Bernard Sadoulet Dept. of Physics /LBNL UC Berkeley UC Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (INPAC). DUSEL Site Independent (S1) study. S1 context DUSEL: a multidisciplinary enterprise Findings: Compulsory science Example in Physics: Dark Matter - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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B.Sadoulet DUSEL Henderson 5/4/06 1 DUSEL Site Independent (S1) study Bernard Sadoulet Dept. of Physics /LBNL UC Berkeley UC Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (INPAC) Bernard Sadoulet, UC Berkeley, Astrophysics/Cosmology Eugene Beier, U. of Pennsylvania, Particle Physics Charles Fairhurst, U. of Minnesota, geology/engineering Tullis Onstott, Princeton, geomicrobiology Hamish Robertson, U. Washington, Nuclear Physics James Tiedje, Michigan State, microbiology The frontier is at dept S1 context DUSEL: a multidisciplinary enterprise Findings: Compulsory science Example in Physics: Dark Matter Example in Biology: Dark Life Recommendations Comparison with other strategies
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B.SadouletDUSEL Henderson 5/4/06 1
DUSELSite Independent (S1) study
Bernard SadouletDept. of Physics /LBNL UC BerkeleyUC Institute for Nuclear and ParticleAstrophysics and Cosmology (INPAC)
Bernard Sadoulet, UC Berkeley, Astrophysics/CosmologyEugene Beier, U. of Pennsylvania, Particle PhysicsCharles Fairhurst, U. of Minnesota, geology/engineering Tullis Onstott, Princeton, geomicrobiologyHamish Robertson, U. Washington, Nuclear Physics James Tiedje, Michigan State, microbiology
The frontier is at depth
S1 contextDUSEL: a multidisciplinary enterpriseFindings: Compulsory science
Example in Physics: Dark MatterExample in Biology: Dark Life
RecommendationsComparison with other strategies
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Site Independent Study (S1)Mission from the NSF1) to organize a dialog inside the community
about a multidisciplinary, Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory in the U.S..2) to discover whether there is a compelling scientific justification for such a
laboratory, cutting across our many disciplines3) If there is, to specify the infrastructure requirements
for such a laboratory that will address the needs of a broad cross section of science over the next 20-30 years and complement other facilities worldwide.
Deliverables (in coming weeks)High Level Report directed at generalists (government+funding agencies) in the style of "Quantum Universe.”
PIs+ Judy Jackson, H. Murayama, B. McPherson, C. Laughton, E. Arscott
Web-based technical synthesis directed at scientific community Justifications and support the main report.
External review started
Main difficulty: community incredibly busy!
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Findings
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Ground TruthFrontier Science and Engineering Deep
Underground
Neutrino pictureof the Sun Geo-microbes
Why deep?
Size of cavity vs depth Undergraduates in South Africa mine
Large Block Geo Experiment Coupled Processes
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Scientific MotivationExtraordinary increase of interest in underground science and engineering
3 Fundamental Questions that uniquely require a deep laboratory • What is the universe made of? What is the nature of dark matter? What happened to the antimatter? What are neutrinos telling us?
Particle/Nuclear Physics: Neutrinos, Proton decayAstrophysics: Dark Matter, Solar/Supernovae neutrinos
• How deeply in the earth does life extend? What makes life successful at extreme depth and temperature? What can life underground teach us about how life evolved on earth and about life on other planets?
Biology: Extremophiles,new energy sources, evolution, new form of life?
Geomicrobiology: Role in rock/fracture behavior, biomass, role in life appearance/survival
• How rock mass strength depends on length and time scales? Can we understand slippage mechanisms in high stress environment, in conditions as close as possible to tectonic faults/earthquakes?
Earth Sciences: Mechanisms behind the constant earth evolution
Engineering: rock mechanics at large scales, interplay with
hydrology/thermal/chemistry/biology
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Other Motivations
Exciting potential for cross disciplinary synergies Pushing the rock mechanics envelope <-> physicists needs for large span cavities at great depth
“Transparent earth” Improvement of standard methods + new technologies
Neutrino tomography of the earth?Sensors, low radioactivity, education etc…
Relevance to Society• Underground construction: the new frontier (urban, mining,fuel
storage)• Resource extraction: Critical need for recovery efficiency improvement
• Water resources:• Environmental stewardship
Remediation (e.g. with micro-organisms)Waste isolation and carbon dioxide sequestration.
• Risk prevention and safetyMaking progress in understanding rock failure in structures and earthquakes
• National securityUltra sensitive detection methods based on radioactivity
Training next generation of scientists and engineers+ public outreach: better understanding of science
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Perspective
Recent visit to WashingtonNSF, DOE (HEP, Nuclear, Bio,Geo), USGS, House Science Committee, OMB/OSTP
Broad interest in the science that DUSEL will enable!
Pointed questions in Science Committee, OMB/OSTPDistinguish between “Critical” and “Important” e.g. priorities of the field (NRC reports, consensus in community)
Try to answer:Is it primarily a physics facility with interesting applications in other fields?
Does it comes in the three sets of fields close to the top priority?
Our current answer (but we need your help)Clearly critical in Physics: NRC EPP2010 adds to the argument!DUSEL may not yet have risen to the top of the priorities of Bio/GeoBio and Earth Sciences/Engineering but
is clearly aligned with some of the fundamental questions of the fields
is likely to become a critical component of the needed infrastructure
Great potential of interdisciplinary synergy
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A Physics ExampleDark Matter
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e.g. Dark MatterA central puzzle of cosmology
What is the nature of ≈ 25% of stuffin the universe?
Generic Class
Weakly Interactive Massive Particles WIMPsThe solutions of the dark matter problem and the hierarchy of forces in nature may be related
e.g. supersymmetry or additional dimensions
Particles in thermal equilibrium in the early universe
Decoupling when not relativistic
Freeze out when annihilation rate ≈ expansion rate
⇒ Ωxh2 =
3 ⋅10-27cm3 / s
σ Av⇒ σ A ≈
a2
MEW
2
Push three frontiersAstrophysical observations from ground and spaceDeep underground: Recognize WIMP interactions (nuclear
recoils≠radioactivity)Colliders
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DAMA
10-45 cm2
10-47cm2
10-46cm2
2 10-44 cm2
An Example: WIMPs
Current expt goals 2 10-44 cm2
Next step:10-45 cm2
Requires depth ≥ Gran Sasso
25-100kg
World-best limit today≈ 1.6 10-43cm2 @ 100 GeV/c2
Expected Science
Ultimate 10-47 cm2
10 tons≈ No background!
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Frontier WIMP searches need depth
10-47cm2 needs 6000mwe
Shallow+ active neutron veto?e.g. 90% efficiency at Soudan would be OK for SCDMS 25kg 10-
45cm2
But: Risky No safety marginNo path to future
SCDMS collaboration wants to go deep =SNOLab because of time scale
SCDMS 25kg 10-45 cm 2
10 -46 cm 2
10 -47 cm 2
Raw neutron ratesWith good passive shield
µ vetoRejection of multiples
WIMP RateMWIMP=100GeV/c2
Mei, Hime astro-ph0512125
Soudan
Sudbury
Gran Sasso
Threshold
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Deep BiologyDark Life
Of course, I am not a biologist…
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Major Questions for Fundamental Biology
ExtremophilesLimits of lifeDifferent from hot vents: in some case, may have no access to photosynthesis products.
How do they manage to survive? Dependent upon geochemically generated energy sources? ("geogas": H2, CH4, etc.) ≠ photosynthesis
How do such systems function, their members interact to sustain the livelihood?
What can we learn on evolution and genome dynamics? Underground microbes may have been isolated from the surface gene pool for very long periods of time (up to 108 yrs). How different are they?
Are there primitive life niches in the subsurface? How do they evolve with very low population density, extremely low metabolism rate and high longevity?
Is there dark life as we don't know it?Do unique biochemistry, e.g. non-nucleic acid based, and molecular signatures exist in isolated subsurface niches?
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Major Biological Questions for Earth Science
How does the interplay between biology and geology shape the subsurface? Role of microbes in coupled processes (HTMCB: hydro-thermo-mechanical-chemical-biological)
How deeply does life extend into the Earth? What are the lower limits of life in the biosphere?
temperature barrier influence of pressure lack of water energy restrictions
How large is the subsurface biomass? may be the most extensive on earth but samples so far
are too few.
What is the role of subsurface in lifeDid life on the earth's surface come from underground?Has the subsurface acted as refuge during extinctions.What "signs of subsurface life" should we search for on Mars and other planets?
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Major Questions for Bioengineering
New biological materialAlready the subsurface is a source for high temperature enzymes
A reservoir for unexpected and biotechnologically useful molecules?
new pharmaceuticals, processes for biochemical and chiral-specific synthesis
Use of biological techniques forEnvironmental remediationImprovement of resource recovery Remote mining
More generally essential to understand at the fundamental level HTMCBMigration phenomena in waste storageControl of biological population in hydrocarbon storage
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Why a Deep Underground Facility?
Contamination issuesDrilling: difficult to control injection of fluid (positive pressure)
Horizontal sampling: negative pressureImportance of pristine environment
Tracers have to be used for every injected liquidDrilling far from disturbed regions (e.g. flooded)
4 DimensionsSystematic study over large volume (sampling during construction)
Depth, rock dependence. Long term (very low metabolic rate, evolution) ≠ mine
In situ observationNot only in water but on fracture surfacesWe do not know how to cultivate them (nutrients?, conditions)
Deep drilling program much less expensiveonce the facility has been
builtInitial diameter of drill/ energy required (currently <500m)
Go to >120°C ; ≈ 15 000ft
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Findings (Continued)
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The Frontier is at Large Depth!Physics
Neutron and activation of materialsNeutrinoless double beta decayDark MatterNeutral current/ elastic scattering solar neutrino
Neutron active shielding (300MeV) is difficult and riskyRejection of cosmogenic activity is challenging
BiologyDUSEL = aseptic environment at depth Study microbes in situ (at constant pressure, microbial activity at low respiration rate )
Deep campus: Platform to drill deeper -> 12000ft (120°C)
Earth science/ EngineeringGet closer to conditions of earthquakesScale/stress Complementary to other facilities ≈ 500 m
New ideasIn each of the fields: e.g. related to dark energySynergy
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Motivations for a National FacilityAlthough
Science is international in natureU.S. scientists and engineers managed to play a pioneering role without a dedicated U.S. deep underground laboratory
There is no substitute for a premier national facility with unique characteristicsPush frontier scienceStrategic advantage for U.S. scientists and engineers in the :
• Rapid exploration of new ideas, and unexpected phenomena
• Full exploitation of existing national assets, such as accelerators.
• Maximization of the program's impact on our society
U.S. one of the only G8 nations without national facility
Only exception: currently Gran Sasso as ICARUS won’t be expanded above 600 tons
Increase in the communityImportance/interest of the science: neutrinos, cosmologyShift from accelerator based experimentsFast progress at boundaries between fields
Need for New Underground Facilities
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Growth Example of WIMP searches (preliminary)
SNOLab presumably SCDMS 25kg and Picasso -> > 2015
DUSEL next generation 150kg-1 ton (at least 1)Need to start building infrastructure while
SNOLab busy
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Ge liquid N2NaIGranulesCryogenicMicaDropletsLow pressure TPCLiquidXe ScLiquidXe Sc+IonizLiquid Ar ScLiquid Ar Sc+ionizBubble chamberHigh Press Noble
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Need for New Underground Facilities Chronic Oversubscription
Increase in the community (Physics)Importance/interest of the science: neutrinos, cosmologyShift from accelerator based experimentsFast progress at boundaries between fields
R&D
Fabrication
Operation
R&D
Upgrade
Operation OperationInfrastructure
10-20 yrs
Life cycle of experimentsGetting longer
Next generationNext Generation R&D
Overlap between running of previous generation and construction of next
For important questions, need for several experimentsDecrease risk: several technologies => R&D at nearly full scaleDependence on target: e.g matrix element for 2ß , A2 for WIMPs
But budgetary constraints ≠ sum of all dreams
We expect similar increase in Biology, Earth Science, Engineering
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Recommendations
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Recommendations (Draft)The U.S. should1. Seize the opportunity to strengthen its underground
science and engineering programScientific/Engineering frontierSocietal return on investment
2. Initiate immediately the construction of DUSEL (≥2009)A premier facility with unique characteristics able to attract the
best projects worlwide
Depth (>6000 m.w.e.≈ 6000ft -> 12000 ft biologists)Long term access (≥ 30 years)
Easiness of access 24h/day 365 days/yrHighly desirable: Small trailer or ISO 1/2 container (2.4 x
Covers Facility + NSF contribution to first suite of experiments(NSF-DOE working group)
=Line item Strategy is to involve Geo/Bio/Eng to secure place in MRE queue Initially bring new resources to all communities
Long term costsCost of operation will be eventually borne in part by the fields
• National Institute: a question of priority to underground research
• Facility operation and safety: potentially important discriminant
Water pumping, hoist operation, maintenance• Easiness of access
Installation (e.g. 100-200 man-yrs of SNO, small experiments)
Emergency interventions, maintenance
was contextof horizontal /vertical accessdebate
Impact on future projects:Although multidisciplinary, MRE would be seen as Physics possibly impacting other NSF initiatives
But: different scale from ILCenabling possible extensionse.g. Proton Decay/Long Baseline neutrino detector
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Comparison with Other StrategiesExpansion of SNOLab
Limits of cooperation of INCONot everything needs to be deepNot suitable for multidisciplinary enterpriseStrong reduction of benefits to U.S.
A shallow site + SNOLab + subsequent deepeninge.g. Soudan (existing v beam) + SNOLab Pioneer tunnel (already dug) + SNOLab
2000 m.w.e. indeed suitable for a number of experiments
(automatic in most facility)
But attempting to perform frontier experiments at lower depth with shielding because of lack of space is
risky (when given the choice teams choose depth)only a temporary stop-gap
Lack of space may inhibit rapid exploration of new ideas
A subsequent extension is not well adapted to MREFC structure
Sequential approach delays a frontier facility
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ConclusionsFrontier Science: we need the depth (and ≥30 yrs access)
DUSEL well justified from a global multidisciplinary perspective (NSF)Widens the underground frontier
Home for the most important experiments foreseen in Physics
Interesting frontier for biologyAlignment with fundamental questions of earth science,
critical data for engineeringFlexible space for new unexpected ideas
Multidisciplinary intellectual atmosphere, e.g. neutrino tomography!
National Institute for Underground Science and Engineering: Technical supportLong term R&D (instrumentation, low background)Focus and coordinationInvolvement of other sectors and education/outreach
Significant chance to obtain necessary resources≠ incremental approachesMREFC costs are initially not borne by community
