Roscita ManjaDeena Binti RosleeNoor Albannia Natasya Binti Jabi

DURIAN THE KING OF FRUITS

AGR 302

Bombastic introduction

• Durian which also known as the king of fruits is the most highly prizes in southeast Asia. Admired of it delicate of flavor and taste by most Asians, but is abhorred by most westerners because of its strong and unusually overpowering, repugnant odor.

Scientific Name : Durio zibethinus MurrCommon Name : Durian Putih / biasaFamily : BombacaceaeOrigin : Borneo, wild trees have been recorded ARS, ulu Dusun, SandakanDurian season : 1st season June – August 2nd season November - January

DURIAN?

Description

• THE TREE grows up to 10-25 m and with a diameter of 35 cm.

• THE LEAVES are alternate, chartaceous and elliptical. Lower surface of leaf is covered with short fimbriate and a layer of sparse stellate hairs.

• THE FLOWER usually white in color, are borne in cluster, 15-30 cm from ground level on the trunk. Flowering stage start when the tree reach the age of 5 -6 years old

• THE FRUITS are edible and having a long stalk 8-10 cm and a spikes skin, young fruits are green and turn yellow when ripe. Inside of the food contain 5 superficial lobes or valve and flesh. Matured 3-5 month after flowering

• THE FLESH (aril) yellowish in color has a taste of rancid butter or caramel custard (creamy nyum!)

• THE SEED is completely covered with aril (flesh).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

• As a sources of food (rich in vitamins)• Provide job opportunity• Reduce unemployment• Increase the income of the community• Increase economic resources and income of

country.

Climate and soil requirement

• Durian needs tropical climate within 27˚C-32 ˚ C and 1800-4000 mm rain per year for optimal growth.

• Durian also needs dry season within 1-3 month for the flowering .

• Well-drainage soil – sandy loam• A soil ph of between 6.1 and 7.5

variety

• Durio dulcis• Features : red pericarp and pale yellow aril

• Durio graveolens• Features : yellow pericarp and dark pink aril.

• Durio kutejensis• Features : yellow pericarp and orange aril

• Durio lowianus• Features : round with cream colored aril

propagation• By seeds (Seeds washed, dried for 1 or 2 days

and planted have shown 77-80% germination. Seedling durian trees have borne fruit at 5 years of age)

• By grafting (Selected cultivars are propagated by patch-budding onto rootstocks 2 months old and pencil-thick, and the union should be permanent within 25 to 30 days. The plants can be set out in the field within 14 to 16 months. )

FIELD PLANTING

• Planting system: square, triangular, rectangular & Quincunx system

• Planting distance: 10.5m x 10.5 or 12m x 12m• Planting hole: 0.6m x 0.6m x 0.6m

General maintenance• Fertilizing• Apply as basal 50 grams (5 tbsp.) of complete fertilizer (14-14-14) or based

on soil analysis and cover with thin layer of soil. Rate of application increases as tree matures.

• Apply organic fertilizer at the rate of 10-20 kg/tree, according to tree size.• Apply express or foliar fertilizer for incomplete fruit harvest.• Fertilizers placed in pockets around the tree Fertilizers placed in a trench along the drip-line

Pruning

• Prune/remove dead, broken or diseased branches and water shoots to obtain desired canopy shape to enhance production of fruits.

A scissor or hook-and-blade shears An anvil shears

1. Good cut; 2. Bad cuts

3 steps to saw off a large branch

Pest management

• Fruit borers (Tonica lagaropis &Conogethes punctiferalis)

[Light trapping for adult population]• Shot-hole borer (Xyleborus sp.)

[Application of insecticides.]• Fungus (Phytophthora palmivora)

[Implementing appropriate orchard management practices, cultural and biological controls and through the judicious use of appropriate chemicals.]

watering

• At the nursery stage, seedlings are watered twice daily.

• Field planting is usually done at the onset of the rainy season. Good drainage is required

to avoid puddles in the root region which may hinder proper root development.

• Drip irrigation, at a rate of 4-6 liters/day/plant – depending on the size of the plant – is

recommended.

• Flowering starts during the dry months. A longer drought period encourages flowering.

During these months, minimal irrigation is necessary to support vegetative growth.

• Water at about 6-8 liters/day/plant is necessary during fruit development. Excess water

encourages vegetative growth which may result in premature fruit drop.

HAVERSTING• Durian can be harvest after 5-6 years age after flowering.

• Clear the ground beneath the durian tree.

• They build grass huts nearby at harvest time and camp there for 6 or 8 weeks in order to be

ready to collect each fruit as soon as it falls.

• Harvesters normally work in pairs, one on tree choosing the mature fruit. Using a sharp and

clean knife, he cuts the fruit from the tree leaving about 10 cm. The common method is to

catch it with a net to prevent it from dropping directly on the ground.

• After harvesting, the durian should not be placed directly on the floor but on a container,

e.g. a plastic or bamboo basket. This is to guard against fungal infection which can cause

rotting during transportation and distribution.

• Caution is necessary when approaching a durian tree during the ripening season

Net

PRODUCT

Agro-industry processing and added value

Lempok durian and its packaging

Durian fruit production during the main harvest season is abundant

and some of them can not be absorbed by consumers. Therefore,

improving the storability of durian through processing the durian

become "lempok". Lempok is a semi-moist snack that made from

durian fruit with or without the addition of sugar. Lempok which will

be marketed is packaged using plastic material or leaf.The shape

and form look like cylinder or triangular with 0.25 to 0.50 kg weight.

PROCESS

The preferred Lempok is made from raw materials durian

flesh: glutinous rice flour (9: 1) by adding 20% sugar and

14% coconut milk from the main raw material weight. The

financial analysis shows the R / C ratio of 1.58.

PACKAGING

For packaging, packaging made of paper bags and boxes

of secondary packaging.

PROCESS - PACKAGING

maketing• Commercial production of durian is concentrated in Thailand (900,000 to 950,000 tonnes)

followed by Malaysia (400,000 tonnes) and Indonesia (200,000 tonnes).

• The marketing period of durian is affected by short harvest seasons.

• Most durian produced is consumed locally while only a small percentage is exported.

• Malaysia exports a relatively small amount to Singapore and Brunei. The production in

Indonesia , the Philippines and Brunei is not sufficient to meet domestic demand , thus

imports from Malaysia and Thailand are necessary.

• Nowadays there many shop that sell durian in fresh or improve product.

• Durio zibethinus is the only species available in the international market: other species are

sold in their local regions. There are hundreds of durian cultivars; many consumers express

preferences for specific cultivars, which fetch higher prices in the market

CONCLUSION

• . Like many of life’s greatest experiences, eating durian cannot be adequately described with words. Durian has a characteristic delicious flavour, creamy texture, and tantalizing fragrance that is just… durian! — the king of fruits, nature’s most magnificent fruit gift.

Thank you…