• During the years of 1789-1807, the During the years of 1789-1807, the United States had several different United States had several different views on foreign policy. Compare views on foreign policy. Compare and contrast the foreign policies of and contrast the foreign policies of George Washington and Thomas George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.Jefferson.

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18081808

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18081808

James Madison James Madison Becomes PresidentBecomes President

James Madison James Madison Becomes PresidentBecomes President

Dolly MadisonDolly MadisonDolly MadisonDolly Madison

1. Napoleonic Wars1. Napoleonic Wars1. Napoleonic Wars1. Napoleonic Wars

Q 1808-1811 1808-1811 Britain impressed Britain impressed over over 6,000 American 6,000 American sailors. sailors.

2. Chesapeake-Leopard 2. Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”“Affair”

2. Chesapeake-Leopard 2. Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”“Affair”Q June 21, 1807.June 21, 1807.

Q Br. Captain fired on the USS Br. Captain fired on the USS Chesapeake.Chesapeake.

Q 3 dead, 18 wounded.3 dead, 18 wounded.

Q Br. Foreign Office said it was a Br. Foreign Office said it was a mistake.mistake.

Q Jefferson’s Response:Jefferson’s Response:

Forbade Br. ships to dock in Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports.American ports.

Ordered state governors to call Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 up as much as 100,000 militiamen.militiamen.

Chesapeake-Leopard Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”“Affair”

Chesapeake-Leopard Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”“Affair”

3. The Embargo Act 3. The Embargo Act (1807)(1807)

The “OGRABME” TurtleThe “OGRABME” Turtle

3. The Embargo Act 3. The Embargo Act (1807)(1807)

The “OGRABME” TurtleThe “OGRABME” Turtle

Q Forbade export of all goods from the Forbade export of all goods from the US.US.

Q Unexpected Consequences:Unexpected Consequences:

1807 exports 1807 exports $108 mil. $108 mil.

1808 exports 1808 exports $ 22 mil. $ 22 mil.

4. The Non-Intercourse Act 4. The Non-Intercourse Act (1809)(1809)

4. The Non-Intercourse Act 4. The Non-Intercourse Act (1809)(1809)

Q Replaced the Embargo Act.Replaced the Embargo Act.

Q Reopened trade with all nations Reopened trade with all nations EXCEPT Britain and France.EXCEPT Britain and France.

Q Remained U. S. policy until 1812.Remained U. S. policy until 1812.

Q Unexpected Consequences:Unexpected Consequences:

N. Eng. was forced to become self-N. Eng. was forced to become self-sufficient again [old factories sufficient again [old factories reopened].reopened].

Laid the groundwork for US Laid the groundwork for US industrial power.industrial power.

Jefferson, a critic of an industrial Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, ironically contributed to America, ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US!Hamilton’s view of the US!

5. Br. Instigation of 5. Br. Instigation of IndiansIndians

5. Br. Instigation of 5. Br. Instigation of IndiansIndians

British General Brock Meets with British General Brock Meets with TecumsehTecumseh

British General Brock Meets with British General Brock Meets with TecumsehTecumseh

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• Between 1801 and 1810, white settlers continued to move onto lands that had been guaranteed to Native Americans.

War Fever

- Ohio became a state in 1803. - Native Americans renewed their associations

with British agents and fur traders in Canada for protection.

- Some Native Americans built a confederacy among their nations in the Northwest.

- They were led by Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief.

(pages 291–294)(pages 291–294)

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War Fever (cont.) - Tecumseh believed that the treaties with

separate Native American nations were worthless and the land was meant for Native Americans to live on.

- Tecumseh’s brother, the Prophet, attracted a huge following with his teachings.

- He felt that the Native Americans should return to the customs of their ancestors and give up the white ways.

- He founded a village called Prophetstown near present-day Lafayette, Indiana, where the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers meet.

(pages 291–294)(pages 291–294)

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• Tecumseh met with the white people and the governor of the Indiana Territory, General William Henry Harrison, after Harrison had warned him of the weakness of a Native American-British alliance and the power of the United States against them.

• Tecumseh said that it was the Americans who were killing the Native Americans, taking away the land, pushing the Native Americans to do mischief, and keeping the tribes from uniting.

War Fever (cont.)

(pages 291–294)(pages 291–294)

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• In 1811 Harrison attacked Prophetstown at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

• The Americans proclaimed a victory, while the Prophet’s forces fled.

• Unfortunately for the Americans, Tecumseh and the British forces united as a result of the American victory.

War Fever (cont.)

(pages 291–294)(pages 291–294)

6. “War Hawks” in 6. “War Hawks” in CongressCongress

6. “War Hawks” in 6. “War Hawks” in CongressCongress

Henry Clay Henry Clay [KY][KY]

Henry Clay Henry Clay [KY][KY]

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun [SC][SC]

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun [SC][SC]

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• The War Hawks, led by Henry Clay from Kentucky and John Calhoun from South Carolina, pushed for the president to declare war with Britain.

• The Federalists in the Northeast remained opposed to war.

War Fever (cont.)

- The War Hawks were eager to expand the nation’s power.

- By their efforts, the size of the army quadrupled through additional military spending.

- Their nationalism appealed to a new sense of American patriotism.

(pages 291–294)(pages 291–294)

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• On June 1, 1812, Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war, concluding that war with Britain was inevitable.

• At the same time, Britain ended their policy of searching and seizing American ships.

• However, because the news took so long to travel across the ocean, the United States did not know of the change.

War Fever (cont.)

(pages 291–294)(pages 291–294)

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18121812

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18121812

““Mr. Madison’s War!”Mr. Madison’s War!”““Mr. Madison’s War!”Mr. Madison’s War!”

American ProblemsAmerican ProblemsAmerican ProblemsAmerican ProblemsQ The US was unprepared militarily:The US was unprepared militarily:

Had a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’sHad a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s800 ships.800 ships.

Americans disliked a draft Americans disliked a draft preferred preferred to enlist in the disorganized state to enlist in the disorganized state militiasmilitias

A small army of 7,000, and state militias with 50,000 to 100,000 poorly trained soldiers, some of whom were too old to fight.

Q Financially unprepared:Financially unprepared:

Flood of paper $.Flood of paper $.

Revenue from import tariffs declined.Revenue from import tariffs declined.

Q Regional disagreements.Regional disagreements.

The war began in July 1812.General William Hull led the army from Detroit to Canada, but was forced to retreat.

General William Henry Harrison made another attempt without luck and decided that as long as the British controlled Lake Erie, they would not be able to invade Canada.

Naval battles were more successful.

• The navy was more prepared with three of the fastest frigates, or warships.

• On September 10, 1813, after a bloody battle along Lake Erie led by Oliver Hazard Perry, American ships destroyed the British naval force.

Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813

British troops and their Native American allies tried to pull back from Detroit now that America controlled Lake Erie.

• In the Battle of the Thames on October 5, Tecumseh was killed when Harrison and his troops cut off the British and Native American forces.

• Canada remained unconquered, although Americans attacked York (present-day Toronto), burning the Parliament buildings.

The Native Americans had some setbacks.

When Tecumseh died, hopes of a Native American confederation also died.

In March 1814, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Indiana, Andrew Jackson attacked and defeated the Creeks.

They were forced to give up most of their lands in the United States.

The British Offensive

• In the spring of 1814, the British won the war with the French

• Now they could send more troops to America.

• In August 1814, the British marched into the capital of Washington, D.C., burning and destroying the city.

The White House Is The White House Is Burning;Burning;

The British Are Coming, The British Are Coming, AGAIN!!AGAIN!!

(August 24, 1814)(August 24, 1814)

The White House Is The White House Is Burning;Burning;

The British Are Coming, The British Are Coming, AGAIN!!AGAIN!!

(August 24, 1814)(August 24, 1814)

Dolley MadisonDolley Madison

First Lady to James First Lady to James Madison, who Madison, who gathered gathered important papers important papers and a portrait of and a portrait of Washington Washington before she fled the before she fled the White House in White House in 1814. The British 1814. The British burned the White burned the White House after she House after she had left.had left.

Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C. – the – the nation’s capitol and nation’s capitol and seat of the federal seat of the federal government; a government; a separate district and separate district and not a part of any statenot a part of any state

BaltimoreBaltimore – port city on – port city on the Chesapeake Bay; the Chesapeake Bay; location of Ft. location of Ft. McHenryMcHenry

Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay – the – the bay that splits bay that splits Maryland in two.Maryland in two.

The British Campaign 1814

The British then went on to attack Baltimore, but Baltimore was ready.

• Roads were barricaded, the harbor was blocked, and some 13,000 militiamen stood guard.

• Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star-Spangled Banner” to exemplify the patriotic feeling when he saw the American flag still flying over Fort McHenry when the battle was over.

• He watched as bombs burst over the fort in the night.

• When he saw the American flag the next morning, he wrote the poem.

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

And the rockets red glareAnd the rockets red glareThe bombs bursting in air…The bombs bursting in air… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key

Gave proof through the Gave proof through the night,night,

That our flag was still That our flag was still there..there..

Gave proof through the Gave proof through the night,night,

That our flag was still That our flag was still there..there..

The British Offensive (cont.)• In September 1814, the British were

defeated in the Battle of Plattsburgh, New York, even though they had the advantage of trained soldiers, better firepower, cavalry, and professional leaders.

• General George Prevost led more than 10,000 British troops from Canada but lost the battle.

The British Offensive (cont.)

• The British decided after the Plattsburgh loss that the war in North America was too costly and unnecessary.

• In December 1814, in Ghent, Belgium, American and British representatives signed the Treaty of Ghent to end the war.

• The treaty did not change any of the existing borders.

Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent

In the words of In the words of John Quincy John Quincy Adams, Adams, “Nothing was “Nothing was adjusted, adjusted, nothing was nothing was settled.”settled.”

Treaty of GhentTreaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814December 24, 1814

Treaty of GhentTreaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814December 24, 1814

The The status quo antestatus quo ante..

• One final battle was fought after the peace treaty was signed but before word reached the United States of the peace agreement.

• The Battle of New Orleans in December 1814 was a bloody battle in which the Americans were victorious.

• Andrew Jackson led the American army and became a hero.

• His fame helped him later win the presidency in 1827.

Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans

Defeat of the British troops (who Defeat of the British troops (who hoped to sail up the hoped to sail up the Mississippi) by Andrew Jackson Mississippi) by Andrew Jackson and his sharpshooters. Jackson and his sharpshooters. Jackson and friends dug trenches and and friends dug trenches and fought from there. In the end fought from there. In the end 70 Americans died and and 2000 2000 British British were killed.were killed.

The Battle of New The Battle of New Orleans, 1815Orleans, 1815

The Battle of New The Battle of New Orleans, 1815Orleans, 1815

In 1814 we took a little tripalong with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip.We took a little bacon and we took a little beansAnd we caught the bloody British in the town of New Orleans.

Chorus:We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin.There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago.We fired once more and they began to runnin' ondown the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.

We looked down the river and we seen the British come.And there must have been a hundred of'em beatin' on the drum.They stepped so high and they made the bugles ring.We stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing.ChorusOld Hickory said we could take 'em by surpriseIf we didn't fire our muskets til we looked 'em in the eyesWe held our fire til we seen their faces well.then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave 'em..well.

Yeah, they ran through the briars and they ran through the bramblesAnd they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go.They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'emon down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.We fired our cannon til the barrel melted down.So we grabbed an alligator and we fought another round.We filled his head with cannon balls and powdered his behindand when we touched the powder off, the gator lost his mind.ChorusYeah, they ran through the briars and they ran through the bramblesand they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go.they ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'emon down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.Hup 2, 3, 4. Sound off 3, 4.... Hup 2, 3, 4.Sound off 3, 4.... Hup 2, 3, 4

Hartford ConventionHartford ConventionDecember, 1814 – December, 1814 –

January, 1815January, 1815

Hartford ConventionHartford ConventionDecember, 1814 – December, 1814 –

January, 1815January, 1815

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• The Federalists in New England had opposed the war from the start.

• At the Hartford Convention, they drew up a list of proposed amendments to the Constitution.

• Once the word came of Jackson’s victory and the peace treaty, their grievances seemed unpatriotic and their party lost favor.

The Hartford Convention

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