verb which occurs i n t he main c l a u s e ; compare (9-11) with (12-14).

Note a l s o t h e fo l lowing :

(15) h l a 3 ~ a ~ g w a n h ~ t a i2yu3yeh14di g e l s v j i 2ga2w03n i4ha . no I know n o t t h e r ea son is t h a t he speaks "I d o n ' t know why he i s speaking ."

(16) h l a 3 ~ a ~ g w a n h ~ t a u1hna3 ga2w03ni2sgv4?i . "I d o n ' t know where he i s no I d o n ' t know where he i s speak ing speak ing .

(17) h l a 3 ~ a ~ g w a n h ~ t a n i2gv3ne2hv4? i . "I d o n ' t know how he i s doing i t ." no I h o n t t know hdw h e ' s do ing it

I V - E . Possess ion

I t was noted i n 1 1 - C t h a t te rms f o r body p a r t s and k i n s h i p te rms occu r w i t h pronoun p r e f i x e s , a s i n (1-2) .

(1) a . a 2 g ~ 0 1 y e 4 n i "my hand"

b . j o l ye4n i "your hand"

c . u2w01ye4ni " h i s hand"

(2) a . a2g;2d02da" "my f a t h e r "

b . j?2d02da "your f a t h e r "

c . u2d02da " h i s f a t h e r "

The forms of t h e p o s s e s s i v e pronoun, d i s c u s s e d i n 1 1 1 - A , a r e employed i n p o s s e s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n s invo lv ing nouns which r e f e r t o i nan ima te o b j e c t s , an ima l s , and de tached body p a r t s ; n o t e (3-5) .

2 . 2 1 i 4 7 i l f m y box" (3) ga2ne1s?3?i a2gwa j e box my

(4) g i 2 h l i u 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i " h i s dog" dog h i s

2 ' 2 1 i 4 7 i rtmy (de tached) hand" (5) ;2w032~a a2gwa j e hand mY

Note t h a t t h e p o s s e s s i v e pronoun can precede o r f o l l o w t h e posses sed noun, as i n ( 6 )

(6) a . u 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i d?2gwa21e31a " h i s c a r " h i s c a r

b. da2gwa21e31a u 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i " h i s ca r "

When t h e posses so r i s o v e r t l y r e f e r r e d t o t h e p o s s e s s i v e pronoun fo l lows t h e pos- s e s s o r noun and precedes t h e posses sed noun, a s i n ( 7 ) .

(7) u 2 j e 2 1 i 4 7 i da2gwa21e31a " B i l l ' s c a r "

Kinship t e rms , even though t h e y a r e marked by pronouns i n d i c a t i n g p o s s e s s i o n , may occur t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e p o s s e s s i v e pronoun, a s i n (8b ) .

(8) a . a2gwe23ji ga2w03ni2ha. "My son i s speaking ." my son i s speaking

b. a2gwe23 j i a2gwa2j e 2 1 i 4 ? i ga2w03ni2ha. "My son i s speaking." i t speak ing my son mY I

I

IV-F. Notes on word o rder i n Cherokee

In simple d e c l a r a t i v e sentences i n Cherokee, t h e sub j ec t of t he sentence o r d i n a r i l y precedes t h e verb wi th i t s modi f ie r s and o b j e c t s . In add i t i on , ob j ec t s of verbs o r d i n a r i l y precede t h e verb , r e s u l t i n g i n subject -object -verb word o rder i n sentences l i k e ( l a ) ; t h e invers ion of t h i s o rder i s pos s ib l e , y ie ld ing t he p a t t e r n object -verb-subject , a s i n ( l b ) .

(1) a . a2sg?2ya weZ3sa a lgowh2t l3ha. "A man sees a c a t . " man c a t s ee s

b. weZ3sa algowh2ti3ha a2sga2ya. "A man s ee s a c a t . "

Other word o rders may occur . Negative sen tences , f o r example, e x h i b i t d i f f e r e n t pa t t e rn s than d e c l a r a t i v e sen tences ; s ee t h e example sentences i n IV-A.

Word order wi thin noun phrases . Noun phrases c o n s i s t of a pronoun o r of a noun with o r without modi f ie r s ; noun phrases func t ion a s sub j ec t s of sentences and a s ob j ec t s o f ve rbs . They may a l s o have o the r func t ions . They may se rve , f o r example, a s ob j ec t s of p r epos i t i ons and a s adverbs of l o c a t i o n . For t he l a t t e r funct ion, s ee t h e d i scuss ion of t h e l o c a t i v e s u f f i x i n 1 1 - B .

Noun phrases may c o n s i s t of a noun modified by an a d j e c t i v e , a s i n ( 2 ) ; no t e t h a t the ad j ec t i ve precedes t h e noun.

(2) v2sd i ~ ~ c h u ~ j a a1dlo2hyi3ha. "A l i t t l e boy is crying." l i t t l e boy i s crying

Demonstratives l i k e " t h i sv1 and " tha t " occur a t t h e beginning of noun phrases ; numeral ad j ec t i ve s fol low t h e demonstrat ives and precede o the r a d j e c t i v e s , a s i n ( 3 ) .

2 . 2 (3) na3 ?2n i23 t a?31 i n l sg?2ya a1ni2w03ni2ha. '!The two men a r e t he twd men a r e speaking speaking.

Rela t ive c lauses may fol low t h e nouns they modify a s i n (4a), o r they may follow them a s i n (4b).

(4) a . h i2?a ?2n i23 t??31 i ?2ni2sga2ya a3ha2ni ji2da1ni23d01ga t he se two men he>e who a r e s tanding

a1ni2w03ni2ha. "These two men who a r e s tanding here a r e speaking.+' a r e speaking

b. h i2?a p3ha2ni j i2da1ni23d01ga ?2n i23 t??31 i ?2ni2sg?2ya t he se here who are s tand ing two men

a1ni2w03ni2ha. "These two men who a r e s tanding here a r e speaking." a r e speak'ing

Note t h a t t h e only d i f f e r e n c e i n word o rder between (4a) and (4b) i s t h a t t h e r e l a t i v e c lause occupies t h e p o s i t i o n immediately fol lowing t h e demonstrat ive and preceding t h e ad j ec t i ve i n (4b); i n (4a) it occurs i n t he f i n a l p o s i t i o n wi th in the noun phrase.

Word order wi th in verb phrases . Adverbs precede t h e verbs they modify, a s i n (5).

3 2 (5) a2sda4ya ga2wo nj, ha . "He's speaking loudly ." loud h e ' s speaking

~n adverb may i t s e l f be modified by another adverb, a s i n ( 6 ) .

35 4

(6) ? 2 d 0 2 h i 2 y ~ 4 ?2sda4ya ga2w03nt2ha. "He's r e a l l y speaking loudly." r e a l l y loud h e ' s speaking

As noted above, noun phrases which func t ion a s o b j e c t s of verbs precede t h e verb; see ( 1 ) .

Some a d d i t i o n a l comments on Cherokee word o r d e r . Sentences i n Cherokee do not always e x h i b i t a verb . Cherokee sentences may c o n s i s t , f o r example, of two noun phrases i n j u x t a p o s i t i o n , as i n (7 ) , o r of a noun phrase followed by an a d j e c t i v e , a s i n (8) .

(7) na3 a2sg?2ya a2gi2d02da. "That man i s my f a t h e r . " t h a t man my f a t h e r

(8) a2gi2d02da uZ3ta2na . "My f a t h e r i s b i g . " my f a t h e r b i'g

See the d i scuss ion of " to be" i n I-F f o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l s regarding sentences without over t verb forms. For f u r t h e r information regarding word order i n general i n Cherokee, see t h e i l l u s t r a t i v e sentences i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y and t h e example sentences i n preceding s e c t i o n s of t h e grammar o u t l i n e .

IV-G. A Cherokee t e x t

? 2 n i 2 3 t ? 7 3 1 i a2ni2sga2ya a1ni2n02ha21i23d032he, a2hwi du1ni2hyo2he. sa1gwu4hno two men were hun t ing Leer they Lunting one and

a2sga2ya ga2101gwe3 ga2ne2he so3?i3hnv3 h l a 2 . na3hnv3 g?2101gwe3 ga2ne4hi man gun had o t h e r and not t h e and gun haver

~ ~ d l v ~ ~ k w s ~ ~ t i ge1se3, a21e go2hu4sdi y t ~ ~ ~ d v ~ ~ n e ~ l a a1dlvZ3kwsge3. a1na3? i2 - bragger was and something when he d id he bragged a s they were walk-

sv4hnv go2hu4sdi wuZ3ni3go2he do2jy2wa3?i2hlv, na3hnv3 ga2101gwe3 ga2ne%i ing and something they saw i n t h e bushes t h e and gun haver

ki21?2gwu i 2 p 4 d a ~ ~ ~ s d a ~ g w u n ~ ~ ~ k s e ~ s t a ~ n v ~ n a i 2 ~ u 3 s d i immediately a t once he sho t good' and w i t h o i t looking what

dal sda2y02hi2hv4. ~ ~ d o ~ h + ~ y t ~ ~ h n v ~ ~ u ~ ~ y o ~ h l e ~ a21e u lni2g02he3 ga2nv3gv4. he was shooting s u r e enough he shot i t and they saw i t f a l l i n g

na3hnv3 ga2101gwe3 r ~ i ' g a ~ ~ n e ~ h v ~ n a lta2hwi e1ni2y037a!" u1dv2hne. "j i2y03?e32ga'1 t h e and gun not having deer we shot he s a i d I shot i t - u1dv2hne na3 g?2101gwe3 ga2ne4hi , a l d l ~ ~ ~ k w s g v ~ . ~ l n a ~ n e ~ l u ~ ~ g i ~ ~ s e

s a i d t h e gun haver bragging they raced

do2jU2w?3?i2hlv3 d i 3 d l a , na2?~23hni3ge4hnv w ~ ~ ~ n i ~ l u h ~ j a u1ni2g02he3 ~ o ~ ~ g w i ~ l i bushes toward closer ' and when they a r r i v e d they saw horsk

gav3nv4. 1 ~ s o ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ 1 i ~ 1 e ~ ~ i1na2da2hi3si11 u1dv2hne3 n a 3 u2y02h1v4. lying horse w e k i l l e d he s a i d t h e one who shot i t

"ha2da2hi3se32ga3" a1go1seZ31e3. you k i l l e d it he was t o l d

DhWP Dh@Sa DhZGPV?, D8 S h f i ? . UJZ DASJ SGJ SA? $TO .C. 8 0 S G J SAA BP-

PUJ k 4 , D 6 A r J J G6'AW DPPJf . D8TR0 ArAJ 3 hA? VJGTP , 8 0 f G;3 SAA YWG!

T B L e ,y ; ,~f i~ ~ A L ; q ~ q l ~ \ v a e TGJJ L J L ~ ~ A J L . o v ~ a r ~ f i ~ D ~ Q ~ A ? saE. ea so2 hSA9e ( ' T ) @ ~ h f i ~ ! )) @ P A . ilkfiRS" @07/1 0 SG;3 S A A , DP'PJE. @eAMY4 VJGTP J A ,

eihF0 J ~ A ~ C @ h ~ ? + p p SD. "I'PPcf TeLAb" @PA 0 B f i P . ".GLA4S" DA46.

Two men were hun t ing , l ook ing f o r d e e r . One o f t h e men had a gun and t h e o t h e r

one d i d n ' t . The one wi th t h e gun was a b r a g g a r t and when h e d i d something he

bragged about i t . Walking a long , t h e y saw something moving around i n t h e bushes ,

and t h e man w i t h t h e gun s h o t a t once toward t h e bushes wi thout paying a t t e n t i o n

t o what he was s h o o t i n g a t . And s u r e enough h e s h o t it and t h e y saw it f a l l t o

t h e ground. The one wi thout t h e gun s a i d "we s h o t a d e e r . I ' "I - s h o t it," s a i d t h e

one wi th t h e gun, bragging . They r aced toward t h e bushes and when t h e y go t c l o s e r

they saw a h o r s e l y i n g t h e r e . "We k i l l e d someone's ho r se , " sa id t h e one who s h o t

it. "You k i l l e d it,'' he was t o l d . -

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