DV25-03

rarhravsmhjcif;jzihf arhavsmhjcif;udk atmifEkdif&m\

Heedlessness should be Conquered by Headfulness

pmrsufESm 24 okdY

à The wise one dispels negligence by means of mindfulness; he ascends thetower of wisdom and being free from sorrow looks at the sorrowing beings. Justas one on the mountain top looks at those on the plain below, so also, the wise one(the Arahant) looks at the ignorant.

à ynm&Sdonf rarhravsmhjcif;jzihf arhavsmhjcif;udk y,fazsmuf &m0,f? ynmwnf;

[laom jymom'fodkYwufí aomuuif;onhf tjzpfESihf aomu&Sdaomowå0gtaygif;udk

½IMunhf\/ awmifü wnfaomolonf ajredrfhüwnfaomoludk ½Ijrif&ouJhodkY ynm&Sdonf

vlrdkufwdk Yudk ½Ijrif&\/

Comforting wisdom for life

Nidrf;csrf;OD;

Nidrf;csrf;OD; jyKpkwifjyonf/

q&mBuD;OD;a&Tatmifq&mBuD;OD;a&Tatmif

q&mBuD;OD;a&Tatmifq&mBuD;OD;a&Tatmif

q&mBuD;OD;a&Tatmif

\\

\\

\

tjrifrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;tjrifrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;

tjrifrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;tjrifrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;

tjrifrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;

ESif h tawG;tjrifpmpkrsm;rSESif h tawG;tjrifpmpkrsm;rS

ESif h tawG;tjrifpmpkrsm;rSESif h tawG;tjrifpmpkrsm;rS

ESif h tawG;tjrifpmpkrsm;rS

tEkavmr½Iaxmifht& yyÍö rsufpd

jzihf b0ukd Munhfaomtcg b0ESihf ywfoufí

jrifaom tjrif[lorQ tm;vkH;onf t0dZÆm

tay:tajcwnf onfcsnf;jzpf\/ y#davmr

½Iaxmihft& r*¾ifrsufpdjzihf b0udkMunhfaomtcg

b0 ESihf ywfoufí jriforQ tjriftm;vkH; onf

0dZÆmtay: tajcwnfonfcsnf; jzpfyg\/

t0dZÆmtay: tajcwnfvQif ,if;

tjrifay:ü t0dZÆm\owåd vTrf;rkd;aeonfrSm

txl;azmfjyp&mrvkdatmif rSefuefaomtrSef

jzpf\/ t0dZÆm[lonfrSm odtyfonfudk rod? rod

tyfonfudk odaomoabmjzpfonf[lívnf;

qkd\/

t0dZÆm\ þowådESpfrsKd; pGrf;tm;

aMumif h vlonf rdr duk d,fwk di fu t"r®uk d

vky faeygvsuf "r® jzpfatmif azmfxkwfí

ajymqkd\/ t"r®vkyfaerSef; rod&avatmif

zkH;uG,f\/ r[kwfvkyfaeygvsuf t[kwfjzpfatmif

azmfxkwfí ajymqkd\/ r[kwfvkyfaerSef; rod&

avatmif zk H;uG,f\/ trSm;vkyfaeygvsuf

trSefjzpfatmif azmfxkwfí ajymqkd\/ trSm;

vkyfaerSef;rod&avatmif zkH;uG,f\/

2

"r®0D&onf ]oDv? orm"d? ynm} twGuf jzpfonf/

VOW

'kdYwm0efta&;oHk;yg;

- jynfaxmifpk rNydKuJGa&; 'kdYta&;

- wkdif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI rNydKuJGa&; 'kdYta&;

- tcsKyftjcmtmPmwnfwHhckdifNrJa&; 'kdYta&;

jynfolYoabmxm;

- jynfytm;ukd;ykqdef½kd;tqkd;jrif0g'Drsm;tm;qefYusifMu

- EkdifiHawmf wnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;ESifh EkdifiHawmfwkd;wufa&;ukd

aESmifh,SufzsufqD;olrsm;tm; qefYusifMu

- EkdifiHawmf\ jynfwGif;a&;ukd 0ifa&mufpGufzuf

aESmifh,Sufaom jynfyEkdifiHrsm;tm; qefYusifMu

- jynfwGif;? jynfytzsuform;rsm;tm; bHk&efoltjzpf

owfrSwfacsrIef;Mu

EkdifiHa&; OD;wnfcsuf (4)&yf

- EkdifiHawmfwnfNidrfa&;? &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;ESihf

w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;/

- trsKd;om; pnf;vkH;nDñTwfrI ckdifrma&;/

- pnf;urf;jynhf0aom 'Drkdua&pDpepf &Sifoefckdifrmatmif

wnfaqmufa&;/

- zGJhpnf;ykH tajccHOya'ESihftnD acwfrD zGHUNzKd;wkd;wufaom

EkdifiHawmfopf wnfaqmufa&;/

pD;yGm;a&; OD;wnfcsuf(4)csuf

- pkdufysKd;a&;ukd ykdrkdzGHUNzKd;wdk;wufatmif aqmif&GufNyD;

acwfrDpufrI EkdifiHxlaxmifa&;ESihf tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;

u@rsm;uk dvnf; bufpk Hz G H U Nz K d ;wd k ;wufatmif

wnfaqmufa&;/

- aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf yDjyifpGm jzpfay:vma&;/

- jynfwGif;jynfyrS twwfynmESihf t&if;tESD;rsm;

zdwfac:í pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzKd;wkd;wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;/

- EkdifiHawmf\ pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yfvkH;ukd zefwD;EkdifrIpGrf;

tm;onf EkdifiHawmfESihf wkdif;&if;om;jynfolwdkY\

vuf0,fwGif&Sda&;/

vlrIa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf

- wpfrsKd;om;vkH;\ pdwf"gwfESihf tusihfpm&dwå jrihfrm;a&;/

- trsKd;*kPf? Zmwd*kPf jrihfrm;a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;rItarG

tESpfrsm;? trsKd;om;a&;vu©Pmrsm raysmufysuf

atmif xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufa&;/

- ppfrSefaom rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwfjzpfonhf jynfaxmifpkpdwf"gwf

&Sifoefxufjrufa&;/

- wpfrsKd;om;vkH; usef;rmBuHUckdifa&;ESihf ynm&nfjrihfrm;a&;/

Aka'¨gaAma",sHAka'¨gaAma",sHAka'¨gaAma",sHAka'¨gaAma",sHAka'¨gaAma",sH

opömw&m;ukdigodovkd?

a0ae,swkdYodap&rnf

rkawåmarmap,sHrkawåmarmap,sHrkawåmarmap,sHrkawåmarmap,sHrkawåmarmap,sHb0taESmiftzJG hrS igvGwfovkd a0ae,swkdY

vGwfap&rnf

wdaPÖmwma&,sHwdaPÖmwma&,sHwdaPÖmwma&,sHwdaPÖmwma&,sHwdaPÖmwma&,sHoHo&m0J*,ufrS igul;ajrmufEkdifovkda0ae,swkdY ul;ajrmufapEkdif&rnf

"r®0D&*sme,fMo0g'gp&d,q&mawmfrsm;Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmfrsm;Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmfrsm;Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmfrsm;Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmfrsm;1/ t*¾r[my@dw b' E å ukrm&'kwd,ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf(pDrH)

2/ t*¾r[m*E¬0gpuy@dw b' EåaZmwdu(M.A)

'kwd,ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf(ynm)tbd"r®myd#ur[mXme? XmerSL;^ygarmu©q&mawmf

3/t*¾r[m*E¬0gpuy@dw a'gufwmb' Eåax&dE(Ph.D)

yd#uwfqkdif&mygVdpmayXme? XmerSL;^ygarmu©q&mawmf4/t*¾r[m*E¬0gpuy@dw b' Eåy@dwmbd0Ho(M.A)

okwå Eåyd#uwfr[mXme? XmerSL;^ygarmu©q&mawmf5/r[m*E¬0gpuy@dw b' Eåokre(M.A)

Ak'a'oemjyefhyGm;a&;ynmXme? XmerSL;^ygarmu©q&mawmf6/t*¾r[m*E¬0gpu y@dw a'gufwmb'EÅynm0Ho(Ph.D)

armfuGef;xdef;q&mawmfpmwnf;csKypmwnf;csKypmwnf;csKypmwnf;csKypmwnf;csKyff ff f

r[mo'r®aZmwdu"Z wuúokdvfoQifoD&d("r®mp&d,? bDat)

pmwnf;tzJpmwnf;tzJpmwnf;tzJpmwnf;tzJpmwnf;tzJGG GG G Y ? Y ? Y ? Y ? Y ? jynfpkd;? "r®xufukd

pDrHa&;&m?pDrHa&;&m?pDrHa&;&m?pDrHa&;&m?pDrHa&;&m? NzdK;rmrm

xxxxxkk kk kwfwfwfwfwf a0a0a0a0a0 olololololwifpkd;(NrJ -04266) vIdifMunfjzL "r®0D&pmaywkdufESifh

'D*spfw,fpmMunfhwkduf

tjyiftqif uGefysLwmtjyiftqif uGefysLwmtjyiftqif uGefysLwmtjyiftqif uGefysLwmtjyiftqif uGefysLwmNzdK;NzdK;Zmjcnf? jrwfEkd;ykdif? ,Gef;av;i,f

jzef Ycs da&;jzef Ycs da&;jzef Ycs da&;jzef Ycs da&;jzef Ycs da&;atmifoef;aZmfatmifoef;aZmfatmifoef;aZmfatmifoef;aZmfatmifoef;aZmf

vIdifMunfjzL"r®0D&pmaywkdufzkef;- 0980 23992? 0950 01401? 01-507208

rkd;aumif;uifpmay?trSwf(134)? tcef;(6)? 36-vrf;(v,f)?

ausmufwHwm;NrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKUY/zkef;-01-253255

xGef;OD;pmay(rEÅav;) zkef; 02-39801

yH kES dy fyH kE S dy fyH kE S dy fyH kE S dy fyH kE S dy f

wifatmif0if;? bkd;&mZmykHESdyfwkduftrSwf(162)? (45)vrf;? AkdvfwaxmifNrdKUe,f/

zvifzvifzvifzvifzvif

AddressHlaing Kyi Phyu Dhamma Vira Publishing

HouseHead Office: Blk (1), Rm(R6), Myanmar Info-

Tech,Hlaing Ts, Yangon.

Branch Office: No. 50, 2nd Fl. Bank St,Kyauktada Ts, Yangon.

Ph: 0980 23992 , 0950 01401e-Mail - [email protected]

vIdifMunfjzL "r®0D&pmaywkdufESifh 'D*spfw,fpmMunfhwkduftaqmif(1)? tcef;(6)? jrefrmtifzkdwuf? wuúokdvfrsm; vdIife,fajr

- v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m; - - 20

- t,f'Dwmtmabmf- - - - 3

- OD;oDvmpm& - - - - - - - 5

- a'gufwm eE´rmvmbd0Ho- 4

- r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf

0e0goDaO,s"r®omrd - - - 23

-OD;a&Tatmif

(udk,fusihfAk'¨0ifed'gef;rS)- - - 17

- rkH&GmaeZm - - - - - - - - - 6

- &SifÓP(zsmykH) - - - - - - - 7

-av;tdrfpkt&Sif0dpdwåom&- - 5

- OD;pm&dE(csif;wGif;)-- - - - 9

-wuúodkvfoQifoD&d - - - - - - 14

-[Hom0wDOD;tkef;BudKif- - - - -19

- Aka'¨g&o(t&Sif£E´mp&d,)- -16

- oQifawZrmvm(e*g;ay:)- - 34

- Nidrf;csrf;OD; - - - - - - - - - 1

- pdwå'Dy(a&TawmifOD;)- - - - 25

- t&Sifokpdwåom&- - - - - - 27

- e'DoQH- - - - -- - - - - - 29

- r*Fvma&Tarmif;- - - - - - - 31

- cifvSjrwfaxG;- - - - - - - -22

- cifolZmjrihf- - - - - - - - - 33

- aZmfaemif- - - - - - - - - - 36

- "r®0D&oEÅmatmif- - - - - 40

wkd Y\txl;aqmif;yg;? owif;ESif h

uAsmrsm;/

,cktywf zwfp&m,cktywf zwfp&m,cktywf zwfp&m,cktywf zwfp&m,cktywf zwfp&mu@u@u@u@u@

uavmif&Sifrsm; pmrsufESm

Empire Colour Repro

3

"r®0D&onf "r®opömudk ñTefjyonf/

EDITORIAL

t,f'Dwmt,f'Dwmt,f'Dwmt,f'Dwmt,f'Dwm

jynf&Gmvltrsm; csrf;omyGm;ap&ef vlrd kufrsm; tm; z,fa&Smifxm;Muygjynf&Gmvltrsm; csrf;omyGm;ap&ef vlrd kufrsm; tm; z,fa&Smifxm;Muygjynf&Gmvltrsm; csrf;omyGm;ap&ef vlrd kufrsm; tm; z,fa&Smifxm;Muygjynf&Gmvltrsm; csrf;omyGm;ap&ef vlrd kufrsm; tm; z,fa&Smifxm;Muygjynf&Gmvltrsm; csrf;omyGm;ap&ef vlrd kufrsm; tm; z,fa&Smifxm;Muygavmuü bk&m;&SifwdkY yGihfawmfrlvm jcif;onf vlrdkufwdkYudk vdrfrm,Ofaus;atmif qHk;r&ef(0g) vlysufrsm;udk jyKjyif&efjzpfonf/

xdkYaMumihf Ak'\ *kPfwGif tEkwåa&m yk&do 'r®om&xd*kPfawmfwpfyg; yg0ifaejcif;jzpfygonf/ Ak'u tEDblawm t,Havmaum

þavmuBuD;onf trdkufwdkufjzihf zHk;vTrf;ae onf/ þvltaygif;onf tuef;twdomjzpfonf/ þavmuü tenf;i,faom vlwdkYom

ynmjzihf ½IjrifEkdif\/ tenf;i,frQaom iSufonfom ydkufuGefrS vGwfouJhodkY tvm;wl tenf;i,frQaom olonfom aumif;&mrGef&m

ewfjynf vlYjynfodkYa&muf&\} [lí a[mMum; xm;cJhygonf/ avmutjriftm;jzihf vlrdkuf[k ac:qdkxkdufaom yk*¾dKvftrsKd;rsKd;&Sdygonf/

-w&m;rodol? rSm;aomt,l&Sdol? udk,fEIwftrlt&m ½kefY&if;ol? rdrdtusKd; olwpfyg;tusKd;rodol? ypöKyÜefwrvGefaumif;usKd;twGuf rjyKvkyfol?

raumif;rI 'kp½dkufrsm;udk jyKaeol? ½kyfemrf"r®ocFg&wdkY\ trSefw&m;udk rodol? todÓPfenf;yg;í tusKd;zsufqD;ol þodkYaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk

Ak'w&m; awmft& vlrdkufrsm;[kqdkygonf/

Ak'u vlrdkufESihf ywfoufí yk*¾v "d|mef? "r®"d|mefenf;tm;jzihf (2)rsKd; ñTefjyxm;ygonf/ yk*¾v"d|meftm;jzihf yk&mPuóy

paom wdwd¬q&mBuD; (6)OD;ESihf a'0'wf? aumumvdupaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;udk vlrdkufrsm; jzpfonf[kqdkygrnf/ "r®"d|meftm;jzihf yk*d¾Kvf?

owå0gtqifhtwef; cGJjcm;owfrSwfjcif;r&Sdygacs/ rnfolrqdk vlrdkufvu©PmESihf jynhfpHkvQif vlrdkufrnf\[k owfrSwfxm;ygonf/

-raumif;aom tBuHudk BuHpnfjcif;? raumif;aom pum;rsm;udk ajymqdkjcif;? raumif;aom rjyKvkyfoihfaomtvkyfudk jyKvkyfjcif;

[laom 'kp½dkufw&m;q,fyg;(0g) tukovur®yxw&m;q,fyg;udk BuHpnfajym qdkjyKvkyfMuaom olrsm;onf olrdkufrnf\[k qdkygonf/

vlrdkufudk q&mwifí udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;? acgif;aqmifxm;í aqG;aEG;wdkifyifjcif;? rdwfaqGjyKí aygif;oif;qufqHjcif;? wynhfvkyfí

auR;arG;apmihfa&Smufjcif; rjyK&? vlrdkufESihf aygif;oif;qufqHaom olonf ab;tEÅ&m,ftrsKd;rsKd;ESihf BuHKawGU&onf/ *kPfowif;uif;rJh

uJh&JU½IwfcscH&wwfonf/ ypöKyÜef wrvGeftusKd;pD;yGm;ysufjym; qkwf,kwfEkdifyg\/

xdkYaMumihf vlrdkuf\ p½dkufrsm; ul;pufvTrf;rdk;rIcH&ygu rdrdyif vlrdkufjzpfoGm; Ekdifav\/

- vlrdkuf\ obm0onf rdrdudk,fudkvnf; aumif;? ywf0ef;usifudkvnf;aumif;? trsKd;rsKd; aESmihf,SufzsufqD;wwfygonf/ tusKd;rJhudkom

jyKvkyfzefwD;wwfonf/ avmu\ vdktyfcsuf udk jznfhpGuf&ef pdwf0ifpm;rnf r[kwfygacs/ eDwdq&mwdkYu a`rGonf &ufpufMurf;MuKwf

\/ a`rGxufvlrdkufu ydkí &ufpufMurf;MuKwf \/ a`rGudk aq;0g;rEÅ&m;wdkYjzihf Nidrfoufatmif jyKvkyfí &Edkif\/ vlrdkufudkum;rnfonfh

aq;ESihf rQ Nidrfoufatmif jyKír&[lívnf;aumif;? vlrdkufudk cspfuRrf;0ifjcif;rjyKtyf/ a&rjynhfaom tdk;onf OD;acgif;jzihf &Gufaqmif

ygaomfvnf; tkwftkwfusufusuf jyKwwfouJhodkY vlrdkufonfvnf; jyóemudk zefwD;jyKvkyf wwfygonf/ OD;csKd&Sdaom owå0gudk t

awmif ig;q,fuGma0;aom t&yfrS a&SmifuGif;í jrif;udktawmifwpf&mrS qifudktawmif wpfaxmifrS a&SmifuGif;&rnf/ vlrdkufudkum;

t&yf a'owpfckvHk;pGefYypfa&SmifMuOf&rnf[k qHk;r xm;cJhygonf/vlrdkufESihf aygif;oif;olonf vlrdkuf 0g'ul;pufcH&um vlrdkufjzpfoGm;Ekdif

yg\/ vlrdkuf0g' ul;pufcH&jcif;onf vlrdkuf\ tEÅ&m,fjyKrIudk cH&jcif;xufydkíqHk;½HI;epfem vSygonf/ vlrdkuf\ tEÅ&m,fjyKrIudk cHpm;

jcif;um; wpfb0 wpfcPrQ qHk;½HI;epfemrnfjzpf onf/ vlrdkuf0g' ul;pufcH&ygudk,fusihfw&m; ESihf t,l0g'rsm; ysufpD;½HkwGifru

avmuudkvnf; tpD;tyGm;rJh jzpfap&ef jyKvkyfrnfom vlom;tm;vHk; qif;&Ja&mufrnfomjzpfyg\/ avmuwGif aMumufp&m taumif;

qHk;rSm vlrdkufjzpfaevsuf rdrdudk,fudk ynm&Sd[k xifrSwfaewwfolrsm;? rdrdt,l0g' vkyfief; rSm;,Gif;aMumif; odaeygvsuf rjyKjyif

rjyifqifbJ jyif;xefpGm pGJvrf;aeolrsm;jzpfyg\/ xdkolrsm;aovQif i&J paom tyg,fav;yg;odkY a&mufrnfjzpfaomf vnf; ypöKyÜefb0ü

vlYywf0ef;usif vlom;tm; vHk; qif;&J'ku©a&muMuonf/ vlrdkufwdkYudktjypftavsmuf jypf'Pf owfrSwfqHk;r&mü

- jypfrIusL;vGefoltm; owdoHa0*&ap&ef

- tjcm;olrsm;tm; ynmay;rIjzpfap &ef

- vlYabmiftzGJUtpnf;odkY vlopf pdwf opfjzihf jyefvnf0ifa&mufcGihf&ap&ef[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzihf jypf'PfcsrSwf

ay;avh&Sdygonf/

rCa'0vuFmwGif rmefvnfq&mawmfu

]Amvp½dkufvlY&GmEdIufvQif? vlrdkuf raem? usihfoabmum; Ekdifaomolrsm; rjrpfwm;u? oem;rJhrI? udk,fhatmufolukd? uvlEkdifxyf?

ESdyfpufrjywf? jyKusihfwwf\/

tu,fpifppf? rodjim;rI? usm;udk aMumifavmuf? acG;raMumufbl;? ravmufr vm;? rcefYjim;u w&m;ysufjy,f? usihfa&;uG,f

vdrhfaygr,fxdkxdk? vlAdkvftrsm;? owdåAv? pGrf;xm;rudk rjyrod? jyrSod\/ odrS xdwfvefY? &THUaMumufcefY\/ cefYrS½dkao vdkufem&Tifvef;

usihfajzmifhwef;\} [k qHk;rxm;onfhtwdkif; EkdifiHaumif;usKd;? trsKd;bmom aumif;usKd;onfydk;vdkaom olwdkYonf þuJhodkY oabm&SDaeMuaom

vlrdkufrsm;udk "r®puf? tmPmpufrsm;jzihf aqmif&GufoihfygaMumif; wdkufwGef;EdI;aqmftyf ygonf/

4"r®0D&onf t"r®w&m;z,f&Sm;Edkif&ef jzpfonf/

WE LIVE WITH DHAMMA KNOWLEDGE

tjynfjynfqdkif&max&0g' Ak'ömoemjyKwuúodkvf

ygarmu©csKyf q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;

t*¾r[my@dw? t*¾r[m*E¦0gpuy@dw

a'gufwm t&SifeE´rmvmbd0Ho(Ph.D)a[mMum;csD;jr§ih fawmfrltyfaom

t&SiftmeE´\ 0dyóemw&m;awmf

,ciftywfrStquf

0dnmPfudk½IjrifyH k

todpdwfvdkYqdkwJh 0dnmPfav;[mvJyJ pOfqufrjywf wpfpdwf

NyD; wpfpdwf? wpfpdwfNyD;wpfpdwf tifrwefrS vsifjrefwJhEIef;xm;eJY

ajymif;a&GUysufpD;NyD;awmhaew,f/ tJ'Dvdk vsifjrefwJht[kefeJY jzpfNyD;ysuf

aewJh todpdwfuav;udkvnf;yJ NrJwmr[kwfonhftwGufaMumifh tedpö/

rNrJonhftwGufaMumifh 'ku©/ ajymif;vJwwfonhfoabm&SdonhftwGuf

aMumifh ihg[mvdkY r½Ioihfbl;wJh/ 'gaMumifhrdkY todpdwfqdkwJh 0dnmPfudk

vnf;yJ igr[kwfbl;? ihg[mr[kwfbl;qdkwJh rSefuefwJhtodÓPfeJY ½Ijrif&

r,fvdkY t&SifykPÖu &Sif;jyw,f/

½IjrifrI\tusdK;

tJ'Dvdk½Ijrifvdkuf&if b,fvdktusdK;awG &wkef;qdkawmh ½kyf?

a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmPfvdkYqdkwJh 'DcEmig;yg;tay:rSm wPSmeJY

wG,fwmom,mrIqdkwm rvmawmhbl;/ ckeuajymcJhwJh rSm;,Gif;wJh

tawG;awG 0ifrvmEdkifawmhbl;/ 0ifrvmEdkifwJhtcg cEmtay:NiD;aiGUvm

w,f/ NiD;aiGUvmwJhtcg wG,fwmrIawG uif;jywfvmw,f/ wG,fwmrI

uif;jywfvmwmeJYwpfNydKifeuf pdwfuav;[m udavomtwG,ftwm

awGtm;vHk;uae vGwfajrmufoGm;w,fvdkY 'Dvdk&Sif;jywm/

tJ'Dw&m;udkem&if; &SiftmeEm[m aomwmyefjzpfoGm;w,f/

37 ESpft&G,favmufrSm aomwmyefjzpfNyD;awmh aemuf touf 50

ausmfwJht&G,frSm jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU tvkyftauR;&mxl;udk&w,f/ jrwfpGm

bk&m;&JU tvkyftauR;b0eJY ol[m ESpfaygif; (25) ESpf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk

tvkyftauR;jyKcJhw,fayhg/

tJ'Dvdk tvkyftauR;jyKwJhtcsdefu &SiftmeErax&fjrwf[m

jrwfpGmbk&m;a[morQw&m;awGudkvnf; avhvmrSwfom;w,f jrwfpGm

bk&m;udk cGihfawmif;xm;w,f/ olrygwJhae&mrSma[mcJhwJhw&m;udk olYudk

jyefNyD;a[may;zdkY/

at; &SiftmeE´rax&fjrwf[m jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mxm;wJh

"r®u©E¨maygif; (84000) ukd EIwfwufaqmifcJhwJhyk*¾ dKvfjzpfw,f/

b,favmufxdatmif vHkYv0D&d,aumif;ovJqdk&if jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU

w&m;awmfawGudk emvnf;emw,f? rSwfvnf; rSwfxm;w,f? EIwfuvnf;

&Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fw,f? pdwfeJYvnf; tNrJrjywf ESvHk;oGif;w,f? t"dyÜm,f

udkvnf; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odatmif BudK;pm;w,f/ 'gaMumifh &SiftmeE

rodwJh w&m;qdkwm r&SdoavmufyJ/ pmayusrf;*ef y&d,wfwm0efudk

&SiftmeE´[m pGrf;pGrf;wrH xrf;aqmifcJhwJhyk*¾dKvfrdkY A[kokwt&mrSm

{w'*f&mxl;&wJhyk*¾dKvfyJ/

oludk,fwkdifu ajymxm;w,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mxm;wJh "r®

u©Emaygif; (84000) &Sdw,f/ (82000) udk jrwfpGmbk&m;xHrS oifw,f

wJh/ usefwJh (2000) udk &Sifom&dykwå&m pwJh &[ef;awmfawGxHu

oif,lcJhygw,fwJh/ tm;vHk; olEIwfwuf&aewJhw&m;aygif;[m 84000

&Sdygw,fvdkY 'Dvdkajymwm/

jrwfpGmbk&m;udk 0wfBuD;0wfi,fjyKwJhae&mrSmvnf;yJ vHkYv

0D&d, tifrwefaumif;w,f/ omrefbk&m;udk jyKpkwmr[kwfbl;/ ntcg

rSm qdkvdkY&Sd&if jrwfpGmbk&m;eJY *Euk#Dausmif;awmfxJrSm twlraebl;/

odkYaomf cyfvSrf;vSrf;ausmif;rSmaeNyD; jrwfpGmbk&m;oDwif;oHk;wJh *Euk#D

ausmif;aqmifudk wpfnvQif udk;cgavmufvSnhfywfNyD;Munhfw,f/

bmjzpfvdkY ausmif;awmfem;oGm;NyD; wpfnudk;cg vSnhfMunhfovJqdk&if

jrwfpGmbk&m;u tvdkawmf&SdvdkY tmeEmvdkY ac:vdkuf&if Mum;&atmifvdkY

wJh/ jrwfpGmbk&m;udk tJ'Davmuf *½kpdkufwJhyk*¾dKvfayhg/

at; tJ'D&SiftmeErax&fjrwf[m jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU wm0efawG?

bk&m;udk jyKpkvkyfauR;&wJhwm0efawG? wzef "r®wm0efvdkYqdkwJh jrwfpGm

bk&m;a[mwJh w&m;awmfawGudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&wJhwm0efawG

tJ'Dwm0efawG aqmif&Gufvkyfudkifae&ojzihf aomwmyefb0ESihf

ESpfaygif;av;q,fausmf aecJhw,f/

wpfaeYaomtcg jrwfpGmbk&m;xH csOf;uyfNyD;awmh w&m;awmif;

wJh okwåefav;wpfck&Sdw,f/ &SiftmeE[m jrwfpGmbk&m;xH csOf;uyfNyD;

awmhavQmufw,f/ ]]t&Sifbk&m;? wynhfawmfudk ur®|mef;w&m; tusOf;

csKyf a[may;ygwJh/ tJ'Dur®|mef;w&m; tusOf;csKyfa[mNyD;&if wynhf

awmf[m wpfyg;xJ vGwfvGwfuif;uif; edAÁmefudk OD;wnfcsufxm;NyD;

BudK;BudK;pm;pm; w&m;tm;xkwfyghr,f}} vkdY bk&m;xH 0efcHNyD;awmh w&m;

awmif;w,f/

w&m;awmif;wJhtcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u &SiftmeEúdka[mwJh

0dyóemw&m;&Sdw,f/ wu,fawmh 0dyóemw&m;qdkwm &Sif;&Sif;av;

yJ/ ]]w&m;&Sm? udk,frSmawGU}} qkdwJhtwkdif; rdrdwdkYoEÅmefrSm&SdwJh w&m;awGudk

½IrSwfzdkYyJ/

tJ'Dr,f jrwfpGmbk&m;u rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,f? pdwfqdkwJh

'Gm& (6) yg;qdkifwJh w&m;awGudk &SiftmeEtm; a[mjyw,f/ wpfckcsif;

wpfckcsif;a[mwm/ bkef;BuD;wdkY tusOf;csKyfajymyghr,f/

pu©K'Gg&qkdif&m ½IjrifyH k

rsufpdESpfvHk;zGihfvkdufvdkY jrifp&mtm½HkawGudk jrifNyDqdkygpdk Y/

vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m rsufpdzGifhNyD;Munfhvkduf&if jrifp&mtm½HkawGudk jrifMu

w,f/ tJ'Dvdk jrifp&mtm½HkawGudkjrifNyD;awmh bmawGqufoG,fjzpfovJ

qdkwm Munhf&atmif/ 'g y#dpöorkyÜg'feJY twlwlygyJ/

]]rsufpdESpfvHk;zGihfNyD; jrifp&mtm½HkawGudk jrifvkdufwmeJY wpfNydKif

pmrsufESm 8 odkY

5

"r®0D&onf Ak'¨w&m;jzifh avmuudk apmihfa&Smuf&efjzpfonf/

Ak'*Dwdum

(½kd;rwdrf r[matmifajrausmif;)

q&mawmf OD;oDvmpm&

DHAMMA VIRA FOR YOUTHS

b0vrf;ñTef 38- jzm r*Fvmrdwfquf

1234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789

av;tdrfpk t&Sif0dpdwåom&

(17) te0ZÆmed ur®med

vlxktusdK;jyK trIudpörsm;udk

0d kif;0ef;ulnDaqmif&Gufyg/

(17)Anavajja- ni Kamma-niGive Service In Public Work

Do Social Duties JointlyBuD;yGm;csrf;omvdkolwdkif;rSm&S d&rnhf

(17) ckajrmuf t&nftcsif;

(17) te0ZÆmed ur®med

tjypfr&Sdaom vlxktusdK;jyKtrIwdk Yudk

jyKvkyfjcif;

apwemh0efxrf;? y&[dwvkyfief;

udk aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;onfvnf; BuD;yGm;

csrf;omvdk olwdkif;rSm &Sdxm;&rnhf t&nf

tcsif;aumif;wpfck (r*Fvmwpfyg;) jzpfonf/

wpfudk,faumif;qefolrsm;onf apwemh

0efxrf;y&[dwvkyfief;rsdK;udk rvkyfaqmif

Edkifay/ pdwfxm;jrihfjrwfol? trsm;aumif;usdK;

vdkvm;ol? u½kPm&Sifrsm;om vkyfaqmifEdkif

onf/ &yfuGuf twGif;rSmjzpfap? aus;&Gm?

NrdKUe,f twGif;rSm jzpfapwmzdk?Y opfyifpdkuf?

a&tdk;pifwnf? a&wGif;wl;? a&uefwl;jcif;?

vrf;jyifjcif;paom y&[dwvkyfief;rsm;onf

trsm;olig ud k,fp dwf csr f ;oma&;ud k

taxmuftuljyKaom ukodkvfa&; vkyfief;

rsm;jzpfonf/

xdk Y jyif y&[dwvkyfief;onf

toif; tzG J UE Si h f p kaygif;vky f&aom

tvkyfjzpfí A[kokw wdk;yGm;rI? tjrif

us,fr I ? p dwfxm; &if husufr Iud k

taxmuftuljyKaom vkyfief;rsdK;vnf;

jzpf\/ &yfuGufom; tcsif;csif;? aus;&Gm

om;tcsif;csif;? NrdKUe,fom;tcsif;csif;?

Ed kifiHom;tcsif;csif;udk aoG;pnf;nDñGwf

apaom vkyfief;vnf; jzpf\/ xdky&[dw

ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk jyKvkyfoltzd k Y

tem*wfrSm&vmrnhf aumif;usdK; w&m;rsm;

udk tomxm;bdOD;? ,ckavm avm q,frSm

yif trsm;\cspfcifESpfoufrI? ,HkMunfrI?

av;pm;rI? csD;jr§ihfajr§mufpm;cH&rI paom

tusdK;rsm;udk &&SdEdkif\/oifonf &yfuGuf

vlBuD;? aus;&Gm vlBuD;? NrdKUe,fvlBuD; odkYr[kwf

Xmeqd ki f&m wp fc kc k\ tBuD ;tuJ

wpfOD;jzpfonfqdkygpd k Y/ apwemh 0efxrf;

y&[dwvkyfief;udk aqmif&GufolESifh raqmif

&GufolESpfOD;teuf rnfolUud k oiftm;

udk;rnfenf;/ rnfolu oifhtwGuf? &yfuGuf

av;tdrfpk t&Sif0dpdwåom&

twGuf? aus;&GmtwGuf tusdK;jyKrnfenf;/

rnfolYtay: oifapwem arwåmxm;rnfenf;/

rnfolYtm; oifcsD;jr§ih f ajr§mufpm;rnfenf;/

tajzum;&Sif;vif;jywfom;aeygonf/

te0ZÆ? rIudpö? a[mjyr*Fvm/

jynfrIajrmufjrm;? wm0efxm;? vkyftm;vSL'gef;yg/

wpfOD;'ku©? awGUjyefu? ,k,MuifempGm/

u½kPma&SU½I? u,fq,frI? vlxkoihf0efwm/

tjypfuif;rI? wpfckck? tm;jyKaqmif&Guf&m/

-r*FvmhtjrLaw/ uav;wdkYa&...

a&S;wkef;u rpvqdkwJh&GmrSm udkrmC

OD;aqmifwJ h vlrI0efxrf;tzG J Uwpfck&S dowJ h/

tm;vHk;tzGJU0if (33) OD;&Sdw,f/ (33) udk ygVdvdk

]]awwåd Hom? wm0wd Hom}} vdkYac:w,f/ udkrmC

wdk YtzGJU[m udk,hfaus;&Gm at;csrf;om,mzdk Y

twGuf vdktyfwJ hae&mawGrSm vrf;azmuf?

wHwm;aqmuf? opfyifpdkuf? a&wGif;a&uefwl;?

tyef;ajzyef;NcHawGvkyfay;MuowJh/

tJ'gudk Munhfr&wJh &Gmpm;u bk&ifudk

ukef;acsmvdkY bk&ifu udkrmCwdkYtzGJUudk qifeif;

owfapowJh/ qifu reif;0HhvdkY tusdK;taMumif;

ar;MunhfawmhrS &Gmpm;uukef;acsmrSef;odoGm;NyD;

udk,frmCwdk Yudkvnf; toufcsrf;om&may;?

&Gmpm;udkvnf; tjypf'Pfay;vkdufowJh/ udk,hf

apwem udk,fhtusdK;ay;wmayhguG,f/

udkrmCwdkYtzGJU tcsdefusvdk Y aoMu

awmh wm0wd Homewfjynf (vlrI0efxrf;tzGJU0if

33 a,mufaewJhae&m) udk a&mufoGm;MuowJh/

tckawmh 33 a,muf ruawmhbl;ayhguG,f/

uav;wdkYa&- udk,hfaus;&Gm at;csrf;

om,mzdkY aus;&Gmolôm;tm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&Sd

wmrdkY trsm;qdkifudpöawGrSm udk,fpDudk,fpD rcdk

ruyfbJ vkyftm;ay;MurS nDñGwfa&;vnf;

jzpf? udk,hfaus;&Gmvnf; wdk;wufat;csrf;

om,mr,f r[kwfvm;uG,f/

(17)

r*Fvm r*Fvm? 38 jzm r*Fvm/

q,hfcGefr*Fvm a[mñTefMum;?

te0ZÆ ur®w&m;/

tjypfuif;jim; trIjzmjzm?

vlxktwGuf aqmif&Gufyg/

[dk;a&S;tcg rmCtzGJU?

vlxk0efxrf; BudK;yrf;cJh/

rsm;usdK;aqmifr,hf nDri,f?

vlrI0efxrf; toG,foG,f?

vkyftm;wu,f ay;EdkifrS?

&yf&Gmat;csrf; omr,fy/

OyÜv0PÖm ax&D0w¦K

Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf om0w¦djynf

aZw0efausmif;awmfü aeawmfrlaomtcg

OyÜv0Pfax&Drukd eEvkvif zsufqD;&mwGif

ax&Dr om,moavm rom,moavm[k

awG;awmMuukefaomolwdk Ytm; &[EÅm\

oabmudk xif&Sm;jyjcif;iSmudkxif ]]0g&daygu©

&yawå0}} paom *gxmukd a[mawmfrlonf/

0g&d aygu©&yawå0?

tm&a*¾&d0 omoayg/

a,m e vdrÜwd umarok?

wr[H jALrd jAm[®PH/

jrefrmuAsm

ydef;Mumzufxuf a&pufrwif?

rkefn§if;aphrsm; pl;zsm;rwif?

xkdenf;wly umr r&Tif?

xkdolrS jAm[®P olawmfpif/

Like water on a lotus leaf, like amustartd seed on the point of a needle, heclings not to sensual pleasure, him I call abrahmana.pum;ajy/ / (ydef;)Mum&Gufay:wGif

a&rwif avQmusbdouJhodk Yvnf;aumif;?

yGwfpl;zsm; (tyfzsm;)ay:wGif rkefnif;aphrsm;

rwifouJhod k Yvnf;aumif; avmuDtm½k H

umr*kPfwdkYukd wG,fwmuyfNid pdwfr&Sdaom

yk*¾Kdvfukd jAm[®P[k igbk&m; a[mMum;awmf

rl\/

6"r®0D&onf Nidrf;csrf;aompdwfjzpfwnf&ef &Gnf&G,fonf/

DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

tvSL'gejyKMu&m0,f (15)

rk H&GmaeZm

tukodkvfjzpfapaom 'ge(5)rsK d;

(u)

o'¨gapwemtm;aumif;Muaom

Ak'¨bmom jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk Yonf ]]tvSL'ge?

vufuruGm}} jyKaecsifolrsm;jzpfonfud k

oHo,&Sdzd k Yrvkday/ tvSL'ge jyKMu&m0,f

tvSLcHyk*¾Kdvfudk a&G;cs,fMuouJhodkY tvSL0w¦K

ypönf;rsm;udkvnf; a&G;cs,fpdppfoihfMuay

onf/

tb,fhaMumihfqkdaomf tcsKdUaom

0w¦Kypönf;wd k Yonf tvSLcHyk*¾ K dvfrsm;tm;

roihfavsmf ravsmufywfaomaMumihfwnf;/

roihfavsmf ravsmufywf½kHomru &[ef;

oHCm tvSLcHyk*¾Kdvfrsm;jzpfvQif tjypfyif&Sd

avonf/ tvSLcHyk*¾KdvfESihf ywfoufí tvSLcH

wpfusdyfav;(14)rsKd;ukd jyqkdcJhayNyD/ ,ck þ

aqmif;yg;ü rvSLaumif;aom 0w¦Kypönf;(5)rsKd;?

wpfenf; tukodkvfudkjzpfapaom 'ge(5)rsKd;

ukd odxm;Muap&ef azmfjyvkdufygonf/

tukokdvfjzpfapaom 'ge(5)rsK d;

(1) rZÆ'ge- ao&nf? t&uf? rl;,pfaq;0g;

ypönf;rsm;/

(2) orZÆ'ge- ZmwfyGJ? tNidrfhyGJ? qkdif;? pwdwf

½Id;? wD;0kdif; paom azsmfajza&;qkdif&m yGJvrf;

obifrsm;/

(3) £w¦d'ge- rnfolrqkd tvkd&S dolrsm;

oGm;vmaysmfyg;Ek dif&ef jynhfwefqmrsm;ukd

iSm;&rf;vSL'gef; jcif;tvSL/

(4) Oob'ge- EGm;rrsm;&Sd&modYk EGm;okd;ukd

tvkd&Sdovdk jrL;wl;aysmfyg;&ef vTwfay;jcif;

tvSL/

(5) pdwåur®'ge- umr*kPftm½kHrsm;ukd Ekd;<u

apaom aumhaumfuHum; roihfravsmf½kyfykH

rsm;? yef;csDum;rsm;? a0g&Sd (wall sheet) ac:

eH&HuyfykHBuD;rsm;? jyu©'defrsm; 0,f,l? a&;om;?

xkvkyfvSL'gef;jcif;rsm;jzpfonf/

(0denf;? y&d0gygVdawmf? r[mAk'0ifyxrwGJ)

tvSL'ge jyKMu&m0,f tvSL&Sifrsm;

owdxm;MuzG,fjzpfygonf/ trsm;tm;jzihf

oihfavsmf roifhavsmf rpOf;pm;bJ o'gw&m;

aumif;vQifaumif;ovdk vSL'gef;avh&SdMuonf

udk awGU&ygonf/

(c)

txl;ojzih f uxdefacwfumv

oDwif ;uRwfvjynh fausm fwp f&ufae Yr S

wefaqmifrkef;vjynhfaeYtxd wpfvwmumv

twGif; uxdefcif; tvSL'gejyKMu&m0,f

rvSLaumif;aom'gersm; yg0ifavh&Sdonfudk

awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ wD;0k dif;? tqkdawmf?

jyZmwf? aw;o½kyfazmfponfwdk YrSm rdrdwdk

Yaexkdif&m NrKdU? &Gm? &yfuGufwGif; cif;usif;jyo½kH

rQjzihfqkd awmfayao;onf/ &[ef;oHCmrsm;

oDwif;okH;&m bkef;BuD; ausmif;0kdif;? tm&mrf

twGif;? bk&m;y&d0kPf twGif;üjzpfrlum;

tvsif;roihf avsmfvSay/ tvSL&Sif 'g,um?

'g,dumrrsm; bufrS qifjcifoihfayonf/

ao&nft&ufvSLonfudk rMum;zl;

aomfvnf; tvSL&Sifjzpfolrsm;u rl;,pf

aomufpm;xm;vQifvnf; raumif;acs/ uH

ig;yg; rvkHNcKHawmhay/ odkY&mwGif BuKH&zl;aom

jzp f&y fwpfc kuk d wif jycsi fygonf/ r dr d

aus;vuf a'owGif awmausmif;bkef;BuD;

b0jzih f aexk di f pOfujzpfonf/ rdr dwd k Y

a*gp&*grfxJrS ausmif; wpfausmif;wGif uxdef

yG J nusdef;yihfonf/ nykdif;wGif tvSL&Sif

'g,dumrBuD;wpfOD;u tcsK d&nf[kqkdum

(tcsK d&nfAl;[kxifum) xkdpOfu ay:cgp

acwfpm;cJhaom at.bD.pD Al;rsm; NrKdUrS0,f,l

vmNyD; uyfvSLcJhzl;av\/ tvSLcH &[ef;oHCm

wpfcsKdU aomufokH;Munhf aomtcg jyif;&S&S

txdtawGUaMumihf roihf avsmf raomufoihf

aMumif; od&SdoGm;cJh&av onf/ aus;vuf

a'oqkdawmh A[kokwenf;yg;wmvnf; ygay

vdrfhrnf/ &,fp&maumif;ovdk owdjyKqifjcif

p&m ajymprSwfwpfckvnf; jzpfcJhyg\/

(*)

eHygwf(3) £w¦d'geESih f eHygwf(4)

Oob'gersKd;rSm awGUBuKH&ef jyKvkyf&ef cJ,Of;

aomfvnf; eHygwf(5) pdwåur®'geurl txl;

owdjyKqifjcifMuzG,fjzpfygonf/

qkdcJ honfhtwkdif; uxdef'gejyKMu

onhftcsdefumvwGif olYxufig omzG,f&ap

&ef? jynhfpkHap&ef? tvSLypönf; trsKd;rsKd;xnhf

wwfMuygonf/ acwftajctaet& wDADG?

atmufpuf? pavmif;awGvnf; ygonf/

uGefysLwm vnf; xnhfonf/ rD;puf? w,fvDzkef;?

armf awmfum; ponfrsm;txd uxdefBuD;vQif

BuD;ovkd ygavh&S dygonf/ emrnfBuD;aps;

uxdefrsm;wGif awGU&avh&Sdonf/ ausmif;y&d

abm*? tokH;taqmifypönf;rsm;jzpfvQif

tokH;0if? tokH;wnhfívSLMuonfudk rajymvkd

yg/ 0rf;ajrmufEkarmf om"kac:p&myifjzpfyg\/

okdY&mwGif atmufpuf ac: ADpD'D? 'DAD'D?

t D ;A D' D ponfwd k Yw Gi f (Present) ac:

vufaqmifacG? tprf;acGrsm;wGif aumhaumf

uHum; roihfavsmfaom 0dobm* vIyf&Sm;rI

rsm;? pavmif;rS xkwfvTihfaom EkdifiH&yfjcm;

vkdif;wpfcsKdUrS jyuGufrsm;rSm umr*kPftm½kH

a&Smif&Sm; 0dobm*rsm;ukd xdef;csKyfxm;NyD;

Ak'¨jrwfpGm omoem\ 0denf;a'oemawmf

rsm;ukd toufyrm aoGruGm xdef;odrf;apmihf

a&SmufawmfrlaeMu&ygaom &[ef;oHCmrsm;

ESihfum; vm;vm;rQ roifhavsmfay/ owdcsyf

Mup&myif/

xkdYjyif rayhgway: ½kduful;xm;aom

ykHrsm;ygonfh jyu©'defrsm;? eH&HuyfykHrsm;? yef;csD

aq;a&;ykHrsm;? £w¦d,\ukd,fum,tvSty ukd

tcs K d ;tpm;usus z kz kxpfxpf xkqpf jy K

vkyfxm;aom ½kyfwkrsm;? yef;yk½kyfrsm; vSLrnf

qkdvQifvnf; txl;owdjyK qifjcif todÓPf

,SOfum a&Smif&Sm;MuzkdY &Sdayonf/

xkdYaMumihf Ak'ömoemawmfukd rSDckd

MunfnKdMuolrsm; vSLwwfygapç tvSLjrwf

ygap[líom.../

Ak'ömoeH pD&Hwd|wkearm

or®morÁK'¨ó rkH&GmaeZm

7

"r®0D&onf "r®0de, tvif;a&mifxdefvif;ap&ef jzpfonf/


jA[®mvdk cspfwmyJ aumif;ygw,f(oHa0*? okw aqmif;yg;)

&SifÓP (zsmyH k)

tcspf'ku©eJ Y wnfaqmufxm;wJ h

urÇmBuD;xJu aumifav;awG? aumifrav;awG

a&- rif;wdkYwpfawG tcspfZmwfvdkufrif;om;?

rif;orD;t&G,fa&mufvmwJhwpfaeYrSmawmh

qHkqnf;cGihf&olawGu 0rf;omvGef;vdkY rsuf&nf

rsm;awmifvnfMu&OD;rSmjzpfovdk? uHrqHkEdkifvdkY

vrf;pHkrSm vrf;cGJ&wmaMumihf rsuf&nfus&ol

awGuvnf; rsuf&nfus&OD;rSmqdkwm BudKNyD;

awG;xm;aemf/

trd0rf;u uRwfpuwnf;u ]]tl0J}}

oHav;ay;NyD; rsuf&nftm;udk;eJY vlYb0&JU tcspf

'ku© oufwef;pcJhMuolawGqdkawmh tpraumif;

ovdk tv,f? taESmif; b0vrf;aMumif;wpf

avQmufvHk; tNyHK;rsuf&nf? t½IH;rsuf&nf? trkef;

rsuf&nfrdk;awG &GmaeMu&OD;rSmayhg/ bmvdkYvJ

qdkawmh oHa,mZOfav? olYaMumifh aumifav;

awG? aumifrav;awG rsuf&nfrdk;&GmMu&rSm/

oHa,mZOfqdkwmuvnf; tcufom;

yJ/ ododcsnf;eJYudk NidwG,fwwfwmrsdK;? oHa,mZOf

uGef&ufu e,fus,fw,f/ cspfol? cifol?

q&meJYwynhf? rdbeJYom;orD;? cifyGef;eJYZeD;?

tdrfeD;em;csif;? taygif;toif; oli,fcsif;rdwf

aqG? trsdK;taqGtm;vHk;[m oHa,mZOfusuf

pm;&me,fajrrdkY olYvufwGif;u aumifav;awG

aumifrav;awG b,faomb,ftcgrS rvGwf

uif;Edkifbl;qdkwmyJ/

oHa,mZOfe,fajrxJrSm tqdk;qHk;e,f

ajruawmh tcspfoHa,mZOfe,fajryJ/ bmvdkY

vJqdkawmh tcspfrsufpdu wdrfovmzkH k;ae

wmaMumihfayhg/ wpfcsdKUu tcspfrSm rsufpdr&Sd

bl;wJh/ 'g wifpm;ajymwJhoabmyg/ wu,f

awmh tcspfrSm rsufpd&Sdygw,f/ rsufpdvHk;0r&Sd

wmr[kwfygbl;/ ESif;qDyef;tvSudk cHkrifwJh

avmbu arm[aeumrsufrSefwyfay;wm

cHMu&vdkY ql;awG0ef;&HaewJh ESif;qDyef;&JU yifudk,f

obm0udk rjrifEkdifawmhwJhoabmyg/ 'Doabm

udk qefYusifolawGu tcspfrSmrsufpdr&Sdbl;vdkY

ajymMuwm/

'geJ YywfoufNyD; tcspfZmwfvdkuf

t&G,fa&mufvmMuwJh aumifav;awG? aumif

rav;awGyJ udk,fhudk,fydkifÓPfeJY pOf;pm;NyD;

Munhfayhg/ ]]cspfjcif;tp rsufpdu}} qdkwJh pum;

vnf; &Sdom;yJr[kwfvm;/ rsufvHk;csif;qHk? &ifckef

r d Mu&mu tcsp fo Ha,mZO fa0'em

pwifcHpm; Mu&wmqdkawmh ]oHa,m

ZO ftp? r sufp d }u qd k&i fvnf;

qd kEd kifwmyJav/ b,fvdkyJawG;awG;

oHa,mZOfudk arG;zGm;ay;olu rsufpdygyJ/

wPSm avmbrsufp du d k arm[

aeumrsufrSefwyf MunhfrdvkdufMuawmh

]0g;wm;wm;} jzpfoGm;wm aMumih f

oHa,mZOf txm; rSm;oGm;wwfwmrsdK;

&Sdw,f/ aumifav; awGa&m? aumifr

av;awGa&m owdxm; ayhg/

' Dawm h aumifav;awG?

aumifr av;awG owdxm;&rSm u

vrf;rSmoGm;&if;vm&if;eJ Y awGUMuwJh

tcg? ausmif;rSm pmoif&if; awGUrdMu

wJhtcg? rvTJra&Smifomvdk Y awGUMu&wJh

tcg yuwd rsufp de J Y wpfa,mufud k

wpfa,muf ½d k;½d k;av;yJ Munhf? avmb

pdwfeJ Y arm[aeum rsufrSef pdrf;av;

wyfrMunhfrdapeJY/ umvm rsufrSefpdrf;u

tawGUtjrifrSm; atmif vSnf hzsm;wwf

w,f/

yuwdrsufpdeJY t&Sdtwkdif; wpfa,muf

udkwpfa,mufMunhfvkdYjrif&wJhtjrifu tjrif

rSef opömyJ/ tjrifrSefrS vlYESvHk;om;&JU t,ltq

rSefatmif OD;aESmufu qHk;jzwfcsufcsay;wm

rSefrSm/ arm[aeumrsufrSefpdrf;aMumihf 0g;wm;

wm; jzpfaer,fqdk&if ESvHk;om;&JU t,ltqu

vnf; ]0g;wm;wm;} jzpfaerSmqdkawmh tqHk;

tjzwfjyKay;&r,hf OD;aESmuf&JU t"duawG;awm

qifjcifqHk;jzwfrIjyKvkyfwJh tpdwftydkif;jzpfwJh

]q,f& Db&r f } uvnf; ]0g ;wm;wm;}

qHk;jzwfay; rSmrdkY aemifw&p&mjzpfzdkYrsm;w,f/

aemifwç wcsdefqdkwm vufvGefoGm;

wJhtcsdef tJ'DtcsdefusawmhrS- ]MumMum0g;rS

cg;rSef;odw,f} wkdY? ]zGwfxGufrS awmifydkYrSef;od

w,f} wdkY bmwdkYnmwdkYajymNyD;? tao;tzGJudk

yH k BuD;cs J U ]oHa0*} ,lum wpfa,mufud k

wpfa,muf tjypfr&Sdtjypf&Sm? tcspfemwwf

Muw,f/ 'gu bmoabmwnf;qdkawmh umr

*kPfpnf;pdrf umrokcudk ra[mif;rEGrf;wJh okc

pnf;pdrfvdkY xifrSwfcJh rdMuwmaMumihf yg/

wu,fawmh umvMumvmwJhtcg

umr*kPfokcpnf;pdrfu ½dk;vmwwfw,fav/

pmvdkuawmh "r®puúy0wåeokwf a'oemrSm

]wMw..wMwmbd eE´deD} wJh/ t"dyÜm,fu

cHpm;ae&wJh umr*kPftm½Hku Mumawmh½dk;

vmw,f/ topftopftm½Hk umr*kPfudk

cHpm;csifwJhoabmay:vmw,fayhg/ tJ'g

aMumihf wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf tjypfr&Sd

tjypf&SmNyD; umr*kPftm½Hkopf&SmMuolawG

ay:aygufvmwwfwm? Mum;odjrifawGUaeMu&

wmav/ arwåmZmwfvrf;tprSmwkef;uawmh-

]]oHo&mqGJqefYvdkY b,favmufyif&Snf&Snf?

cspfol&ifcGifMum; em;em;aeae}} qdkwJh oDcsif;

pmom;av;vdkyJ? rdb&JUarwåm&dyfu b,f

avmufyif at;jraeygaomfvnf; umr

wPSmu aphaqmfwmcH&NyDqdkwmeJY? obm0

avmu&JU Zmwfaumif aumifav;awG?

aumifrav;awGtm;vHk; rdb&JU at;jrwJh

arwåm&ifcGifudk pGefYcGm um cspfolY&ifcGif&dyfqD

ajy;0ifMuawmhwmyJ/ i,fpOfu tazhrsufESm?

tarhrsufESmudk rSDwnf &m urÇmvdkY atmufarh

xm;MuwJh uav;b0u rdbcspfpdwfawG

ajyavsmhoGm;NyD/

c sp fo lr sufE Smud k ud k, h fb0ç

udk,hfurÇm vkdYxifwwfvmawmh cspfolYrsufESm

wpfurÇm xifum? touft&G,fBuD;vmvdkY

8"r®0D&onf vlrsKd;ra&G;? bmomra&G;? avmuom;tm;vkH;twGufjzpfonf/


euf jrifodpdwfay:vmw,f/ jrifodpdwfay:vmvkdY&Sd&if tm½HkeJYqufoG,f

rIqdkwJh zó ay:vmw,f/ tJ'Dzóudk taMumif;jyKNyD;awmh pdwfxJrSm

0rf;omrI? 0rf;enf;rIqdkwJh cHpm;rIawG ygvmw,fayhg/ 'g rdrdudk,frSm

jzpfysufaewmawGudk jyefNyD;pOf;pm;Munhf? rsufpdujrifvkdufwmeJY

wpfNydKifeuf jrifodpdwf? xdkjrifodpdwfay:vmwmeJYwpfNydKifeuf tm½HkeJY

qufoG,frI? tm½HkeJYqufoG,fvkdufwmeJYwpfNydKifeuf 0rf;omw,f?

0rf;enf;w,fqdkwJh cHpm;rIawG? 'g vlwkdif;vlwkdif;rSm 'Dtwkdif;vmw,fayhg/

uJ- tJ'Dae&mrSm Munfhvkduf? rsufpdqkdwmu obm0wpfckyJ/

tJ'DrsufpdrSm xif[yfNyD;awmh ay:vmwJh jrifvdkY&wJhtm½Hk (½lyg½Hk) qdkwm

u obm0wpfck/ ]]rsufpdrSm ½lyg½Hkxif[yfvmwJhtcgrSm xif[yfrI

pGrf;tm;aMumihf xdk½lyg½HkudkjrifNyD; odwJhpdwfqdkwJh pu©K0dnmPfpdwfuav;

ay:vmjyefw,f/ tJ'Dpu©K0dnmPfpdwfuav;ay:vmwmeJYwpfNydKifeuf

tm½HkeJYpdwfxdawGUrIqdkwJh zóqdkwmay:vmw,f/ tJ'Dtm½HkeJYpdwf xdawGU

rIqdkwJh zóay:vmwmeJYwpfNydKifeuf 0rf;omw,f? 0rf;enf;w,fqdkwJh

cHpm;rIuvnf; ay:vmw,f}} ayhg/

y#dpöorkyÜg'fusawmh Munhfav/ oVm,we ypö,m zaóm?

zóypö,m a0'em vdkY 'Dvkda[mxm;wmaemf/ oVm,we qdkwm

'DxJrSm pu©Kyom'vdkYqdkwJh rsufpdtMunf"mwfuav;? tJ'Drsufpd tMunf

"mwfuav;&SdvdkY jrifp&mtm½Hkudkjrifwm? tm½HkeJYqufoG,frdwm/ y#dpö

orkyÜg'frSm oVm,we uae zó udk csufcsif;vSrf;ul;NyD;awmh a[m

xm;wm/ (qufvufazmfjyygrnf)

pm;0wfaea&; Muyfwnf;vmaewmaMumihf n§dK;avsmfaewJh tazhrsufESm?

tarhrsufESm n§dK;ae&Smwmudk owdrjyKEdkifawmhbl;? rpdk;&drfawmhbl;/ cspfolY

rsufESmn§ d K ;r SmyJ awG;awmylyefp d k ;& dr faeMuwm/ cspfol YrsufESm

n§dK;rsm;n§dK;aeovm;vdkY pdk;&drfpdwf eJY t&dyfwMunhfMunhf? cspfolYtvdk?

c sp fol Ytvd kuf odwwfvGe fyga&m/ ]taze J Ytar htwGuf

toufyifaoao} qdkwJh aumifav;awG? aumifrav;awG ajympum;

wpfcgrSrMum;rdovdkygyJ/ cspfoltwGufusawmh toufyif aoao

ay;qyfzdkYwm0efrav;MuolawG rsm;w,f/ udk,fhcspfoleJY b0tajctaer

ay;vdkY wpfoufwma0;uGmcJhMu&ol aumifav;? aumifrav;wcsdKU

udk,hfb0udk tqHk;pD&ifoGm; Muwmawmif 'DurÇmavmuBuD;rSm

&S daew,f/ 'gbmhaMumihfvJqdkawmh t½l;trl;tcspf aMumihfayhg/

]]tcspfrl;awmh t½l;wpfyd kif;jzpf oGm;NyD; a&SUaemuf b0ta&;

rawG;qEdkifawmh bl;/ ]rif;rS udk,hfb0xJrSmr&Sd&if udk,hfb0 bm

t"dyÜm,f&SdawmhrSmvJ}} vdkY tawG;tBuHrSm;oGm;wm? toufao&wJh

txdygyJ/

tcsp fa0'emu E SvH k ;om;z l ;opfp aumifav;awG ?

aumifrav;awGtwGuf tvGefaMumufp&maumif;wJh a0'emç 'DtcspfeJY

ywfoufwJ h cHpm;rI&oa0'emuom ysm;&nfvd k cs d Kr,fqd k&if?

t&G,fa&mufvmwJh avmu&JU tcspfZmwfvdkuf rif;om;av;awG?

tcspfZmwf vdkuf rif;orD;av;awG&JU &cJwJhvlYb0oufwrf; &Sifoefa&;

om rawG;&Jp&myJ/ bmjzpfvdkY 'Dvdk ajym&wmvJqdkawmh ESvHk;om;zl;opfp

t&G,frSm tcspfrl;oGm;&if ql;cif;vrf;udkvnf; avQmuf&J wwfMuvdkYyg/

'g'Dvdk bmaMumihfjzpfMu&wmvJ qdkawmh- wPSm= wyfpGef;rI?

wy frufr Ia Mumi h f jzp fu ke f Mu&wm/ wPSmud k ygV dawm fr Sm

qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif;vdkYvnf; t"dyÜm,f zGifhqdk ygw,f/ wPSmu

qmavmifrGwfodyfwmudk tvdkjynhfatmif jznhfpGrf;ay;&wJh wPSm&JU

aus;uRefawG&Sdw,f/ tJ'Daus;uRefawGu rsufpd? em;? ESmacgif;? vQm?

ud k,f? pdwfawGygyJ/ 'Dawmh wPSm&JU ck di f;apcsuft& rsufpd

qmavmifrGwfodyfwJhtcg rsufpdudk udk&D;,m; ½kyf&Sifum; tpmauR;

&w,f/ em;qmavmif rGwfodyfwJhtcg atoifcsdKaqGoDcsif;awG

pdkif;xD;qkdifoDcsif;awG? vDvDMumñTefYoDcsif;awG? wuúodkvfvJhvJh&JU

oDcsif;awG tpmauR;ay;& w,f/

ESmacgif;u qmavmifwJhtcg tarT; eH Yomt&nfawG?

EdkifiHjcm;jzpf taumif;qHk; a&arT;eH YawG auR;ay;&w,f/ vQmu

qmavmif wJhtcgusawmh pm;csifwmawG 0,fpm;ay;& w,f/ udk,fu

qmavmifwJ htcg txdtawGU awG cHpm;ay;&w,f/ pdwfu

qmavmifjyefawmh pdwftvdkus tpmauR;ay;&w,f/ pdwftvdkus

auR;ay;&wJ htpmuawmh ]tawG;ç tBuHawG} auR;ay;&wm?

tawG;tBuHawG awG;BuHay;ae &wmyJayhg/

trSefrSm rsufpd? em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? udk,f? pdwfqdkwm

awGuawmh olYoabm tavsmuf qmavmifwmr[kwfygbl;/ t&Sif

ocifjzpfwJh wPSmuom rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,f? pdwfwdkYudk

toHk;jyKNyD; olY&JUqmavmifrGwf odyfjcif;udk jznhfqnf;ck dif;aewm

jzpfygw,f/

wPSmqdkwJh qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif; [m bmudkqmavmif

rGwfodyfwmvJqd kawmh olcHpm;vd kwJ h udavomtm½H kwpfckckud k

qmavmifrGwfodyfwmyJ/ 'gudk pmvdkajymawmh ]wPSm} ayhg/ ESpfoufwm?

pGJvef;wm? wyfrufwm? awmifhwwm? vdkcsifwm? pm;csifwm? cHpm;

csifwm tm;vH k;[m wPSmyJ/ 'DwPSmu ouf&S dowå0gawG&JU

t&Sifocif? olYudk avsmhwefzdk;jzwfvdk Yr&bl;/ olu tmPmMoZm

BuD;w,f/ b,fvdkvlpm;rsdK;rS olYtvdkqEúdk jiif;y,fcGif hr&S dbl;/

tawmfaMumufp&maumif; wJhwPSm/

wPSmu qmavmifrGwfodyfrI jyif;xef vmNyDqdk&if tvdkjynhf

atmif jznhfqnf;ay;& wm/ a&S;wkef;u oD0drif;BuD;Munhfygvm;/ wPSm

u Or®m'EÅDudk vdkcsifwmaMumihf bk&ifwpfyg;&JU odu©mudk riJhEdkifawmhbl;/

tcspf½l;orm;&JU wPSmtvdkus Or®m'EÅD vif&Sdr,m;udk idkjycJhao; wm

odw,fr[kwfvm;/

'Dawmh cspfw,f? cifw,f? jrwfEdk; w,f? wG,fwmw,fqdk

wmawG ]]rif;uvGJvdkY b,folYrS udk,frcspfNyD}} qdkwmawGu wPSm&JU

vSnh f jzm;r I rm,mygvm;vd k YawG; Ny D ; aMumufp&m aumif;wJ h

wPSmaus;uRefb0uuif;atmif jA[®mhjynfuvmwJh ydyÜvdowdkYom;

(t&Sifr[m uóy) eJY jA[®mhjynfuvmwJh (t&Sifrb'gum ydvmeD)

wdkYvdk cspfMuwm avmurSmtaumif; qHk;cspfjcif;ygyJ/ olwdkYESpfOD;u

vl Yb0rSm ESp fzuf rdbay;pm;vd k Y vifr,m;jzpf Muwmawmif

ukwifwpfvHk;ay: twltdyfMuayr,hf wpfOD;udk wpfOD;u pdwfeJYawmif

rjypfrSm;Mubl;/ ESpfudk,f wl tdyfpuf&mrSm Mum;u py,fyef;uHk;av;

ESpfuHk; pnf;jcm;xm;NyD; tdyfpufMuw,f/ ajymqdk qufqHawmhvnf;

armifESrozG,f qufqHMu wm/ aemufqHk; Opömypönf;tm;vHk;udk ESpfOD;

oabmwlpGefYum &[ef;jyKNyD; w&m;tm;xkwf Muawmh ESpfOD;pvHk;

&[EÅmjzpfoGm;NyD; &[EÅm b0eJY edAÁmefaomifurf;wkdif ,SOfNydKiful;MuwJh

cspfjcif;arwåmrsdK;av/ aumifav;awG? aumifr av;awGvnf;

]ydyÜvdowdkYom;eJY &Sifrb'gum ydvmeD} wdkYvdk cspfEdkifMuygap/

ñTef;- r[mAk'¨0if

&SifÓP (zsmyH k)

9

"r®0D&onf avmuD avmukwå&mtusKd;ESpfyg;twGuf jzpfonf/


obm0ESihf r&Pvrf;

OD;pm&dE´(csif;wGif;iayv)

vlYavmu vlYobm0onf aeYpOfESihf

trQ pm;0wfaea&;? pD;yGm;a&;? BuD;yGm;a&;?

om;a&;orD;a&;? bmoma&;? ywf0ef;usif

ta&;wdkYjzihf ta&;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmwkdY\

tMum;wGif tNrJusifvnfvIyf&Sm;oGm;vmí

aeMu&avonf/ ]]igrtm;ao;ygbl;uGm}} [l

aompum;onf ¤if;ta&;wdkY\ wpfckNyD;wpfck

rem;wrf;vIyf&Sm;ae&jcif;\ tajzwpfck

jzp f\/ ta&;aygif;ajrmufjrm;p Gmwd k Y

twGuf wpfckNyD;wpfck tajz&Smvkyfukdif

NyD;ajrmufEkdifMuaomfvnf; wu,fhta&;

BuD;aomaojcif;ud kum; owdr&cJ h Mu

ouJhodk Y ajz&Sif;zk d Yvnf; enf;vrf;r&SmcJh

Muay/ owdr&Muaomfvnf; ta&;

wBuD;awGUMu&rnf? rvGJraoG awGUMu

&rnf? ra&Smifom ruGif;om xdyfwdkuf

awGU Mu&rnf/ ra0;aomumv wGi f

awGU&rnhf aojcif;ta&;ukd owd&ap&efESihf

ajz&Sif;Ekdif ap&ef oHa0*ESihf 0dyóem½IzG,f

tjzpf "r®'gejyK a&;om;wifjyvkduf&ay

onf/

vlom;wdkYonf rnfrQ touf&Snf

rnf/ rnfrQusef;rmonf/ rnfrQcsrf;omonf/

rnfrQynm&Sdonf/ rnfrQ bkef;uHBuD;onf/

rnfrQ aq;0g;ya,m* jynhfpkHonf/ rnfrQ

tokdif;t0kdif;BuD;onf/ rnfrQqif;&Jonf

ponfqkdapumrl vli,ft&G,ftjzpfjzih f

vnf; aoEkdif\/ vlvwfydkif;t&G,ftjzpfjzihf

vnf; aoEkdif\/ vlBuD;ykdif;t&G,ftjzpfjzihf

vnf; aoEkdif\/ usef;rmonf[k txifjzihf

vnf; aoEkdif\/ pm;vsufvnf; aoEkdif\/

oGm;vsufvnf; aoEkdif\/ tdyfvsufvnf;

aoEk di f\/ &y fvsufvnf; aoEk di f\/

idkvsufvnf; ao Ekdif\/ &,fvsufvnf;

aoEkdif\/ pdwfnpf vsufvnf; aoEkdif\/

aysmf&Tif0rf;ajrmufvsufvnf; aoEkdif\/

a&csKd;vsufvnf; ao Ekdif\/ tvkyfvkyfukdif

vsufvnf; aoEkdif\/ tem;,lvsufvnf;

aoEkdif\/ cspfolESih f twl aevsufvnf;

aoEkdif\/ rkef;olESihf aevsuf vnf; aoEkdif\/

xkdYaMumihf-

]]tyÜH0w ZD0dwH £'H?

Mo&H 0óowmyd rd,swd/

a,mapyd twdpöZD0wd?

tx aom Z&omyd rd,swd/}}

("r®y'? |? 2? 206)

£'H ZD0dwH- þvlwdkY\toufonf?

tyÜH0w- enf;pGmhwum;? Mo&H0óowmyd-

tESpfwpf&matmuf ,kwfaomtouf&Snf

onfjzpfívnf;? rd,swd- ao&\? a,m-

tMuifolonf? apyd- tu,fívnf;? twdpö

ZD0wd- tESpfwpf&mxuftvGef touf&SnftHh?

txyd- xkdokdY tESpfwpf&mudkvGefí touf

&Snfaomfvnf;? aom- xkdyk*¾Kdvfonf? Z&omyd-

tkdjcif;aMumifhvnf;? rd,swd- ao&\/

]]vlwdkY\toufonf enf;pGmhwum;?

tESpfwpf&matmuf,kwfaom touf&Snf

onfjzpfívnf; ao&\ (0g) wpfESpfom;?

ESpfESpfom;tp toufESpfq,f okH;q,ft&G,f

i,f&G,fqJ EkysK dqJjzpfaomfvnf; ao&\/

tMuifolonf tu,fí tESpfwpf&mxuf

tvGeftouf&Snfaomfvnf; xk dolonf

tkdrif;&ihfa&mfjcif;jzihf ao&\ (0g) tkdao

ao&\}} [k jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlonf/

vlom;wdk Y\ vlYb0? vlYy#doaE¨?

vlYZmwd &&SdvmonfrSonf tcsdefrvyf tcg

rvyf aojcif;w&m; r&P"r®onf wGJvsuf

uyfvsuf wpfaygif;wnf; wpfom;wnf;

wpfpnf;wnf; ygvmchJavonf/

vlYb0? vlYy#doaE¨? vlYZmwdwdkYESihf

aojcif;- r&P"r® wdkYtMum;wGif-

tkdrif;&ihfa&mfjcif;? BuD;jyif;jcif; -

Z&m"r® ?

anmif;nmuk dufc J emMuif jcif; ?

armyef;jcif;? rl;a0jcif;? zsm;emjcif;- Asm"d"r®

wdkYu aojcif;r&P"r®bufodkY tcsdefrvyf

umvrvyf wGifwGifBuD; wGef;ydkYaeMuavonf/

xkdYaMumihf Zmwd"r®&Sdaomolonf Z&m"r®ESihf

eD;\/ Z&m"r®&S daomolonf Asm"d"r®ESih f

eD;\/ Asm"d"r®&Sdaomolonf r&P"r®ESihf

eD;\[k t|uxmq&mjrwfwdkY zGihfjyawmfrl

Muavonf/ tm;[kefjyif;pGm wGifwGifBuD;

wGef;ydkYaeaom Z&mESihf Asm"dwdkY\e,fy,fESihf

trdefYukd rnfodkYaom owå0gonf ausmfvGef

jiif;qefjcif;iSm pGrf;EkdifygtHhenf;/

tb,fuJhodkYaom avmu"gwfynm?

odyÜHynm? £'¨dyg'fynm? rEÅmefynmwdkYonf

xkdZ&mESihf Asm"d"r®e,fy,fukd ausmfvGefEkdifyg

tHhenf;/ obm0w&m;ukd odyÜHynm? rEÅmef

ynm? £'¨dyg'fynmwdkYjzihf jyKjyifEkdifMuonf

qkdaomfvnf; tkdrif;&ifha&mfjcif;? toufBuD;

jcif;- Z&m"r®ESihf emMuifukdufcJarmyef;jcif;?

zsm;emjcif;- Asm"d"r®wdkYukd EkysKdvef;qef; yuwd

usef;rmoefpGrf;vmatmif jyKjyifjcif;iSm rpGrf;

EkdifMuay/ tkdrif;&ifha&mf toufBuD;jcif;- Z&m

"r®ESihf emusifjcif;? rl;a0ukdufcJarmyef;jcif;

tp&Sdaom Asm"dw&m;ukd aq;0g;ya,m*

*gxmrEÅmefwdkYjzihf rqkdpavmuf tenf;i,f

jyKjyifí &ao;aomfvnf; aoqkH;jcif;ukd

jyefvnf&Sifoefvmatmif jyKjyifjcif;udkum;

vkH;0rpGrf;EkdifMuawmhay/ xkdYaMumifh vlYb0?

vlYy#doaE? vlYZmwdESihf wpfaygif;wnf; wpf

10

"r®0D&onf b0&SifoefrIudk trSefuefqHk;azmfaqmif&ef jzpfonf/


pnf;wnf; uyfíygvmaom ysufjyKef;aysmuf

uG,faoqkH;jcif;- r&P"r®udk rnfolwpfOD;

wpfa,mufrQ jyKjyifjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdif&um;

tcsdefrvyf umvrvyf aoqkH;jcif;? ysufpD;jcif;

- r&P"r®odkY rxifrSwfaomfvnf;ç rmefwuf

aeMuaomfvnf;ç pnf;pdrfcHpm;aeMuaomf

vnf;ç tvkyfvkyfaeMuaomfvnf;ç w&m;a[m

w&m;emaeMuaomfvnf;ç wpfpkHwpfckaom

taMumif;ukd jyKvkyfaeMuaomfvnf;ç rtm;

ao;Muaomfvnf; cPcsufcsif; jAKef;ueJ

&ifqkdifawGUBuKH&Ekdifavonf/ xkdYaMumihf-

]]taZÆ0 udpöHrmwAÁH

aumZnmr&PH oka0/

em[daem o*F&H awe?

r[maoaee rpöKem/

("r®y'? |? 2? 269)

taZÆ0- ,aeYyifvQif? tmwyÜH- 'ge?

oDv? bm0em ukodkvfwdk Yukd tvsiftjref

tm;xkwftyfonfukd? udpöH u&PD,H- jyKtyf

\? oka0- eufjzefü? r&PH- aojcif;udk? aum-

tb,folonf? Znm- odEkdiftHhenf;/ [d-

xk dpum;oih fp G ? r[maoaee- rsm;aom

ppfonf&Sdaom? awerpöKem- xkdaorif;ESihf?

aem- igwdkYtm;? o*F&H- tcsdef;tcsufonf?

ew¦d- r&SdNyD/ ]],aeYyifvQif ('ge? oDv? bm0em

paom ukodkvfaumif;rIwpfckckukd) tvsif

tjref tm;xkwftyfonfukd jyKtyf\/ eufjzef

ü aojcif;ukd tb,folonf odEkdiftHhenf;/

xk dpum;oih fp Gm? rsm;aomppfonf&S daom

xkdaorif;ESihf igwdk Ytm; tcsdef;tcsufonf

r&SdNyD}} [k Ak'jrwfpGm rdefYrSmawmfrlcJhavonf/

xkduJhodkY-

vlYb0? vlYy#doaE¨? vlYZmwdESih f

wGJvsuf zufvsuf yl;vsuf uyfvsuf wpfaygif;

wnf;ygvmaom aoqkH;jcif;? ysufpD;jcif;?

t&mtm;vkH;wdkYESihf aemufqHk;tNyD;wdkif uGJuGm

jcif;- r&P"r®onf eHeuf? aeYvnf paom

tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;r&Sd/ aEG? rkd;? aqmif; paom

umvtydkif;tjcm;r&Sd? ckwifck jAKef;ueJ &ifqkdif

awGUBuKH qkdufa&mufvmEkdif\/ xkdodkY qkduf

a&mufvmonf&Sdaomf rdrdwkdYbufrS tvG,f

wulajz&Sif; tajz&SmEkdif&eftwGuf o&P*kH

oDvNrJvsuf uH? uH\tusKd;ukd vufcH,kHMunf

jcif; tajccHor®m'd|d tjrifrSef&SdMuukefaom

trsKd;aumif;om;? trsKd;aumif;orD;? ax&0g'

Ak'¨bmom0ifwdk Yonf bk&m;aus;Zl;? w&m;

aus;Zl;? oHCmaus;Zl;? rdbaus;Zl;? q&morm;

aus;Zl;? ywf0ef;usifaumif;aus;Zl;wdkYaMumihf

tcGihfta&;ykdí BuD;rm;Muavonf/ xkdodk Y

aoqkH;jcif;r&P"r®ukd &ifqkdifajz&Sif;jcif;iSm

tcGifhxl;&SdMuvsuf tvsiftjref &ifqkdifajz&Sif;

vdkaom trsKd;aumif;om;? trsKd;aumif;orD;

wdkYonf avmuü 'geukodkvf? oDvukodkvf?

orxbm0emukod kvf? 0dyóembm0em

ukodkvfwdkYukd tvsiftjref csufcsif;jyKvkyfí

aojcif;r&P"r®ukd &ifqkdifajz&Sif;Mu&rnf/

þae&mü tcsKdUtcsKdUaom trsKd;

aumif;om;? trsKd;aumif;orD; ax&0g' Ak'

bmom0ifwdkYonf 'gejyKvkyfrIü aiGukefaMu;us

cHí ay;urf;pGefYBuJrS 'gernf\[k txif&Sdum

'getrIukd jyKvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf aiGaMu;ukd

pkaqmif;jcif;? tcsdefukd a&G;cs,fjcif;rsm;ukd

jyKvkyfvsuf 'gejyKvkyfzkd Ytcsdefudk apmihfvihf

Muukef\/ pifppfaomfum; rdrdvuf0,f&Sdaom

jzLpifaom a&wpfrIwf? oefY&Sif;aom vwf

qwfaom xrif;wpfvkwf? vufzuf&nf

wpfcGuf? rkefYwpfcsyf? opfoD;wpfvkH;? yef;wpf

yGihf? aq;wpfvkH;? tyfwpfacsmif;? BuKd;wpf

acsmif;? apmifwpfxnf? tusÐwpfxnf? ykqkd;

wpfuGif;? pmtkyfwpftkyf ponfjzihf rdrdwdkY\

aeYpOftvkyfESih f pyforQ ypönf;0w¦Kwkd Yuk d

ae&mra&G;? yk*¾Kdvfra&G;bJ ½kdaoav;pm;pGm

ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;aMumifh auseyf0rf;ajrmufrI

jzpfvQif 'gernfavawmh\/ rdrdwdkY ay;urf;

vSL'gef;vkdaom tvSLcHyk*¾KdvfwdkYwGif &wem

okH;yg;? rdb? q&morm;? om;orD;? wynhf?

aus;uRef tp uRJ? EGm;? acG; paom wd&pämef

tqkH; rdrdonf ay;urf;pGefYBuJtyfaom ypönf;

0w¦Kukd okH;aqmifEkdifolrSeforQukd ay;urf;

pGefYBuJvSL'gef;&rnf/

þodkY ay;urf;vSL'gef;&mü bk&m;?

w&m;? oHCm[k qkdtyfaom &wemokH;yg;ukd

ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;onf rdbukdaMumufí

tpOftvmukd rysufapvkdí &if;ES D;vk dí

ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;ukd jyKvkyf\[k oabm

rxm;bJ &wemokH;yg;wdkY\ xif&Sm;&Sdaom

0rf;ajrmufz G,f ? MunfnK dz G,f* kPf

rsufarSmuftm;jzih f awGU jri ftyfaom

MunfnKdzG,f*kPfwdkYukd tm½kHjyKí ausaus

eyfey f tpG Jtvef;r& S d tmvsjywf

0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzih f ]]igonf jynh fpk H

aom omoemawmfukd csD;ajr§mufaxmufyHh

vSL'gef;cJh&avNyD}} [k ESvkH;yk dufí tyfpyf

aom tvSL0w¦Kukd ypönf;ra&G;? tcsdef ra&G;?

tcgra&G; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om ay;urf;

vSL'gef;jcif;onf trGefjrwfqkH;'gejzpfavonf/

rdbwdk Yüvnf; a<u;a[mif;qyf jyKpk&rnhf

wm0ef0wå&m;aMumifh auR;arG;jyKpkonf[k

oabmrxm;bJ igonf ]]igwdkY\ þodkYaom

tajctaeod k Ya&mufatmif vlrr,f

t&G,f i,fpOfawmifaus;r S ,aeYus

atmif ukd,fa&mpdwfyg tEG HwmcHvsuf

jyKpkcJhaom igwdkYtwGuf arwåm? u½kPm?

rk'dwm? Oayu©m[k qkdtyfaom jA[®pkd&f

w&m; awmifyk H&myk HaygufzGm;ay;aom

rdbwdk Yuk d rdba&m igwd k Yyg touf&Sif

jyKpkcGihf&S dqJ þaeY þ&uf þtcsdeftcg

tck duftwef YwGif oef Y&Sif;aom xrif;

wpfvkwf ? aomufa&wpfc Guf ? t0wf

wpfxnf ponfjzi h f wpf Budr fwpfcg

tm;jzih fvnf;aumif;? tNrJwrf;tm;jzih f

vnf;aumif; ? tcGi h ftcgBuK H BuK dufqJ

cPü vSL'ge f;ay;urf;&avNyD} } [k

ypönf;ra&G; tcsdeftcgra&G; 0rf;ajrmuf

0rf;om ay;urf;vSL'ge f; jci f;onf

trGefjrwfqkH; 'ge jzpfavonf/ om;orD;?

ajr;?jrpf?wl?wlrponfh taqGtrsKd;wdkYtm;vnf;

avmu0wftm;jzihf auR;arG;&rnhf wm0ef

0wå&m;wpfck aMumifh auR;arG;onf[k oabm

rxm;bJ xk dom;orD;taqGtrsK d;wd k Yonf

] ]igwd k Y\tvSLuk d txajrmufapvk dí

csD;ajr§mufjcif;iSm awGUBuKH qkHqnf;vmMu&

avonf}} [k ESpfvkdaomESvkH; jzihf yDwdjzmvsuf

rdrdwd k Y\ xrif;? tazsmf ? t0wftxnf

ponfwdkYukd BuKHBuKdufíjzpfap? wrifjzpfap?

wpfcgwpf&Hjzpfap? tNrJjzpfap =ausaus

eyfeyf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om auR;arG; ay;urf;

vSL'gef;jcif;onf om;orD;? taqG trsKd;wdkY

tay:ü jzpfyGm;aom trGefjrwfqkH;'ge jzpfav

onf/ <uif;aom vkyfief;vkyfzuf? ausmif;wuf

zuf? c&D;oGm;zuf paom oli,f csif;taygif;

toif;wd k Yüvnf; taygi f ;toif; t&

auR;arG;&onf[k oabmrxm;bJ rdr d

ywf0ef;usifü BuKHBuKdufvm&aom oli,fcsif;

taygif;toif;wdk Yonf ]]ig\'geukodkvf

tcGihfta&;ukd zefwD;ay;olwnf;}} [k 0rf;

ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfvsuf oli,fcsif;tm;

tm;&0rf;om zdwfrmefwujyKí vufzuf&nf

wkdufjcif;? rkefYauR;jcif; paom tukodkvfuif;

aom tpm;tpm? aomufzG,fpm;zG,fuk d

tcsdefra&G;? umvra&G;? ypönf;0w¦Kra&G;

ausauseyfeyf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om ay;urf;

vSL'gef;jcif;onf trGefjrwfqkH; 'gejzpfav

onf/ rdrdwdkYtdrfü arG;jrLxm;aom aMumif? acG;?

uRJ? EGm; paom wd&pämefrsm;udkvnf; wm0ef

wpfck[k oabmrxm;bJ 'geukokdvftjzpf[l

aom ESvkH;udkydkufvsuf wpfBudrfwpfcgjzpfap?

11

"r®0D&onf b0&SifoefrI y"meukdy,fí tukokdvfuif;aom &SifoefrItwGufjzpfonf/


tNrJ jzpfap? auR;arG;jyKpkapmihfa&Smufjcif;onf

trGefjrwfqkH;aom 'gejzpfavonf/

þqkdtyfcJ h Ny D;aom 'geukod kvf

jyKenf;wdkYonf aiGaMu;ESihf tcsdefukd apmihfp&m

rvdkbJ tcsdef&SdorQumvywfvkH; tvSL0w¦K

ypönf;tm;jzihfvnf;aumif;? tcsdefumvtm;

jzihfvnf;aumif;? rdrdESihfpyfaom tvkyftudkif?

rdrdESihfpyfaom rdb? om;orD;? taqGtrsKd;?

vkyfief;0ef;usif? &yfuGufywf0ef;usif? taygif;

toif;wdkYESihf vkyf&if;ukdif&if;? oGm;&if;vm&if;?

pmoif&if;? w&m;emoGm;&if;? tcsdefra&G;?

umvra&G;? ypönf;0w¦Kra&G;? wpfcPcsif;

tvsiftjref jyKvkyfNyD;pD;Ekdifavonf/ tcsKyf

tm;jzih f ay;urf;pGef Y BuJjcif;uk d rjzpfrae

0wå&m;wpfcktjzpf oabmrxm;bJ tvSL[l

aom oabmjzihf tcsdefra&G; ay;urf;pGefYBuJ

vSL'gef;zkdYomvQif y"mejzpfavonf/

oDvt&müvnf; ax&0g' Ak'¨

bmom0ifwdkY\

]]Ak'¨H o&PH *pämrd?

"r®H o&PH *pämrd?

oHCH o&PH *pämrd}} [laom

o&P*kHoDvonf wpfjcm;aom urÇm?

wpfjcm;aom bmomw&m;wdk Yü r&Sdaom

jrwfpGmbk&m; yGihfxGef;ay:ayguf rSomvQif

aqmufwnfí &aumif;aom oDvxl;

oDvrGef oDvjrwf jzpfavonf/

xkdo&P*kHoDvtp ygPmwdygw-

olYtoufudkowfjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;? t'dEém

'gem- olYOpömukd ckd;,ljcif;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;

paom wpfyg;pD wpfyg;pDukd aqmufwnfonf

rSonf ig;yg;? &Spfyg;? q,fyg;tp pwkyg&dok'd

oDvwdkifatmifaom oDvukd tcsdefra&G;?

a'ora&G;? umvra&G; aqmufwnf&av

onf/ þodkY aqmufwnfMu&mwGif avmuü

tcsKdUaom trsKd;aumi;fom; trsKd;aumif;orD;

wdk Yonf oDvaqmufwnfMu&mü vqef;

vqkwf(8)&uf? vjynhf? vuG,f? 0gwGif;0gy?

arG;aeY ponfhaeYrsm;üom wpfaeYvkH; rusKd;

rayguf aqmufwnfrSjzpf\[kvnf;aumif;?

ig;yg;? &Spfyg; wpfNyKdifwnf; aqmufwnfrS

jzpf\[kvnf;aumif; ponfjzihf t,l&SdMuav

onf/ trSeftm;jzihf o&P*kHoDvukd wpfBudrf

wpfcg aqmufwnfí rusKd;rayguf xdef;odrf;

Ek di faom ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom Oygoum?

OygodumrwdkYonf vqef;? vqkwf(8)&uf?

vjynhfvuG,frSr[kwfbJ wpfrdepftwGif;?

wpfem&DtwGif;? wpfxkdiftwGif;? rwfwyf

wpfcg&yftwGif;? c&D;wpfcgoGm;twGif;? xrif;

wpfcgcsuftwGif;? a&wpfcgcyf a&wpfcgcsKd;

twGif;? aps;wpfcg a&mif;twGif;? v,fwpfcg

xGeftwGif;? pufwpfcgarmif;twGif;? aumuf

wpfcg& dwftwGi f ; ? y JwpfcgE kwftwGi f ; ?

wpfeHeuftwGif;? wpfaeYvnftwGif;? wpf&uf

twGif; ponfjzihf rdrdwwfpGrf;orQaomumv

twGif;vnf;aumif;? ig;yg;vkH;rSr[kwf &Spfyg;

vk H;rSr[kwfbJ wpfyg;? ESpfyg; ponfud k

ygPmwdygw paom tpOftwkdif;jzpfap? rdrd

aqmufwnfvdk&m odu©myk'fukdjzpfap? rdrd

pGrf;EkdiforQom t"d|mefí oHCmawmf t&Sif

oljrwfwdkYtxHüjzpfap? tcsdefr& rtm;rvyf

jzpfu bk&m;pifa&SUüjzpfap? rdbtxHüjzpfap?

q&morm;xHüjzpfap? rdr dywf0ef;usifr S

vlBuD;olrwdk Y\txHüjzpfap? rdrd MunfnKd

av;pm;aom bk&m;ausmif;ç apwD&Sd&mbuf

odkY ajcpkH&yfvSnhfum bk&m;*kPf? w&m;*kPf?

oHCmawmft&SifoljrwfwdkY\ *kPfawmfwkdYukd

tm½HkjyKvsufjzpfap? t"d|mefaqmufwnfxm;

tyfaom wpfyg;? ESpfyg;? ig;yg;? &Spfyg; paom

oDvwdkYukd cH,lusihfokH;tyfaom tckduftwefY

t"d|mefxm;tyfaomumvtwGif; vkHNcKHatmif

apmifhxdef;jcif;onf t"d|mefajrmuf aqmuf

wnftyfaom oDvxl; oDvrGef oDvjrwf

jzpfavonf/ xkdYaMumihf v,fxGef? pufarmif;?

aps;a&mif; paom tvkyfcGiftwGif; ae&mra&G;

tcsdefra&G; aqmufwnfum oDvukodkvfukd

tvsiftjref jyKvkyfatmifjrif NyD;ajrmufEkdif

Muavonf/ orxbm0emudk yGm;rsm;&mü

tvkyf vkyfvsufvnf;aumif;? c&D;oGm;vm

vsufvnf;aumif ; ? tem;,lvJavsmi f ;

vsufvnf;aumif;? &yfvsufvnf;aumif;?

pm;vsufvnf;aumif;? a&csK d;vsuf vnf;

aumif;? usifBuD;usifi,fpGefYvsuf vnf;aumif;?

wpfrdepf wpf puúefY ponfh rdrdqE&SdorQumv

twGif; rdrd BuKdufESpfouf&m bk&m;*kPf?

w&m;* kPf ? oHCmawm ft& Si f jrwfwd k Y\

*kPfawmfudkjzpfap? ur®|mef;av;q,fwdkY wGif

tvG,fwulyGm;rsm; Ekdifaom tmemyge ówd

ur®|mef; paom ur®|mef;wdkYukdjzpfap? or®m

orm"dudpö ayguf a&mufNyD;ajrmufatmif

rdrdESpfoufaysmfarGU tm½kHjyKvdkaom bk&m;*kPf

ponfrS pdwfukd rxGufap rysHUvGih fapbJ

rdrd\pdwfudk vdkcsifjcif; avmb? pdwfrausreyf

jzpfjcif;? pdwfwdkjcif; a'go? aumif;aomowd

r&Sdjcif;? tusKd; taMumif; aumif;raumif;

rqkH;jzwfEkdifjcif; arm[? udavom paom

tukodkvftnpf taMu;wdkYrS uif;a0;atmif

orxbm0em ukokdvfrGef ukokdvfjrwfukd

tvsiftjref tm;xkwf NyD;ajrmufEk di f Mu

avonf/

0dyóembm0emüvnf; aeYpOf

aeYpOf jyKvkyftyfaom vkyfief;udpöt00wdkY\

vkyfcsifpdwf ukdifcsifpdwf? ajymqkdcsifpdwf?

trlt&m? tajymtqk d ? pm;r Iaomufr I ?

oGm;vmrI? cHpm;rI? xifjrifrI? pdwful;,OfrIwkdY

onf xkdvkyfqJcPüvnf;aumif;? wpfaeYwm

umvNyD;qkH;csdef tvkyfodrf;aomtcgüvnf;

aumif;? ÓPfESihfMunhfaomf ysufpD;jcif;odk Y

a&mufMu&ukef\/

ntcgüvnf; tdyfcsifpdwfaMumifh

tdyfaomtrlt&mwdkYonf eHeuftcg tdyf,m

xaomtcsdefü ÓPfESihfMunhfaomf tdyfcsif

pdwfESihf xkdpdwfaMumifhjzpfaom tdyfjcif;trl

t&m tm;vkH;wkdYonf ysufpD;jcif;odkY a&mufMu

&ukef\/

þodk Y jzih f tNrJrwnfjcif; tedpö

oabm? tewåw&m; ESpfyg;&Sdí qif;&Jjcif;

'ku©oabm? aeYa&mnOfhyg b,fcgrvyf cEm

ukd,fukdvnf;aumif;? vkyfief; ponftay:ü

jzpfaom pdwftrlt&m? tajymtqkd? pdwful;

,OfrIwdkYukdvnf;aumif;? tpdk;r&jcif; tewå

oabmwdkYukd tcsdefra&G; ae&mra&G; tvsif

tjref yGm;rsm;tyf\/ xkdodkY 0dyóemyGm;rsm;

enf;wdkYwGif oH,kwft|uxm rZÑdryPÖmo

t|uxmwdkYrSvmaom 0dyóem½IyGm;enf;

onf tvGefvG,fulavonf/ xkdyGm;rsm;enf;

um;-

(1) tMuif&[ef ;onf (0g)

Oygoum 'g,umonf MumjrihfpGmoGm;í

vnf;aumif;? pBuFefoGm;ívnf;aumif;?

aemuftzd k Yü&y fvsuf þod k Yqi f jci f\/

pBuFefoGm;aomtcgü jzpfaom emrf½kyfw&m;

wdkYonf pBuFefoGm;ckdufüomvQif csKyfukef\/

þum; oGm;&mü aumif;pGmÓPfjzihf ½Iqifjcif

jcif;uk d jyKavh&S donfrnf\/ (oGm;aom

£&d,ykxfukd &yfí½IykHwnf;/)

(2) tMuifolonf &GwftHho&ZÑ,f

jcif;ukd jyKíaomfvnf;aumif;? tar;ykpämukd

ajzqk díaomfvnf;aumif; ? ur®|mef;uk d

ESvkH;oGif;íaomfvnf;aumif;? MumjrihfpGm&yfí?

aemuftzk d Yü xk difvsuf þodk Yqifjcif\/

&yfaomumvü jzpfaom emrf½kyfw&m;wdkYonf

&yfckdufüomvQif csKyfukef\/ þum; &yf&mü

aumi f ;p Gm ÓPf jzi f h ½ Iqi f jci f jci f ;u k d

jyKavh&Sdonfrnf\/ (&yfaom £&d,mykxf

ukd xkdifí½IykHwnf;/)

(3) tMuifolonf &GwftHhjcif; ponf

"r®0D&onf udk,fusifhoDvESifh pm&dwåjrifhrm;ap&ef jzpfonf/

12


jyKtyf\ tpGrf;jzihfomvQif MumjrifhpGmxkdifí

aemuftzkdYü avsmif;tdyfvsuf þodkYqifjcif\/

xkdifaomumvü jzpfukefaom emrf½kyfw&m;wdkY

onf xkdifckdufüomvQif csKyfukef\/ þum;

xkdif&mü aumif;pGm ÓPfjzihf ½Iqifjcifjcif;ukd

jyKavh&Sdonfrnf\/ (xkdifaom £&d,mykxf

ukd avsmif;í½IykHwnf;/)

(4) tMuifolonfum; avsmif;tdyf

vsuf &GwftHjcif;ukd jyKvsufvnf;aumif;?

w&m;ur®|mef;ESvkH;oGif;vsufvnf;aumif;?

tdyfaysmfjcif;odYkoufí aemuftzkdYü xí þodkY

qifjcif\/ tdyfaomtcgjzpfaom ½kyfemrfwdkY

onf tdyfcgüyif csKyfukef\/ þodkY qifjcifjcif;

onf tdyf,müvnf;aumif;? Ekd;&müvnf;

aumif;? aumif;pGm ÓPfynmjzihf ½Iqifjcif

jcif;ukd jyKavh&Sdonfrnf\/ (avsmif;aom

£&d,mykxfukd xí½IykHwnf;/)

(5) tMuifolonf pum;qkdonf

&Sdaomf þtoHrnfonf? EIwfcrf;? oGm;? vQm?

tmapmuf pdwftm;avsm faom vk H Yvuk d

tpGJjyKíjzpf\/ þodkY owdESihf tpOfqifjcif

vsuf ajymqkd\/ MumjrihfpGm umvywfvkH;

&GwftHívnf;aumif;? w&m;a[mívnf;

aumif;? ur®|mef;ukd tjyefjyef tvSefvSef

qnf;jzef;í vnf;aumif;? aemuftzk d Yü

qdwfqdwfaevsuf þodkYqifjcif\/

pum;qkdaomumvü jzpfukefaom

½kyfemrfwdkYonf pum;qkdckdufüyif csKyfukef\/

Oyg'g½kyf jzpfonf&Sdaomf pum;qkd

onfrnf\/ rjzpfonf&Sdaom qdwfqdwfae

onfrnf\/ þodkYqifjcif\/ þodkYqifjcif

jcif;onf pum;qkd&mü qifjcifonfrnf\/

(pum;qk d jci f ;uk d qdwfqdwfaeí ½Iy k H

wnf;)

(6) tMuifolonf qdwfqdwfae

vsuf w&m;pmudkvnf;aumif;? ur®|mef;udk

vnf;aumif;? ESvkH;oGif;í aemuftzkdYü þodkY

qifjcif\/ qdwfqdwfaeaomumvü jzpfukef

aom emrf½kyfwdkYonf qdwfqdwfaeckdufüyif

csKyfukef\/ þodkY qifjcifjcif;onf aumif;pGm

ÓPfjzihf ½Iqifjcifonfrnf\/ (qdwfqdwf

aejcif;udk ÓPfjzifh ½IykHwnf;/)

(7) owd&Sdvsuf ÓPfjzihf aumif;pGm

qifjcifvsuf a&SUodk Ywuf\/ owd&S dvsuf

ÓPfjzihfaumif;pGmqifjcifvsuf aemufodk Y

qkwf\/ (þum; oGm;jcif;ü ÓPfjzih f

qifjcifykHwnf;/)þ0dyóem½Ienf;usrf;BuD;

rsm;ukd axmufívnf;aumif;-

]]aou©0g ykxkZÆem0g pu©KH tedpö

awm 'ku©awm tewåawm 0dyóEÅ d/

aomwH/ CmeH? Zd0SH/ um,H/ ½lay/ oa'/

*aE¨? &ao? azm|aAÁ/ 0w¦KH/ (y|me? 1?

135) aou©ma0g ykxkZ Æem0g ukovH

tedpöawm 'ku©awm tewåawm 0dyó

EÅd/ aou©m0g ykxkZÆem0g tukovH tedpö

awm 'ku©awm tewåawm 0dyóEÅd/

(y|me? 1? 133)

aou©yk*¾Kdvf (7)a,mufwdkYonfvnf;

aumif;? uvsmPykxkZOfwkdYonfvnf;aumif;?

pu©Kyom'ukd tedpö- (rNrJaomtm;jzihf)? 'ku©-

(qif;&Jaomtm;jzihf)? tewå (tpkd;r&aom

tm;jzihf) 0dyóem½IMuukef\/ aou©yk*¾Kdvf

(7)a,mufwdk Yonfvnf;aumif;? uvsmP

ykxkZOfwkdYonfvnf;aumif; ukodkvfw&m;wdkYukd

tedpö(rNrJaomtm;jzihf)? 'ku©- (qif;&Jaom

tm;jzih f)? tewå (tpd k;r&aomtm;jzih f)

0dyóem½IMuukef\/ aou© yk*¾Kdvf(7)a,muf

wdkYonfvnf;aumif;? uvsmPykxkZOfwdkYonf

vnf;aumif; tukodkvfw&m;wdk Yukd tedpö

(rNrJaomtm;jzihf)? 'ku© (qif;&Jaomtm;jzihf)?

tewå- (tpkd;r&aomtm;jzihf) 0dyóem ½IMu

ukef\ [laom y|mef;a'oemawmfwdk Yuk d

axmufxm;ívnf;aumif;-

(1) aeYtcgü jzpfyGm;aom vIyf&Sm;oGm;vm

ajymqkdBuHpnfrI trlt&mrSeforQwdkYonf ÓPf

ESih fMunhfaomf ntcgodk Y a&mufaomtcg

ysufpD;jcif;odkY a&mufMu&ukef\/

(2) ntcgü jzpfyGm;aom vIyf&SmoGm;vm


ESih f Munhfaomf aeYtcgodk Ya&mufaomtcg


(3) vkdcsifjcif; (avmb)jzihf vIyf&Sm;oGm;vm


ESih fMunhfaomf xkdvkyfief;NyD;qkH;aomtcgü


(4) pdwfwdkjcif; (a'go)jzihf vIyf&Sm;oGm;vm


ESihfMunhfaomf atmfaiguf Budrf;armif; qlyl

½kdufESuf paom udpöNyD;qkH;aomtcgü ysufpD;

jcif;odkY a&mufMu&ukef\/

(5) rsufarSmuftm;jzihf aysmf&Tifaumif;rGef

csrf;ompGm cHpm;Mu&aom umrokcrSeforQ

wd k Y\ vIy f& Sm;oGm;vm ajymqk d BuHpnfr I

trlt&mrSeforQwdkYonf ÓPfESihfMunhfaomf

jynhfpk Honftxd cHpm; pHpm;NyD;aomtcgü

ysufpD;jcif;odkY a&mufMu&ukef\/ þodkYtm;jzihf

ae Ytvk duf? ntvk duf? vky fief;tvk duf

Mumanmif;aom tckduftwefY trlt&mrSonf

aeYpOfESihftrQ wpfcPcsif; cPrpJ jzpfysuf

aeaom ukd,ftrlt&m? EIwftrlt&m? tjzpf

tysufrSeforQwdkYukd ÓPfESihfMunhfí rNrJjcif;-

tedpö? qif;&Jjcif;- 'ku©? tpkd;r&jcif;- tewå

w&m;wdkYjzihf ae&mra&G; tcsdefra&G; trlt&m

ra&G; ÓPfESifh wGifwGifBuD;½IyGm;vsuf 0dyóem

ukodkvfukd tvsiftjref tm;xkwfyGm;rsm;

atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufEkdifMuavonf/

þodkY þtzkdYtm;jzihf 'ge? oDv?

orx? 0dyóem½Ienf;rsm;ukd trsKd;aumif;

om;? trsK d ;aumif;orD; ? A k' ¨bmom0if

Oygoum? Oygodumr? 'g,um 'g,dumr

taygif;wdk Y onf tcsdefra&G;? ae&mra&G;?

tvkyfra&G;? yk*¾ K dvfra&G;bJ BuKd;pm;tm;

xkwfvsuf tvsif tjref qkdufa&mufvmrnfh

aojcif;r&P"r®wdkYukd tvG,fwul tvsif

tjref ajz&Sif;&ifqkdif Ekdif&ef BuKd;pm;EkdifMuygap/

ñTef;- y|mef;a'oem? "r®y't|uxm

arwåmjzihf- csif;wGif;iayv

yif&if;Xme yif&if;Xme yif&if;Xme yif&if;Xme yif&if;Xme - tbxwdkif;&if;aq;0g;

trSwf (150)? NrdKUywfvrf;

&Gmrtaemuf&yfuGuf? tif;pdefNrdKUe,f/

a&mhtbx\

]x} trSwfwHqdyf

&SLaq;bl;BuD;

jzefYcsda&;

&SLvdkuf

13

VIRA ARTICLES

"r®0D&onf rdrdudk,fudk apmifha&SmufEdkif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/

14

DHAMMA TALKS"r®0D&onf udk,fusihfodu©mysufjym;rI t0de,udk a&SmifEkdif&efjzpfonf/

vlwkdif;awmih fw ½kyfqif;½lyvlwkdif;awmih fw ½kyfqif;½lyvlwkdif;awmih fw ½kyfqif;½lyvlwkdif;awmih fw ½kyfqif;½lyvlwkdif;awmih fw ½kyfqif;½ly

wuúodkvfoQifoD&d("r®mp&d,?bD-at)

,ciftywfrStquf

yÍör? q|r? owår? t|rtpkHwdkYrS

jzmxGufaom tcuftcsKdUwdkYonf aygif;pkMuí

ausm½k d;uk d uyfqif;NyD;vQif &ifbwfESih f

0rf;acgif;twGif;od k Y0ifí xkdtacgif;wd k Yü

ysHUESHYvsuf wnfonf/

ausm½d k ; ? vnf*kwf½ k d ;E Sp fc kwd k Y\

tpyfwGif 0J,mtayguf? ,if;t½k d;wk d Y\

aemuftxuf wGif taygufi,fwdkY &SdMuonf/

ausm½kd;qpftqihfqihfESihf vnf*kwf

½kd; quftqihfqifhwpfavQmufvkH; taygufcsif;

twnftwefYjzpfí xkdtaygufü ausm½kd;?

*kwf½kd; tvkH;pkHwdkYukd xkd;vQKdNyD;vQif OD;aESmufodkY

0ifonhfwdkifatmif jcifqDawmihfwef;vsuf

&Sdonf/

xkdjcifqDawmihfrS 0J,mcGJí ausm½kd;

qpf 0J,mtaygufodk YxGufNyD;vQif jzLaom

tqif;&Sdaom &oaMumtpkH (30)wdk Yonf

xGufí ra&rwGufEkdifaom tcuftvufi,f

wdkYonf yGm;rsm;í ukd,ft*FgtvkH;pkHü ysHUESHYvsuf

wnfonf/

&oaMumwdkYonf jzLaom tqif;

&Sdonf/ El;nhHaysmhajymif;onf/ tacgif;r&Sd/

wpfukd,fvkH;0,f tvGefao;i,faom

tyfzsm;avmufrQaom &oaMumvGefaom

ae&m[lír&Sdyg/

ajcovkH;? aygif? 0rf;AkdufwkdYü ay:

aom aysmhajymif;aomtaMumwdkYonf þ&o

aMumrsm;jzpfMuygonf/

þ&oaMumü yom'½kyfwd k Ywnf

onf[k aq;usrf;rsm;u qkdygonf/

ESvkH;om;twGif;ü wGif;i,ftacgif;

i,f (4)ck&Sdonf/

vuf0JbufatmufwGif;BuD;rS aoG;

aMumBuD;wpfckonf ESvkH;\ aemufvusfmbuf

odkY apmif;íxGufNyD;vQif txufodkYwufoGm;í

txufqkH; eH½kd;atmuf &ifbwfqD wnhfwnhf

t&yfodk Y a&mufaomtcg vuf0Jbufodk Y

acGaumufí ausm½kd;ukd uyfqif;oGm;&m ESvkH;

atmuf tonf;ae&mavmufü tukdif;wpfck

xGufonf/

,if;tukdif;rS tcufi,f(3)ckjzmNyD;

vQif vusfmbufod k YoGm;aomtcufwGif

tonf;ESihf onf;ajcwG,fuyfí jzpfae\/

vuf0JbufodkYoGm;aom tcufzsm;

wGif o&uf&Guf wG,fuyfí jzpf\/

tv,fcufonf tcufi,frsm;

jzmjyefYí tcsKdUu tpmopftdrfwGif;odkYoGm;

\/ tcsKdUonf jynftdyf&Sd&modkYoGm;í tzsm;

wGif jynftdyfwG,fuyfvsufjzpfonf/ tcsKdU

onf tli,f\yxrydkif;odkY jzmxGufoGm;\/

ESvkH;rSxGufaom ,if;taMumBuD;

onfyif atmufodkYqif;oGm;jyefí atmufqkH;

eHwkdESpfacsmif;teuf txufeHwkdESihfpyfaom

ausm½kd;rS atmufausm½kd;(4)acsmif;twGif;wGif

tukdif;(2)ckxGufNyD;vQif tzsm;wGif 0J,m

ausmufuyf(2)ck jzpfjyefonf/

þausmufuyf\ a&SUbuftaMum

BuD;rSxGufaomtn§mrS aemuftacgif;&Sdaom

taMumwpfckpDxGufí qD;tdrfpnfaygif;wGif;

odkY0ifonf/

þESvkH;rSxGuf&if; aoG;aMumBuD;

onfyif ausmufuyfatmufodkYa&mufonhf

tcg tukdif;BuD;(2)ck? tukdif;i,f(3)ckjzpfí

ajcESpfbufodkY tukdif;BuD;(2)ckwdkYonf oGm;

ukef\/ tukdif;i,fonf aemufcg;rcsKyf½kd;?

rD;anmif½kd;? wifyg;½kd;wdkYodkY jzmíoGm;onf/

ajcESpfbufodk YoGm;aom tukdif;

(2)ckwdk Yonf wpfckvQif (2)ckpDjzmí 0J,m

aygifwdkYukd a&SUaemuftkyfNyD;vQif atmufodkY

qif;oufí ajcovkH;odkYa&mufNyD;vQif (3)jzm

uGJí ajczsm;wkdifatmif twGif;tjyif jzmí

oGm;onf/

(aq;q&mwdkYonf þodkYqif;ouf

aom aoG;aMumBuD;\ tukdif;tcufjzpfaom

aoG;aMumwkd Yü&S daomaoG;ukd ajcusif;0wf

ajczrkd;wdkYrSm tema&m*godatmif prf;oyf

Muonf/)

þESvkH;uxGuf&if; aoG;aMumBuD;\

txufqkH; &if½kd;teD;odkYa&mufí jyefacguf

aom tauG;bufrS tukdif;(3)ckxGufí vuf0J

vusfm(2)ckwdkYonf vufESpfbufodkYoGm;onf/

tv,fy k di f ;onf (2) jzmuG Jí

vnfyif;0J,mukdn§yfNyD;vQif em;? ESmacgif;?

rsufvkH;? vQm? OD;aESmuftwGif;wdkifatmif

tcufi,frsm;pGm jzmítkyfonf/

vufodk YoGm;aom tukdif;(2)ckwdk Y

onfvnf; txufvufarmif;? tv,fcefY

avmufwGif (2)ckjzmí vufa&SUaemufukd

tkyfNyD;vQif vufzsm;wdkifatmif tESHYysHUí jzm

oGm;onf/

(aq;q&mwdkYonf þvufodkYoGm;

aom aoG;aMumwdkYwGif vufaumuf0wfü&Sd

aom aoG;aMumudkprf;í tema&m*gtaMumif;

ukd odMuonf/)

þESvkH;rSxGuf&if; aoG;aMumBuD;

onfyif atmufodkYqif;oGm;pOf qkdtyfcJhNyD;

aom tukdif;tcufwdk YrS wifyg;0J,mwdk Yü

rsm;pGmaom tukdif;tcufwkdYonf xGufí eH½kd;

0J,mwpfbuf (12)acsmif;pDESih f 0rf;wGif;?

&ifwGif;? ausmbuf? tltwGefYwkd Y\tMum;

tlukd ywfwkyfaomtajr§;wdkYü tESHYtjym;ysHUí

jzmoGm;ygonf/

þodkY rsm;pGmaomaoG;aMumwdkYonf

ajczsm;vufzsm;? OD;acgif; tp&Sdaom tzsm;

odkYa&mufaomtcg jyefacgufNyD; taMumi,f

wdkYonf wjznf;jznf; taMumBuD;jzpfjyefav

onf/

tonf;? o&uf&Guf? onf;ajc? jynf

tdwf? ausmufuyfwkdY&Sd aoG;aMumwdkYonfvnf;

pkaygif;vkH;zG JUíjzpfaom 0w¦Kcsnf;jzpfaom

aMumifh xkd0w¦KwdkYrS taMumi,fwdkYonf aygif;pk

jyefí xGufMujyefonf/

ESvkH;atmufajczsm;wkdifatmif oGm;

aom aoG;aMumwdkY aygif;pkNyD;vQif taMumBuD;

15

"r®0D&onf t&G,foHk;yg; &[ef;&Sifvltm;vHk;twGuf jzpfonf/


wuúodkvfoQifoD&d("r®mp&d,?bD-at)

jzpfíjyefvmjyefonf/

þjye fvmaomtaMumBuD;wGi f

ausmufuyf? tonf;? o&uf&Guf? onf;ajc?

jynftdwfwdkYrS aygif;pkíxGufaom taMum

wdkYonf wG,fuyfaygif;pkMujyefygonf/

þodkY t&yf&yftaMumwkdY wG,fuyf

aygif;pkíjzpfaom ESvkH;\atmuft&if;rS

wkH Yjyefvmaom aoG;aMumBuD;onf ESvkH;\

vusfmbuftxuftwGif;odkY 0ifonf/

ESvkH;\txufykdif; vuf? OD;acgif;odkY

oGm;aomtaMumwdk Yonfvnf; jyefacguf

aygif;pkí taMumBuD;wpfckwnf;jzpfNyD;vQif

ESvkH;\ vusfmbuftxuf wGif;\txufbuf

u ESvkH;odkY0ifjyefonf/

þodkY ukd,f\txufykdif;? atmufydkif;

wd k Y ESvk H;\vusfmbuftxufü atmuf?

txuf n§yfí0ifaomaoG;wdkYonfvnf; ESvkH;

\ vusfmbufatmufwGif;odk Y0ifNyD;rS þ

atmufwGif;rS aoG;aMumBuD;wpfck xGufjyef\/

xkdtaMumBuD;onf ukd,fvkH;ukd ysHUESHY

&atmif xGufaom aoG;aMumBuD;\ acguf

csKd;wauG;odkYa&mufvQif ESpfjzmuGJí wpfukd,f

vkH;ukd ysHUESHU&avatmif aoG;aMumBuD;a&SUbuf

rS ,if;aoG;aMumBuD;ukd ausmfeif;í vuf0J

buftqkyfodkY wjzmoGm;\/

wjzm[lonfum; wpfukd,fvkH;ukd

ysHUESHU&avatmif xGufaom aoG;aMumBuD;

aemufbufrS vusfmbuftqkwfodkY oGm;onf/

0J,mtqkwfodkYa&mufvQif rsm;pGm

aom aoG;aMumi,f? tajr§;tdyfi,fuav;

wdkYonfjzpfí xkdtajr§;tdyfi,fuav;rsm;onf

aygif;pkonfjzpfí tqkwfjzpfavonf/

tqkwfjzpfaom aoG;aMumi,f?

tdwfi,fwdkYonfvnf; wpfzef aygif;pkjyefí

0J,mtqkwf(2)ckwdkYwGif wpfckvQif taMum

(2)ckjzpfí ESvkH;\vuf0JbuftxufwGif;odkY

0J,mn§yfNyD;vQif 0ifonf/

þESvkH;wdkY\ vuf0JbuftwGif;odkY

a&mufaom aoG;wdkYonfyif ESvkH;\ vuf0J

bufatmufwGif;odkY a&mufjyefí wpfukd,fvkH;

uk d ys H UE S H YaomaoG;aMumBuD;od Y k0if Ny D;vQif

wpfukd,fvkH;ukd ysHUESHYjyefonf/

xkdrSwpfyg; qHjcnfcefYavmufom&Sd

aom aoG;aMumi,fwpfcsKdUonf ESvkH;rSxGuf

aom aoG;aMumwdk YrS aoG;wkd Yuk d pkyf,lí

wpfukd,fvkH;ukd ysHUESHYapaom aoG;aMumi,frsm;

ESih f aoG;rsm;&mrS pkyf,lí aoG;enf;&mudk

aqmifwwfaom (rSefbDvl;ESihfMunhfrS jrifEkdif

aom) aoG;aMumwkdYonf trsm;tjym;&Sdav

onf/

þrSefbDvl;ESihfMunhfrS jrifEkdifaom

aoG;aMumi,fwd k Yonf aygifNcH? vuúwD;?

vnfyif;tom;wkH;BuD;wdkYü rsm;pGm&Sdukefonf/

xkdtaMumi,fwkdY\ 0J,mü tajr§;

i,ftdwfwdkYonf &Sdygonf/ aoG;avazmufjyef

í xkdtajr§;i,ftdwfwdkY a&mifaomaMumifh

aygifNcH? vuúwD;? atmufar;½dk;atmufwkdYü

tBudwftzkwdkY jzpf&ygonf/

þuJhodkY wpfukd,fvkH;ysHUESHYwnfaom

aoG;aMumwdkYonfvnf;aumif;? &oaMumwkdY

onfvnf;aumif;? t½kd;wdkY\twGif;wkdifatmif

0ifaom taMum? xGufaomtaMumjzpfí

ysHUESHYonf/

xkdYaMumifh tom;rSwpfyg; qHyif?

ajconf;vufonf;? ajcmufaoGUaomta&

wdkYudk csefvSyfí wpfukd,fvkH;ü aoG;aMum? &o

taMumwdkYonf y&rmPkjrLcefYrQ rvyf&atmif

uGef&ufuJhodk Y tkyfvsufwnfygonf/ ESm½k

rnfaomtaMumonf (2)rsKd;&Sdygonf/

(1) tom;wkH;ESihf t½kd;ukdwG,faom taMum

wpfrsKd;/

,if;onf tom;wkH;wdkY\ tptqkH;

&Sdonf/ jzLaomtqif;&Sdonf/ o@meftm;jzihf

tjym;jzpfonf/ t½kd;yk drwfaomtajr§;ESih f

wG,fuyfvsufwnfonf/ tom;wkH;uyfaom

t½kd;rS tjcm;aomt½kd;ü qufwG,f\/

þtom;wkH;wdkY\ tptqkH;&Sdaom

taMumrsKd;wkdYwGif vufarmif;<uufom;? ovkH;

<uufom;? aygif\aemuftom;wdk Y\ tp

tqkH;ü&Sdaom taMumwdkYonf tom;wkH;wdkY\

wpfbufü (2)acsmif;pD &Sdukef\/

þtaMumtom;wk H ;wd k Yuk d c G Jí

ajcvufwdkY\auG;jcif; qefYjcif;wkdYonf jzpfEkdif

ukef\/

(2) t½dk;tcsif;csif;udk wG,faomtaMum

wpfrsKd;/

t½kd;\tzsm;wdk Yü t½kd;\tqpfrS

xGufvmouJhodkYjzpfí t½dk;ESpfcktqufMum;

wGif t½kd;(2)ckukd NrJpGm wG,fuyfvsufwnf

onf/

t½kd;ESihfuyfonhfbufu tvGef El;nHh

acsmarm\/ jzLaomtqif;&Sd\/ o@meftm;

jzihf tjym;jzpf\/ t½dk;quf(2)cktMum;ü

&S daomtap;ESih f rjywfxdvsuf&S d\/ 'l;?

*kHnif;½kd;ukd þtaMum(2)acsmif;onf Muufajc

cwfESdyf wG,fuyfvsuf&Sdonf/

qufvufazmfjyygrnf

16

DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES"r®0D&onf pdwfzdpD;rI uif;a0;aponf/

twGif;pum;

Aka'¨g&ot&Sif£E´mp&d,(aAm"d&dyfNidrf)

,ciftywfrStquf

ruif;ayr,fh uGmatmifae

q&mawmfBuD;u OD;aAm"da&...'um? 'umrawGeJY uif;awmh

ruif;Ekdifbl;aygY/ okdYaomfvnf; uGm&r,faemf/ ruif;ayr,fh uGm&rSm/

NyD;awmh omoemawmfxJ 0ifa&mufNyD; 0wf½Hkawmf ouFef;

0wfvmwmu bk&m;ae&mu bk&m;udk,fpm; omoemjyKzdkY omoemjyK

pk&rSmav/ vlawGu b,favmufyJ omoejyKw,f qdkif;bkwfwyfwyf?

omoemtwGif;om; r[kwfbl;av/ vlavmufyJ jyKvdkY&rSm/ 'Dxuf

rydkbl;/ vlu omoemjyKzdkY omoemhtvH csdwfxm;wm r[kwfbl;av/

omoemhtvHatmufrSmyJaewm/ omoemwGif;om;uawmh omoem

jyKzdkY tvHawmfu ouFef;0wfuwnf;u a<u;aMumfNyD;om;r[kwfvm;

odaemf? odaemf rwlwm odaemf/

omoemjyK&m0,f

aemufNyD;awmh q&mawmfBuD;u wynhfawmf "ar®m0g'uxm

usrf;pma&;wkef;u &efukefu OD;ausmf0if;wdkYudk pdefac:NyD; a&;cJhwm?

ay;cJhwm/ cifAsm;wdkY 'Dusrf;pmtkyfxJu twdkif;jzpf&if usKyf cifAsm;wdkY

ESihf wGJNyD;omoemjyKrnf? rjzpfvQif rwGJbl;qdkNyD; "ar®m0g'uxmudk

OD;ausmf0if;tyfcJhwmav/ vufvkyfawmifrSmwkef;u tJ'Dvdk ajymNyD;tyf

wmav/

omoemjyK&mü aemufu taxmuftydkY aumif;vdkY&Sd&if

rdk;ukwfwdkY? r[mpnfwdkYvdk omoemjyK&rnfaemf/ rdk;ukwfwdkY? r[m

pnfwdkYu b,favmuftaxmuftydkY aemufcHaumif;ovJ t&Sifbk&m;

todom;yJ/ rdk;ukwfudkvnf; 0ifMunhfAsm? awmfawmfudk taxmuftyHh

aumif;wm/

r[mpnf taxmuftyHhaumif;yHkuawmh odNyD;om;jzpfrSmyg/

r[mpnfu pnf;urf;rSmawmh tawmfqHk;? taumif;qHk;vdkY

ajymxm;om;yJ/ wu,fudk pnf;eJYurf;eJYaumif;wm/ w&m;wif aumif;

wmr[kwfbl;? pnf;urf;ygaumif;wmAsmh/

tJ'Dvdk aemufaxmufaumif;&if tJ'Dvdk omoemjyKyg/

tJ'Dpum; "ar®m0g'uxmusrf;&JU aemufausmrSm a&;xm;

w,f/

tJ'Dvdk omoemjyK&if omoemawmf&JU rsKd;qufvnf; usef&pf

rnf/

NyD;awmh rdrdudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaewJh aemufvdkuf 'umç

'umrrsm;? wynhfrsm;vnf; yGihfoihfwm yGihf? tEÅ&m,fuif;oihfwm uif;?

'gvnf;&Ekdifw,f/ oluawmh tcGifhta&; ESpfrsKd;vHk; &Ekdifw,f/ "r®

tarGvnf; &Ekdifw,f/ tmrdotarGvnf; &Ekdifw,faygYav/ 'Dvdkajym

&if ydkNyD; oabmaygufygvdrhfrnfaemf/

tu,fí aemuftaxmuftyHh raumif;vdk Y&S d&if yckuúL

OD;MunfwdkYvdk? oydwftkdifq&mawmfwdkYvdk omoemjyKyg/ xdkq&mawmf

wdkYusawmh omoemrsKd;quf usef&pfzdkY rvG,fbl;/ r&Ekdifbl;aygYav/

rsKd;qufr&bl;qdkwm "r®tarGr&vdkYjzpfw,f/

odkYaomf xdkq&mawmfBuD;awG ausmif;cef;xJ twGif;rSm olwdkY

tvkyfvkyf&if;? tm;xkwf&if;eJY olwdkY\ "r®"mwf? tusihfp&PpGrf;tm;

r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; rdefYMum;awmfrlaom

aMumihf olwdkYudk rSDcdkqnf;uyfMuwJh y&dowfawG yGihfoihfwJh yk*¾dKvf yGihf

wmyJ/ tEÅ&m,fuif;oihfwJhyk*¾dKvf tEÅ&m,fuif;oGm;wmyJAsmh/

ÓPfyGihfoihfwJhyk*¾dKvf ÓPfyGihf? tEÅ&m,fuif;oihfwJh yk*¾dKvf

tEÅ&m,fuif;oGm;wm csdefrcsbJeJY wnhfwnfhrSefoGm;wmyJ/ csdefcszdkYudk

rvdkbJ wnhfwnhfrSefoGm;wmjzpfw,f/

q&mawmfBuD;u wzefqufNyD; rdefYawmfrljyefonf/ OD;aAm"da&

,ckacwfu y&dowfawGuvJ qnf;uyfyHku pD;yGm;jzpfzdkY? &mxl;wdk;zdkY

avmufyJ &nf&G,fwmvm;? [if...[if "r®tarG ay;vdkYuawmh

b,fhES,hfwHk;? ,lrSmr[kwfbl;Asm/ bmvJ "r®tarGu aemufrSay;yg bk&m;?

,ckvufiif;uawmh pD;yGm;a&;aumif;zdkY? &mxl;wdk;zdkYudkyJ awmif;rSmAsmh/

'Dawmh OD;aAm"da&....yckuúL OD;MunfwdkYvdk? oydwftkdif

q&mawmfwdkYvdkyJ aumif;rSmyJAsm/ 'g[maemufvkduf? aemufaxmuf

aumif; r&Sdwmav/ aemufvdkuf? aemufaxmuf raumif;&ifawmh

r[mpnfwdkY? rdk;ukwfwdkYvdk usihfaygYAsm/ [kwfAsm? [kwfAsm/

a0bl q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;uawmh wynhfawmfESihf awmfawmf

eD;pyfygw,f/ &Gmuvnf; eD;pyfw,f[k q&mawmfBuD;u rdefYawmfrljyef

w,f/

a0blq&mawmfBuD;&JU atmifajrwdkY? a0blwdkYudkawmh ra&muf

zl;ay/ qGrf;qefpdrf;avmif;vSLyGJwdkY? bmwdkY? nmwdkYawmh oGm;wmaygY/

'gayr,fh tJ'D&dyfomeJY xJxJ0if0if r&Sdbl;/ tifMuif;yif awm&uawmh

zifa&m? acgif;a&m tukefodwmaygYAsm/

a0bl q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u aemufvdkufaumif; r&Sdawmh

aemufqHk; olYtvkyfudk ol rsufpdrSdwfNyD; vkyfoGm;w,f/ aemufudk vSnhf

rMunhfawmhbl;/ olYtvkyfudk ol wpfaMumif;wnf;/ wpfvrf;wnf;

vkyfoGm;awmhwmAsm/

aemufvdkufaumif;? taxmuftyHhaumif; r&SdbJeJY y&dowf

arG;rdawmh.....

omoemawmf oefY&Sif;rI r&Sdbl;/ aemufvdkufaumif; r&Sd awmh

omoemtwGif;xJ ykyfovdk? teHYraumif;ovdkjzpf&w,f/ twGif;ykyf

jzpfwmaygYAsm/

twGif;ykyfqdkawmh tay:u ta&mif;aumif;ayr,fh twGif;u

raumif;bl;aygY/ q&mawmfu oDvpwJh *kPfawG&Sdygvsuf aemufvdkuf

raumif;vdkY omoemjyKr&bl;/ rsKd;qufrusef&pfbl;/

a0blq&mawmfBuD;u aemufvdkufaumif;r&bJ y&dowf

vufcHcJhrdawmh "r®tarGquf rsKd;qufvnf; rusef&pfcJhbl; OD;aAm"da&

...aemufvdkufaumif; &SdzdkYvdkoAsmh/

q&mawmfBuD;u t&Sifbk&m;vnf; awmuqdkawmh odrSmyg/

i,fi,fwkef;u ayoD;ypfwmav/ ypf'dk;udk *dkifvdkYac:w,f/ t&Sifbk&m;

a&m *dkifawmihf&JUvm;? *dkifawmihf&JUvm;[k NyHK;&TifpGm rdefYawmfrl\/

pma&;olu qufvufavQmufxm;vdkufonfrSm q&mawmf

bk&m;....wynhfawmfuawmh pcef;yGJwpfcgjzpfvQif? wpfcgusif;yay;

&vQif pdwfwpfcgnpfygonf bk&m;/ aemufxyfudk w&m;pcef;yGJ rvkyf

csifawmhygbk&m;[k avQmufxm;rdawmh\/

(qufvufazmfjyygrnf/)

17


"r®0D&onf csrf;ajrhaysmf&TifrItwGuf jzpfap&onf/

,ciftywfrStquf

xkdYaMumihfvnf; yk*Hjynfoljynfom;

rsm;\tjrifonf Munfvifí ukd,fusihfonf

ckdifrmjcif;jzpf\/ xkd Yaemuf yk*Hjynfolrsm;

twGuf Ek di fiH\ zG J Upnf;yk HtajccH ]]rl}}

ozG,f jzp faom pmaywpf&yfvnf;

&Sdao;\/ ,if; pmayum; ]]r*Fvokwf}}

jzpf\/ r*FvokwfaMumihf yk*Hjynfoljynfom;

rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ rdom;pkudkvnf; cspfwwf\/

EkdifiHESihf vlrsKd;udkvnf; cspfwwf\/ avmu

vlom;rsm;udkvnf; cspfwwf\/ &wemokH;yg;

üvnf; ukd;uG,fwwf\/ ,kHMunfwwf\/

omoemawmfudkvnf; csD;ajr§mufwwf\/

yk*Hjynfü jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ]]rEkówå

bma0g 'kv’abm}} tqkH;trawmfESihftnD

yk*Hjynfoljynfom;rsm;onf ]]vl}} qkdaom

vljzpf vm&jcif;rSm &Sift&[H\ aus;Zl;awmf

aMumihf jzpf\/ tcsdeftcgESihf tajctaeukd

wefzk d ;wGufí qk d&ygvQif &Si ft&[HESih f

taemf&xmwd k Yuk d & Si farm*¾vdykwåwdó

rx&fESihf taomu rif;wdkY\ ,kHMunfrIüjzpf

ap? & J&i h fr Iüjzp fap? &ufa&mrIüjzp fap

EIdif;,SOfí qkdEkdifyg\/

taemf&xmrif;u jrefrmEkdifiHom;wdkY

tm; acwftqufquf tarGay;cJ haom

pdwfykdif;qkdif&m tarGwpfck&Sd\/ ,if;tarGum;

tepfemcHvdkpdwfjzpf\/ trSeftm;jzihf tepfem

cHvkdpdwfonf okar"m&Sif&aoh\pdwfxm;jzpf

\/

,if;pdwfxm;ukd ig;&mhig;q,f Zmwf

aqmifrsm;üvnf; awGU&\/ ZmwfBuD;q,fbGJU

Zmwfaqmifrsm;üvnf; awGU&\/ xkdpdwfxm;ukd

& Si ft&[Honf taemf&xmü oGwfoGif;

ay;vkduf\/ taemf&xmonf xkdpdwfxm;jzihf

yxrjrefrmEkdifiHukd xlaxmifcJ h jcif;jzpf\/

acwftqufquf jrefrmEkdifiHom;wdkYtm;vnf;

xkdpdwfxm;ukdyif taemf&xmu ay;cJh\/

bk&ifhaemifESihf tavmif;bk&m;wdkYonfvnf;

xkdpdwfxm;jzihfyif 'kwd,jrefrmEkdifiHawmfESihf

wwd,jrefrmEk di fi Hawmfwd k Yuk d xlaxmif

cJhMujcif;jzpf\/ ,aeYwdkifatmifyif edrfhyg;ol

rsm;bufrS &yfwnfwwfjcif;onf taemf&xm

rif;xHrS qufcHcJhaom jrefrmEkdifiHom;wdkY\

orkdif;tarGtESpfjzpf\/ xkdrGefjrwfvSaom

tarGtESpfaMumifhyif jrefrmEkdifiHom;wdkYonf

orkdif;wpfavsmufvkH; tEkdifusihf0g'jzihf b0ukd

ukd;uG,folrsm; rjzpfcJhMu/ tepfemcH0g'jzihfom

b0udk toHk;cscJholrsm; jzpfcJhMu\/

taemf&xmrif;onf yk*Hjynf o&yg

avmuom;wdk Y\ tEIdif;rJ haus;Zl;&Sifavmuom;wdk Y\ tEIdif;rJ haus;Zl;&Sifavmuom;wdk Y\ tEIdif;rJ haus;Zl;&Sifavmuom;wdk Y\ tEIdif;rJ haus;Zl;&Sifavmuom;wdk Y\ tEIdif;rJ haus;Zl;&Sifuk d,fusih fAk'¨0if ed'gef;rSuk d,fusih fAk'¨0if ed'gef;rSuk d,fusih fAk'¨0if ed'gef;rSuk d,fusih fAk'¨0if ed'gef;rSuk d,fusih fAk'¨0if ed'gef;rS

Ak'¨

q&mBuD;q&mBuD;

q&mBuD;q&mBuD;

q&mBuD;-OD;a&Tatmif

wHcg;wGif;od k Y 0ifa&mufrdNyDjzpfaomfvnf;

uRJ½kdif;tEÅ&m,fukd ESdrfeif;&ef ol\ol&Jaumif;

rsm;ukd wm0efray;bJ olukd,fwkdifoGm;í ESdrfeif;

c J h\/ uR J½ k di f;aMumih fyif taemf&xmrif;

ewf&GmpHcJh&\/ &Sifok'defukd taMumif;jyKí

0ZD&Ak'd#Dumu þodkYazmfjyxm;\/

]]0demao ypöKy|daw tea,m e,

½laye Ak'druúr® wd|wd}}

rnfolrqkd ysufpD;csdefwefvQif trSm;

udk trSefxifwwf\/ t"r®ukd "r®xifwwf\

[laom tqdktrdefYt& uRJ½kdif;ukd ESdrfeif;&mü

taemf&xmrif;ukd rSm;onf[k qkdolrsm;u

qkdMu\/ xkdokdYqkdjcif;rSm u½kPm\oabmukd

rodíom qkdjcif;jzpf\/

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf rnfokdYtaMumif;

aMumihfrQ qEáwmfukd tavQmhtwif;rxm;?

tcgcyfodrf; wpfom;wnf;om xm;awmfrl\/

rnfonhftaMumif;aMumihfrQ 0D&d,awmfukd

tavQmhtwif;rxm;? tNrJwrf; wpfom;wnf;

om xm;awmfrl\/ rnfonhftaMumif;aMumihf

rQ u½kPmawmfud k tavQmhtwif;rxm;?

xm0pOf wpfom;wnf;om xm;awmfrl\/

jcaoFhrif;onfvnf; ,kefi,fukd zrf;&müjzpf

ap? qifajymifudk zrf;&müjzpfap? 0D&d,ukd

tavQmhtwif;rxm;? wpfom;wnf;omxm;

\/ þodk Y xm;jcif;onf jrih f jrwfolwd k Y\

vu©Pmjzpf\/

tepfemcHjcif;[lonfrSm wm0efukd

,l&müvnf; tepfemcH\/ tcGif hta&;ukd

,l&müvnf; tepfemcH\/ tNrJwrf; tepfem

cH\/ tcsKdUolwdkYrSm wm0efukd,l&mü toufukd

pGefYonftxd tepfemcHMuaomfvnf; tcGifh

ta&;ukd ,l&mürl tepfemrcHEkdifMu/ xkdYaMumihf

xkdolwdk Y\ tepfemcHrIonf wpfom;wnf;

rjzpf/ wpfajzmih fwnf;rjzpf/ þodk Yaom

tepfemcHrIrsKd;onf wu,fwrf;jrihfjrwfaom

tepfemcHrIrsKd;r[kwf/ yg&rDxkdufaom tepfem

cHrIrsKd;r[kwf/

taemf&xmrif;onf wm0efukd,ljcif;

üvnf; tepfemcH\/ xkdYaMumihf uRJ½kdif;ukd

ESdrfeif;&mü taemf&xmrif;onf ukd,fwkdif

xGufí ES drfeif;jcif;jzpf\/ ol\&Jrufrsm;

yifyef;aeonfudk olod\/ trSeftm;jzihf ol\

&Jrufrsm;ukd tokH;jyK&mü rdom;pktwGuf?

Ek difiHESih f vlrsK d;twGuf? avmuvlom;rsm;

twGuf olvdk tepfemcHvkdpdwfudk arG;jrLwwf

atmif avhusih fay;jcif;omjzpf\/ jyKp k

ysKd;axmifay;jcif;omjzpf\/ ol\ukd,fusKd;

twGuf tjrwfxkwfonfhtaejzihf tokH;jyKjcif;

r[kwf/ xkdYaMumifh olYukd tm;vkH;u cspfMujcif;

jzpf\/ ,aeYwkdifatmifvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHom;

wd k Yu cspf Mujcif;jzpf\/ þokd Y jzpf jcif;rSm

olYapwemESihf olYarwåm\tusKd;qufyifjzpf

\/

uRJ½kdif;cwfaomaMumihf taemf&xm

bk&if ewf&GmpHonfrSef\/ okdY&mwGif ol\

trnfum; ewf&GmrpH/ ol\trnfESihftwl

ol\pdwfxm;onf &Sifoefvsuf&Sd\/ xkdYaMumifh

taemf&xmbk&ifonf acwftqufquf

jrefrmEkdifiHom;wdkYtm; tepfemcHvkdpdwfudkvnf;

aumif;? &J&ihfjcif;ESihf &ufa&mjcif;udkvnf;

aumif;? ol\tarGtjzpf ay;EkdifcJhjcif;jzpf\/

þtarGum; jrefrmEkdifiHom;wdkYtwGuf tzkd;

rjzwfEkdifaom tarGjzpf\/ okH;írukefEkdifaom

tarGvnf;jzpfonf/ þtarGukd jrefrmEkdifiH

om;wdkYonf tokH;cswwfzkdYESihf tokH;csEkdifzkdYom

ta&;BuD;onf/

þtarGukd tokH;csEkdifolrsm; jrefrm

EkdifiHü ay:aygufvmonfESihf wpfNyKdifeuf

jrefrmEkdifiHawmfonf rdrd\EkdifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;

udkomru avmuvlom;rsm;tm;vkH;ukdyg

aus;Zl;jyKEkdifayvdrfhrnf/ þavmuwGif vlao

onfESihfwpfNyKdifeuf emrnfaoolrsm;vnf;

&SdMu\/ vlraorDuyif trnfaoESihfolrsm;

vnf; &S d Mu\/ xk dolrsm;\aojcif;um;

raumif;aomaojcif; jzpf\/ taemf&xmrif;

\ aojcif;um; aumif;aomaojcif;jzpf\/

taemf&xm[laomtrnfukd Mum;&wkdif; rdrd

ukd,fwkdif taemf&xmjzpfoGm;csifpdwf jzpfay:

vmapEkdifaom aojcif;jzpfav\/


18

"r®0D&onf vlom;rsKd;EG,fquftwGuf jzpfonf/

taem f&xmuk d tr Sw f&vQi f

taemf&xm\q&mudkyg trSwf&oihf\/ trSef

tm;jzihf taemf&xmum; wynhfomjzpf\/

wynhfaumif;vQif q&maumif;&Sdíom jzpf\/

taemf&xm\q&maumif;um; ]]&Sift&[H}}

jzpf\/ tu,fíom taemf&xmrif;onf

&Sift&[H\tqkH;trukd r&bl;qk dygvQif

jrefrmEkdifiH\orkdif;onfvnf;aumif;? ,Ofaus;

rIonfvnf;aumif; ,ckESihfrwlbJ wpfrsKd;

wpfzkHjzpfoGm;ayvdrhfrnf/ xkdYaMumihf &Sift&[H

onf jrefrmEkdifiHom;wdkY\ aus;Zl;&Sifjzpfyg\/

&Si ft&[Honf taemf&xmrif;

trSL;jyKaom jrefrmEkdifiHom;wdkYtm; ig;&mh

ig;q,f Zmwfawmfrsm;ESihf ZmwfBuD;q,fbGJUwdkY

jzihf tepfemcHvdkpdwfukd jrwfEkd;wwfatmif

oifay;\/ r*Fvokwfjzihf jrefrmEkdifiHukd y#d½ly

a'ojzpfatmif aqmif&Guf&ef oifay;\/

xk dtcg jrefrmEk di fi Hom;wd k Yonf

]]ig;&mhig;q,fZmwfawmfrsm;ESihf ZmwfBuD;q,f

bGJUwdkYjzihf}} ckdifrmaom ukd,fusihfodu©mukd wnf

aqmufEkdifMu\/ r*Fvokwfjzihf Munfvifaom

tjrifudk &,lEkdifMu\/ þtjrif þtusihfjzifh

jrefrmEkdifiHonf acgif;aqmifaumif;udkvnf;

&cJh\/ aemufvkdufaumif;udkvnf; &cJh\/

uspfvspfodyfonf;aom pnf;vkH;rIudkvnf;

&cJh\/ *kPf,lzG,f&Sdygbd/

jrefrmEkdifiH ukd,fhrif;ukd,fcsif;acwf

wpfavsmufvkH; &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;onf

EkdifiHawmfü 0dZÆmbufüvnf; OD;aqmif\/

]]p&P}}bufüvnf; OD;aqmif\/ bk&ifvnf;

bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;jzpf\/ rSL;BuD;rwfBuD;rsm;

vnf; bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfMu\/ ppfol

Bu D ;vnf; bke f ; Bu D ;ausmi f ;om; jzp f\/

v,form;vnf; bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;jzpf\/

tm;vkH;yif bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfMuav

\/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;uvnf; wpfEkdifiH

vkH;\ ynma&;udk tjrifjzihf tusihf tcsKd;nDnD

zGHUNzKd;a&;twGuf wm0ef,lí oifMum;ay;Mu

\/

xkdYaMumifh &[ef;&Sifvl tm;vkH;wdkY

onf tjrifcsif;vnf;wlMu\/ tusihfcsif;vnf;

wlMu\/ xkdtcg EkdifiHawmf\pnf;vkH;a&;onf

tjrifcsif;wlrI? tusifhcsif;wlrItay: tajccH

avaomaMumihf uspfvspf\/ odyfonf;\/

wpfom;wnf;jzpf\/ xk d YaMumif h xk dacwf

pnf;vkH;rIukd ygVda0g[m&tm;jzihf or0g,

orÁE¨ [líqkd&\/ trSeftm;jzihf Ek difiHukd

or0g, orÁE¨jzpfatmifom pnf;½kH;Ekdifrnf

qkdygu xkdEk difiHonf urÇmajrjyifay:wGif

tcsrf;ajrUqkH;aomEkdifiHjzpfav\/

xkdacwf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif zGHUNzKd;rIESihf

ywfoufíqkd&vQif ½kyfykdif;qkdif&mzGHNzKd;rIrsm;

enf;csifenf;rnf/ pdwfydkif;qkdif&m zGHUNzKd;rIrsm;

vnf; enf;csifenf;rnf/ odkY&mwGif ukd,fusihf

odu©mykdif;qkdif&m zGHUNzKd;rIum; tjrihfrm;qkH;jzpf

\/ xkdacwf jrefrmEkdifiHom;wdkYonf ukd,fusihf

odu©mjrihfrm;rIukd ½kyfydkif;qkdif&mzGHUNzKd;rIrsm;ESihf

vnf; rvJvS,fcJhMu? pdwfydkif;qkdif&m zGHUNzKd;rI

rsm;ESihfvnf; rvJvS,fcJhMu/ ukd,fusifhodu©m

jrifhrm;onfESihftrQ 'kp½kdufrIrsm;onfvnf;

enf;yg;onfomjzpf\/ 'kp½kdufrsm; enf;yg;onf

ESihftrQvnf; okp½kdufrsm; xGef;um;&\/ xdYk

aMumihf xkdEkdifiHrsKd;udk urÇmajrjyifwGif tcsrf;

ajrUqkH;EkdifiHjzpfonf[k qkd&jcif;jzpf\/ trSef

tm;jzihf xkdacwfjrefrmEkdifiHonf urÇmajrjyif

ay:wGif tcsrf;ajrUqkH;EkdifiHrsm;teuf wpfck

tygt0ifjzpfcJhyg\/

jre frmE k di fi Honf aemufy k di f ;ü

olwpfyg;vufatmufodk Y usa&mufcJ h&\/

xkdtcg bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;onf EkdifiHawmf\

ynma&;ykdif;ü OD;raqmifEkdifawmh/ xkdtcg

tjrifESihftusihfonf wpfrsKd;jzpfoGm;av\/

tjrihfESihftusifhwpfrsKd;jzpfoGm;onfESihf wpfNyKdif

euf jrefrmEkdifiHom;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ trsKd;om;

p½kdufjzpfaom ukd,fusifhodu©mjrihfrm;rIukd

½kyfykdif;qkdif&mzGHUNzKd;rIrsm;ESihfvnf; vJvS,fvm

Mu\/ pdwfyd kif;qkdif&mzG HUNzK d;rIrsm;ESih fvnf;

vJvS,fvmMu\/

xkdtcg &J&ihfrIrsm;ESihf &ufa&mrIonf

aysmufawmh\/ tepfemcHvkdaom pdwfxm;ukd

wefzkd;rxm;Mu? tu,fí tepfemcHvkdaom

pdwfxm;ukd wefzk d;xm;onfqkdygvQifvnf;

vkyfief;ESifh wm0efykdif;üom tepfemcHwwfMu

NyD; tusK d;tjrwfESif h tcGih fta&;yd kif;ürl

tepfemrcHMu? tusKd;tjrwfESihf tcGifhta&;

ykdif;wGif ypönf;Opömvnf; yg\/ &mxl;XmeEÅ&

vnf; yg\/ xifay:ausmfapmrIvnf; yg\/

tu,fí vkyfief;ydkif;ESihf tusKd;tjrwfykdif;

ESpfrsKd;vkH;üyif tepfemcHvkdolrsm; &SdMuygao;

onfqkdygvQif xkdyk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ ta&twGuf

onf vufcsKd;ía&wGufEkdifonhftqihftxd

enf;yg;oGm;cJh\/

qufvufazmfjyygrnf

jyKNyD;NyD/ aemifwpfzef rjzpfjcif;oabm&SdNyD/ ykPÖm; igonf tMuif

tmoa0gw&m;udk ry,f&ao;aomaMumihf *EAÁewfjzpf&m\/ bDvl;

jzpf&m\/ vljzpf&m\/ xdktmoa0gw&m;wdkYudk igy,fNyD;NyD/ tjrpf&if;

udk jzwfNyD;NyD/ EkwfNyD;aom xef;y6if&mjyKNyD;NyD/ wpfzef rjzwfEkdifatmif

jyKNyD;NyD/ aemifwpfzef rjzpfjcif;oabm&SdNyD/

ykPÖm;a&üaygufaoma&üBuD;yGm;aom OyÜvMumonfvnf;

aumif;? y'krmMumonfvnf;aumif;? ykPÖ&dufMumonfvnf;aumif;?

a&rStxufodkYwufí a&jzihfrvdrf;usHbJ wnfouJhodkY? ykPÖm; þtwl

omvQif avmuüjzpfaom? avmuüBuD;yGm;aom igonf avmuudk

vTrf;rdk;í ocFg&avmuESihf vdrf;usHuyfNidjcif;r&SdbJ ae\/ xdkYaMumihf

igYudk ]Ak'} [k odrSwfavavmh[k rdefYawmfrl\/

ykPÖm;? tMuiftmoa0gw&m;aMumif h ewfjzpf&m\/

aumif;uifodk Y oGm;aom *EÄÁewfjzpf&m\/ tMuiftmoa0g

w&m;aMumih f bDvl;tjzpfod k Y a&muf&m\/ vltjzpfod k Yvnf;

a&muf&m\/ igYtm; xdktmoa0gw&m;wdk YukefNyD/ zsufqD;tyf

ukefNyD/ taESmiftzGJUuif;atmifjyKNyD; ukefNyD/

aumif;aom MumykPÖ&dufonf a&jzihfrvdrf;usHouJh

od k Y xd k Ytwl igYtm; ocFg&avmuESif h rvdrf;usHay/ ykPÖm;

come the world, I abide unsoiled by the world. Take it that I am aBuddha, bra-hmin.The a-savas whereby would beA deva- birth or airy sprite,Gandhavva, or whereby myselfWould reach the state of yakkhahood,Or go to birth in human womb-Those a-savas now by myself.Are slain, destroyed and rooted out.As a lotus, fair and lovely,By the water is not soiled,By the world am I not soiled;Therefore, bra-hmin, am I Buddha.

(Complete translation of the Anguttara-Nikaya, Thebook of the Grandual saying, The Book of four, Chapter IV, As tothe world, Dona Sutta.)

Hanthanaddy-U Ohn Kyaing.

xdkYaMumifh igonf ]Ak'¨} jzpf\/

(t*Fkwå&edum,f0if? okwåefyd#uwf? t*Fkwd¬K&fygVdawmf?

pwkuúedygwf? puú0*f? a'gPokwfjyefqdkcsuf)/

[Hom0wD-OD;tkef;BudKif/

DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES19

"r®0D&onf udk,fusihfodu©mjzLpifjrihfjrwfrI 0de,udkaqmifEkdifMu&efjzpfonf/

GRADUAL SAYING

avmuESihf vdrf;usHuyfNidjcif; r&Sdaom

Unsoiled by the World[Hom0wD = OD;tkef;BudKif

avmuESih fpyforQ

tcgwpfyg;üjrwfpGmbk&m;onf Ouú|NrdKUESih f aowAsNrdKU

tMum; c&D;&Snf<uawmfrl\/ a'gPykPÖm;onfvnf; Ouú|NrdKUESihf aow

AsNrdKUtMum;ü c&D;&SnfoGm;\/ a'gPykPÖm;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;\

ajcawmf&mwdkYü tuefYwpfaxmif&Sdaom tuGyfESihfwuGjzpfukefaom

ykefawmif;ESihf wuGjzpfukefaom tvHk;pHkaom tjcif;t&mwdkYESihf jynhfpHk

aom puf (vu©Pm)wdkYudkjrifavaomf ]tdktcsif;wdkY tHhzG,f&SdpGwum;

rjzpfzl;NrJjzpfpGwum;? þajc&mwdkYonf pifppf vljzpfol\ ajc&mwdkY

jzpfEkdifvdfrfhrnfr[kwf} [k tBuHjzpf\/

xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;onf c&D;vrf;rS zJí wpfckaom opf

yif&if;ü xuf0,fzGJUacGNyD;vQif udk,fudk ajzmihfrwfpGmxm;í ur®|mef;odkY

a&S;½Iowdudkjzpfapvsuf oDwif;oHk;xdkifaeawmfrl\/

xdkpOf a'gPykPÖm;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ajcawmf&mwdkYodkY

tpOfvdkufvwfaomf? wpfckaom opfyif&if;ü MunfndKzG,f&Sdaom

MunfndKpdwfudkjzpfapEdkifaom Nidrfoufaom £aÈ Nidrfoufaom pdwf&Sd

aom jrwfaom t&[wåzdkvf? ,if;t&[wåzdkvfESihf ,SOfaom orm"d

odkYa&mufvsuf ,Ofaus;NyD; apmihfpnf;NyD; xdef;odrf;NyD;aom £aÈ&Sdaom

qifajymifBuD;tvm; xkdifaeawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;udkjrifí jrwfpGm

bk&m;xHodkYcsOf;uyfNyD;vQif jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; avQmufav\/

]toQifonf ewfjzpfvdrhfrnfavm}

]ykPÖm; igonf ewfjzpfvdrhfrnfr[kwf}

]toQif igonf *EAÁewfjzpfvdrhfrnfavm}

]ykPÖm;igonf *EAÁewfjzpfvdrhfrnfr[kwf}

]toQifonf bDvl;jzpfvdrfhfrnfavm}

]ykPÖm; igonf bDvl;jzpfvdrhfrnfr[kwf}

]toQifonf vljzpfvdrfhrnfavm}

]ykPÖm;igonf vljzpfvdrfhrnfr[kwf}

toQifonf ewfjzpfvdrfhrnfavm[kar;vwfaomf? ykPÖm;

igonf ewfjzpfvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k rdefYawmfrlbd\/ toQifonf *EÄÁ

ewfjzpfvdrfhrnfavm[k ar;vwfaomf ykPÖm; igonf *EAÁewfjzpfvdrfh

rnfr[kwf[k rdefYawmfrl\/ toQifonf bDvl;jzpfvdrfhrnfavm[k

ar;vwfaomf? ykPÖm;igonf bDvl;jzpfvdrhfrnfr[kwf[k rdefYawmfrl\/

toQifonf vljzpfvdrfhrnfavm[kar;vwfaomf ykPÖm;igonf vljzpf

vdrfhrnfr[kwf[k rdefYawmfrlbd\/ odkYjzpfvQif tb,fokdYaom yk*¾dKvf

jzpfygvdrfhrnfenf;[k ar;avQmuf\/

ykPÖm; igonf tMuiftmoa0gw&m;wdkYudk ry,f&ao;aom

aMumihf ewfjzpf&m\/ xdktmoa0gw&m;wdkYudk igy,fNyD;NyD/ tjrpf&if;udk

jzwfNyD;NyD/ EkwfNyD;aom xef;yif&muJhodkY jyKNyD;NyD/ wzefrjzpfEkdifatmif

à aumif;aomMumykPÖ&dufonf a&jzihf rvdrf;usHouJhodkY xdkYtwl igonf ocFg&avmuESihf rvdrf;usHay/ xdkYaMumihf

igonf Ak'¨ jzpf\/

à As a lotus, fair and lovely, By the water is not soiled, By the world am I not soiled; Therefore an IBuddha.

AS TO THE WORLDOn a certain occasion the Exalted One was journeying

along the highroad between Ukkattha and Setabbya. Now thebra-hmin Dona was also journeying along the highroad betweenUkkat.t.ha and Setabbya.

Then the bra-hmin Dona beheld on the footprints of theExalted One, the wheel-marks with their thousand spokes, withtheir rims and hubs and all their attributes complete.

On seeing these he thought thus: It is wonderful in-deed! It is marvellous indeed! These will not be the footprints ofone in human form.

Just then the Exalted One stepped aside from the high-road and sat down at the root of a certain tree, sitting cross-legged, holding his body upright and setting up mindfulness infrout of him.

Then the bra-hmin Dona, following up the Exalted One'sfootprints, beheld the Exalted One seated at the foot of a certaintree.

Seeing him comely, faith-inspiring, with seness calmed,tranquil of mind, in the attainment of composure by masterlycontrol, (like) a tamed, alert, perfectly trained elephant, he ap-proached the Exalted One and drawing near to him said this:

"Your worship will become a deva?""No indeed, bra-hmin, I'll not become a deva.""Then your worship will become a gandharva?""No indeed, bra-hmin, I'll not become a gandharva""A yakkha, then?""No indeed, bra-hmin, not a yakkha""Then your worship will become a human being?""No ineed, bra-hmin, I'll not become a human being""When questioned thus: Your worship will become a

deva....a gandharva...a yakkha....a human being?" you reply: "Notso, brahmin, I'll not become adeva....a gandharva...a yakkha....I'llnot become a human being" Who them, pray, will your worshipbecome?"

"Bra-hmin, those a-savas whereby, if they were not aban-doned, I should become a deva––those a-savas in me are aban-doned, cut off at the root, made like a palm-tree stump, made non-existence, of a nature not to arise again in future time"

"Those a-savas whereby, if they were not a bandoned, Ishould become a gandharva, a yakkha, a human being, –––thosea-savas in me are abandoned....not to arise again in future time."

"Just as bra-hmin, a lotus, blue, red or white, thoughborn in the water, grown up in the water, when it reaches, thesurface stands there unsoiled by the water, just so, bra-hmin,though born in the world, grown up in the world, having over-

20"r®0D&onf tarGaumif;ay;Edkif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/

THE 'LEDI' DHAMMA ON BODHIPAKKIYA DI-PANI

-

rHk&GmNrdK hr[mv,fwDwdkuf? u

aus;Zl;&Sif v,fwDqa&;om;jyKpkaa&;om;jyKpkaa&;om;jyKpkaa&;om;jyKpkaa&;om;jyKpka

aAm"dyu©dTHE BODHIPAK

OR

THE MANUAL OF THE FACTORSby

Maha-thera Ledi- Saya-daw, TRANSLATED into English by U Sein Nyo

,ciftywfrStquf

ed,wtarGcHbHkpOfpH

cEmig;yg;wdkYwGif wyg;yg;ü aygufaygufa&mufa&muf xifjrif

EdkifMuukefvQifyif ed,wtarGcH bHkpOfpHtjzpfodkY a&mufEdkifMuukef\/

vu©Pma&;oHk;yg;wdkYwGifvnf; tedpövu©Pma&;wyg; aumif;aumif;

xifjrifEdkifMuukefvQifyif ed,wtarGcH bHkpOfpHtjzpfodkY a&mufEdkifMuukef

\/

(wyg;yg;ü pGJNrJ&ef tpDt&ifudkrlum;- igwdkYpD&ifaom vu©P

'DyeDç 0dZÆmr*¾'DyeDç tm[m&'DyeDç tewå'DyeDç ur®|me'DyeDpmtkyfwdkYrSm

,lMuavukef/ ed,wbHkpOfpHwdkY\tvm;udkvnf; igwdkYpD&ifaom pwk

opö'DyeDusrf;ç y&rw¬oHcdyfusrf; edAÁmeftcPf;wGif Munhf½IMuav/)

omoemhtarGawmfudk jyqdkcPf;NyD;\/

ed*Hk;

1/ em*a& ysOf;rem; emar? t&an yAÁwEÅa&/

wdEéd0goD[d om"l[d? "r®umar[d um&daw/

2/ oÚ

q

aEé om&½kau©[d? pEaem'uoDwav/

puFar omvr@rSd? 0oaEÅr r,m uwm/

3/ OZHkr*¾H 0dbma0EÅD? aAm"dyu©d,'DyeD/

£a"0 Zem AkZÑEÅK? oEÅm oarÁm"dbm*daem/

ysOf;rem; emar? y#d½ly taevSvsuf atmufxufajryg

aMunmxHkoif; *kPfowif;jzihf ysOf;rem;[k xif&Sm;aomtrnf&Sdaom/

em*a&? NrdKUü/ t&an? ukvm;av;wm ig&mru t&nt*FgESihf

aumif;pGmjynhfpHkxaom/ yAÁwEÅa&? 0J,majr§mif,SufawmifESpfbufwdkY

\ tMum;ü/ "r®umar[d? aAm"dyu©d,"r®tcsuf oabmeufudk

vuf0,fwifxm; ywåjrm;odkY xif&Sm;jyifjyif odjrifvdkvm;Muukefaom/

wEéd0goDwd om"l[d? ysOf;rem;ae rdwfaqGtaygif; olawmfaumif;wdkYonf/

um&daw? ojymaiGaMu; rsm;pGmay;í raES;aqmvQif wDxGifaqmufvkyf

aptyfaom/

om&½kau©[d? acsmhoG,fjrihfjzL; pGifhpGihfjrL;vQif txl;Munfvif

tESpf,SOfaom opfyifysdKtaygif;wdkYonf/ oÚ

q

aEé? &SnfoG,fudkif;cuf

AdwmefMuufodkY ul;,Sufydwfoef; &dyfcsrf;oyf&yf zHk;vTrf;tyfxaom/

pEaem'uoDwav? prf;a& pdrfha& wawGawGvQif ajrwGiftxl; a&&Tif

jrL;í vGef;csrf;ajrU&mvnf; jzpfxaom/ omvr@rSd puFar? arT;ysHU

oif;BudKif &eHYvdIifaom tifMuif;NrdKifpBuøausmif;ü/ 0oaEÅe? ,ckESpf

Continued from last weekGood and virtuous persons who perceive what

constitues good heritage and bad heritage, what is fixed or niyataheritage and what unstable or aniyata heritage, what are goodheirs and bad heirs, what are heirs of fixed heritage and heirs ofunstable heritage, –––these good and virtous persons did notputforth effort in past successive existences and successiveworlds because they desired to become heirs of bad heritages ofthe Buddha Sa-sana. They put forth effort because it was theirdesire to become heirs of the good heritages. They did not prac-tise da-na, si

-la, and bha-vana, because they desired to become

heirs of the unstable temporary heritages. but because it wastheir desire to become heirs of the niyata heritage.

Taking these facts into account, and taking heed of thefact that the Buddha disapproved of the bad heritages of theSa-sana, those persons who have in thise existence become thedisciples and heirs of the Buddha should not permit themselvesto become bad heirs. They should not permit themselves to be-come temporary unstable heirs. They should attempt to becomeheirs of the good heritages which are the bodhipakkhiyadhammas. They should attempt to become stable heirs.

In the lengthy period of the series of rebirths known assam

.sara, whenever acts of da-na, si

-la and bha-vana, are performed

it is usually because beings desire that by virtue of these goodacts they may in a future existence as a human being encounter aBuddha and attain release from worldly ills, or attain the Pathknowledge, the Fruits knowledge, and Nibba-na, Thus it is usualfor them to wish for the heritages of the dhamma. It is not usualfor them to desire that by virtue of these good acts they may infuture existence encounter a Buddha and attain worldly richesand worldly positions. It is no usual for them to wish for theseamisa heritages. It is not usual for them to desire the gaining ofopportunities for the performance of good acts leading to bhavasampatti, bhoga sampatti, and issariya sampatti.

But, at the present day, the bad heritages of pacca-yamisatan.ha-, loka-misa tan.ha-, and vatta-misa tan.ha-, constitues to beruling factors, Modern men and women do not like to hear themention of the four ariya vamsa dhammas which are the antith-eses of the three tan.ha-s mentioned. The four ariya vam.sa dhammasare, as has already been mentioned previously, being easily sat-

21"r®0D&onf avmuom;tm;vkH;\ ta&;t&mjzpfonf/

THE 'LEDI' DHAMMA ON BODHIPAKKIYA DI-PANI

-

usrf;jyKtausmf urÇmausmf

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;awmfrlaomawmfrlaomawmfrlaomawmfrlaomawmfrlaom

u©d,'DyeDKKHIYA DI

-PANI

-

R

S LEADING TO ENLIGHTENMENTy

Aggamaha-pan.d.ita, D. Litt.o Tun, Late of The Indian Civil Service.

twGif; oDwif;0guyfqdkonf BuHpnfaexdkifvsuf&Sdaom/ r,m? rHk&GmNrdKU

v,fwDausmif;q&migonf/ OZkr*¾H 0dbma0EÅD? aAm"dyu©d,w&m;wdkY\

ae&mwus ajzmifhrSefvSaom tw¬tcsuf teufpcef; usihfenf;vrf;udk

ajzmihfwef;wnhfrwf jyaywwfaom/ aAm"dyu©d,'DeD? aAm"dyu©d, 'Dye D

trnf&Sdvpf þusrf;opfudk/ uwm? 1266-ck &wk*drS 0gqdkvwGif pD&if

jyKtyf tNyD;owfownf;/ £rdem ykane? usrf;opfjyKpk þaumif;rI

aMumihf/ oEÅm? o'gvlvl ESvHk;jzLí olawmftppftrSefjzpfMuukefaom/

Zem? vl&Sif"mwfaumif; oljrwfavmif;wdkYonf/ £a"0? cspf&Sifa*gwr

bk&m;½dkuf&m þomoemüyifvQif/ oarÁm"dbm*daem? or®m'd|d oarÁm"d

udk od&eftzdkY ukodkvfwdkYESihf rcsdKUukefiS jynhfpHkMuukefonfjzpfí/ AkZÑEÅK?

bHkpOfpHanmif; aAm"daESmif;ESihf taMumif;oihfí yGifhMuapukefownf;/

rSwfcsuf/ / bk&m;omoemtwGif;ü tuRwf&Muukefaom

olwdkYwGif tnHhqHk;jzpfaom bHkpOfpHaomwmyefwdkY\ r*fÓPfudk ti,f

taESmif;jzpfí aAm"daESmif;qdkonf? wqlwqlaom bk&m;&Sifomoem

ü 24-oacsFESihf uka#ajcmufq,f Adkvfajcwodef; uRwfNrJ[lí arawå

,s Ak'tem*w0if t|xmüvm\/ xdkwGif 24- oacsF[laom ta&

twGuf aAm"daESmif;wdk Y\ ta&twGufom rsm;&m\/ ,cktcgü

þbHkpOfpH t&d,mrsdK;wdkYonf pwkr[m&mZfewfjynfrSmyif toacsF,s

teEÅ&SdMuukef\/ wm0wd HomewfjynfrSmvnf; toacsF,steEÅ&SdMu

ukef\/ ,mrmpaom txuftxufaom ewfjynfç jA[®mhjynfwdkYrSm

vnf; xdkYtwl toD;oD; toacsF,steEÅqD &SdMuukef\/ jA[®mhjynfrSm

rlum;- 0dyóDç odcDç a0óblç uukoefç aumPm*krfç uóy

þajcmufqlaom bk&m;&SifwdkY\ wynhfom;jzpfMuol t&d,mjA[®mwdkY

onf ,ckwdkif&SdMuukef\/ aemifvnf; urÇmrsm;pGm wnfaeMuukefvdrfh

OD;rnf/ aemif ok'g0gobHkrSm r[murÇmBuD; oHk;aomif;ausmfrSm ,ck&Sd

aeMuaom bHkpOfpHt&d,mrsdK; tqufjywfawmhonf/

t½lybHkrSmrlum;- urÇmESpfodef;ausmfrS jywfawmhrnf/ urÇm

oHk;aomif;udkrvGefrlí qufumqufum bk&m;yGihfíoGm;cJhvQif ok'g

0gobHkrSm t&d,mtqufjywfcGihfr&SdNyD/ urÇmESpfodef;udk rvGefrlí

qufumqufum bk&m;yGihfíoGm;cJhrl t½lybHkrSm t&d,mtquf jywfcGihf

r&SdNyD/ urÇmig;&mudk rvGefrlí qufumqufum bk&m;yGihfí oGm;cJhrl

a0[yædKvfbHkrSm t&d,mtqufjywfcGihfr&SdNyD/ þt&mü "r®pMumuRwfyGJç

r*FvokwfuRwfyGJç &weokwfuRwfyGJç r[mor,okwf uRwfyGJpaom

uRwfyGJBuD;wdkYwGif wckwckaom uRwfyGJBuD;rsm;yifvQif uRwfvGwfMuol

isfied with almsfood, robes, and dwelling place, and deriving joyand pleasure in the work of bha-vana-. They are called ariya vamsadhammas because they are dhammas on which Buddhas, thedisciples of Buddhas, and the heirs of Buddha., should not re-lease their hold.

This is a reminder to those persons who possess wis-dom. As regards persons deficient in wisdom, the mere perfor-mance of many good and meritorious, acts has to be extolled asgood.

Those persons who are endowed with wisdom, how-ever, should, if they desire to become heirs of the niyata dhammaheritages either in this life, or in the next in the deva lokas, estab-lish the a-jivatthamaks sila, set up ka-ya-gata sati, and try (for atleast three hours a day) to achieve perception of the three char-acteristics of existence in the five aggregates of the body. If theyperceive either of the three characteristics in the five aggregates,they can become niyata heirs and achieve the status of a "bon-sin -san".

For this purpose, see my "Lakkhana Dipani,""Vijjamagga Dipani," "Ahara Dipana," and"Kammatthana Dipani".For the patch of niyata "bon-sin-san" individuals, see

my "Catusacca Dipani", and the Chapter on Nibba-na in my"Paramattha Sankhitta."

The end.

wdkYonf ta&twGuftpOfudk vGefukef\[k t|uxmBuD;wdkYüvm\/

xdkYaMumihf ]]tem*w0if t|uxm}} ü 24 oacsFESihf uka#

60 Adkvfajcwodef;[lívmaom uRwfwef;0if ocsFmta&twGufpum;

onf roihf[lí qdkukefMu\/ þt&mrsdK;ü ta&twGuftpOfudk

vGefonf[laompum;onf toacsF\ trnfaywnf;/ uRwfyGJBuD;wck

ü uRwfvGwfolta&twGuftpOfudk vGefrIwpfBudrfonf toacsFwck

omjzpf\/ rdvdEýO§müvnf;aumif;? t|uxmBuD;wdkYüvnf;aumif;

xdkuJhodkYaom toacsFXmeBuD;onf wq,hfav;BudrfrQomwdkuf½dkufvm

\/ wq,hfav;BudrfrQom &&Sdao;\/ q,foacsFvdkao;\/ ta&twGuf

pOfudk vGefaom *vmeyo twduúEÅtoacsFBuD;udk owd&&SdMuygvQif

tem*w0if t|uxmudk ry,foihfMuay/

ed*Hk;NyD;\/ aAm"dyu©d,'DyeDusrf; NyD;NyD/

22"r®0D&onf oEdÅokcodkY a&S;½Ijy|mef;onf/

DHAMMA TALK

wpf&Haomtcgu jrwfpGmbk&m;onf w&m;a[maeawmfrl&if;

]][wfcsdK;}} [k acsqwfawmfrl\/ avmuü vlwdkYonf acsqwfvQif

]]ZD0 ZD0}} (touf&Snfygap? touf&Snfygap) [k qdkavh&SdMuaomaMumihf

w&m;awmfem &[ef;y&dowfwdkYonf ]]ZD0wkbaEÅb*0g- oufawmf

&SnfygapjrwfpGmbk&m;}}? ZD0wkbaEÅok*awm- oufawmf&Snfygap?

wdavmutwkvok*wjrwfpGmbk&m;}} [k wcJeuftoHjyKMuavukef\/

xdk&[ef;wdkYjyKMuaomtoHaMumihf w&m;a[mjcif;&yfwefYoGm;

\/ xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;onf xdk&[ef;wdkYtm; ar;jref;awmfrlav\/

]]cspfom;wdkY? igbk&m;acsqwfonf&Sdaomf ZD0- touf&Snfyg

ap[k oifwdkYqdkMuay\/ xkdodkY oifwkdYqdkMujcif;aMumifh igbk&m;onf

touf&SnfoGm;ygoavm/ toufr&SnfyJ aooGm;ygoavm}} [k

ar;awmfrl\f/

xdktcg &[ef;wdkYu-

]]xdkodkYr[kwfygaMumif;? rjzpfygaMumif;bk&m;}} [k avQmufxm;

Muukef\/ xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;onf atmufygtwdkif; ynwfawmfrl\/

]]e bdu©a0 cdydaw ZD0gwd 0wåaAÁm

a,m 0a',s tmywåd 'kuú#ó}}

]]&[ef;wdkY- acsqwfonf&Sdaomf ZD0[k rqdktyf/ rqdk&/

ZD0[k qdkaom &[ef;onf 'kuú#ftmywfoihfap}}

[k ynwfawmfrlavonf/

xdkodkY jrwfpGmbk&m; ynwfawmfrlNyD;csdefrS aemufumvü &[ef;

oHCmwdkY acsqwfMuonf&Sdaomf &yf&GmvlwdkYu ]]ZD0wbaEÅ? touf&Snf

ygapbk&m;}} [k avmu½dk;&mtwkdif; qdkMuav\/

&[ef;awmfwdkYum; ,cifjrwfpGmbk&m; ynwfawmfrlcsuft&

bmrQjyefrqkdMuygacs/ xdktcg vlwdkYu &[ef;wdkYtm; uJh&JUMuukef\/

vlwdkYu ]]ZD0wbaEÅ- touf&Snfygapbk&m;}} [k qdkMuygvsuf? &[ef;

awmfwdkYonf ]]ZD0tm0kaom- wum\toufvnf; &Snfygap}} [k

tb,faMumifh pum;wHkYrQ rqdkMuygoenf;/ vlrI0wå&m;em;rvnfvdkuf

Muwm? vlawGtay: tMuifempum;rQavmufawmifrS rajymqdkEdkifMuyg

uvm;[k uJh&JUjypfwifMuav\/

xdktaMumif;udk &[ef;wkdYu jrwfpGmbk&m;ociftm; jyefMum;

avQmufxm;Mu&m jrwfpGmbk&m;u þodkYrdefYawmfrlav\/

]]&[ef;wdkY vlwdkYonf EIwfrS>rufqdkaomr*Fvmudk tvdk&SdMuukef

\/ tEkZmemrdbdu©a0? *D[DeH ZD0wbaEÅwd? 0kpörmaeepd&H ZD0gwd0w¬KH?

&[ef;wdkY- vlwkdYu ZD0wbaEÅ- touf&Snfygapbk&m;[k qdkvmMujcif;

aMumifh oifwdkYu pd&HZD0 MumjrihfpGm touf&Snfygap[k ajymqdkjcif;iSm

igbk&m; cGifhjyKawmfrl\}} [k ,cifynwfcsufudk½kwfodrf;í jyefvnf

cGihfjyKcsufwpf&yf ynwfawmfrl\/

þtouf&Snfygap[k wpfa,mufuajymvmvQif usefwpf

a,mufuvnf; oifvnf;touf&Snfygap[k cGef;wHkYajymjcif;"avhum;

Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ twdwfumvb*¾Zmwfawmfjzpfcsdefu pwifcJhaMumif;jzihf

Zmwut|uxm? 'kwd,tkyf? b*¾Zmwf (14) wGif jyqdkawmfrlonf/

]]ZD0}} [k ygVdbmomjzihfqdkaompum;vHk;udk tdEd,oD[dkVfvlrsdK;

wdkY\ toHjzihfqdkaomf ]]*sD0}} [k toHxGufavonf/ jrefrmwdkY\ toH

xGuftm;jzihf ,if;*sD0udk qdwfzG[kqdkí uav;i,frsm; acsqwfMuonf

&Sdaomf vlBuD;olrwdkYu ]]qdwfzG? qdwfzGm; tewå? toufwpf&m tem

r&Sd}} [k qdkMuav\/ wpfcsdKUu ]][wfcsdK;? bk&m;wefcdk;? toufwpf&m

tem r&Sd}} [kvnf; qdkwwfMuavonf/

cifvSjrwfaxG; (tdef*s,frdk;)

avmuüacsqwfaomf tb,fodkYusihfoHk;Muygoenf;

cifvSjrwfaxG; (tdef*s,frdk;)

23"r®0D&onf ax&0g' ]oeEÅ&}xGef;um;&efjzpfonf/

TALKS ABOUT THE DHAMMA

,ciftywfrStquf

jrefrmEkdifiHawmfa'ot&yf&yfwdk Y ü

t&n0goDawm&yfrS Dvsufaeavh&Sdawmfrlaom

r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf 0e0goDaO,s"r®omrdr[max&f

a&;om;pD&ifawmfrlaom "ar®m0g'uxm

omoemawmfBuD;

\

a&aomufjrpfoHk;oG,f

(omoemtydkif;)

c&D;oGm;ESihf prf;a&ESihf

xdkzdkvft&om\ at;jryHkudk cHpm;vdkuf&aom a,m*Düum;

aEGacgifacgif wvif;ajymifajymif aeylusJusJxJ0,f c&D;cJ w&Murf;ESif

vsuf &efolYvufrS ½kef;xGufvmcJh&avolwpfa,muf &efolESihfvnf;a0;

awmtkyfprf;a&tkdifab;vnf; ta&muf wpfzef prf;acsmif;\ tpyf

prf;a&ESihf rjywfjzpfaeaom &THUEGHzwfzwf awGUav&m

u/ &efol\ ESdyfpufcHxm;&rIaMumihf EGrf;e,fjcif;?

c/ c&D;cJvrf;Murf;\ n§if;yef;cH&rIaMumihf yifyef;jcif;?

*/ aeylavyl'Pf tzefzefcHxm;&rIaMumihf nd§K;EGrf;jcif;?

xdk'PfwdkYudk ajyaysmufvdkrItm; BuD;vm&um; xdkprf;EGHay:

odk Yvnf; pdwfcsvufcs ypfvSJxdkifcs prf;a&at;at;av;udkvnf;

aomufcsvdkufonfyrm...onfhtwlomvQif

udavom\ 'Pf? ½kyfemrfjzpfysufwdkY\ 'Pf? twGif;"mwf

tcsif;csif; tm½HkESihf tMunf"mwftcsif;csif; ppfcif;Mu&mrS jzfpfaom

'Pf....

xdk'Pfþ'Pfrsm; tvl;tvJcHxm;&&Smaom toduav;

onfvnf; r*f\ tqdkuf zdkvftat;"mwfBuD;uvnf; vdkufívmacs

aomtcg tNidrf;"mwf tat;"mwfBuD;xJodkY ajcpHkypfí xdkifcsvdkufav

awmhonf/

xdktodpdwfESifh xdktat;"mwf xyfrdoGm;aomtcgwGifum;

xdkpdwfrSwpfqihf wpfudk,fvHk;BuD;odkYwdkifatmif

i,fxdyfrS awmufavQmuf atmufodkYvnf; pkefqif;apav

NyD/

cg;qpf½dk;rSwuf txufxufodkYvnf; ysHUESHUapavNyD/

xdkodkY cHpm;ae&pOf.....

csKyfjywfrIudk odaomtodum; wpfpuúefY wpfcsufpmrQom

wnf;?

tat;"mwf tNidrf;"mwf cHpm;od todum; ESpfpuúefY oHk;puúefY

rQtxdwnf;?

xdkwGif

1/ csKyfjywfrIum; eda&m" odkYr[kwf edAÁmefwnf;?

2/ csKyfjywfrItay: odjcif;um; r*fÓPfwnf;?

3/ csKyfjywfrI\ tNidrf;"mwfudk cHpm;aejcif;um; zdkvfÓPfwnf;/

xdktawmtwGif;&Sd a,m*D\ pdwfonf

pdwfrnf;rjyL tjzLcsnf;oufoufjzpf&um; tjzLpifqHk;

tawmufyqHk;om? npfaMu;rwif yuwdjzLpifvsuf&S dao;aom

wGif;xGufa&T? wGif;xGufaiGom;rsm;yrmom/

odkYr[kwf

yef;xdrfq&monf a&TrS tnpftaMu;rsm;udk oefYpifum

vuf&majrmufpGm &wemtjzpf xkvkyfNyD; rSefvHkcef;BuD;xJ xnhfum

jyxm;onhfyrmwnf;/

npfaMu;rwif yuwdpifMu,faeaom ESvHk;om;tMum;rS

jzpfay:vmonhf xdkpdwfwefcdk; pdwfowdårsm;\ ta&mifum; b,ft&m

ESihfrQ EdIif;,SOfí r&paumif;NyD/

topfwnfNyD;p wdkuftdrf wdkufcef;av;wpfck

xdkzdkvfpdwfrsm; jzpfyGm;NyD;aemuf

pdwfonf rdrd½Ivufp ½kyfemrfjzpfysufudkom aumufudkif&

awmh\/

xdkodkYom aumufudkifvdkuf&aomfvnf;

zdkvfaZmus&m&Sd apwem\ aphaqmftm;onf tvGeftiftm;

BuD;rm;onfuwpfaMumif; rnfonfhurÇm rnfonfhoHo&m rnfonfh

b0rSmrS r&zl;? rawGUzl;cJ haom tawGUtodxl;BuD;jzpfaeonfu

wpfaMumif;rsm;aMumihf pdwfonf zdkvfaZmus&m twdwftm½HkqDodkYom

ajy;oGm;acsawmhonf/

zdkvfpdwfuspOfwkef;u cHpm;cJh&yHkrsm;udkom woo owd&ae

acsawmhonf/

¤if;udkum; ypö0u©PÓPf[lí ac:qdk&acs\/

odkYr[kwf

&NyD;zdkvfcsrf;omudk jyefvnfcHpm;aeygonf[l\/

¤if;yk*¾dKvfudk zvormywf 0ifpm;aeaomol[lí ac:qdk&yg

\/

pdwfjzLpifrIjzihf xdkodkYcHpm;aepOf....

pdwfonf awG;pdwfvnf;roGif; ajy;pdwfvnf; ryif;bJ tvGef

&Sif;vif;aomtjrifjzihf txl;Munfvifvsuf wnf\/

aqmufNyD;p wdkufopfwpfck\ twGif;cef;xJ0,f

pmrsufESm 39 odkY

24

]oeEÅ&} [lonf urÇmtpOftquf razmufrjyef rSefpGmwnf&Sdaom w&m;jzpfonf/

COVER SPECIAL FEATURES

rsufESmzk H;rSContinue from front page

Pama-dam appama-denaYada- nudati panditoPañña pa-sa-damaruyhaAsoko sokinim. pajam.Pabbatat.t.ho' va bhummat.t.heDhiro ba-le avekkhati.

Verse-28This wise one dispels negligence by mean of mindful-

ness; he ascends the tower of wisdom and been free from sorrowlooks at the sorrowing beings. Just as one on the mountain toplooks at those on the plain below, so also, the wise one (theArahant) looks at the ignorant.

verse- 28Kassapa wants to know the number of births and deaths

While residing at the Jetavana monastery in Savatthi,the Buddha uttered verse (28) of the Suttanta Pitaka, khuddakaNIkaya, DHAMMAPADA (The highly Treasured book), with ref-erence to thera Mahakassapa.

On one occasion, Venerable Mahakassapa, while stay-ing at Pipphali cave, used his power of supernatural vision tofind out beings who were mindful and beings who were negli-gent, and also those who were about to die and those who wereabout to be reborn.

From his monastery, the Buddha saw though his DivineVision what Kassapa was doing and wanted to advise him that hewas wasting his time.

So he sent forth his radiance and appeared beforeKassapa and exhorted him thus:

"My son Kassapa, the knowledge of the cycle of birthsand deaths of living beings is incomparehensible. It is beyondyour wisdom to understand. Only Enlightened Buddhas can un-derstand and explain the cycle of births and deaths of livingbeings."

Then the Budddha spoke in verse as follows:Verse 28: The wise one dispels negligence by mean ofmindfulness; he ascends the tower of wisdom and been free fromsorrow looks at the sorrowing beings. Just as one on the moun-tain top looks at those on the plain below, so also, the wise one(the Arahant) looks at the ignorant.

At the end of the discourse, many of those assembledattained Sota-patti Fruition.

Nyain Chan Oo.

yrm'H tyÜrma'e ,'gEk'wd y@dawm

ynmygom' rm½k,S? taomaum aomuded HyZH

yAÁwa|m0 blra|? "Da&m Amav ta0u©wd/

ynm&Sdonf rarhravsmhjcif;jzihf? arhavsmhjcif;udk y,fazsmuf

&m0,f? ynmwnf;[laom jyom'fodkYwufí aomuuif;onhftjzpfESihf?

aomu&Sdaom owå0gtaygif;udk ½IMunhf\/ awmifüwnfaomolonf

ajredrfYüwnfaomoludk ½Ijrif&ouJhodkY ynm&Sdonf vlrdkufwdkYudk ½Ijrif&

\/ (*gxm- 28)

owå0gwdk Y\pkwdjcif; y#doaEäejcif; pkwlyygwudk

odjrifvdkaom r[muóyrax&f

þokwåEÅyd#u ck'úedum, "r®y' (jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\

tjri h f rm;qH k ;aom a'oemawmf) *gxmtrSwf (28) ud k

jrwfp Gmbk&m;onf om0w¬ d jynf ? aZw0e fausmi f ;awm fü

udef;atmif;pHy,fawmfrlpOf t&Sif r[muóyrax&fudk taMumif;jyKí

a[mMum;awmfrlonf/

wpfyg;aomaeYtcgü t&Sifr[muóyrax&fjrwfonf

ydwfcsif;anmifMuuf? a&mpyfwnf&m vdkPf*l[m0,f? av;jzmaom

£&d,myxjzihf rQwawmfrlvsuf? *dZÑuk# ponfawmifndK NcH&Hcdkaom

&mZN*dK[fjynfBuD;ü qGrf;tvdkYiSm vSnhfvnfawmfrlNyD;onhfaemuf? aevGJ

aom ncsrf;tcgü qGrf;cH&GmrS zJNyD;onf&Sdaomf? tmavmuuodkPf;udk

yGm;í? a&ajrawmawmif ponfwdkYü arhavsmhaomowå0gwdkYudkvnf;

aumif;? rarhravsmhaom owå0gwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? uif;jywfcsKyfbd

pkwdqJjzpfaom owå0gwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? y#doaEav;yg; xif&Sm;NidpGJ

jzpfqJaom owå0gwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? 'dAÁpu©KESihf½IMunhfawmfrlvsuf?

oDwif;oHk;pHaeawmfrl\/

jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf aZw0efausmif;awmfü oDwif;oHk;ae

awmfrlvsufuyifvQif? ]],cktcg ig\om;awmfjzpfaom uóyonf

tb,fodkYaomaejcif;jzihf aeygvdrhfrnfenf;}} [k 'dAÁpu©Kjzihf Munhf½I

pl;prf;awmfrlonf&Sdaomf owå0gwdkY\ pkwdjcif;? y#doaEaejcif;wnf;[l

aom pkwlyygwudk Munhf½Iqifjcifvsufaeonf\tjzpfudk odjrifawmf

rlí ]]owå0gwdkY\ pkawjcif;? y#doaEwnfaejcif;wnf;[laom pkwlyyg

wrnfonfum;? jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ oAÁnKwÓPfawmfjzihfvnf; rydkif;

jcm; ra&wGufEdkif/ trd0rf;ü y#doaEwnfpGJaeNyD;í trdtbwdkYonf

tenf;i,frQ rodapbJ cRwfvGJajymif;uRef aovGefaomowå0gwdkY\

tydkif;tjcm;udkaomfvnf; jyKjcif;iSmrpGrf;Edkif/ xdkpkwdqJ y#doaEaeqJ

aom owå0gwdkYudkojdcif;iSm toif\t&mr[kwfacs}}

]]cspfom; uóy? arhavsmhaomowå0g? rarhravsmhaomowå0g

wdkYudk odjcif;iSm tenf;i,frQomvQif oif\t&mjzpfayonf/ tcsif;

cyfodrf;pkawqJjzpfaom owå0gwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? y#doaEwnfaeqJ

jzpfaom owå0gwdkYudkvnf;aumif; Munhf½Ixifxif odjrifjcif;iSm? oAÁnK

bk&m;&SifwdkY\omvQif t&mjzpfavonf}} [k rdefYawmfrlNyD;í udk,fa&mif

awmfudk ESHYapNyD;vQif wl½la&SUa&mufrsufarSmufü oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrlbd

ouJhodkYjzpfapí? þ*gxmudk a[mMum;awmfrlonf/

*gxm (28)/ ynm&Sdonf rarhravsmhjcif;jzihf arhavsmhjcif;udk

y,fazsmuf&m0,f? ynmwnf;[laom jymom'fod k Ywufí

aomu uif;onhftjzpfESih f aomu&Sdaomowå0gtaygif;udk

½IMunhf\/ awmifüwnfaomolonf ajredrf hüwnfaomoludk

½Ijrif&ouJhodk Y? ynm&Sdonf vlrkdufwdk Yudk ½Ijrif&\/

xdka'oemygXf*gxm\tqHk;ü rsm;pGmukefaomolwdk Yonf

aomwmywådzkdvfponfwdkYudk rsufarSmufjyKMu&ukef\/

Nidrf;csrf;OD;

25

ax&0g'onf umvra&G;? a'ora&G;? rSefaomopömjzpfonf/


t&Sifbk&m;ç

w&m;rSwfw,fqkdwm ½kyfemrfESpfyg;?

cE¨mig;yg;wd k Y& JU jzpfjcif;? ysufjcif;awGud k

vu©Pma&;okH;yg;jzpfwJh tedpö? 'ku©? tewå

vdkY ½IrSwf&wmaemf/ rNrJbl;qkdwm&,f? qif;&J

jcif;qkdwm&,f? b,ft&mudkrS rysufeJYrjzpfeJYvkdY

wm;r&wJh tpkd;r&jcif;&,f? okH;ckvkH;udkMunhf

vkdufawmh pdwfcsrf;omp&mwpfckrSr&Sdygvm;/

'Dvkdjzpfaejcif;awGudk ynmÓPfeJY odae½kHeJY

qif;&Juif;&mudka&mufw,fqkdawmh pdwfxJrSm

wpfrsKd;yJayhgbk&m;/

a&uefxJukd ausmufjym;wpfcsyf

tjym;vkdufcsvkduf&if bmjzpfvkd Y a&yGufu

t0kdif;BuD;ay:&wmvJvkdY pOf;pm;rdyg&JU/ aemuf

aocsmawG;Munhfawmh a&xJudk ausmufjym;

ususjcif;rSm tcsyf&mtwkdif; a&yGufay:vm

r,f/ 'gayr,fh a&yGufxwJhtcsdef[m jrefqef

vGef;awmh tjym;vkdufa&yGufukd rjrif&awmhbJ

aemufwpfqifh ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmwJh a&yGuf

t0kdif;BuD;udkyJ jrif&wmjzpfvdrhfr,fvdkY awG;

vdkufrdawmhw,f/ 'g[m qihfuJajymif;vJrIvkdY

wynhfawmf jrifrdygw,f/

½kyfemrfawG&JU jzpfrIysufrIawGudk

½IrSwf&mrSmvnf; yxrawmh qif;&JrI? rNrJrI?

tpk d;r&rIawGuk d jrifae&r,fxifygw,f/

aemufNyD; usifhBuHtm;xkwfrIMumvmawmh 'D'ku©

qif;&Ja&muf&jcif;&JUtaMumif;awGudk odvm

r,f/ odvmNyD;awmh 'ku©qif;&JvGwfatmif?

at;csrf;&atmif aexkdifenf;awG odjrifvm

r,f/ odjrifvmwJhtwdkif; ylyifrIuif;atmif

aewwfvmawmh tylawG b,favmuf&Sd&Sd

at;csrf;atmif aexkdifwwfwmaygh/ 'Dvkd

aexkdif&if;eJY aemufqkH;rSm 'ku©vGwfatmif

½kef;xGufEk difoGm;r,fvdk Y odcJ hygawmhw,f/

bk&m;- bk&m; tckrSyJ &ifxJ ayhgoGm;awmhw,f/

t&Sifbk&m;qDudk pma&;OD;r,fqkdNyD;

xl;qef;rIrsm;ukd Nidrf;csrf;rItjzpf awG;jrifjcif;

pdwå'Dy(a&TawmifOD;)

pm&GufeJYabmyifukdifrdwJhtcsdefrSm txufyg

tawG;awG 0ifvmwmyg/ avQmufxm;csifwm

uawmh urÇmay:rSm jzpfysufaewJh xl;qef;rI

taMumif;awGyg/ oHa0*&p&m taMumif;t&m

awGvnf; ygwmayhgbk&m;/ wynhfawmfod

oavmufÓPfav;eJY "r®tjrifav;awGudk

vnf; a&;&rSmayhg/ t&Sifbk&m;eJY pmzwfol

awGu qihfyGm;awG;MunhfEkdif&if wefzkd;&SdwJh

taMumif;t&mawG jzpfr,fxifygw,f/

yxrqkH;taeeJY tm*sifwD;em;EkdifiH

jynfwGif;abmvkH;yGJu jzpf&yfwpfckukd azmfjy

csifygw,f/ tm*sifwD;em;Ek difiH jynfwGif;

abmvkH;yGJpOfrSm vdk&ef*kdtoif;eJY wpf&Dtoif;

wdk Y ,SOfNyKdifMuygw,f/ ESpfoif;,SOfNyKdifpOf

vdk&ef*kdaemufcHvl pweft*l&D uefvkdufwJh

abmvkH;[m ysHoef;vmaom ckdwpfaumifukd

rSefNyD; aoqkH;cJ h&w,f/ t*l&Du *k d;qDukd

uefoGif;vkdufayr,hf *dk;r&&SdbJ ckdwpfaumif

om toufqkH;½IH;cJh&ygw,f/ 2008 ckESpfu

jzpfcJhwmvkdY owif;*sme,fawGrSm zwfvkduf&

w,f/ abmvkH;uefoluvnf; &nf&G,fcsuf r&Sd?

ckdav;uvnf; aorSmvdkYrodayr,fh b0wpfck

tqkH;owfcJh&ygw,f/ 'g[m xl;jcm;jzpfpOfvdkY

urÇmu odayr,fh wynhfawmfuawmh uH

taMumif;wpfck&JU tusKd;jzpfpOfvkdY jrifrdygw,f

bk&m;/

aemufxyfwpfc k& S dygao;w,f/

tar&duefEkdifiH u,f½kdvdkif;em;jynfe,fawmif

bufu rD[fwef[ufurf;ajcrSm trsKd;om;

wpfa,muf vrf;avQmufaewkef; av,mOf

wpfpif;wkdufvkdY aoqkH;cJhygw,f/ ajrjyifay:

vrf;avQmufaeolukd bmjzpfvkd Y av,mOf

wkdufoGm;wmvJqkdwm pOf;pm;raeygeJY/ tjrifh

ay 13000 rSm a&mufaewJh av,mOf[m

qD,kdusvmwJhtwGuf ta&;ay: qif;ouf&if;

rawmfwq wkdufrdNyD; aoqkH;cJh&wmyg/

wynhfawmf pOf;pm;rdwmuawmh

rawmfwqvdkY rxifygbl;/ taMumif;uHaMumihf

tusKd;uH cHpm;&w,fvdkY jrifygw,fbk&m;/

'gawG[m omref Munh fvk duf&if

rawmfwqawGygyJ/ tm;vkH;uvJ 'Dvk dyJ

jrifMuygvdrfhr,f/ uH? uH&JUtusKd;ukd ,kHMunf

wJhpdwfeJYMunhfrSom oHo&mrSm BuKHvmwJh b0

jzpfpOfukd awGU&rSmyg/ rdrdwdkYvkyfcJhwJh taMumif;

uHawGaMumihf jzpfcJhwJh qihfuJjzpfpOfawGr[kwf

vm; t&Sifbk&m;/ 'gukdMunhfNyD; wdkYvnf;

wpfcsdefcsdefrSm trSwfrJh aoqkH;Ekdifw,fvdkY

odNyD;oumv ]]'ge? oDv? bm0emawG

BuKd;pm;vkyfaqmifrS}} vdk Y pOf;pm;qkH;jzwf

Ekdif&if odyfaumif;wmayhgbk&m;/

yifv,fykdif;u wHigonfawGu 'Da&

wufcsdefrSm ig;zrf;&mujyefvmNyD; tdrfatmuf

u wkdifrSm avS&JUyJhBuKd;ukdcsnf tvkyfodrf;Mu

ygw,f/ a&uscsdef vif;t½kPfvmcsdefav;rSm

avSukdjyefNyD;rxGufrd&if vwmjyifrSm avSusef

cJhNyD; ig;zrf;csdefr&awmhbl;vdkY Mum;zl;ygw,f/

wynhfawmfwdkYvnf; omoemzGHUNzKd;wJht&yfrSm

aexkdif&NyD; r*fzk dvftvkyfukd rvkyfcJ hrd&if

oHo&mqkdwJh vwmjyifBuD;xJrSm usef&pfcJhr,f

vkd Y jrifa,mifrdw,f/ 'DaeYtcsdefuvnf;

ax&0g'omoem&JU aeus? a&uscsdefa&muf

aewJh taiGUtoufawG jrifae&NyD;r[kwfvm;

t&Sifbk&m;/

&ifxJrSm bk&m;wnfxm;w,fqkdwJh

pum;uvnf; 'DaeYacwfrSm acwfpm;aeav&JU/

wu,fawmh &ifxJrSm bk&m;wnfxm;w,f

qkd&if ukd,fh&JUcE¨mBuD;ukd bk&m;oDwif;okH;wJh

ausmif;wpfaqmifvkd oabmxm;EkdifrS &r,f

xifygw,fbk&m;/ bk&m;a&SUrSm raumif;rIukd

rvkyf&Jovdk rdrdwdkY&JUpdwfawGu raumif;rI

rSeforQ bmrSrvkyfbJ aumif;rIrSeforQukd

toufeJY&if;NyD; BuKd;pm;aexkdif vkyfaqmifoifh

w,fvkdY awG;rdygw,fbk&m;/

wynfhawmfa&m 'Dvkdpdwfxm;&Sd&JUvm;

ppfaq;Munhf&OD;rSmayhgbk&m;/

rdrdwkd Y&JU pdwfuav;jzLpifatmif

xm;EkdifNyDqkd&if b,ftcsdefrSmyJjzpfjzpf abmvkH;

rSefvkdYjzpfap? av,mOfwkdufvdkYjzpfap? um;wkduf

vkdYjzpfap? oabFmarSmufvkdYjzpfap? trSwfwrJh

aoqkH;EkdifwmawGukd &ifqkdifEkdifNyDayhg/ 'DvdkrS

r[kwf&ifawmh aoqkH;jcif;qkdwmBuD;ukd awG;

26 umvra&G;? a'ora&G;? rSefaomopömonf tESpfom& oabm&Sd\/


aMumufae&OD;rSmrvGJygbl;/ wynhfawmfu

awmh tckcsdefxd ao&rSm aMumufwkef;ygyJ/

vlYb0oufwrf;rSm ESpfaygif;av;

q,fausmf aexkdifvmNyD;NyD/ ppfrSefwJh Ak'bmom

tjzpf aexkdifEkdifwm av;ig;ESpfyJ &Sdao;awmh

pdwfcsvufcs aorif;ukd &ifrqkdif&Jao;wm

xifyg&JU/ ckawmh &J&J&ifqkdifzkdY BuKd;pm;aeygNyD/

(pmzwfolwdkYa&m aorif;ukd rdwfzGJU&JNyDvm;/)

xl;jcm;jzpfpOfwpfckudk avQmufxm;

ygOD;r,f/ t*FvefEkdifiH aemh[rf½Idif;,m;jynf

e,f? aumfbDNrKdUu rufcfbJvf(48)ESpfqkdol[m

qkdifu,fwkdufrIaMumifh cg;½kd;usKd;jcif;? OD;aESmuf

wGif aoG;,kdjcif;ESihf eH½kd; 12 acsmif; usKd;oGm;

jcif; paom 'Pf&mrsm;jzihf touf&SifzkdY vrf;p

r&Sdoavmuf jzpfcJhw,f/ jyif;xefwJh 'Pf&m

aMumihf 5 &ufMumonftxd owdarhaecJhw,f

wJh/ q&m0efawGvnf; vufavsmhoGm;cJhw,f/

tJ' Dtcs de fr Sm ol Y& J UZe D ;onfu

orD;i,f&JU yavGoHaw;oGm;ukd toHoGif;xm;

wJhwdyfacGukd rufcfbJvfacgif;em;uyfNyD; zGihfay;

xm;w,f/ tacgufacguftcgcgzGihfNyD;awmh

rufcfbJvf owd&vmNyD; touf&SifcJhw,fvkdY

okwpG,fpkHr*¾Zif;u owif;wpfyk'f zwfvkduf

&ygw,f/ wynhfawmfuawmh ZeD;onf zmvm

(41)ESpf&JU arwåm"gwfaMumifh rufcfbJvf

touf&SifcJhwmvdkY jrifrdygw,f/

xl;qef;rIqkdwmxuf rufcfbJvf&JU

vlYb0oufwrf; ukefqkH;rIr&Sdao;wm&,f?

zmvm&JUeuf½Idif;wJh arwåm"gwf&,f? Ak'bmom

0ifqkdawmh opömw&m;vnf; ygvdrfhr,fvdk Y

awG;rdygw,fbk&m;/ ok0PÖomr jrm;qdyfwuf

NyD; aor,hfab;uawmif opömw&m;aMumihf

& SifoefcJ hw,fqk dwm ZmwfawmfawGxJrSm

zwfzl;ygw,f/ vlom;wpfa,muf a&m*g

tonf;toef jzp fae&i f jy Kp kw J ho lu

arwåm"gwf tjynfheJY jyKpk? ,k,? ukoay;

&r,fvkdY twkckd; oihfygw,f/ rMum;EkdifawmhwJh

tcsdefrSmawmif arwåm"gwfu xda&mufao;

w,fqkd&if Mum; Ekdifoltcsif;csif; wpfOD;tay:

wpfOD; arwåmxm;NyD; aexkdifoifhygw,f/

vltcsif;csif; opöm? arwåmw&m;awGeJ Y

qufqHMur,f qkd&if Nidrf;csrf;rI&oawGukd

tjynhft0 cHpm;&vdrh fr,fvdk Y awG;aerd

aMumif; avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/

r*fzkdvf&aMumif; tusihfw&m;awG

rvkyfEkdifao;bl;qkd&if arwåm? u½kPm? rk'dwm?

Oayu©mpdwfxm;rsm; xm;Ekdifr,fqdk&if avmuD

csrf;om&JU tjrihfqkH;yef;wkdif jA[®mjynfudk

a&mufEk di fw,fvk d Y bk&m;a[ma'oemukd

Mum;em? zwf½Izl;ygw,f/ om;awmfBuD;ç vlawG

jAm[®pkd&fw&m;vufukdifxm;MuvkdY at;csrf;rI

cHpm;aewmukd wynhfawmf jrifzl;vkdufcsif

ygw,fbk&m;/

] ]b,ftvkyfuk dy Jvky fvky f aiG

tiftm;? vltiftm;xuf p dwf"gwf

tiftm;u ydkNyD; vdktyfygw,f/ pdwf"gwf

tiftm;aumif;rS tvkyfvkyf&mrSm ydkNyD;

atmifjrifrI&S dwwfygw,f/ aumif;rGef

ygw,f}} vd k Y oDw*lq&mawmfuvnf;

r d e f Y awm fr l y gw, fb k&m ; /' D pum ;[m

rSe fuefaMumif; rufc fbJvftaMumif;u

oufaojyaeovdkygyJ/ wynhfawmfwd k Y& JU

&ifwGif;rSm udef;atmif;aewJh aumif;jrwfwJh

p dw fxm;av;awG E k d ; Mum;vmatmi f

"r®acgif;avmif;oHeJY EId;oihfygw,f/ 'guvnf;

pdwfudk owduyfxm;rS atmifjrifrSm ayhgbk&m;/

udavomumr*kPfawGudk cHpm;rI rsm;aeawmh

y&rwfw&m;awGuk d ynwfw&m; awG

z k H ;aewmay h gb k&m;/ y&rwfw&m;uk d

jrifatmifMunhfwwfzdkY "r®acgif;avmif;oHawG

EkdifiHtEHSY NrKdifqkdifae&if wynhfawmfuawmh

aysmfaewmygyJ/ wpfjcm;olawGvnf; Ekd;xMu

ygapvdkY qkawmif;aerdw,f t&Sifbk&m;a&/

tdy faysm fcsi fa,mifaqmifoluk d

EId;&wm cufygw,f/ wpfcsKdUaom yk*¾KdvfawG

[m oHo&mu vGwfatmif½kef;rS csrf;om&m

&r,fvdkY odyg&JU/ 'gayr,fh 'ge? oDvawG

vSL'gef;aqmufwnfNyD; umr*kPfcsrf;omawG

cHpm;zdkY? aemufbk&m;udkarQmf ewfjynf? jA[®m

jynfrSm uRwfwef;0ifzdkY awmif;qkjyKaeMuyg

w,f/ vuf&Sdbk&m; omoemrSm bk&m;pum;

uk d tpGrf;ukefem;axmifzk d YtwGufuawmh

rMum;csifa,mifaqmifaeMuw,f xifygw,f/

tJ'Dp dwf"gwfav;uk d jyifE k di f&if

aumif;r,fxifygw,fbk&m;/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk taemuf

awmifydkif;eJY ruúqDukdrSm&SdwJh xl;qef;aom

owå0gwpfrsKd;taMumif; avQmufxm;yg&ap/

tJ'Da'orSm&SdwJh oJuEÅm&awGrSm [Dvm(hila)

trnfwGifwJhowå0g[m tdrfajrmifvkd wGm;oGm;

owå0gyJ/ 'gayr,hf tqdyf&Sdw,f/ tpm;tpm

ukdawmh wpfESpfrSm av;BudrfyJpm;w,fvdk Y

od&w,f/ olY&JUyg;pyfu xkwfvkyfvkdufwJh

"mwkypönf;wpfrsKd;aMumifh wpfESpfrSm av;Budrf

om tpmpm;NyD; touf&SifaeEk di fwmvd k Y

prf;oyfawGU&SdaMumif; zwfvkduf&ygw,f/

wynhfawmftjrifuawmh [DvmrSm

tqdyf&Sdw,f/ 'gayr,hf olYukd &efrjyK&if tqdyf

&Sdwm[m aMumufp&mr[kwfygbl;/ tpm;tpm

twGuf tqdyfudk tokH;jyK&r,fqkd&ifawmifrS

wpfESpfrSm av;BudrfyJ tjcm;owå0gawGudk

&efjyKygvdrfhr,f/ ukodkvf? tukokdvfeJYwGuf&if

[DvmqkdwJh owå0g[m tukodkvfenf;r,hf

taumifwpfrsKd;ygyJ/

vlom;awG[m avmb? a'go

pwJh tqdyfrsm;pGm &Sdaeygw,f/ vlrIpD;yGm;

pwJh udpörsm;pGmrSm 'DtqdyfawGaMumif h

ukd,fwkdifa&m? olwpfyg;a&m 'ku©a&muf

Mu&ygw,f/ raewwf&if tukok dvf

trsm;qkH;jzpfwm[m vlqkdwJh owå0gygyJ/

aewwf&if aumif;rIrsm;pGm &Ekdifwm[m

vnf; vlowå0gygyJav/ [Dvm&JU obm0

w&m;uay;wJh pGrf;&nfowådrsKd; vlom;awGrSm

ygvmcJh&if odyfaumif;rSmvdk Y wynhfawmf

awG;aerdwmayhgbk&m;/ rdrdwdkY rdom;pk? &Gm? NrKdU?

rdrdEkdifiH pnfyif0ajympGm aexkdifEkdifzkdY e,fajr

opf&Sm Mu&if; owå0grsm;pGm aoqkH;rI[m

urÇmOD;uae ,aeYxufxd &SdaeqJyg/ t"du

uawmh pm; 0wfaea&;ygyJ/ tpm;tpmu

ta&;tBuD ;q k H ;y g/ tpm;tpmtwGuf

' ku©ra&muf&atmi f [Dvmowå0g& J U

tpGr f;owå dvd k wpfESp fr Sm tpm;tpmuk d

av;BudrfyJpm;NyD; touf&Sif aexkdifEkdifr,fqkd&if

wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; avmb? a'gow&m;eJY

qufqHrIEIef; enf;oGm; r,fxifygw,f/

'grSr[kwf wpf&ufrSm tukodkvf

rsm;pGmvkyfaerd&if raumif;rIwpfckae&mrSm

aumif;rIwpfck tpm;xkd;vkyfEkdif&if aumif;rSm

yg/ xyfxkd;NyD; wpf&ufrSm aumif;rIukodkvf

av;ckvkyfEkdifatmif BuKd;pm;oihfygw,f/ [Dvm

tpmpm;enf;uk d enf;,l Ny D ; wpf&ufr Sm

av;Budrf? av;Budrf aumif;rIukodkvfawGeJY

tukodkvfae&mawGrSm tpm;xkd;Ek difcJ hygu

vlYoufwrf;ukefqkH;csdefrSm tukodkvftm;vkH;

pGefYvTwfEkdifNyD; Nidrf;csrf;rIawGom ykdifqkdifwJh

vlom;wpfa,mufjzpfEkdifr,fvkdY wynhfawmf

awG;aerdw,fbk&m;/

urÇmausmf ½kyf&Sifrif;orD; rm&Dvif

r Ge f½ k d ;& J U tkwf* lab;u ocsK Øi f ;ae&muk d

tar&duefa':vm av;oef;cG JeJ Y0,f,lNyD;

olao&if wGJNyD;tjr§KyfcHzkdY 0,f,lolESihf NAdwdef

0efBuD;csKyf qm0ifpwefcsmcsD 1941 ckESpfu

aomufNyD;vTihfypfcJhwJh aq;jyif;vdyftwdkukd

a':vm 6750 ESihf 0,f,lol pwJh owif;xl;

awGudkvnf; zwf&ygw,f/

olwdkY tv[óokH;cJhwJh aiGwefzkd;

pmrsufESm 37 odkY

27

umvtvdkuf? a'otvdkuf? rSefaomopömonf toGifoP²mefoabm&Sd\/


touf&SnfpGm? temrJ haMumif;?

aumif;vSapcsif? yJhjyifedpö? uGyfç qHk;rom;?

r dbç q&mpum;emí? usrf;pmodjrif ?

wwfatmifoifavmh? ay:vGifrjyK? aumif;&m

wkvsuf? aumif;rIjrwfEdk;? aumif;atmifBudK;

í? aumif;usdK;ç udk,füwnfaprif;/

(avmuom&ysK d UqH k;rpm)

vlYbH k vl YXme usifvnfMuaom

vlom;rSeforQ vlwdkY usihfoHk;&rnhf avmua&;

&m odrSwfzG,f&m tjzmjzmwdkY\ taumif;ç tqdk;

tusdK;ç tjypfwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfxm;&rnfjzpf

ouJhodkY odonftm;avsmfpGm tav;xm;í

vkdufemusihfoHk;MurSom rdrdwdkYtwGuf tusdK;&Sd

Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkY vlom;wdkYvkdufemusihfoHk;

&rnhf avmuD? avmukwfç a&;&mtaMumif;

w&m;rsm;udk bmomw&m;\ tqHk;trrsm;?

&[ef;ç ynm&Sd? vlç ynm&SdwdkY oGefoifjyo

qdkqHk;rrIrsm;ESihf a&S;vlBuD;olrrsm;? bdk;bGm;rdbç

q&morm;rsm;rS tqHk;trç wdkY rsm;pGm&Sdxm;NyD;

jzpfygonf/

xdkuJhodkY aqmif&efa&Smif&efç ponhf

taMumif;t&mrsm;udk vlwkdif;ç vlwkdif; rodMu

ao;aomolrsm;vnf; &SdMuouJhodkY odNyD;olrsm;

vnf; &SdMuygonf/ odkYaomf odNyD;olrsm;wGif

vkdufemusihfoHk;Edkifolrsm;&SdouJhodkY vkdufemusihf

oHk;rI rjyKEdkifMuao;rsm;udkvnf; awGU&jyefyg

onf/

rodao;vQifç oifyg/

vlqdkonfrSm arG;vmuwnf;u

avmua&;&m taMumif;t&mtm;vHk;udk tvdk

rodvQif ]oif} odvQif ]jyif}

t&Sifokpdwåom&(rkwfuRef;&wem)

vdk odvmMuonfr[kwfyg/ a&S;ynm&Sdolawmf

aumif;rsm;? vlBuD;rdbç q&morm;rsm;\

oGefoifjyorIudk avhvmqnf;yl;oif,lMujcif;

jzihfom todÓPf &ifhoefvmcJhMu&jcif;jzpfay

onf/ xkdYaMumifh vlom;wdkif;onf odwwfp

t&G,fuyif avmua&;&mESihfywfoufaom

usihfenf;rsm;ESihf a&Smif&ef? aqmif&ef odrSwfzG,f

&mrSeforQwdkYudk oif,lMu&onf/ rdrdwdkYü odtyf

aom todynmr&SdcJhvQif olwpfyg;ajymorQ

,Hkí olwpfyg;vdrforQ cHMu&onf/ tusdK;

taMumif;? tqdk;taumif;udk a0zefydkif;jcm;

em;vnfEdkifpGrf;r&Sd rkdufrJawGa0rIwdkYjzihf rdrdudk,f

udk rxdef;odrf;EdkifaomaMumihf ab;'ku©rsdK;pHkESihf

BuHKawGUMu&onf/

xdkYaMumifh rCa'0 vuFmopfü-

]]taxGwvm? vlwdkY&GmwGif? usihf&m

rsm;bd? wkdif;ç rodbl;? aAm"dyGihfvsm? oljrwfpGm

wdkY? ynm&SdrS vdkawmihfw\/ Amvmudkum;?

em;rQavoGJY? vdkç r[Jhwnfh? usdK;rJhudkaqmif?

usdK;&Sda&Smifvsuf? jrwfatmifpdwfxJ? odwwf

cJpG? aumif;&mqdkvnf;? rsufxGufonf;í?

usih fenf;rod? jyKrdjyK&m? jyKwwfpGm\}}

(ESm- 151? ydk'f- 220)

qdkvdkcsuft"dyÜm,frSm- avmuç vlY&Gm

wGif vkdufemusihfoHk;zG,f&m taxGaxGwdkYrSm

twkdif;tod rsm;pGm&SdMuygonf/ xdktaMumif;

t&mrsm;udk ]aAm"dowå} ac: bk&m;avmif;ESihf

olawmfoljrwfwdkYuJhodkY ynm&Sdrsm;om aumif;pGm

odojzihf vkdufemusihfoHk;Muukefonfjzpfí

vdkcsiforQç awmihfworQ aumif;usdK;csrf;omudk

&Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ ]vlYAmv} ac: olrdkufwdkYrSmrl

ynmqdkaomt&mudk em;0üyif rMum;csifouJh

odkY tusdK;&SdorQudkç a&Smifí tusdK;rJhudkom

aqmifwwfMuonf/ olawmfaumif;wdk Yu

aumif;apvdkí qdkqHk;ronfudkyif trsufxGuf

wwfMuNyD; taumif;tqdk;udk cGJjcm;rodwwfí

jyKrdjyK&mudk jyKwwfMuaMumif; rdefYqdkxm;jcif;

jzpfonf/

tZmwowfrif;onf w&m;oabm

\ tusdK;tjypfwdkYudk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGmrodcJh&

ojzihf a'0'wfudk q&mwifrdí a'0'wfpum;

udk trSefxif&m tzudkowfrdonftxd tjypf

udk usL;vGefcJhayonf/

ig;&mihgq,fZmwfawmfvm ok&mC#

ZmwfwGif olaX;om;wpfa,mufonf i,fpOf

tcgu rnfonhftwwfynmrQ roifMum;cJh/

zcifolaX;BuD;uG,fvGefaomtcg todynm

uif;rJhonfjzpfí pD;yGm;udk wdk;wufatmif rBuH

aqmifwwf aeYpOfrl;,pfaomufpm;jcif;jzihfom

tcsdefukefaeonf/ odkYjzihf aoaomufMuL;b0

a&mufí &SdorQpnf;pdrfukefum tdk;rJhtdrfrJhb0

odkY a&muf&avonf/ zcifjzpfolonf aoonf

\ tjcm;rJhü odMum;rif;tjzpfudk &onfjzpfí

om;jzpfoltm; apmifha&Smuf ]rp} aomtm;jzihf

]vdkw&} tdk;wpfvHk;udk ay;um-

]]tarmif- þtd k;ud kruG Jatmif

xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufí vdkorQoHk;pGJyg}} [k

taotcsm rSmMum;cJhonf/ om;jzpfolonf

xdkvdkwç vkdorQudk xkwf,loHk;pGJEkdifcJhonf/

odk Yaomf todÓPfuif;rJ holwdk Y\ obm0

wpfaeYaomtcg rl;,pfaomufpm;í tdk;udk

aumif;uifodkYajr§mufum vufjzihfzrf;,lupm;

onf&Sdaomf vufrSvGwfí ajrjyifodk YusNyD;

]vd kw&} tdk; uG JaMuysufNyD;oGm;cJ h&onf/

xdktcsdefrSpí aoaomufMuL;onf tiwfiwf

tjywfjywfjzihf olwpfyg;tdrfab;wGif acG;ao?

0ufao ao&avawmhonf/ þonfrSm tod

ynm twwfynmuif;rJhaomaMumihf jyKrdaom

trSm;yifjzpfawmhonf/

wpfzef b0wpfck &yfwnfrItwGuf

rjzpfrae odtyf? wwftyfaom todynm

twwfud kwwfojzi h f tbufao;rSyif

vGwfajrmufEdkifyHk om"uudkjy&vQif ]wdyv’w¬

Zmwf} ü bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf oriftrsdK;

üjzpfí oriftaygif;NcH&Hum awmüae\/

wpfaeYaomtcg ESrjzpfolu om;i,fudk

bk&m;avmif ;orifxH ac:aqmifvmí

]]armifBuD;- þolum; oif\wlyifwnf;/ orif

wdkY wwftyfaom ]rd*rm,m} twwfudk oifay;

yg}} [k tyfESHvkduf\/ bk&m;tavmif;orif

onf ]]aumif;NyD}} [k 0efcHí wlawmfarmiftm;

]orifwdkY\ vSnhfzsm;wwfaom rd*ç rm,m}

twwfudk oifíay;\/

wpfae Yaomtcg awmwGi f ;ü

vSnhfvnfusufpm;pOf orifi,ftm; ausmhuGif;

rdavawmh\/ xdktcg oriftaygif;wdkYu ]]oif

\ om;onf ausmhuGif;ü rdavNyD}} [k rdciftm;

taMumif;Mum;ukef\/ orifronf tukdjzpfol

28

"r®0D&onf Nidrf;csrf;aompdwfjzpfwnf&ef &Gnf&G,fonf/


xHoGm;í ]]armifBuD; ig\om;tm; rd*rm,mudk

oifNyD;yg\avm}} [kar;vQif bk&m;avmif;

orifu ]]ESr rpdk;&drfvihf? oihfom; rMumrD

vGwfajrmufvmygvdrhfrnf}} [k qdkav\/

orifi,fonf rm,mtwwfud k

odonfjzpfí vusfmeHyg;jzihfvSJtdyfí ajcwdkYudk

qefYwef;um cGmjzihfuefí jrufwdkYudk uRwfap

vsuf? usifBuD;usifi,fpGefYvsuf OD;acgif;udk us

ap\/ vQmudkxGufapvsuf udk,fudk wHawG;wdkY

jzihf vdrf;usH\/ avudk½SLoGif;í 0rf;udkzl;zl;

a&mifatmifjyK\/ rsufpdudk vnfapvsuf

atmufESmacgif;jzihf 0ifoufxGufoufudkjyK

vsuf txufESmacgif;rS avudkcsKyfapí

wpfudk,fvHk; awmihfwif;aeatmifjyKí aocsif

a,mif aqmifíae\/

rkqdk; vmonf&Sdaomf orifudkMunhf

í ]]apmapmuyif rdaeí aoojzihf ,ck ykyf

avNyD}} [kqdkum orifudk ausmhuGif;rSjzKwfí

þrSmyif ]]orifudk zsuftHh}} [k BuHvsuf ouFm

uif;onfjzpfí opf&GufwdkYudk cl;&efxGufcGm

oGm;aomf orifonf wrk[kwfcsif; avuJhodkY

aom vsifjrefjcif;rsdK;jzihf okwfacswifajy;ojzihf

rkqdk;vufrS vGwfav\/ tu,fí orifi,f

onf orifwdkY wwftyfaom ]rd*rm,m} twwf

udk rwwfcJhvQif rkqdk;\ vufwGif;ü ysufpD;&

awmhrnfjzpfonf/ þom"uuJhodkYyif vlwdkY

onfvnf; vlwdkYodtyfwwftyfaom avmu

a&;&m twwfynm? todynmwdkYudk rjzpfrae

oifMum;tyfayonf/ odkYrSom vlYavmu\

aumif;rIraumif;rIudk rSefrSefuefuef cGJjcm;em;

vnfEdkifonhftjyif aqmif&efç a&Smif&efrsm;

udkvnf; wdwdusus vkdufemusihfoHk;EdkifMurnf

jzpfonf/

odNyD;vQif jyifyg

vlwdkYwGif odtyfaom todw&m;rsm;

r&Sdao;pOftcgu aumif;rSef;ç qdk;rSef;rodMuí

rdkufrSm;wwfMuNrJjzpfonf/ xdkodkYrdkufrSm;rdaom

trIrsm;\ tusdK;tjypfwd k Yud k odvmonhf

tcsdefrSpí ]]ysuftpOf jyifcP}} qdkouJhodkY

trSm;[lorQ jyifwwfMuygonf/ odk Yaomf

vlwdkif;um; r[kwfyg/ tcsdKUolrsm;onf tusdK;

r&SdrSef; odaeygvsuf (0g) raumif;rSef;odaeyg

vsuf rjyKjyifEdkifMuay/

Oyrm- vlwdkYonf aq;vdyftrsdK;rsdK;

udk a&S;ya0oPDuyif aomufoHk;vmcJhMuonf/

aemifwGif aq;vdyf\ qdk;usdK;udkodjrifvmaom

tcg tcsdKUua&SmifMuOfMuonf/ tcsdKUum;

ra&SmifEdkifbJ &moufyefoHk;pGJaeMujyefonf/

]]aq;vdyfaomufjcif;onf usef;rma&;udk

xdcdkufEdkifygonf}} [k aq;vdyfAl;wGif pmwef;xkd;

xm;NyD;jzpfygvsuf xkwfvkyfolawGuvnf;

xkwfvkyfaeMuouJhodkY aomufolawGuvnf;

aomufaeMuqJyifjzpfonf/ ]]urÇmhaq;vdyf

wdkufzsufa&;aeY}} udkyif owfrSwfí EdkifiHwum

rS wm;jrpfaeMuaomfvnf; &mEIe f; jynh f

atmifjrifjcif;um; r&Sdao;yg/ jrefrmEdkifiH

usef;rma&;0efBuD;XmerS xkwfjyefaMujimcsuf

t& urÇmhvlOD;a&\ aoqHk;rI ]]av;yHkwpfyHk}}

onf aq;vdyfaomufjcif;aMumihf aoqHk;&ol

rsm;jzpfonf[k qdkygonf/

,ckacwf vli,f? vl&G,ftcsdKUonf

uGrf;tvGefpm;Muonfudk awGU&onf/ rdrdwdkY

i,fpOfu awGUcJhzl;aom uGrf;pm;olrsm;rSm

touf (50? 60) ESpft&G,f vlBuD;ydkif;rsm;om

tenf;i,f&SdMuonf/ ,ckaomf touf (20)

t&G,favmufuyif uGrf;pm;aeMuonf/ qdkif

wGif a&mif;aom ]uGrf;} rsm;udkom pm;avh&Sd

Muonf/ xdk ]uGrf;} rsm;wGif toHk;jyKaom

aq;Al;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;rS wifoGif;jcif;&SdouJh

odkY jynfwGif;rSvnf; twkvkyfí xkwfvkyfrIrsm;

vnf; &Sdaeonf[k od&ygonf/ xdkaq;Al;rsm;

wGif ]]uifqm a&m*gudk jzpfapEdkifjcif;}} pmwef;

yg&SdNyD;jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf ododBuD;ESihfyif

uGrf;,mudk wckwfw& pm;aeMuNrJyif jzpfonf/

usef;rma&;0efBuD;XmerS uGrf;pm;jcif;\ qdk;usdK;

rsm;udk azmfjyíwm;jrpfaomfvnf; *½krpdkufMu

ygacs/

xd kenf;wlpGm t&ufaopm? aq;

ajcmuf? bdef;jzLpaom rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;

udkvnf; ab;tEÅ&m,fBuD;rm;rSef;odvsuf

oHk;pGJaeonfrSm 'keJYa';yifjzpfonf/ xdktcsuf

rsm;udk Munhfjcif;tm;jzihf vlwdkYonf raumif;

rSef;odaomfvnf; rjyifEdkifMuonfrSm (0g)

pdwftvdkodkYvkdufí rdkufaeMuonfrSm txif

t&Sm;yifjzpfonf/ xdkenf;wlpGm avmukwå&m

bufüvnf; ukodkvfrSef;odvsufESihf tm;rxkwf

EdkifMuovdk tukodkvfrSef;odvsuf ra&Smif&Sm;

EdkifMuonfudkvnf; awGUMu&rnfjzpfonf/

rD;rSef;odvsuf qufíwdk;aevQif ydk;zvHrsdK;uJhodkY

ud k,fusdK;enf;zd k Yom &S dayrnf/ xdk YaMumif h

raumif;rSef;odvQif (0g) tjypfrSef;odvQif a&Smif

MuOfEdkifatmif tm;xkwf&rnfjzpfonf/

tZmwowfrif;onf a'0'wfudk

q&mwifr dí tzud kowfr dc J haomfvnf;

]aemifw} &í &ifwGif;rS aomutylrD;udk ukpm;

vdkí q&mZD0u\wdkufwGef;csuft& jrwfpGm

bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfudk emMum;cGihf&aom

tcg jrwfpGmbk&m;&Siftm; MunfndKaom rif;

wumwdkYwGif tomvGefqHk; ]rif;} tjzpfomru

yXroH*g,emwif omoemjyKrif;tjzpf

rSwfwrf;0ifcJhonf/ t*Fkvdrmvonf vlowf

vufn§dK;jzwfaom vlqdk;? vlrkdufBuD;b0rS

bk&m;ESihfawGUí tqHk;trudk&aomtcg &[EÅm

tjzpfjzihf edAÁmefokdYyif pH0if&cJhygonf/

temxydPfolaX;BuD;\wljzpfaom

acrç rif;om;onf ½kyftqif;tvGefvSyoljzpf

onf/ xdkYaMumifh acrç rif;om;udk trsdK;orD;

wkdif;u pdwf0ifpm;Muonf/ acronf vif&Sd

r,m;rsm;udkyif tvGwfray;bJ usL;vGef

jypfrSm;avawmhonf/ xdktrIjzihf rif;tmPm

om;rsm;u tBudrfBudrfzrf;qD;cJhaomfvnf; tem

xydPfolaX;BuD;\rsufESmudkaxmufxm;í jyef

vTwfay;Mu&onf/ xdkowif;udk temxydPf

olaX;BuD;Mum;vQif wljzpfoltm; jrwfpGmbk&m;

xHac:oGm;NyD; w&m;udkemMum;aponf/ bk&m;

&Sifu ]]umarokrdpämpm&uH}} \ tjypfBuD;yHkudk

a[mMum;awmfrlaomtcg acrrif;om;onf

xdwfvefYowdoHa0*&í omoemhabmifodkY

&[ef;tjzpfjzihf &moufyef0ifa&mufoGm;av

awmhonf/

þ ]om"u} rsm;udkMunhfjcif;jzihf

tjypfud ktjyp fr Se f ;rodcifu usL;vGe f

rdaomfvnf; tjypfrSef;odavonhftckdufü

qif jci fowdjzih f a& Smi f MuOf Mujcif; ?

aumif;aomtrIudkom tm;xkwfjcif;wdk Y

aMumihf qif;&J'ku©taygif;wdkYrS uif;a0;&

aMumif;udk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/

xd k Ya Mumi f h v l Yabmi fwp fvTm;

usifvnfusufpm;Muaom vlom;rSeforQ

wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ b0&yfwnfrIü r&Sdrjzpfvdktyf

aom avmua&;&mtaMumif;t&mESihfoufqdkif

aom todynm twwfynmrSeforQwdk Yudk

em;vnfwwfyGefatmif (0g) odatmif oif,l

Mu&rnfjzpfouJhodkY odvmcJhvQifvnf; tod

w&m;jzih f rrSm;&atmif ]]raumif;wmudk

a&Smifí? aumif;wmudk aqmifEkdifatmif}}

om BudK;pm;oihfvSayawmhonf/

rodvQif oif? odvQif jyif? qifjcifowdjyK/

t&Sifokpdwåom& (rkwfuRef;&wem)

&mpkopf\ pdefac:rIrsKd;pkHukd Nidrf;csrf;aompdwf

&J&ifhwnfMunfaom avmutjrifjzifh

b0ukd&ifqkdifvsuf atmifjrifpGm

jzwfoef;EkdifMuzkdY

"r®0D&*sme,f zwfMupkdU/

29"r®0D&onf vkHhvjynfh0jcif;ESifh wnfMunf&J&ifhjcif;ukd jyqkdonf/


(1)

1/ arwåmpdwf? pdwfaumif;pdwfjrwfukd tpOf

xdef;odrf;arG;jrLjcif;/

2/ ,if;pdwfwkdYjzihf vlwkdif;ESihf qufqHaexkdif

jcif;/

3/ rsufvkH;rsm;jzifh NyKH;&,fjcif;/

txufyg tajccHtcsufBuD; okH;csuf

ukd rlwnfí a[mvd0k'f\ atmifjrifa&;qkdif

&m oifwef;q&mwd k Yonf a[mvd0k' f\

xdyfwef;o½kyfaqmifwdkYtm; vdkufemusihfokH;

tyfaom tcsuftvufwdk Yukd tBuHay;yg

onf/ ¤if;tBuHjyKcsufrsm;ukd Munhfjcif;tm;jzihf

tEkynm tajccHyg&rD&Sdolrsm;yif atmifjrifrI

toD;tyGi h fr sm ;&& S d&e f tajcc Husaom

ukd,f&nfukd,faoG;vkdtyfaMumif; odomyg

onf/ xkdtajccH ukd,f&nfukd,faoG;onf

a[mvd0k'fuJhodkYaom xdyfwef;tEkynm&Sifrsm;

om &&S d&e f BuK d ;pm;oih faomt&mavm/

odkYr[kwf tEkynm&yf0ef;ESihf roufqkdifaom?

tEkynm&yf0ef;\ ½Iaxmih fr S Munh fvQi f

qefYusifbufrsufESmjyifüwnfaom tjcm;

e,fy,ftoD;oD;&Sd yk*¾KdvfwdkYESihf roufqkdifawmh

NyDavm[k ar;cGef;&Sdvmygonf/

(2)

Ak'\pmayrsm;ü oGefoifxm;&mwGif

rdrdpdwfukd oefY&Sif;pifMu,fapa&;onf y"me

usaom tcsufyifjzpfonf/ xkdtcsufukd

]opdwåy&da,m'yeH} [k qkdygonf/ ,if;

uJhodkY pdwfpifMu,fap&rnfqkd&mü tukodkvf

tnpftaMu;rsm;rS pifMu,fjcif;ukd qkdvkd

ygonf/ jrpfrsm;? acsmif;rsm;wGif vlwd k Y

ESpfq,hfwpf&mpk awmif;qkdcsufESpfq,hfwpf&mpk awmif;qkdcsuf

ESpfq,hfwpf&mpk awmif;qkdcsufESpfq,hfwpf&mpk awmif;qkdcsuf

ESpfq,hfwpf&mpk awmif;qkdcsuf

e'DoQH('óe)

rqifrjcif pGef Yypfxm;aom trIdufo½kduf

paom pGefYypfypönf;[lorQonf jrpfacsmif;rsm;

twGif;&S d a&ukd npfnrf;apygonf/ pdwf

twGif;odkY a&muf&Sdvmaom vkdcsifwyfrufjcif;?

rkef;wD; pufqkyf jcif;? &efvk d jcif; paom

tukodkvf w&m;wkdYonf pdwf\ trIdufo½kduf?

tnpftaMu;rsm;yif jzpfygonf/ xkdtnpf

taMu;rsm;xJrS &ef&Smjcif;? n§if;yef;ESdyfpuf

vkdjcif;? remvdk0efwkdjcif; paom tnpftaMu;

rsm;onf pdwfESvkH;twGif;ü vSyí jrwfEkd;zG,f

aumif;aom tvSw&m;rsm;ukd zsufqD;ypf

vsuf&Sdygonf/ avmu\ tvSw&m;rsm;ukd

z su fqD ;yp fwwfaom tnpftaMu;uk d

okwfoif&ef bk&m;&Sifonf ukd,f&nfukd,faoG;

qkdif&mtm;jznhfrIukd vrf;ñTefxm;ygonf/

(3)

El;nHhjcif; (0g) El;nHhonf\tjzpf

onf wpfykdif;jzpfí ajyjypfjcif; (0g) ajyjypf

onf\tjzpfonf wpfykdif;[lí ESpfykdif;cGJjcm;

xm;ygonf/ El;nHhjcif;ukd ]rk'kwm} [k ac:qkdí

ajyjypfjcif;ukd ]r'´0wm} [k ac:ygonf/

El;nHhrI ]rk'kwm} ESihf ajyjypfjcif; ]r'´0wm}

jzpfap&ef rcufxefonf\tjzpf (tuu©

Vwm) jzpf&ygrnf/

rMurf;wrf;onf\tjzpf (tuxd

euwm)? ESdrfhcsonf\tjzpf (rmer&Sdonf\

tjzpf) ]edppdwåwm} paom t&nftcsif;rsm;

ESihf jynfhpkH&ygrnf/ ukd,f&nfukd,faoG;wdkYwGif

El;nHhjcif;onf ta&;BuD;aom tajccHae&mü

yg0if&jcif;ukd bk&m;&Sifonf t*kFwå& edum,f

wGif a&TOyrmjzihf a[mMum;xm;ygonf/

a&Tusifaom olwdkYukd Munhfavmh/

a&TESihfwuGaom trIdufo½kdufrsm;ukd a&Tusif

onhfcGufxJodkY avmif;oGefxnhf\/ a&S;OD;pGm

tMurf;pm;trIdufo½kdufjzpfaom ausmufp&pf

cJ? tkd;jcrf;uGJ ponfwkdYukd aq;aMumz,f&Sm;\/

tBudr f Budr faq;aMumav\/ xk d Yaemuf

tvwfpm; trIdufo½kdufjzpfaom ausmuf

p&pfcJ? tkd;jcrf;uGJav;rsm; ponfukd aq;aMum

z,f&Sm;\/ tBudrfBudrfaq;aMum\/ xkdYaemuf

tEkpm; trIdufo½kdufjzpfaom oJrIefY? ajrrIefY

ponfwdkYukd aq;aMumz,f&Sm;\/ tBudrfBudrf

aq;aMum\/ þokdY txyfxyf tBudrfBudrf

tm;xkwfNyD;rSomvQif yuwda&Tpifukd &&Sdav

onf/

xkda&Tpifum; rEl;nHhao;? <uyfqyf

ao;\/ xkdYaMumifh tvkd&Sd&m vufaumuf?

em;awmif; ponfwdkYukd jyKvkyfí rjzpfao;ay/

yef;xdrfq&monf xkdyuwda&Tpifukd rkdufvkHü

xnhfírIwf\/ tBudrfBudrfrIwf\/ ,if;odk Y

tzefwvJvJ tm;xkwfNyD;rSomvQif yuwd

a&Tonf El;nHhaysmhajymif;\/ NyKd;NyKd;jyufjyuf

ta&mifxGufav\/ vufaumuf? em;awmif;

ponfwdkY jyKvkyf&ef toihfjzpfvmavonf/

þavmuü jrihfjrwfvdkaom? txGwf

txdyfodk Y a&mufvkdaomolonf a&S;OD;pGm

tMurf;pm;udavomwdkYukd ESdrfeif;y,fzsuf&m

\/ tMurf;pm;udavom[lonfrSm ukd,fjzihf

jyKrlvkyfaqmifaom raumif;rI'kp½kdufrsm;?

EIwfjzihf ajymqkdvkyfaqmifaom raumif;rI

'kp½kdufrsm;? pdwfjzihf BuHpnfvkyfaqmifaom

raumif;r I' kp½ k dufrsm; jzp f\/ ,if;onh f

raumif;rI'kp½k dufwnf;[laom udavom

tMurf;pm;ukd tBudrfBudrftxyfxyf ESdrfeif;

y,fzsuf\/ xkdrSwpfqihf udavom tEkpm;

jzpfaom taqGtrsK d;? taygif;tazmfESih f

ywfoufonhf tBuHtpnf? NrKdUe,f? &yf&Gm?

ae&ma'oESihf ywfoufonhf tBuHtpnf?

rdrdukd rxDrJhjrif rjyKapvkdjcif;ESihf ywfoufonhf

tBuHtpnfwdk Yuk d y,fpGef Y\/ tBudrfBudrf

txyfxyf qkH;ríy,fpGef Y\/ ,if;odk YvQif

tnpftaMu;wnf;[laom udavom tMurf;

pm; tEkpm;wdkYukd tBudrfBudrf ESdrfeif;y,fzsuf

NyD;í tqihfqihf qkH;ry,fpGefYNyD;í rarhravsmh

jcif;- or®mowd? wnfMunfjcif;- or®m

orm"dESihf jynhfpkHaomyk*¾Kdvfum; jrihfjrwfaom

yk*¾Kdvfwnf;/ txGwftxdyfodkYa&mufNyD;aom

yk*¾Kdvfwnf;/

xkdyk*¾Kdvf\pdwftpOfonf npfaMu;

aemufMuLjcif; udavomuif;pifaomaMumifh

oefY&Sif;pifMu,f\/ Munfvifawmufy\/

t&m&mwdkif;ukd aumif;pGmodjrifEkdif\/ xkd Y

aMumihf xkdyk*¾Kdvfonf tvkd&SdorQ t&m&mwkdif;

ukd NyD;jynhfpkHEkdifay\/ (wduedygwf? avmPu

30"r®0D&onf avmuD avmukwå&mtusKd;ESpfyg;twGuf jzpfonf/


yv’0*f? yHoka"m0uokwf)

(4)

arwåmpdwf pdwfaumif;pdwfjrwf

paom rGefjrwfaompdwfxm;rsm; jzpfay:vm

ap&ef tajccHusaomtcsufonf El;nHhjcif;

yifjzpf\/ a&Tonf rD;ESihftylay;NyD; El;nHhvm

rSom vufpGyf? em;awmif; paom jrwfEkd;

wefzk d;xm;tyfaom vuf0wf&wemwdk Yud k

jyKvkyfEkdifay\/ xkdYtwl avmutv,fwGif

usifvnfaeMuol vlrsm;pGmwdkYonfvnf; rdrd

wdkY\ pdwfxm; ESvkH;om;ukd El;nHhodrfarGUapNyD;

rSomvQif tjcm;aom tusKd;jyKobm0rsm;

0ifa&mufjzpfwnfEkdifyg\/

vlrsKd;bmomra&G; jrwfEkd;MunfnKd

Mu&aom trsKd;orD;wpfOD;onf ESpfq,f&mpk

tpykdif;wGif urÇmhvlom;rsm;tm; b0ESihf&if;

um cspfjcif;arwåmw&m;udk jyoEkdif&ef urÇm

ay:wGif arG;zGm;vmcJhygonf/ i,femrnf

t*¾eufp fud k t,fab;eD;,m;rs K d ;E G,f

rdbrsm;rS ,l*kdqvyfEkdifiH paumhyf,DNrKdUwGif

1910- jynhfESpf? Mo*kwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif

zGm;jrifcJhygonf/ olrukd oef;aygif;rsm;pGm

aom urÇm h jynfolvlxk BuD;u ]rmom

x&Dqm} [lí cspfcifjrwfEkd; ,kHMunfukd;pm;pGm

½kd;½kd;uav; ac:a0:cJhMuaomfvnf; urÇmhukv

or*¾BuD;tygt0if EkdifiHwumrS tpkd;&rsm;?

tjynfjynfqkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;ESihf vlrIa&;?

bmoma&;tzGJUcsKyf rsm;url ]]umvuwåm;rS

rmomx&Dqm}} [lí umvuwåm;NrKdUtrnf

jzihf ,SOfwGJí w&m;0ifac:a0:cJhMuonf/

olronf ESpfaygif; 50 wdkifwkdif umvuwåm;NrKdU

wGif aexkdifcJhNyD; urÇmt&yf&yf EkdifiHaygif; 100

ausmfrS 'ku©onfrsm; cdkukd;&m pcef;aygif; 500

cefYukd pDrHtkyfcsKyfí u,fq,fapmihfa&Smufa&;

y&[dwvkyfief;rsm;ukd b0wpfckvkH;ay;tyfum

vkyfukdifvmoljzpfonf/ xkdumvü vlOD;a&

xlxyfNyD; NrKdUaevlxk\ usef;rma&; tajctae

tBuD;tus,f qkd;&Gm;edrhfusaeaom umv

uwåm;NrKdUBuD;rSm r&Sdqif;&Jom;rsm; iwfrGwf

acgif;yg;olrsm;ESihf jynhfusyfaygrsm;aeygonf/

rmomx&Dqm\ y&[dw apwemh

0efxrf; vkyftm;ay;tzGJU0ifrsm;onf aemuf

az;vrf;Mum;rS tpma&pmiwfjywfí tiftm;

csdeJYum vJusaeolrsm;? a&m*ga0'emaMumihf

owdarhajrmaeolrsm;tm; ukd,fzd&ifzd r&GHr&Sm

jyKpkapmihfa&SmufcJhMuygonf/ tcsKdUaom a&m*g

onfrsm;rSm a0'em tjyif;txef cHpm;aeMu

&ygonf/

aovkajrmyg;jzpfaeaom xkda0'em

&Sifrsm;tm; rmomx&DqmESihf apwemh0efxrf;

tzGJU0ifrsm;onf xkdvlemrsm;tm; ukd,fwkdif

ayGUcs Dí eD;&maq;½k H ? aq;ay;cef;rsm;od k Y

ydkYaqmifay;cJhMuygonf/ xkdYaemuf rdrdwdkY 'ku©

onfrsm; ckdukd;&mpcef;okdY ac:vmjcif;jzihf jyKpk

apmihfa&SmufcJhMuygonf/ rmomx&Dqm\

b0wGif arhypf&efcufcJaomtjzpfonfvnf;

BuKHcJ h&yg\/ xkdaeYu rmomx&Dqmonf

wp fae&mod k Y tvky fu dp öwp fc k jzi h f

oGm;vmaeck dufjzpfyg\/ xkdpOf vrf;ab;

wpfae&mwGif a0'emrcsdrqefYcHpm;ae&NyD;

aotHhrl;rl;jzpfaeaom trsKd;orD;wpfa,muf

tm; awGUvkduf&\/ xkdtrsKd;orD;onf tm;tif

ukefcrf;um rvIyf&Sm;EkdifaomaMumifh vufESihf

ajcaxmufwkd Yuk d vma&mufukdufpm;aom

<uufrsm;ukdyif armif;xkwfEkdifpGrf;r&Sdawmhay/

ukd,frS jrifraumif; ½Iraumif;pGm &&Sdxm;

aom 'Pf&mrsm;ukd r&GHr&Sm okwfoifay;&if;

aq;½kHodkY Muifem,k,pGm ydkYaqmifay;cJhygonf/

(5)

rmomx&Dqmonf avmuom;

trsm; EIwfzsm;rS &Gwfqkdvsuf&Sdaom arwåm

rsKd;aphukd tqDtESpf jynhf0aom ESvkH;om;

ajrvTmrSm pk dufysK d;um owdwnf;[laom

arwåmpGrf;tm;&Sifudk O,smOfrSL;cefYcJhygonf/

xkdYaMumihf ESvkH;om;rS arwåmonf tpdkYtan§mifh

b0rS &SifoefBuD;xGm;vmum EGrf;vspGm

avQmufvSrf;aeMu&aom b0c&D;oGm;rsm;tm;

vkHavmufrQwpGm t&dyfay;EkdifcJhaom awmpkd;

opfyifBuD;ozG,f tm;xm;ukd;uG,f&m jzpfcJh

ygonf/

ESp fq,h fwpf&mpk urÇmBuD;onf

vlawmfrsm;ukd tvkd&SdonfrSm tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m

r&Sday/ odkYaomf ¤if;vlawmfrsm;onf ESvkH;om;ü

El;nH hcs K d Nr de faomtoD;uk d oD;apEk di f rnh f

opfyifwpfyif pk dufysK d;vmcJ h&rnfqkdaom

rSwfcsufonf atmufem;ü txl;azmfjyvsuf

awmif;qkdxm;yg\/ tb,hfaMumifhqkdaomf

vlawmfenf;yg;vQif urÇmBuD;ü zGHUNzKd;rI aES;auG;

oGm;Ekdifaomfvnf; vlaumif;enf;yg;vQifum;

urÇmtjzpfonf pGef YypfoabFmusif;uJhod k Y

rowDp&m ted|m½kHe,fajr jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

twåtus ÐE Si h f rmeykqk d ;wd k Yuk d

zuf&Sif tjzpf 0wfqifaeMuaom 21

&mpk urÇmusm; rsm;tv,fwGif arwåm

[laom oHcsyfum 0wfpkHESihf owd[laom

plyguGe fys Lwmwd k Yu d k vk Havmufp Gm

xkwfvkyf&ef urÇmopfonf ta&;BuD;

vk dtyfcsuftjzp f awmif;qk dvsuf

&Sdygonf/ xkdawmif;qkdcsufonf t,lcH0if

p&m rvkdaom? xkacsvTmay;ykdYp&mrvkdaom

tajctaerSef jzpfwnfrIyifjzpfygonf/ ,if;

jzpfwnfrIudk t,lcH0ifoihfaomumvonf

tu,fí a&muf&S dvmonfjzpftH h/ urÇm

wpf0ef;onf rmomx&Dqm? tJbwf&TKdufZm?

bGm;OD;ZGef;? OD;oefYwdkYuJhodkY vlawmfvlaumif;wkdY

ESihf jynhfaeaom? Nidrf;csrf;aom urÇmBuD;tjzpf

ajymif;vJwnf&Sdaeonfukd tHhMopGm awGUjrif

Mu&rnfjzpfygonf/

rSDNidrf;

-rmomx&Dqm (vif;,kef armifarmif)

jrwfAk'\ukd,f&nfukd,faoG;jrihfrm;a&;w&m;

(qef;vGif)

Ak'¨\Oyrmwpfaxmif(av;NrKdif)

e'DoQH('óe)

31"r®0D&onf b0&SifoefrIudk trSefuefqHk;azmfaqmif&ef jzpfonf/


aeYwpfaeY\wpfnaomumvwGif

uREfkyfonf (oufawmf&Snf pHuif;q&mawmf

bk&m;BuD;) \ arwåmpmudk zwf½Iaerdavonf/

zwf½IrdaomarwåmpmrSm-

]cspfoifhwJhtvkyfudkvkyfNyD;? udk,hf

udk,fudk cspfMu? rkef;oihfwJhtvkyfudk vkyfrd

&ifvnf; udk,hfudk,fudk rkef;Mu? cspfp&m

taumif;qHk;vnf; igyJ? rkef;p&mtaumif;

qHk;vnf; igyJqdkwJh pum;ESpfvHk;udk NrJNrJ

rSwfxm;NyD;awmh rkef;zG,ftukodkvftrIawG

a&SmifMuOfMu/ edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; olawmf

aumif;w&m;awG yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkifMuyg

ap}} [líjzpfonf/

þqHk;rpmudkzwf½INyD;í pdwftm½Hkü

rdrdudk,fudk qifjcifaecdkuf vQyfppfrD;a&mif

½kwfw&ufjywfawmif;oGm;cJhojzihf tarSmifxJ

wGif [dkprf; 'Dprf;jzihf za,mif;wkdifudkxGef;n§d

vkdufavonf/ za,mif;wdkifrD;\tvif;a&mif

jzihf qHk;rpmudk aemufwpfacgufxyfzwfaom

tcg uREfkyf\pdwftwGif;ü q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;

\ qHk;rpmrS- ]cspfp&mtaumif;qHk;vnf;

igyJ? rkef;p&mtaumif;qHk;vnf; igyJ} qdkonhf

pmaMumif;ESpfaMumif;ud k tzefzef&Gwfzwf

aer dygonf/ þonfud ktaMumi f ; jy Kí

rdrd\twåabm tum½kyfud k t&if;jyKNyD;

tjrwftESpfxkwf,l&ef BuH&G,frdygonf/

tarSmifxkxJwGif t&m0w¬Krsm;udk

jrifEdkif&ef rD;xGef;n§dí &ayonf/ ]vl} [k ynwf

ac:qdkaom ½kyftaumifBuD;onf aovQifykyf

rnfudk vlwkdif;odMuayonf/ yx0Dç awaZmç

tmaygç 0ga,m"mwf y&rwfoabmom&Sdonhf

]½kyfemrf} ESpfrs d K;aygif;pyfxm;aomcE¨m\

jzpfay:csKyfaysmuf? jzpfysufoabmw&m;

av;udk Ak'"r®tvif;a&mifjzihf xGef;n§dMunhfrS

ÓPfrsufpdjzihf jrifEkdifayrnf/

rdcif0rf;twGif; oaEwnfonhfumv

rSpí ]½kyf? emrf} cEmonf qif;&JpGmjzihf b0

tm; jzwfoef;&jcif;udk oHa0*ÓPfjzpfzdkY&ef

]oHa0*0w¬K&Spfyg;} &aMumif;udk aus;Zl;awmf&Sif

r[m*E¨m½Hkq&mawmft&SifZeumbd0Hou

aemifvmaemifom;rsm; tvG,fwulrSwfrdap&ef

bk&m;a[mw&m;udk atmufygtwkdif; oDuHk;

a&;zGJUcJhavonf/

]]trd0rf;acgif; q,fvanmif;rQ?

atmif;cJh&acs? wnfoaEESihfç vlYjynfvlY&Gmç

a&mufjyefygvnf;? tdkemaoa&;? 'ku©ab;

tumt&if;jyK tESpfpk

r*Fvma&Tarmif;

aMumihf? pdwfat;udk,fcdkifç raeEdkifcJh? qdkifqdkif

'ku©ç cHNyD;rSvnf;? rsm;vSyg,f&Gm? a&mufMu

&Sm\}}/ ]]þ0#fab;ESihf? aemifa&;em*wfç

'ku©xyfvdrfhç rjywfckcgç jzpfwkef;rSmvnf;ç

tpm&Sm&? xdk'ku©aMumihfç aeYnr[lç udk,f

pdwfylíç ololigigç roufomonf..

&SpfjzmoHa0*&aMumif;wnf;}}/

½kyfemrfcE¨moHo&monf tprxif

&Smr&atmifMumcJhygaomfvnf; xdkoHo&m

twGif;ü csrf;omokcESihf usifvnfcJh&Muonf

r[kwfyg/ 'ku©tpcsDNyD; vlwpfa,mufjzpfay:

aygufzGm; vmcJhjcif;omjzpfayonf/ avmu

twGif;odk Y vltjzpf0ifa&mufvmjcif;onf

]]r dr dtwåabmtwGufayvm;? olwpfyg;

y&[dwtwGufayvm;}} ESpfrsdK;vHk;yif trSefyif

jzpfayrnf/ vlwkdif;yif rdrdtwåabmukd,fudk

c sp fwwf Muayonf/ olwpfyg;ud kvnf;

cspfwwfMuay\/ tcspf&SdvQif trkef;&Sday\/

vlavmuü vljzpfvm&jcif;onf rdrdtwGuf

vkyfaqmifcsufu ydkrdkrsm;jym;ayonf/ rdrd

twGuf aumif;usdK;&Sd&modkY avQmufvSrf;Edkif&ef

cspfjcif;? rkef;jcif;uif;a0;&modkY BudK;pm;tm;xkwf

avQmufvSrf;oihfayonf/

vlwdkY\obm0tavsmuf tESpfudk

vdkcsifvQif tumudky,fwwfMu\/ tumudk

t&if;jyKí tESpfonf jzpfay:vmayonf/

tumESihfwlaom ½kyftaumifBuD;udkt&if;jyKí

]tedpö? 'ku©? tewå} vu©Pma&;oHk;yg;uyfNyD;

r*fÓPf? zdkvfÓPfwnf;[laom tqDtESpfudk

xkwf,lum r*¾ifvrf;ay:odkY avQmufvSrf;Mu&

ayrnf/

owdrrlí *lrjrifEdkifjcif;rS &yfwefY

um owdrlNyD; jrLudkrQudkyifjrifEdkifpGrf;&Sd&ef owd

y|meftusihfjrwf w&m;awmfwdkYudk BudK;pm;tm;

xkwfzdk Y tcsdefay;oihfayonf/ Ak'¨0g'onf

usihfBuH? BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&rnhf0g'jzpfayonf/

t&d,mopömrkcfOD;qDodkY avQmufvSrf;oGm;cJhaom

t&d,molawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;ESihf &[EÅmyk*¾dKvf

jrwfBuD;wdkYonf 0dyóemÓPfodw&m;udk usihf

BuH? BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;jzihfom edAÁmefodk Y

OD;wnfcJhayonf/ oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS xGuf

ajrmufaMumif; ]r*fÓPf- zdkvfÓPf} rsm;udk

&&Sdí qif;&J'ku©[lorQwdkYudk tNyD;owfcsKyfNidrf;

&m edAÁmefudk rsufarSmufjyKEkdifap&eftvdkYiSm

bk&m;&Sifonf atmufazmfjyyg owdy|mef

w&m;av;yg;udk a[mMum;cJhygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm-

(1) um,mEkyóemowdy|mef

(2) a0'emEkyóemowdy|mef

(3) pdwåmEkyóemowdy|mefESihf

(4) "r®mEkyóemowdy|mefwdk Y

jzpfygonf/

1/ um,= rdrdcE¨mudk,ftwGif;&Sd

½kyfw&m;rsm;? rdrd\ udk,ftrlt&m? EIwf

trlt&m[lorQwdkYüvnf;aumif;?

2/ a0'em= rdrd\udk,fay:udk,fwGif;

rSm jzpfay:aeonhfcHpm;rI ]a0'em} [lorQwdkYü

32

"r®0D&onf b0&SifoefrI y"meukdy,fí tukokdvfuif;aom &SifoefrItwGufjzpfonf/


vnf;aumif;?

3/ pdwå= rdrd\udk,fwGif;&Sd pdwfoEÅmef

rSm jzpfay:aeonhf pdwftrlt&m[lorQü

vnf;aumif;/

4/ "r®= rdrd\udk,fwGif;&Sd pdwfoEÅmef

rSm ]avmb? a'go? arm[? tavmb? ta'go?

tarm[} ponhf aumif;? raumif;aom ]emrf

"r®= emrfw&m;} wkdYüvnf;aumif; xufoefonhf

aMumifhMurIjzihf ]0D&d,} pdkufxkwfí owdjzihf

uyfxm;apmifhMunhfaeí wnfMunfonhf orm"d

pdwfjzihf pl;pd kuf½Iaeí ]ynm} jzihf xdk½kyf-

emrftrlt&mwdkY\ ]jzpfNyD;ysufoGm;jcif;} jzpfysuf=

tedpöoabmudk od- odaeatmifjyKí aexkdif

&m\/

þt&m 4-rsdK;ü þtrI 4-rsdK;jyKí

aexkdifjcif;onf bk&m;? &[EÅm tp&Sdonhf

tvHk;pHkaomyk*¾dKvfwdkY\-

1/ udavom pdwftnpftaMu;wdkY

rS uif;&Sif;pifMu,foGm;ap&ef?

2/ pdk;&drfylaqG;&jcif;? idka<u;&jcif;wdkY

udk vGefajrmufoGm;ap&ef/

3/ udk,f\qif;&Jjcif;? pdwf\qif;&J

jcif;rsm; csKyfNidrf;aysmufuG,foGm;ap&ef/

4/ t&d,mr*fzdkvfÓPfrsm;udk &&SdEdkif

ap&ef/

5/ 'ku©cyfodrf; tqHk;oyfcsKyfNidrf;&m

]edAÁmef} udk rsufarSmufjyKEdkifap&ef- wpfckwnf;

aom vrf;pOfç usihfpOfjzpfonf[lí jrwfpGm

bk&m;&Sif ukd,fawmfjrwfBuD; a[mMum;awmfrlcJh

ayonf/

ur®|mef;rSeforQonf ]t0dZÆm} ]wPSm}

ukefzdkY enf;yg;zdkY BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&mjzpfay\/

ur®|mef;tm;xkwf&mwGif ynwfw&m;rsm;udk

r½IryGm;bJ ]½kyfemrf} ESpfrsdK;aygif;pyfíjzpfjcif;?

ysufjcif;oabmw&m; y&rwftppfwdkYudkom

]tedpöç 'ku©ç tewå} vu©PmoHk;yg;uyfjcif;jzihf

]r*f} vrf;ay:odkY rdrdpdwfESvHk;udk wif-wifay;&

rnfjzpfayonf/

ÓPfrsufpduef;aeol vlowå0gwdkY\

usifvnf&mb0wGif tyg,fi&JtEÅ&m,f 0ef;&H

aeonfudk rodEdkifay/ oHo&m0#fqif;&JrSvnf;

vGwfuif;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg/ þonfrSm ]t0dZÆm-

arm[} w&m;udk,faMumihfomjzpfayonf/

þt0dZÆm trd kuftarSmifw&m;qd k; BuD;ud k

ausmfvTm;Edkif&ef&nf&G,fí ]"r®pMumw&m;

awmf\tESpfcsKyf} udk aus;Zl;&Sifq&mBuD;

O D ; jri h faqG (r[m0 dZ Æm- vef'e f ) \

Ak'¨bmomtvif;jyusrf;rS Ak'¨w&m;awmfudk

"r ®'ge jy Kíazm f jyygonf/ ,if ;w&m;

awmf\tESpfcsKyfrSm-

]]&[ef;wdkY- (1) ,kwfnHhaom &GmolwdkY

\ Opömç ykxkZOfwdkY\ tavhtusihfç t&d,mwdkY

\ Opöm (tusihf) r[kwfç tusdK;pD;yGm;ESihf rpyf

,SOfaom? 0w¬Kç umrwdkYü qE&m*wnf;[laom

udavomumrESihf,SOfaom umr*kPfcsrf;om

udk tzefzefwvJvJcHpm;jcif; (umrokcv’dum

Eka,m*) vnf;aumif;?

(2) qif;&Jaomt&d,mwdkY\ Opöm

r[kwfç wdw¬dwdkY\Opömjzpfí tusdK;pD;yGm;ESihf

rpyf,SOfaom rdrdudk,fudk yifyef;apjcif; (twå

udvrxmEka,m*) vnf;aumif;- þt,kwf

w&m;tpGef;ESpfyg;wdkYudk &[ef;jzpfolonf rrSD0J

tyf? rjyKusihftyfukef/

]]&[ef;wdkY þt,kwfw&m; tpGef;

ESpfyg;wdkYudk a&Smif&Sm;í igbk&m; xdk;xGif;odjrif

tyfaom ÓPfrsufpdudk jyKwwf? opömav;yg;

odjrifjcif;udk jyKwwfaom (oów'd|d? Oapä'

'd|dwdkYodkY ra&mufaponf) tv,ftvwfusihf

pOf rZÑdr#dy'gonf udavomNidrf;jcif;iSm? opöm

av;yg;udkxl;aomÓPfjzihf odjcif;iSm? opöm

av;yg;udk aumif;pGmxdk;xGif;odjcif;iSm? 'ku©uif;

&medAÁmeftvkdYiSmjzpfay\/

]]xdktv,ftvwfusihfpOf[lonf

um;-

or®m'd|d= aumif;? rSefpGmjrifjcif;/

or®mouFyÜ= aumif;? rSefpGm BuHjcif;/

or®m0gpm= aumif;? rSefpGm qdkjcif;/

or®mur®EÅ= aumif;? rSefpGm jyKjcif;/

or®mtmZD0= aumif;? rSefpGm toufarG;jcif;/

or®m0g,mr= aumif;? rSefpGm tm;xkwfjcif;/

or®mowd= aumif;? rSefpGm atmufarhjcif;/

or®morm"d= aumif;? rSefpGm wnfMunfjcif;/

[laom t*Fg&Spfyg;ESifhjynhfpHkonhf rZÑdr#dy'g

usihfpOfaywnf;/

]]&[ef;wdkY (1) y#doaEae&jcif;onf

vnf; qif;&J\/ tdk&jcif;vnf; qif;&J\/

zsm;em&jcif;vnf; qif;&J\/ ao&jcif;vnf;

qif;&J\/ rcspf? rESpfouftyfaom owå0g-

ocFg&wdkYESihf aygif;oif;&jcif;vnf; qif;&J\/

cspf? ESpfouftyfaomowå0g ocFg&wdk YESih f

auGuGif;&jcif;vnf; qif;&J\/ tvkd&Sdtyf?

awmifhwtyfaomt&mudk r&jcif;vnf; qif;&J

\/ tusOf;tm;jzihf pGJvrf;rIOyg'gef\ tm½Hk

jzpfaom cE¨mig;yg; (&&Sdaejcif;) wdk Yvnf;

qif;&Jonfomjzpfukef\/ þ Zmwdpaom

qif;&Jw&m;pkonf ]'ku©} t&d,opömrnf\/

(2) 0w¬K- umrwdkYudk wyfrufaom

wPSm? oów'd|dESihf,SOfaom (b0wnfNrJ

jcif;udk awmihfwaom) wPSm? Oapä''d|dESihf,SOf

aom (b0jywfjcif;udk awmifhwaom) wPSm

[lí oHk;rsdK;jym;aom avmb= wPSmw&m;

onf wpfzefb0opfudk jzpfapwwf\/ ESpfouf-

wyfrufjcif;ESihfwuGjzpf\/ xdkxdk0w¬Ktm½Hkü

tvGefESpfoufwwf\/ qif;&Jjcif;udkjzpfapaom

þwPSmonf ]'ku©ork',} t&d,opöm

rnf\/

(3) xdkavmb= wPSm\yif t<uif;

rJhwyfrufjcif;uif;&m? csKyf&m xdkavmb= wPSm

udk pGefYy,f&m vGwfvGwfa0;pGm pGefYy,f&mç

uyfNidjcif;uif;&mjzpfaom edAÁmefonf ]'ku©

eda&m"} t&d,mopömrnf\/

(4) or®m'd|dç or®mouFyÜç or®m0gpmç

or®mur®EÅç or®mtmZD0ç or®m0g,mrç or®m

owdç or®morm"d [laom t*Fg&Spfyg;&Sdonhf

0#f'ku©\csKyf&medAÁmefodkYa&mufaMumif;jzpfaom

(rZÑdry#dy'g) usihfpOfonf ]'ku©eda&m" *grdeD

y#dy'g} ac: ]r*¾} t&d,opöm rnf\/

]]&[ef;wdkY (1) þ0#f'ku©onf ]'ku©

t&d,opöm} rnf\[kvnf;aumif;? xdk'ku©t&d

,opömudk ydkif;jcm;íodtyf\[kvnf;aumif;?

(y&daO,s"r®) xdk'ku©t&d,opömudk igbk&m;

onf yd kif;jcm;í odtyfNyD[kvnf;aumif;

(y&dnmw"r®)

(2) ]]0#f'ku©\ taMumif;jzpfaom

þavmb= wPSmonf ]'ku©ork',} t&d,

opömrnf\[kvnf;aumif;? xdk'ku©ork',opöm

udk r*fav;yg;jzihf y,ftyf\[kvnf;aumif;?

(y[mweAÁ"r®) xdkork',opömudk igbk&m;

onf r*fav;yg;jzihf y,ftyfNyD[kvnf;aumif;?

(y[De"r®)

(3) ]]þ'ku©\csKyfNidrf;&medAÁmefonf

]'ku©eda&m"} t&d,opöm rnf\[kvnf;

aumif;? xdkeda&m"opömudk r*f? zdkvfypöa0u©P

ÓPfjzihf rsufarSmufjyKtyf\ [kvnf;aumi;f

(opädumwAÁ"r®) xdkeda&m"opömudk igbk&m;

onf r*fç zdkvfç ypöa0u©PÓPfjzihf rsufarSmuf

jyKtyfNyD [kvnf;aumif;? (opdäu"r®)

(4) ]]þ0#f'ku©\csKyfNidrf;&medAÁmefodkY

a&mufaMumif;jzpfaom r*¾if&Spfyg;usihfpOfonf

'ku©eda&m" *grDedy#dy'g= (r*¾opöm)- rnf\[k

vnf;aumif;? xdkr*¾opömudk aumif;pGmyGm;rsm;

tyf\[kvnf;aumif ; ? (bma0wAÁ"r ®)

xdkr*¾opömudk igbk&m; onf aumif;pGmyGm;rsm;

tyfNyD[kvnf;aumif;?(tm0dw"r®)

]]þodkY (3csuf _ 4vD= 12 yg; tjym;

tm;jzihf) igbk&m;onf bk&m;rjzpfrD a&S;tcg

u rMum;bl;ukefaom opömw&m;wdkYü jrifwwf

pmrsufESm 35 odkY

33

"r®0D&onf udk,fusifhoDvESifh pm&dwåjrifhrm;ap&ef jzpfonf/


r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,fpHjybkef;awmfBuD;

oifynma&;rlv wef;ausmif; pwifzGifhvSpfp

tcsdefujzpfonf/ ausmif;tkyfq&mawmfOD;

awZdEtm; teD;uyfjyKpkaom armif0if;armif

ESihf armifpdk;odef;wdkY[l aom wynhfESpfa,muf

&S donf/ armif0if;armifu q&mawmf\

a0,sm0pöudk usKd;usKd;EGHEGH txl;vHkYvpdkufNyD;

vkyfay;wwfovdk armifpdk;odef;url aygYaygY

avsmhavsmh jzpfuwwfqef; vkyfwwfí

ausmif;tkyfq&mawmf\ tqltyludk cP

cP cH&wwfonf/

wpfaeYwGif q&mawmfoDwif;oHk;ae

aom ausmif;aqmifü aomufa&? oHk;a&? uk#D

a&wdkYudk cyfxnhf&rnfh wm0efESihf t½kPfqGrf;

csuf&rnfh wm0efonf armifpdk;odef;tvSnhfus

vmonf/ armifpdk;odef;onf tysif;xlaygYavsmh

NyD; q&mawmf\ rsufESmopfa&udk cyfrxm;í

armif0if;armifu q&mawmftwGuf rsufESm

opfa&r&Sdu q&mawmf'ku©jzpfrnf pdk;&drfí

uref;uwrf; rsufESmopfa& cyfxnhf&ef

aqmif&Gufonf/ eHeufa0vD a0vif;tvif;

a&mifra&mufcifvkyf&í armif0if;armifonf

vrf;wGif cvkwfwdkufvJusoGm;um o,f,lvm

aom a&tdk;vnf; usuGJ avonf/

xdkjzpf&yfudk qGrf;pm;ausmif; pDrH

aom wdkuftkyfq&mawmfmu awGUNyD; 'Daumif

earmferJhvkyf&avrvm;[kqdkNyD; qlyl½dkufESuf

qHk;ravonf/ q&mawmfudkvnf; oGm;a&muf

avQmufxm;Mu avonf/

q&mawmfujzpfyHkjcif;&m tvHk;pHk

udkac:,lppfaq;ar;jref;NyD; Mum;u apwemydk

aom armif0if;armif½dkufcH&rIESihf ywfoufí

]at; 0if;armif rif;tjzpfuawmh

acG;tvkyf jrif;0if½IyfvdkY 0g;&if;wkwfESihf wG,fcH

&onfhES,fqdkwJh yHkvdkjzpfaeygaygYvm;uGJU} [k

NyHK;&TifpGmrdefYMum;avonf/

]q&mawm ftaMumi f ;p H kuav;

tus,fodyg&apbk&m;} [k wdkuftkyfbkef;BuD;

u avQmufxm;onf/

]&Gmwpf&GmrSm ol<u,fwpfa,mufü

tdrf\nOfhtdyfnOfhae vHkNcHKa&;twGuf acG;

wpfaumifarG;xm;ovdk ol<u,foGm;vma&;

tqifajyap&eftwGuf jrif;wpfaumifarG;xm;

acG;tvkyfud k jrif;0ifvkyfvk d Y 0g;&if;wkwfESih f wG,f cH&onfhES,facG;tvkyfud k jrif;0ifvkyfvk d Y 0g;&if;wkwfESih f wG,f cH&onfhES,facG;tvkyfud k jrif;0ifvkyfvk d Y 0g;&if;wkwfESih f wG,f cH&onfhES,facG;tvkyfud k jrif;0ifvkyfvk d Y 0g;&if;wkwfESih f wG,f cH&onfhES,facG;tvkyfud k jrif;0ifvkyfvk d Y 0g;&if;wkwfESih f wG,f cH&onfhES,f

cifolZmjrifh

owJh}

]wpfaeYtdrf&Sifrsm;u tom;[if;

csufNyD; pm;<uif;pm;usefrsm;udk acG;udk t0

tNyJauR;vdkufrdMuowJh/ acG;uvnf; t0tNyJ

pm;aomufNyD; nusawmhAdkufav;NyD; w½SL;½SL;

ESihf tdyfarmusoGm;owJhuG,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSmbJ

wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif olcdk;wpfa,mufu tdrfNcH

pD;½dk;ausmfjzwf0ifvmNyD; tdrfudk azmufxGif;

owJh/

tJ'gudk tdyfaysmfaewJh acG;urodbJ

rvSrf;rurf;rSm&SdaewJh jrif;uawGUjrifNyD; ocifh

ypönf;rsm;twGuf pdwfylNyD; acG;Edk;atmif ajrBuD;

udk cGmESihf&SyfNyD; EdI;owJh? 'gayr,fh acG;u rEdI;

bl;wJh}

olcd k;tdrfazmufNyD;vdk Y0ifawmhrnfh

tvkyfrSm ocif\ tusKd;pD;yGm; qHk;½HI;rnfudk

odaomjrif;u olcdk;0ifvmaMumif; ocifwdkY

Ed k;Mum;od&Sdap&ef jrnf[D;oHay;vdkufowJh/

jrif;[DoHaMumihf olcdk;vnf; vefYNyD; xGufajy;

oGm;owJh/

tdrf&Sifrsm;uvnf; jrif;&JUxl;jcm;

aom [DoHaMumihf vefYEdk;NyD; tEÅ&m,fwpfckck

&SdaeNyDxifrSwfum toihfjyKvkyfxm;wJh 0g;&if;

wkwfudk udkifaqmifNyD; wHcg;zGihf tdrfatmuf

qif;vmowJh/

tdrfatmufodkYa&mufvmaomtcg

rnfonfht&dyfta&mifrQ rawGUjrifojzihf NcHxJ

udkyg vSnhfvnfMunhfowJh/ NcHxJrSmvnf; bmrQ

t&dyfta&mifrawGUojzihf jrif;udktdyfa&;ysuf

atmifvkyf&rnfvm;qdkNyD; a'goxGufum

]tdyfa&;ysufatmif vkyfOD;uGm}

[kqdkNyD; toihfygvmaom 0g;&if;

wkwfESihf wtm;vTJ½dkufowJh/ jrif;crsm apwem

rSm a0'emjzpfNyD; cHpm;oGm;&owJhuG,f/ ,ckvJ

bJ armif0if;armifrSm armifpdk;odrf; vkyf&rnfh

tvkyfudk armifpdk;odef;u rvkyfí ightwGuf

apwemxm;NyD; Mum;uaqmif&GufcJhí a&tdk;

uGJNyD; wdkuftkyfu ppfaq;rIr&Sd Budrfwkwfpm

auR;oudk;uGJU} [k rdefYMum;&m wdkuftkyfESihf

tjcm;ausmif;om;ESpfa,mufyg waomaom

&,farmoabmusMuavawmh onf/

cifolZmjrih f

34"r®0D&onf rdrdudk,fudk apmifha&SmufEdkif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/


0&Haw armCyk&do tmod0doó?

aCm&0doó rkcHt*FZmwH yu©dwåH? eawG0

rmwk*gró t*FZmaw yu©dwåH/

(yg&mZdu ygVdawmf)

r*fzdkvfrrSD; tcsD;ESD;aoma,musfm;?

vsifaomtqdyf&Sdaom Murf;aomtqdyf&Sdaom

a>ra[muf\cHwGif;ü oif\t*FgZmwfudk xnhf

oGif;jcif;onf jrwf\/ rmwk*gr\ t*FgZmwfü

oif\t*FgZmwfudk xnhfoGif;jcif;onf rjrwf

onfomwnf;/

taMumif;um; xdka>r\cHwGif;ü rdrd

t*FgZmwfudk xnhfoGif;jcif;aMumihf aojcif;odkY

aomfvnf; a&muf&m\/ aoavmuf½Hktwdkif;

t&Snf&Sdaom qif;&Ja0'emudkaomfvnf; cHpm;

&&m\/ odkYaomf aoonf\tjcm;rJhjzpfaom

aemufwrvGefb0ü raumif;aomolwdk Y\

vm;&mjzpfaom csrf;omuif;&m tyg,f&Gmü

rvm;a&muf&momwnf;/ rmwk*gr\

t*FgZmwfü rdrd\t*FgZmwfudk xnhfoGif;jcif;

aMumifh aoonfrSaemufb0wrvGefü tyg,f

i&JodkY usa&muf&m\/

&[ef;awmfwdkYonf apmifhxdef;&rnhf

0denf;odu©myk'frsm;ü BuD;av;aomtjypf

ao;i,faomtjypf[lí ydkif;jcm;xm;rI&Sd\/

,if;wdkY[lonf

(1) yg&mZdutmywf

(2) oHCm'daooftmywf

oHCmhrSwfausmuf

oQifawZrmvm (e*g;ay:)

(3) xkv’pnf;tmywf

(4) ygpdwftmywf

(5) yg#da'oed,tmywf

(6) 'kuú#ftmywf

(7) 'kAÇmoDtmywf wdkYjzpfyg\/

xdkwGif oHCm'daoof paomtjypf

tmywfwdkYudk usL;vGefrdonf&Sdaomfum;

ukpm; í ajyaysmufE k di fao;\/

yg&mZ duav;yg;ü wpfyg;yg ;ud k

usL;vGe fr dygu ajzazsmufí r&

Ed ki fawmh/ ]]uk&mewå d ? aq;r&S d } }

omwnf;/

Oyrmum;- xef;yifonf vnfrS jywf

usaomf jyefqufír&awmhouJhodkY

vnf;aumif; ? twuftan§mi h f

jyefraygufa&mufEdkifawmh ouJhodkYvnf;aumif;?

þtwl yg&mZdu tjypf usL;vGefrdaom

yg&mZduusNyD;aom &[ef;onf vnfyif;rS

jywfusxm;ouJ ho d k Y jye fqufí r&

Ed ki fawmhouJhod k Y &[ef;b0 topfwzef

jyefvnfír&EkdifawmhouJhodk Y qHk;½IH;&acsNyD

wnf;/ ouFef;0wfxm;aomfvnf; &[ef;trnf

rcHxk dufawmh/ 'g,um? 'g,dumrwd k Y\

vuftkyfcsDí ylaZmfjcif;udk rcH,lxdkufawmh/

'g,um? 'g,dumrwdkY\ ypönf;av;yg;udk tvSL

rcHxdkufawmh/ xdk'g,um? 'g,dumrwdkYonf

um; &[ef;oHCm[laom &nfpl;trSwfjzihf

vSL'gef;onfjzpfí rdrdonfum; yg&mZduusNyD;

jzpfaomaMumifh ouFef;0wfxm;aomfvnf;

&[ef;toGifcdk;xm;aom ]]&Sifwk&Sif0g? &Sif

ta,mifaqmif}} omjzpf\/ ]]vd*Faw¬eu}} om

jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh ouFef;udktoHk;csí 'g,um?

'g,dumrwdkY\ ypönf;av;yg;udk cdk;,lrSD0JoHk;pGJ

aeonfrnf\/ xdk&[ef;twGuf wrvGefb0

onf tyg,fvm;&mvrf;wpfckom&Sdawmh\/

yg&mZdu? uswHku?

ukovrf;r&Sd/

vlYomraP? vkyfíae?

pifav tmywåd/

xdkYaMumihf vlxGufíaomfvnf;aumif;?

&SifomraPjyKíaomfvnf;aumif;? þESpfenf;

wGif wpfenf;enf;udk jyKrSomvQif tjypftmywf

rS pifMu,fEdkif\/ ,if;odkYjyKvkyfí ukodkvfaumif;

rIwdk Yud k aqmif&GufrSomvQif wrvGefb0

twGuf aumif;usdK;csrf;omudk &&SdEdkifao;\/

yg&mZdut&mwGif yxryg&mZduü

arxke"r®odu©my' (arxkefrSD0Jjcif;trI) 'kwd,

yg&mZduü t'dEém'geodu©my' (cd k;,lrI)?

wwd,yg&mZduü rEkó0d*¾[odu©my'

vlYtoufowfrI?pwkw¦yg&mZduü Owå&drEkó

"r®odu©myk'f? (psmefr*f zdkvfw&m;ESihfpyfaom

trI) [lí ynwftm;jzihf av;yg;&Sd\/ þwGif

txl;jyqdkvdkonfrSm yxr yg&mZdurS arxke

"r®odu©myk'fyifjzpfyg\/

0denf;awmfü arxke"r®odu©myk'fudk

tBuD;av;qHk;tjypftjzpfjzihf ynwfcsufrsm;\

xdyfqHk;yxrOD;qHk;rS xm;&Sd\/ þarxke"r®

odu©myk'fonf rmwk*grrsm;ESihf qufpyfí

jrwfAk'ÿnwfxm;awmfrljcif;jzpf\/

]]arxke}} [lonf jrefrmbmomtm;

jzih f ]]arxkef}} [k ac:\/ t"dyÜm,fum;

]]a,musfm;? rdef;rESpfOD;om;wdkY\ aygif;azmfí

vkHYvjyKjcif;}} udk qdkvdk\/ rdbESpfyg;\ jrLqG,f

rIaMumifh r,m;a[mif;ü arxkefusL;vGefrdaom

&Sifok'defrax&ftm; taMumif;jyKí ]]arxke"r®}}

[laom ynwfcsufBuD;ay:aygufcJh&jcif;jzpfyg

\/

arxkef[kqdk&mwGif arxkefi,f (7)

yg;[lí tjym;tm;jzihf cGJjcm;xm;jcif;vnf;

&Sdao;\/ xdkarxkefi,f (7) yg;um;-

(1) rmwk*gr\ vdrf;usHyGwfoyfay;

jcif;? qkwfe,fay;jcif;? a&csdK;ay;jcif; ponfwdkY

ü om,m\/

(2) rmwk*grESihf ESpfOD;pHk&,farmae

jcif;ç udk,fvufxdyg;upm;jcif;ç jyuf&,f&TifjrL;

jcif; ponfwdkYüom,m\/

(3) rsufvHk;jcif;qHkí Munhfjcif;ç

pdrfhpdrfhpl;pl; pdkufíMunhfjcif;? ab;wapmif;

Munhfjcif;wdkYü om,m\/

(4) rmwk*gr\toHudk em;axmifjcif;ç

&,farmaw;qdkidka<u;jcif;wdkYü om,m\/

(5) a&S;tcgu rmwk*grESihf &,f&Tif

cJ hzl;jrL;wl;aysmfyg;aqmhupm;zl;onfwdk Yud k

pdwful;íom,m\/

(6) umr*kPfig;yg;ESihfjynhfpHkaom

armifESHpHkwGJudkMunhfí tm;usom,m\/

(7) rdrdaqmufwnfaom oDvtusihf

jrwfjzihf aemufb0wGif ewfjynf? jA[®mjynfwdkYü

35"r®0D&onf vlrsKd;ra&G; bmomra&G;? vlom;rsKd;EG,ftm;vHk;twGuf jzpfonf/


vm;a&muf&ef awmihfwom,m\/ þarxkef

i,f (7) yg;udk usL;vGefrdonf&Sdaomfum; yg&m

Zdurusaomfvnf; oDvnpfEGrf;ap\/

rmwk*grwdkY\ 0pör*f (usifi,fayguf)?

yóm0r*f (usifBuD;ayguf)? rkcr*f (cHwGif;

ayguf) [laom r*foHk;yg;wdkYwGif wpfyg;yg;ü

aomfvnf;aumif; usL;vGefrdvQif yg&mZdu

usa&muf&m\/ rsm;aomtm;jzihf &[ef;wdkY

yg&mZduus&mwGif ,if;arxke"r®jzihfom tus

rsm;\/ rmwk*gr\tawGUudk ezl;awGU 'l;awGU

awGUMu&aom ykxkZOf&[ef;wdkYrSmum; a&SmifEdkif

zdk Y&ef cufcJvSpGm\/ xdkrQa&SmifEdkifcJvSaom

tawGUudk rusL;vGefrdatmif xdef;odrf;aeMujcif;

onfyif &[ef;wdkY\ csD;usL;p&m*kPfj'yfwpfck[k

qdk&ayrnf/ þtjyifjrwfAk'\ tBuD;rm;qHk;

ynwfawmfudk vdkufemusihfoHk;&mvnf; a&muf

yg\/

rmwk*gr\tawGUudk a&SmifMuOfzdkY&m

0,f jrwfAk'ü OyrmjyKí xm;awmfrlcJh\/

tcgwpfyg;aomf w[kef;[kef;awmufavmifae

onhf rD;yHkBuD;\ cyfvSrf;vSrf;wpfae&mü jrwfAk'

ESihfwuG &[ef;taygif;wdkY pka0;aeawmfrlMu\/

xdktcg jrwfAk'u &[ef;wdkYtm; Mo0g'pum;

udk rdefYawmfrl\/

]]&[ef;wdkY w[kef;[kef;awmufavmif

aeaom rD;yHkBuD;udk jrifawGUMuoavm}}

]]jrwfpGGmbk&m; jrifawGUMuyg\}}

]]xdkrD;yHkBuD;udk ayGUzufítdyf&jcif;ESihf

owdkYorD;unmudk ayGUzuftdyfaejcif;ESpfrsdK;wdkY

wGif b,ft&mu jrwfygoenf;}}

]]jrwfpGmbk&m; owkdYorD;unmudk

ayGUzufí tdyfae&jcif;uomvQif jrwfygvdrhf

rnf/ rD;yHkBuD;udk ayGUzufí tdyfjcif;u rjrwfwef

&myg}} [k todÓPfenf;aom &[ef;wpfyg;u

avQmufxm;rdaomf jrwfAk'u þodkYjyefvnf

rdefYawmfrl\/

]]&[ef;wdkY- ,kwfrmaomoabm&Sd

aom rpifMu,fpufqkyfzG,ftusihf&S daom

zHk;vTrf;vQdKU0Suftyfaom raumif;rI&S daom

&[ef;onf vnf;aumif;? oljrwfr[kwfygbJ

vsuf &[ef;jrwf[lí 0efcHaom&[ef;onf

vnf;aumif;? jrwfaomtusihfudkrusihfygbJ

vsufusih f\[k 0efcHaom&[ef;onfvnf;

aumif; tZÑwåoEÅmefü udavomtykyfwdkYjzihf

pdkpGwfaom ydk;usaoma&uJhodkY pufqkwfzG,f

&Sdaom 'kóDv&[ef;tm; rD;yHkBuD;udk ayGUzufí

tdyfaejcif;uomvQif jrwfao;\/ ¤if;rD;yHkBuD;

udk ayGUzufítdyfjcif;aMumihf aojcif;odkYaomf

vnf;aumif;? aovkeD;yg;qif;&J'ku©jzpfjcif;

odkYaomfvnf;aumif; a&muf&m\/ odkY&mwGif

aoonf\tjcm;rJ hü tyg,fi&Jodk Y rvm;

a&mufEdkif&m}}

jrwfAk'um; &[ef;wdkYtm; rmwk*gr

ESihf aygif;azmfjcif;\tjypfudk þrQ MuufoD;arT;

n§if;xavmufatmifyif rD;yHkBuD;ESihfaomfvnf;

aumif;? tqdyf&Sdaoma>rESifhaomfvnf;aumif;

EdIif;,SOfawmfrl\/ xdkYaMumifh þyxryg&mZdu

rS ]]arxke"r®odu©myk'f}} onf &[ef;awmfwdkY

twGuf txl;tm;jzihf ta&;ygvSyg\/ þrQ

ta&;ygvSaom odu©myk'fawmfESifhwuG jrwfAk'

\ qHk;rMo0g'tm; av;pm;vkdufemaomtae

jzihf 0denf;awmfodu©myk'fwdkYudk rusdK;rayguf

atmif xdef;odrf;Mujcif; omoemawmfBuD;\

wm0efudk o'gw&m;a&SUxm;í xrf;aqmifoifh

Muyg\/

trSeftm;jzihf BuD;av;aom odu©m

yk'fwdkYudkcsnf;om xdef;odrf;Edkif&rnfr[kwf/

ao;i,faom odu©myk'fwdkYudkvnf; av;pm;

½dkaopGmjzihf xdef;odrf;Mu&ayrnf/ ao;i,f

aom 0denf;odu©myk'fwdkYudkrSpí xdef;odrf;EdkifrS

omvQif BuD;av;aomodu©myk'fwdk YtwGuf

pdwfcs&ayrnf/ xdkodu©myk'fuav;rsm;onf

tajccHtkwfjrpfuav;rsm;jzpfMuyg\/ tajccH

tkwfjrpfckdifrmrSomvQif omoemawmfwnf;

[laom taqmuftOD;BuD;onf Mum&Snfwnf

wHhckdifNrJEdkifrnfjzpfyg\/

ñTef;- yg&mZdut|uxm

oQifawZrmvm (e*g;ay:)

aom ÓPfrsufpdç odwwfaomÓPfç tjym;

tm;jzihf odjcif;ynmç xdk;xGif;íodjcif;0dZÆmç

t0dZÆmtarSmifudk zsufqD;wwfaom ÓPf

ta&mifwdkYonf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmcJhNyD/

]]&[ef;wdkY- þopömav;yg;wdkYü• ]opö

ÓPfç udpöÓPfç uwÓPf} tm;jzihf (3) yg;

tjyef&Sdaom 3yg; _ 4vDjzpfí tjcif;t&m

(12) yg;&Sdaom? [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odjrifwwf

onfh ÓPftjrifonf igbk&m;tm; tvGef

txl;pifMu,fjcif; rjzpfao;orQumvywfvHk;

igbk&m;onf ewfjynfç jA[®mjynfESihfwuGaom

Moumoavmuüvnf;aumif;? &[ef;ç ykPÖm;ç

ewfvlwdkYESihfwuGaom owåavmuü vnf;

aumif; ]twkr&Sdaom t&[wår*fÓPfç oAÁ

nKwÓPfudk xdk;xGif;íodNyD}}- [k 0efcHawmfrrl

ao;/

]]&[ef;wdk Y- þopömav;yg;wdk Yü•

þodkY ]opöÓPfç udpöÓPfç uwÓPf} tm;jzihf

(3) yg; tjyef&Sdaom 3yg; _ 4vDjzpfí tjcif;

t&m (12) yg;&Sdaom? [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odjrif

wwfonfh ÓPftjrifonf igbk&m;tm; tvGef

txl;pif Mu,fjcif; jzpfaomtcgürlum;

igbk&m;onf ewfjynfç jA[®mhjynfESihfwuGaom

Moumoavmuüvnf;aumif;? &[ef;ç ykPÖm;ç

ewfvlwdkYESihfwuGaom owåavmuü vnf;

aumif;? ]twkr&Sdaom t&[wår*fÓPfç oAÁ

nKwÓPfudk xdk;xGif;íodNyD}}- [k 0efcHawmfrl

NyD/ (,ck) igbk&m;tm; ]ig\ t&[wår*fÓPf

(pdwf\vGwfajrmufrI) onf rysufpD;EdkifawmhNyD/

þ (ig\) b0onf aemufqHk;jzpfjcif;aywnf;/

,ckwzef b0opfü jzpfjcif;r&SdawmhNyD} [laom

ypöa0u©PmÓPftjrifonf xif&Sm;jzpfay:

avNyD/

bk&m;&Sifonf þ"r®pMumw&m;udk

a[mawmfrl\/ yÍö0*¾D&[ef;wdkYonf ESpfvdk

0rf;ajrmufukefvsuf bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfudk

tvGeftxl;ESpfoufMuav\/ þ"r®pMum

w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;NyD;aomf t&Sifaum@

nrax&fonf aomwmyefjzpfoGm;í ]]tvHk;pHk

aom awblruw&m;onf jzpfjcif;oabm&Sd

\/ xdkjzpfjcif;oabm&Sdaom (½kyfemrf) w&m;

pmrsufESm 32 rS

[lorQonf csKyfNidrf;aysmufuG,f jcif;oabm

&Sd\}} [lí ÓPftjrifxif&Sm;jzpfay:av\/

þ"r®pMumw&m;awmfonf olawmf

aumif;wd k Y vd kvm;tyfE Sp fouftyfaom

w&m;awmf jrwfjzpfay\/ þw&m;awmfESihf

wuGaom Ak'¨w&m;[lorQwdkYudk "r®rdwfaqG

olawmfaumif;wdk YrSm ]]rdrdÓPfrDoavmuf}}

usihfBuHBudK;pm; tm;xkwf&ayrnf/ okdYrSom

pdwfESvHk;Nidrf;at;rI ESihfwuGaom oHo&m0#f

'ku©rS vGwfuif;Edkifrnf jzpfayonf/ þonfrSm

aovQifykyfrnhf ½kyf tumBuD;tm; t&if;jyKí

r*fÓPfç zdkvfÓPf wnf;[laom tqDtESpfudk

xkwf,ljcif;jzpfayonf/ pmzwfol "r®rdwfaqG

taygif;wdk YESif hwuG tvHk;pH kaom avmu

om;wd k Ytm; r*fvrf;od k Y avQmufvSr f;í

edAÁmefc&D;odk Y OD;wnfoGm;Edkifaom t&d,m

olawmfaumif;rsm; jzpfMuygapjcif; tvdkYiSm?

þ]tumt&if;jyKtESpfpk} [laom aqmif;yg;

jzihf "r®'gejyKtyfvkduf& ygonf/

rSDjirf;-"r®puúy0wåeokwf

r*Fvma&Tarmif;

"r®0D&onf t&G,foHk;yg; &[ef;&Sifvltm;vHk;twGuf jzpfonf/


36

Ä vGefavNyD;cg jynfAm&m?

jA[®'wfrif; rif;jyKcg/

Ak'avmif;vsm xkdpOfu?

ykPÖm;rsKd;ü 0ifpm;&/

Ä t&G,fa&mufu ynmoif?

cyfodrf;twwf wwfajrmufvQif/

awmNrKdifukd0if olajcvSrf;?

jyKaygh &aoh&[ef;/

Ä <ujref;vmayhg wpfaeYcg?

Am&mrif;jrwf bk&if&mZm/

½kyfzsufvm wkdif;cef;vSnhf?

&aohausmif;ukd ola&mufcJh/

Ä ]aus;Zl;rJh} pum;ajymqkdol?

b,ft&yfu b,fvkdvl/

olazG&Sm BuKd;pm;vnf;?

rawGUtcsnf;ESD;/

Ä bk&ifBuD;\ aus;Zl;*kPf?

jynfoljynfom; ajymrukef/

bkef;&dyfckdvIH aus;Zl;w&m;?

tNrJwrf;yGm;rsm;/

w&m;tm;avsmfpGmtkyfcsKyf&m

aZmfaemif

Ä pm;yg;OD;uG,fh {nhf'um?

&Sif&aoh auR;arG;yg/

pm;Munhf&m xkdanmifoD;?

tvGefcsKdownf;/

Ä bk&ifBuD;u raeom?

bmaMumifh anmifoD; csKdoum/

ar;Munhfav&m &aohpum;?

þodkY&aoh jyefMum;/

Ä rSwfxm;yguG,fh tkd'um?

wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyf rif;&mZm/

rif;usihfnDpGm apmifhw&m;?

opfoD;tm;vkH; oumysm;?

tm;vkH;MoZm anmif;onfwum;/

Ä rif;w&m;vnf; jynfAm&m?

jyef<uNyD;u tkyfcsKyfyg/

a&S;eJYuGJum ol&ufpuf?

rif;usihfw&m;ysuf/

Ä eef;rSxGufNyD; xkdtcg?

&aohqDodkY jyefoGm;&m/

r&Sdç &Sdwm csumauR;?

anmifoD;ukdyif oltm;ay;/

Ä ta0;uvmwJh rif;&mZm?

olYAkdufwGif;rS qmavmif&m/

anmifoD;,lum olvQifpm;?

yg;pyfwGif;rSm wrmcg;/

Ä &aohBuD;tm; xkdtcg?

bk&ifBuD;u ar;Munhfyg/

bmaMumihfckcg anmifoD;cg;?

trdefY&Sdygbk&m;/

Ä jyefMum;csufcsif; &aoh&Sif?

wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyf rif;bk&if/

oDvrpif tusihfysufjym;?

rwnfMoZm qkH;½IH;oGm;?

'gaMumifh anmifoD;rcsKdcg;/

Ä &aohpum; olem;0if?

jynfAm&modkY jyefvkdY0if/

oDvpifMu,f tkyfcsKyfoGm;?

MoZmwduúr jyefBuD;xGm;/

yanmifoD;rSnhf jyefcsKdoGm;?

wkdif;jynf0ajym pnfyifwum;/

aZmfaemif

,ckZmwfudk tcgwpfyg; jrwfpGm

bk&m;&Sif aZw0efausmif;awmfü oDwif;okH;

aeawmfrlpOf rif;tm; qkH;rjcif;ukd taMumif;

jyKí a[mjyawmfrljcif;jzpfygonf/ txl;ojzihf

,ckZmwfwGif jrwfpGmbk&m;onf rif;BuD;tm;

a&S;rif;taygif;wdkYonfvnf; ynm&SdwdkY\pum;

ukd em;axmifí w&m;ojzihf tkyfcsKyfaom

aMumihf ewfjynfukda&mufukef\[k rdefYvQif

rif;BuD;awmif;yef&um; jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu

twdwfukd a[mawmfrljcif;jzpfygonf/

twdwf\t&dyf

vGefavNyD;aomtcg Am&mPoDjynf

wGif jA[®'wfrif; rif;jyK\/ xkdpOf bk&m;

tavmif;onf ykPÖm;rsKd;üjzpf\/ t&G,fa&muf

aomf twwfrsKd;pkHukd oif,lí wwfajrmuf

vQif [dr0EÅmawmodkY0ifí &aoh&[ef;jyK\/

xkdtcg rif;onf ¤if;tm; aus;Zl;rJhudkqkdaom

oltm; vkdufvH&SmazG&m NrKdUwGif;NrKdUjyif rnf

"r®0D&onf pdwfzdpD;rI uif;a0;aponf/

DHAMMA VIRA 'S POEM

37

rsKd; wynhfawmfqDrSm&SdcJ h&if pm;0wfaea&;

rajyvnfolawGukd ulnDzk d Y ok H;rdr,fxif

ygw,f/ urÇmay:rSm wefzkd;r&SdjzpfaewJh

aiGaMu;okH;pGJ rIawG &Sdaeoa&GU qif;&Jom;

vlwef;pm;awG ydkNyD; qif;&J'ku©a&mufaer,f

xifygw,fbk&m;/ tdEd,EkdifiH? bD[mjynfe,f

[m t&rf;ylw,fvkd Y od&ygw,f/ tylcsdef

tjyif;xef qkH;uawmh arvygyJ/ tyljyif;qkH;

arvrSm ukvm;wpfa,muf i½ky foD;uk d

qm;wkdYNyD; xrif; pm;w,fwJh/ i½kyfoD;awmif;xJ

uEIdufNyD; wpfawmifhNyD;wpfawmifh pm;aevkduf

wmacR;wwD;wD;usvdkY/ tjcm;vlwpfa,mufu

]]pyfwJhi½kyfoD;ukd bmjzpfvkdY trsm;BuD;pm;ae

&wmvJ}} vdk Y ar;vdkufawmh ]]tcsK dawmifh

ygrvm;vdkY pm;Munhfwmyg}} vkdY ajzvdkufw,f/

tcsKdoD; awGUyghrvm;? pmzwfolwdkY pOf;pm;Munhf

ygOD;/ b,folYukdar;ar; i½kyfoD;tcsKdawmifh

&Smpm;oludk awmfawmf rkdufwJhvlvdkY ajymaeMu

rSm jrifa,mifygao; w,f/ vlawG[m umr*kPf

tm½kH cHpm;&mrSm ydkNyD;aumif;r,fxifwmawG

wDxGifzefwD;NyD; cHpm;aeMuygw,f/ wyfrufrI

udavomawGudk tylvdkYjrifolu awmfawmf

&Sm;ygvdrfhr,f/ tylukdodvkdY a&SmifMuOfaewJh

olawmfpifawGu taumif;pm; umr*kPfawG

ukd cHpm;aeaom vlawGUukdMunhfNyD; oem;ae

r, fxi f y g& J Ub k & m ; /o lw d k Y aw Guawm h

aumif;r,fxifwm awG &SmazGcHpm;aeqJygyJ/

i½kyfoD; tcsKdawmifh &Smpm;wJhol[m rdepfydkif;

avmufom ylrSmyg/ oHo&mwpfavQmuf

tylawGudk qufvufrSD0J aeolawGu i½kyfoD;

tpyfpm;oluk d r k du fw,fvd k Y a jymae&if

olwdk Yavmufrk dufwJhol &S drSmr[kwf bl;vdk Y

wynhfawmf awG;aerdw,f om;awmf/

b,fvk dtaMumif;t&mud k jrif

jrif ? Mum;Mum;? jrifwJ ht&m? Mum;wJ h

taMumif;ay:rSm p dwfcsr f ;ajrUp&m

aumif;atmif MunhfjrifEkdifrSom rdrdwdkYpdwf

av; Nidrf;csrf;rSmayhgbk&m;/ wynhfawmf

Mum;zl;wmawGuk d "r®tjriftenf;i,feJ Y

awG;jrifjcif;taMumif;udk 'DrSmyJ tqkH;owf

ygawmhr,fbk&m;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf vlom; tm;vkH;

ukd,fusihfw&m;aumif;Mur,fqkdygu at;csrf;rI

awG aysmufqk H ;r Smr[kwfwJ htaMumi f ;

avQmufxm;vkdufygw,fbk&m;/

om;&[ef;&JUr,fawmf(9.11.2010)

pdwå'Dy(a&TawmifOD;)

pmrsufESm 26 rS

onhfae&mwGifrSrawGU/ þodkYjzihf &aoh\

ausmif;ocFef;odk Y a&muf&S dcJ h jcif;jzpfonf/

&aoh u ¤if;u anmifoD;jzihf {nhfcH\/

rif;BuD;onf anmifoD;ukd pm;Munhfaomf

tvGefcsK daom t&omukd&\/ xkd YaMumifh

&aohtm; þanmif oD;onf tb,fhaMumihf

cs K d&oenf;[k ar;\/ xk dtcg &aohu

þokdYjyefvnfí ajzMum;\/ wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyf

rif;vkyfaom bk&ifonf rif;usihfw&m; (10)yg;

ESihftnD w&m;avsmfpGm tkyfcsKyfaomtcgü

t&mtm;vk H ;tay:ü ri f ;\MoZmonf

anmi f ;\/ opfoD ;0vH tm;vk H ;onf

csKdNrdefaomt&om&Sdukef\/

rif;onf &aohausmif;rS xGufvm

cJhNyD; Am&mPoDNrKdUodkY jyefí0if\/ &aohajym

aompum;rSef rrSef prf;vkdí wdkif;jynfukd

t&ifESihf ajymif;jyeftkyfcsKyf\/ rif;usifhw&m;

(10)yg;ESihftnD rtkyfcsKyfawmhay/ twefMum

aomf ,cifu ola&mufcJhaom &aohxHodkY

jyefíoGm;\/ &aohu rif;BuD;tm; cgwkdif;vdk

yif anmifoD;jzihf {nhfcH\/ bk&ifBuD;onf

anmifoD;rS csKdNrdefaomt&omukd r&&SdawmhbJ

cg;oD;aomt&omukdomvQif &&Sd\/ xkdtcg

rif;BuD;u &aohtm; ar;avQmuf\/

]]t&Sif&aoh? ,ckanmifoD;wkdYum;

,cifu anmifoD;wdkYuJhodkY rcsKdawmhygwum;/

tvGefcg;\/ tb,hfaMumihfygenf;}}

rif;BuD;\tar;ukd &aohu þodkY

jyefajz\/

]]taMumif;um; þodkYwnf;/ ,cifu

wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfaomrif;onf rif;usifhw&m;

(10)yg;ESihftnD tkyfcsKyfaomrif;jzpfí anmif

oD;wkdY csKdjcif;jzpfí ,ck xkdanmifoD;wkdY rcsKd

awmhbJ cg;aejcif;rSm ,cktkyfcsKyfaomrif;

onf w&m;ESihftnD rtkyfcsKyfawmhíyifjzpf

rnf}}

&aohpum;ukd em;axmifNyD; rif;BuD;

onf Am&mPoDjynfodkYjyefum w&m;ojzihf

tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyf\/ xkdtcg cg;aomanmifoD;

wd k Yvnf; jyefícsK dukef\/ wdkif;jynfvnf;

Nidrf;csrf;om,maom wkdif;jynfwpfjynfjzpfum

pnfyif0ajymavonf/

Zmwfaygif;aomf xkdtcg rif;onf

,ck tmeEm? xkdtcgu &aohonf igbk&m;

yifjzpfonf[k Zmwfaygif;awmfrlygonf/

ñTef;- ig;&mhig;q,fedygwfawmff

aZmfaemif

&mpkopf\ pdefac:rIrsKd;pkHukd Nidrf;csrf;aompdwf

&J&ifhwnfMunfaom avmutjrifjzifh

b0ukd&ifqkdifvsuf atmifjrifpGm

jzwfoef;EkdifMuzkdY "r®0D&*sme,f zwfMupkdU/

38"r®0D&onf csrf;ajrhaysmf&TifrItwGuf jzpfonf/

TALK ABOUT THE DHAMMA & SEARCHING FOR A PURPOSE OF LIFE

from back cover à aemufausmzHk;rS

Striving for Nibba-na came to mean looking for a niceplace where everything is beautiful and where everyone is eter-nally happy. this might be a very comfortable folktale, but it is notthe Nibba-na that the Buddha experience and introduced.

During His time the Buddha did not deny the idea ofparadise as it was presented in the early Indian religions. But theBuddha knew that this paradise was within Sam

.sa-ra and the Lib-

eration was beyond it. The Buddha could see that the path toNibba-na led beyond the heavens.

If Nibbana is not a place, where is Nibba-na then? Nibbanaexists just as fire exists. However, there is no storage place for fireor for Nibba-na. But when you rub pieces of wood together, thenthe friction and heat are the proper conditions for fire to arise.Likewise, when the nature in man's mind is such that he is freefrom all defilements, then Nibba-na bliss will appear.

You can experience Nibbana. Until you experience thesupreme state of Nibba-nic bliss, you can only speculate as towhat it really is. For those who insist on the theory, the texts offersome help. The texts suggest that Nibba-na is a supramundanestate of unalloyed happiness.

By itself, Nibba-na is quite unexplainable and quite un-definable. As darkness can be explained only by its opposite,light, and as calm can only be explained by its opposit, motion,so likewise Nibba-na, as astate equated to the extinction of allsuffering can be explained by its opposite the suffering that isbeing endured in Sam

.sa-ra. As darkness prevails wherever there

is no light, as calm prerails wherever there is no motion, so like-wise Nibba-na is everywhere where suffering and change andimpurity do not prevail.

A sufferer who scratches his sores can experience atemporary relief. This temporary relief will aggravate the woundsand cause his disease to be enhanced.

The joy of the final cure can hardly be compared to thefleeting relief obtained from the scratching. Likewise, satisfyingthe cravying for sensedesires brings only temporary gratifica-tion or happiness which prolongs the stay in Sam

.sa-ra.

It is dangerous to speculate on what Nibba-na is: it isbetter to know how to prepare the conditions necessary forNibba-na, how to attain the inner peace and clarity of vision thatleads to Nibba-na.

Follow the Buddha's advice: put his teachings into prac-tice. Get rid of your defilements which are rooted in greed, hatred,and delusion. Purify yourself of all desires and realise absoluteselflessness.

lead a life of right moral conduct and constantly prac-tise meditation. By active exertion, free yourself, from all selfisnessand illusion. Then, Nibba-na is gained and experienced.

(To Be Continued)Dhammavira ThandarAung.

ITBM University, Yangon.

uG,foGm;jcif;rsdK;r[kwfyg/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf bmrQr[kwfjcif;twGuf

ol\rdom;pkESihf xD;eef;pnf;pdrfwdkYudk pGefYvTwfí 45 ESpfMumatmif

tyifyef;tqif;&JcHum a[majymawmfrlcJhygrnfavm¿

edAÁmef[lonf aumif;uifbHk? okcbHk? t*¾bHkr[kwfyg/ jrwfpGm

bk&m; y&dedAÁmefpH0ifawmfrlNyD;onhfaemuf &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm

Mumanmif;vmonhfwkdifatmif tcsdKUaomAk'bmom*dkPf;rsm;onf edAÁmef

udk xm0&aumif;uifbHk? xm0&okcbHk? t*¾bHkwpfcktjzpf a[majym

zGihfqdkvmMuonf/

wu,fawmh edAÁmefudk aumif;uifbHkwpfckESihf xyfwljyKzGihfqdk

a[majymvmMujcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm todÓPfenf;olwdk Ytm;

,HkMunfouf0ifvmMuap&efESihf xdk*dkPf;\a[majymzGihfqdkcsufwdkYudk

xdkolwdkY pdwf0ifpm;atmif qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;Mu&eftwGufom jzpfonf/

edAÁmefudk &atmifBudK;yrf;jcif;tm;jzihf t&m&mwkdif;udk vSywihfw,fNyD;?

vlwkdif;vlwdkif; tNrJaysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrUaeMuaom ae&maumif;ae&mjrwf

wpf&yfudk &SmazGjcif;jzpfonf[k t"dyÜm,foufa&mufaponf/

þteuft"dyÜm,fonf udk,fpdwfESpfjzm vGefpGmcsrf;omap

onhf ½dk;&myHkjyifwpfckjzpfaumif;jzpfaomfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif

udk,fwkdif rsufarSmufjyKodNyD; a[majymawmfrlcJhygaom edAÁmefr[kwfyg

acs/

jrwfpGmbk&m;&SifyGihfawmfrlaom a&Tvufxufawmftcgu

tapmydkif;tdEd,\ bmomw&m;rsm;u wifjyvmMuaom okcbHkt,l

tqudk jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif rjiif;y,fcJhay/ odkYaomf þokcbHkqdkonfrSm

oHo&mtwGif;ü &Sdonfudkvnf;aumif;? vGwfajrmufjcif;qdkonfrSm

xdkokcbHkudk ausmfvGef;oGm;onfudkvnf;aumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m; odawmfrl

ygonf/xdkedAÁmefodkY oGm;&mvrf;pOfonf aumif;uifbHk? okcbHkrsm;tm;vHk;

wdkYudk ausmfvGefíoGm;onfudk jrwfpGmbk&m;odjrifawmfrlygonf/

edAÁmefonf ae&mXmewpf&yfr[kwf[kqdkygaomf? edAÁmefonf

tb,frS&Sdygoenf;¿ rD;wnf&SdouJhodkY edAÁmefwnf&Sdygonf/ odkYaomf

rD;ESih fedAÁmeftwGuf odkavSmifxm;aomae&mXmer&Sdyg/ odk Y&mwGif

oifonf opfom;acsmif;ESpfacsmif;udk yGwfwdkufonhftcg ,if;yGwfrItm;

ESifh tyl&SdefwdkYonf rD;jzpfay:vm&ef oifhavsmfaomtajccHtaMumif;

&if;rsm;jzpfMuygonf/ xdkenf;wlvlYpdwftaetxm;onf udavomrsm;

tm;vHk;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;aom tajctaersdK;jzpfvmvQif xdktcg edAÁmef

wnf;[laom tNrdKufcsrf;omonf jzpfay:vmayrnf/

edAÁmefudk oifudk,fwkdifawGUodEdkifonf/ edAÁmef[laom tNrdKuf

csrf;om txGwftxdyftajctaeudk oifudk,fwkdif rawGUod&ao;orQ

edAÁmef trSefwu,f rnfodkYrnfyHkjzpfonfqdkonfudk oifrSef;q½Hkom

rSef;qEdkifayvdrhfrnf/ oD0&DoabmrQavmuf od&Sdvdkolrsm;twGuf pmay

usrf;*efrsm;u tultnDay;Edkifygonf/ usrf;*efpmaywdkYu zGihfqdk&Sif;jy

onfrSm edAÁmefonf avmurSvGwfajrmufaom t<uif;rJhat;Nidrf;

csrf;ajrUonhf oEÅdokctajctaewpf&yfjzpfonf[kqdkygonf/

edAÁmefqdkonfudkcsnf;oufouf&Sif;jy&eftwGuf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk

owfrSwf&efyif rsm;pGmcJ,Of;rnfjzpfonf/ tarSmifoabmudk ¤if;\

qefYusifbufoabmjzpfaom tvif;jzihf ckdif;EdIif;í &Sif;jyEdkifouJhodkY?

wnfNidrfjcif;udk ¤if;\qefYusifbufjzpfaom a&GUvsm;jcif;jzifhom &Sif;jy

Ekdifay&m? xdkYtwl qif;&Jjcif;taygif;wdkYtm;vHk; csKyfNidrf;jcif;ESihfxyfwl

jyKjcif;cH&onhf edAÁmefudkvnf; ¤if;\qefYusifbufjzpfaom oHo&m0#f

qif;&Jjzihfom ckdif;EdIif;&Sif;jyEdkifrnfjzpfonf/

39

"r®0D&onf vlom;rsKd;EG,fquftwGuf jzpfonf/

SEARCHING FOR A PURPOSE OF LIFE

tvif;r&Sdonhfae&mwkdif;ü tarSmiftrdkuf vTrf;rdk;EdkifouJhodkY?

a&GUvsm;jcif;r&Sdonhfae&mwkdif;ü wnfNidrfjcif;vTrf;rdk;Edkifayonf/ xdkYtwl

qif;&Jjcif;? ajymif;vJjcif;ESihf rpifMu,fjcif; (udavom&m*) r&Sdonhf

ae&mwkdif;ü edAÁmef&Sdayonf/

uk|ElemuJhodkYaom a&m*gpGJuyfaeolonf ¤if;\tem,m;,H

vmonhftcg vufonf;jzihf ukwfjcpf&m\/ ,if;odkYukwfjcif;tm;jzihf

,m,Doufom&m &oGm;\/ þodkYaom ,m,DoufomrIonf temrsm;

udk ydkíqdk;&Gm;apNyD; a&m*gudkvnf; wdk;yGm;vmap\/

aemufqHk;ü tema&m*gvHk;0aysmufuif;oGm;í &&Sdaom

0rf;ajrmufrIonf ukwfjcpfjcif;aMumifh &&Sdonf cPwmoufomrIESifh

rEdIif;,SOftyfay/ xdkYtwl tm½HkawmifhwrIrsm;twGuf vdkcsifwyfrufrIudk

auseyfapjcif;onf ,m,DauseyfrI? odkYr[kwf ,m,Daysmf&TifrIudkom

jzpfay:apNyD;? oHo&mü usifvnf&jcif;udk ydkí&SnfMumaponf/

oHo&ma&m*gqdk;BuD;twGuf aysmufuif;aomaq;onf edAÁmef

jzpfonf/ edAÁmefonf vdkcsifwyfrufrIwdkY ukefqkH;&mjzpfonf/ vdkcsif

wyfrufrIonf arG;zGm;jcif;? tdkrif;jcif;? emjcif;? aojcif;? 0rf;enf;ylaqG;

jcif;? idka<u;jcif;ESifh pdwfESvHk;rom,mjcif;[lonhf qif;&Jjcif;tm;vHk;udk

jzpfap\/ edAÁmefwnf;[laom csKyfNidrf;aysmufuif;jcif;rS &&Sdonfh

0rf;ajrmufrI onf tm½HkcHpm;rIrsm;udk jznhfpGrf;ay;Edkifjcif;aMumifh &&Sdonhf

,m,D oHo&m 0rf;ajrmufrIESifh rEdIif;,SOftyfay/ edAÁmef\ csrf;omjcif;u

vGefpGm ydkrdkícsrf;omayonf/

edAÁmef[lonf tb,fodkYaomt&mjzpfonfudk a&mf&rf;rSef;q

MunhfMujcif;onf tEÅ&m,f&Sdygonf/ edAÁmeftwGufvdktyfonhf tajc

taewdkYudk rnfodkYjyifqif&onf? edAÁmefodkY aqmifwwfaom twGif;Nidrf;

csrf;rIESifh tjrifMunfvifxif&Sm;jcif;wdkYudk rnfodkY&&SdEdkifonfqdkonhf

taMumif;tcsufwdkYudkodjcif;u ydkíoihfjrwfygonf/ edAÁmefodkY rsufarSmuf

jyKEdkif&ef xdktodw&m;u aqmifEdkifrnfjzpfonf/

jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif\ a'oeuúrMo0g'wdkYudk vdkufemyg/

jrwfpGmbk&m;vrf;ñTefoifMum;csufwdkYudk vufawGUusihfoHk;yg/ avmb?

a'go? arm[w&m;wdkYü tjrpfwG,faeNyDjzpfonhf oif\udavomrsm;

tm;vHk;udk z,f&Sm;ypfyg/ oifhudk vdkcsifwyfrufrItm;vHk; pifMu,foGm;

atmif? 'DaemufvHk;0udk,fusdK;pGefYvTwfjcif;udk odem;vnfatmif BudK;pm;

yg/

rSefuefaom udk,fusihfodu©m&Sdonfhb0wGifaexdkifí tNrJ

rjywf bm0em"r®½IyGm;yg/ wufwuf<u<uBudK;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzihf

oihfudk,foif wpfudk,faumif;qefjcif;ESihf awGa0rkdufrJjcif;wdkYtm;vHk;

uif;pifoGm;atmifvkyfyg/ xdktcg tNrdKufedAÁmefudk&&SdNyD; awGUodcHpm;

Edkifrnfjzpfygonf/

"r®0D&- oEÅmatmif

tjynfjynfqdkif&m ax&0g'Ak'ömoemjyKwuúodkvf &efukefNrdKU/

(qufvufazmfjyygrnf)

wpfa,mufxD;wnf; at;csrf;NidrfoufpGm xdkifae&onfyrm

t½IyftaxG; uif;&Sif;pGm yuwdtod yuwdtMunhfjzihf tjrif

Munfvsufyif&Sdacs\/

xdk zdkvfcsrf;om cHpm;&rIum; tm½Hkay:wdkif;vnf; jzpfyGm;ae

wwfvS\/ udk,f0ifcsifovdk 0ifí&aom udk,fydkiftdrfuJhodkYyif jzpf\/

zkdvfaZmuspOf tm;BuD;rIpdwfpOfodkYvdkufí

tcsKdUum; ½IyGm;aeus jzpfysuf ½Ivsufuyif zdkvfaZmqDodkY

xdk;0ifajy;\/

tcsKdUum; zvormywf 0ifpm;vdkcsdef tm½HkjyKonfESihf tqihf

qifhul;0if/

&NyD; zdkvfcsrf;omudkcsnf; xdkodkY w&pf0J0J cHpm;aejcif;onf

um; a&SUc&D;quf wpfauGUxGuf&ef\ t[efYtwm;qdkonfudkvnf;

owd&Sdygav/

&NyD; zdkvfcsrf;omudkcsnf; xdkodkY tv,fuGufuGuf tawGUzuf

aejcif;onfum; a&mif;&m0,f&mwdkYrS tjrwfxGufvmaomaiGudk tcg

cgxkwf a&wGufaeyHkrsKd;qdkonfudkvnf; owd&Sdygav\/

topfvmvdkvQif ta[mif;uGm&ef BudK;pm;yg

tu,fwdwd

oifonf a&SUc&D;txGuf qufcsifcJhaomf

&Ny D ;z d kvfcsr f ;omod k Y p dwfra&mufap&ef t"d|mef jzih f

jzwfawmufcstyf\/

þae&monf igYtwGuf ab;&efruif;ao;NyD/

0domcgr vifawmfudkykn\ toHk;awmfcHb0rS rx&ao;onf

udk atmufarh&m\/

0domcgr twGif;&Sd &m*aoG; a'goaoG;wdkYu uvdcHae&onf

udk owd&Sd&m\/

aomwmyef? temxydPfb0 r,m;yknvu©P\ vufrS

rxGufao;onfudk trSwf&&m\/

temxydPf\ b0 r,m;udpöom;udpö vufrSrcs&ao;onf

udkvnf; trSwf&&m\/

igonf av;bufoGm;rSvGwfaomfvnf; ESyfrpifao;?

igonf ESyfyifpifaomfrSvnf; ocFg&\ jyKjyifrIatmufu

rvGwfajrmufao;/ þodkYaom (olYzdkvfcsrf;omü trkef;0ifapaom)

qifjcifÓPf wdkYjzihf jzwfawmuftyf\/ jzwfawmufwwfygrSvnf;

a&SUc&D;qufí &\/ rdrd&Sd ½kyfemrfjzpfysufwdkYodkY ,cif½Iaeustwdkif;

½IrSwfjcif;jzihf om tqihfwuf&ygonfudk tm;udk;wwfygrSvnf;

a&SUc&D;qufí&\/

xdkodkYr[kwfygu rawGUpzl; tawGUxl;BuD; jzpfaeí NidwG,fae

onfu wpfaMumif;?

urÇmhurÇm omoemESihf BuHKwdkif; awmihfwcJhonfudk &aeonf

u wpfaMumi;f? umrt&omxufaumif;aom "r®t&omü cHaumif;

aumif;aeonfu wpfaMumif;? xdktaMumif;aMumif;aom taMumif;

taMumif;wdkYaMumihf vrf;aMumif; xpfaigYaewwfvSacsonf/

igwdkYacwf wpfr*frS wpfr*fodkY rul;qufEkdifjcif;onf ,if;t

aMumif;cHw&m;rsm;aMumihfqdku rrSm;wef&mNyD/

r,m;Nid om;NidurS w&m;rrdonfr[kwf? w&m;tNiduvnf;

w&m;rrdonfudk oufaoxlaejcif;wnf;/ þodkY Niduyfaejcif;uyif

rdrdü udavomtm; BuD;vSyg aMumif; 0efcHcsufay;jcif; r[kwfavm/

(qufvufazmfjyygrnf)

pmrsufESm 23 rS

Ak'bmom0ifwdkY bmudk,HkMunfMuygoenf; (4)What Buddhists Believe (4)

By. Venerable Dr.K.Sri Dhammananda, JSM.,Ph.D, D.Litt.Translated into Myanmar by.Dhamma V1

-ra Thandar Aung; International Therava-da Buddhist Missionary University, Yangon.

pmrsufESm 38 odkY

"r®0D&-oEÅmatmif(tjynfjynfqkdif&max&0g'wuúodkvf)

12345678901234567890123456789012121234567890123456789012345678901212123456789012345678901234567890121212345678901234567890123456789012121234567890123456789012345678901212

Searching for a Purpose of life

à oHo&ma&m*gqdk;BuD;twGuf aysmufuif;aomaq;

onf edAÁmefjzpfonf/ edAÁmefonf vdkcsifwyfrufrIwdkY ukefqHk;

&m jzpfonf/ vdkcsifwyfrufrIonf arG;zGm;jcif;? tdkrif;jcif;?

emjcif;? aojcif;? 0rf;enf;y laqG;jcif;? i d ka<u;jcif;E Si h f

pdwfESvHk;rom,mjcif;[lonfh qif;&Jjcif;tm;vHk;jzpfap\/

edAÁmefwnf;[laom aysmufuif;jcif;rS&&Sdaom 0rf;ajrmufrI

onhf tm½Hk cHpm;rIrsm;udkjznhfpGrf;ay;Ekdifjcif;aMumihf &&Sdonfh

,m,DoHo&m0rf;ajrmufrIESi h f rEd Ii f;,SOftyfay/ edAÁmef

csrf;omu vGefpGmydkí csrf;omayonf/

à The cure for the sam.sa-ric disease is Nibba-

na. Nibba-na is an end of the cravings which cause allthe suffering of birth, old age, disease, death, grief,lamentation and despair., The joy of Nibba-nic curecan hardly be compared tothe temporary sam

.sa-ric

pleasure gained through fulfilling the sense desires.

edAÁmef

edAÁmef[lonf ]tqHk;pGefaom csrf;omokc} jzpfonf/ ]tEÅdr

at;Nidrf;csrf;omjcif;}} [lonhf avmurSxGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfaom

w&m; avmukwå&mtajctaewpf&yfjzpfonf/ pdwfvSrf;wG,f&m

tm½Hkrsm;udk pdwf&Sdwkdif;cHpm;jcif;jzihf edAÁmefcsrf;omudk rod&SdEdkifay/

tm½Hkrsm;udk NidrfoufwnfwHhapjcif;jzihfom edAÁmefcsrf;omudk xdawGU

cHpm;Edkifonf/

edAÁmefonf Ak'"r®\ aemufqHk;yef;wkdifjzpfonf/ xdkodkYqdkygaomf

edAÁmefqdkonfrSm rnfonhft&mjzpfygoenf;/ edAÁmefqdkonfudk trSef

wu,fwef; odEdkif&efrSm rvG,fulyg/ bmrQr[kwfonfudk edAÁmefjzpfonf

[k em;vnfMu&ef tvGefvG,fulrnfjzpfonf/

edAÁmefqdkonfrSm bmrQr&Sdjcif; odkYr[kwf vHk;0csKyfqHk;aysmuf

Nibba-naNibba-na is the highest bliss, a supramundane state of

eternal happiness. The happiness of Nibba-na cannot be experi-enced by indulging the senses but by calming them.

Nibbana is the final goal of Buddhism. What is Nibba-nathen? It is not easy to know what Nibbana really is: it is easier toknow what Nibba-na is not.

Nibba-na is not nothingness or extinction. Would theBuddha leave His family and kingdom and preach for 45 years- allfor nothingness?

Nibba-na is not a paradise. Several centuries after theBuddha, same of the Buddhis sects began to introduce Nibba-naas a paradise.

Their purpose of equating Nibba-na with a heavenlyworld was to convince the 'less-intellecutally-gifted" and to at-tract them to the teachings of the sect.

Date post:	28-Mar-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	thomas-winn
View:	214 times
Download:	0 times

DV25-03

Documents