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DVD region code Not to be confused with the three ITU regions, for man- aging the global radio spectrum. DVD region codes are a digital rights management tech- 1 2 3 4 5 6 DVD regions nique designed to allow film distributors to control as- pects of a release, including content, release date, and price, according to the region. This is achieved by way of region-locked DVD players, which will play back only DVDs encoded to their re- gion (plus those without any region code). The American DVD Copy Control Association also requires that DVD player manufacturers incorporate the regional-playback control (RPC) system. However, region-free DVD play- ers, which ignore region coding, are also commercially available, [1] and many DVD players can be modified to be region-free, allowing playback of all discs. [2] DVDs may use one code, a combination of codes (multi- region), every code (all region) or no codes (region free). 1 Region codes and countries DVDs sold in the Baltic states use both region 2 and 5 codes. Region 0 (playable in all regions except 7 and 8) is widely used by China and the Philippines. DVDs in Hispanophone Latin America use both the region 1 and region 4 codes. Most DVDs in India combine the region 2, region 4, and region 5 codes; Indian Disney discs con- tain only the region 3 code. European region 2 DVDs may be sub-coded “D1” to “D4”. “D1” are the United Kingdom–only releases; “D2” and “D3” are not sold in the UK and Ireland; “D4” are distributed throughout Europe. Any combination of regions can be applied to a single disc. For example, a DVD designated Region 2/4 is suit- able for playback in Western Europe, Oceania, and any other Region 2 or Region 4 area. So-called “Region 0” and “ALL” discs are meant to be playable worldwide. The term “Region 0” also describes the DVD players de- signed or modified to incorporate Regions 1–6, thereby providing compatibility with most discs, regardless of re- gion. This apparent solution was popular in the early days of the DVD format, but studios quickly responded by ad- justing discs to refuse to play in such machines. This sys- tem is known as “Regional Coding Enhancement” (RCE). 2 Region-code enhanced Region-code enhanced, also known as just “RCE” or “REA”, [3] was a retroactive attempt to prevent the play- ing of one region’s discs in another region, even if the disc was played in a region-free player. The scheme was deployed on only a handful of discs. The disc contained the main program material region coded as region 1. But it also contained a short video loop of a map of the world showing the regions, which was coded as region 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The intention was that when the disc was played in a non-region 1 player, the player would default to playing the material for its native region. This played the afore- mentioned video loop of a map, which was impossible to escape from, as the user controls were disabled. However, the scheme was fundamentally flawed, as a region-free player tries to play a disc using the last region that worked with the previously inserted disc. If it cannot play the disc, then it tries another region until one is found that works. RCE could thus be defeated by briefly playing a “normal” region 1 disc, and then inserting the RCE pro- tected region 1 disc, which would now play. RCE caused a few problems with genuine region 1 players. As of 2007 many “multi-region” DVD players defeated regional lockout and RCE by automatically identifying and matching a disc’s region code and/or allowing the user to manually select a particular region. [4][5] Some man- ufacturers of DVD players now freely supply informa- tion on how to disable regional lockout, and on some recent models, it appears to be disabled by default. [6][7] Computer programs such as DVD Shrink, Digiarty WinX DVD Ripper Platinum can make copies of region-coded DVDs without RCE restriction. 1
Transcript
  • DVD region code

    Not to be confused with the three ITU regions, for man-aging the global radio spectrum.DVD region codes are a digital rights management tech-

    123456

    DVD regions

    nique designed to allow lm distributors to control as-pects of a release, including content, release date, andprice, according to the region.This is achieved by way of region-locked DVD players,which will play back only DVDs encoded to their re-gion (plus those without any region code). The AmericanDVD Copy Control Association also requires that DVDplayer manufacturers incorporate the regional-playbackcontrol (RPC) system. However, region-free DVD play-ers, which ignore region coding, are also commerciallyavailable,[1] and many DVD players can be modied tobe region-free, allowing playback of all discs.[2]

    DVDs may use one code, a combination of codes (multi-region), every code (all region) or no codes (region free).

    1 Region codes and countriesDVDs sold in the Baltic states use both region 2 and 5codes.Region 0 (playable in all regions except 7 and 8) iswidely used by China and the Philippines. DVDs inHispanophone Latin America use both the region 1 andregion 4 codes. Most DVDs in India combine the region2, region 4, and region 5 codes; Indian Disney discs con-tain only the region 3 code.European region 2 DVDs may be sub-coded D1 toD4. D1 are the United Kingdomonly releases; D2and D3 are not sold in the UK and Ireland; D4 aredistributed throughout Europe.Any combination of regions can be applied to a singledisc. For example, a DVD designated Region 2/4 is suit-

    able for playback in Western Europe, Oceania, and anyother Region 2 or Region 4 area. So-called Region 0and ALL discs are meant to be playable worldwide.The term Region 0 also describes the DVD players de-signed or modied to incorporate Regions 16, therebyproviding compatibility with most discs, regardless of re-gion. This apparent solution was popular in the early daysof the DVD format, but studios quickly responded by ad-justing discs to refuse to play in such machines. This sys-tem is known as Regional Coding Enhancement (RCE).

    2 Region-code enhanced

    Region-code enhanced, also known as just RCE orREA,[3] was a retroactive attempt to prevent the play-ing of one regions discs in another region, even if thedisc was played in a region-free player. The scheme wasdeployed on only a handful of discs. The disc containedthe main program material region coded as region 1. Butit also contained a short video loop of a map of the worldshowing the regions, which was coded as region 2, 3, 4, 5,and 6. The intention was that when the disc was played ina non-region 1 player, the player would default to playingthe material for its native region. This played the afore-mentioned video loop of a map, which was impossible toescape from, as the user controls were disabled.However, the scheme was fundamentally awed, as aregion-free player tries to play a disc using the last regionthat worked with the previously inserted disc. If it cannotplay the disc, then it tries another region until one is foundthat works. RCE could thus be defeated by briey playinga normal region 1 disc, and then inserting the RCE pro-tected region 1 disc, which would now play. RCE causeda few problems with genuine region 1 players.As of 2007 many multi-region DVD players defeatedregional lockout and RCE by automatically identifyingandmatching a discs region code and/or allowing the userto manually select a particular region.[4][5] Some man-ufacturers of DVD players now freely supply informa-tion on how to disable regional lockout, and on somerecent models, it appears to be disabled by default.[6][7]Computer programs such as DVDShrink, DigiartyWinXDVD Ripper Platinum can make copies of region-codedDVDs without RCE restriction.

    1

  • 2 4 IMPLEMENTATIONS OF REGION CODES

    3 PurposeOne purpose of region coding is controlling release dates.A practice of movie marketing threatened by the adventof digital home video is to release a movie to cinemas,and then for general sale, later in some countries than inothers. This is common partly because releasing a movieat the same time worldwide can be prohibitively expen-sive. Videotapes were inherently regional since formatshad to match those of the encoding system used by tele-vision stations in that particular region, such as NTSC andPAL, although from early 1990s PAL machines increas-ingly oered NTSC playback. DVDs are less restrictedin this sense, and region coding allows movie studios tobetter control the global release dates of DVDs.Another purpose of region coding is to prevent release ofmovies that could be oensive in such regions for cultural,religious, and political reasons. Region coding helps pre-vent release of such lms in sensitive territories.Finally, the copyright in a title may be held by dier-ent entities in dierent territories. Region coding enablescopyright holders to (attempt to) prevent a DVD from aregion from which they do not derive royalties from be-ing played on a DVD player inside their region. Regioncoding attempts to dissuade importing of DVDs from oneregion into another.

    3.1 PAL/SECAM vs. NTSC

    DVDs are also formatted for use on two conictingregional television systems: 480i/60 Hz and 576i/50Hz, which in analog contexts are often referred to as525/60 (NTSC) and 625/50 (PAL/SECAM) respectively.Strictly speaking, PAL and SECAM are analog color tele-vision signal formats which have no relevance in the dig-ital domain (as evident in the conation of PAL and SE-CAM, which are actually two distinct analog color sys-tems). However, the DVD systemwas originally designedto encode the information necessary to reproduce signalsin these formats, and the terms continue to be used (incor-rectly) as a method of identifying refresh rates and ver-tical resolution. However, an NTSC, PAL or SE-CAM DVD player that has one or more analog compos-ite video output (baseband or modulated) will only pro-duce NTSC, PAL or SECAM signals, respectively, fromthose outputs, and may only play DVDs identied withthe corresponding format.NTSC is the analog TV format historically associatedwith the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea,Mexico, Philippines, Taiwan, and other countries. PALis the analog color TV format historically associated withmost of Europe, most of Africa, China, India, Australia,New Zealand, Israel, North Korea, and other countries(plus Brazil, which uses the refresh rate and resolutioncommonly associated with NTSC). SECAM, while usingthe same resolution and refresh rate as PAL, is a distinct

    format which uses a very dierent system of color encod-ing. Some DVD players can only play discs identied asNTSC, PAL or SECAM, while others can play multiplestandards.[8]

    In general, it is easier for consumers in PAL/SECAMcountries to view NTSC DVDs than vice versa. Almostall DVD players sold in PAL/SECAM countries are ca-pable of playing both kinds of discs, and most modernPAL TVs can handle the converted signal. However,most NTSC players cannot play PAL discs, and mostNTSC TVs do not accept 576i video signals as used onPAL/SECAM DVDs. Those in NTSC countries, such asthe United States, generally require both a region-free,multi-standard player and a multi-standard television toview PAL discs, or a converter box, whereas those in PALcountries generally require only a region-free player toview NTSC discs. There are also dierences in pixel as-pect ratio (720 480 vs. 720 576 with the same imageaspect ratio) and display frame rate (29.97 vs. 25).Most computer-based DVD software and hardwarecan play both NTSC and PAL video and both audiostandards.[8]

    ^NTSC discs may be output from a PAL DVD player in threedierent ways:

    1. using a non-chroma encoded format such as RGB SCARTor YPBPR component video.

    2. using PAL 60 encoded composite video/S-Videoa hy-brid system which uses NTSCs 525/60 line format alongwith PALs chroma subcarrier

    3. using NTSC encoded composite video/S-Video.

    4 Implementations of region codes

    4.1 Standalone DVD players

    Usually a conguration ag is set in each players rmwareat the factory. This ag holds the region number thatthe machine is allowed to play. Region-free players areDVD players shipped without the ability to enforce re-gional lockout (usually by means of a chip that ignoresany region coding), or without this ag set.However, if the player is not region-free, it can oftenbe unlocked with an unlock code entered via the remotecontrol. This code simply allows the user to change thefactory-set conguration ag to another region, or to thespecial region 0. Once unlocked this way, the DVDplayer allows the owner to watch DVDs from any region.Many websites exist on the Internet oering these codes,often known informally as hacks. Many websites pro-vide instructions for dierent models of standalone DVDplayers, to hack, and their factory codes.

  • 4.5 Video game consoles 3

    4.2 Computer DVD drivesOlder DVD drives use RPC-1 (Regional Playback Con-trol) rmware, whichmeans the drive allows DVDs fromany region to play. Newer drives use RPC-2 rmware,which enforces the DVD region coding at the hardwarelevel. These drives can often be reashed or hacked withRPC-1 rmware, eectively making the drive region-free. This may void the drive warranty.[9]

    Some drives may come set as region-free, so the user isexpected to assign their region when they buy it. In thiscase, some DVD programs may prompt the user to selecta region, while others may actually assign the region auto-matically based on the locale set in the operating system.In most computer drives, users are allowed to changethe region code up to ve times.[10] If the number of al-lowances reaches zero, the region last used will be per-manent even if the drive is transferred to another com-puter. This limit is built into the drives controller soft-ware, called rmware. Resetting the rmware count canbe done with rst- or third-party software tools, or by re-ashing (see above) to RPC-1 rmware.Since some software does not work correctly with RPC-1 drives, there is also the option of reashing the drivewith a so-called auto-reset rmware. This rmware ap-pears as RPC-2 rmware to software, but will reset theregion changes counter whenever power is cycled, revert-ing to the state of a drive that has never had its regioncode changed.

    4.3 Software DVD playersMost freeware and open source DVD players, such asVLC, ignore region coding. VLC, for example, does notattempt to enforce region coding; however, it requires ac-cess to the DVDs raw data to overcome CSS encryption,and such access may not be available on some drives withRPC-2 rmware when playing a disc from a dierent re-gion than the region to which the drive is locked. Mostcommercial players are locked to a region code, but canbe easily changed with software.Other software, known as DVD region killers, transpar-ently remove (or hide) the DVD region code from thesoftware player. Some can also work around lockedRPC-2 rmware.

    4.4 CircumventionThe region coding of a DVD can be circumvented bymaking a copy that adds ags for all region codes, cre-ating an all-region DVD. DVD backup software can dothis, and some can also remove Macrovision, CSS, anddisabled user operations (UOps).In common region-locked DVDs (but not in RCE-DVDs), the region code is stored in the le

    VIDEO_TS.IFO (table VMGM_MAT), byteosets 34 and 35.[11] The eight regions each correspondto a value which is a power of 2: Region 1 corresponds to1 (20), Region 2 to 2 (21), Region 3 to 4 (22), and so onthrough Region 8, which corresponds to 128 (27). Thevalues of each region that the disc is not encoded for areadded together to give the value in the le. For example,a disc that is encoded for Region 1 but not Regions28 will have the value 2+4+8+16+32+64+128=254.A disc encoded for Regions 1, 2 and 4 will have thevalue 4+16+32+64+128=244. A region-free or RCE-protected DVDwill carry the value zero, since no regionsare excluded.

    4.5 Video game consoles

    The Xbox, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3consoles are all region-locked for DVD playback. ThePlayStation 2[12] can be modied to have its regional-locking disabled through the use of modchips. Althoughregion locked on lm DVDs and lm Blu-ray Discs, thePlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 andXboxOne are region freefor video games.

    5 Blu-ray Disc region codes

    A/1B/2C/3

    Blu-ray regions

    Main article: Blu-ray Disc region codes

    Blu-ray Discs use a much simpler region-code systemthan DVD with only three regions, labeled A, B and C.As with DVD many Blu-rays are encoded region 0 (re-gion free), making them suitable for players worldwide.

    6 UMD region codesMain article: Universal Media Disc Region coding

    For the UMD, a disc type used for the PlayStationPortable, UMD movies are region-locked, and useroughly the same regions as DVDs do, but UMD videogames are region-free.

  • 4 10 EXTERNAL LINKS

    7 Criticism and legal concernsRegion-code enforcement has been discussed as a pos-sible violation of World Trade Organization free tradeagreements or competition law.[13] The Australian Com-petition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has warnedthat DVD players that enforce region-coding may violatetheir Competition and Consumer Act 2010.[14][15][16] Un-der New Zealand copyright law, DVD region codes andthe mechanisms in DVD players to enforce them have nolegal protection.[17] The practice has also been criticizedby the European Commission[18] which as of 2001March14 is investigating whether the resulting price discrimina-tion amounts to a violation of EU competition law.[19]

    The Washington Post has highlighted how DVD region-coding has been a major inconvenience for travelers whowish to legally purchase DVDs abroad and return withthem to their countries of origin, students of foreign lan-guages, immigrants who want to watch lms from theirhomeland and foreign lm enthusiasts.[1] Another crit-icism is that region-coding allows for local censorship.For example, the Region 1 DVD of the drama lm EyesWide Shut (1999), directed by Stanley Kubrick, containsthe digital manipulations necessary for the lm to securean MPAA R-rating, whereas these manipulations are notevident in nonregion 1 discs.[20]

    8 See also Broadcast television systems DVD Copy Control Association Regional lockout

    9 References[1] Luh, James C. (June 1, 2001). Breaking Down DVD

    Borders. The Washington Post.

    [2] Jim Taylor. DVD FAQ: DVD utilities and region-freeinformation. Dvddemystied.com. Retrieved December29, 2010.

    [3] Regional Coding Enhancement FAQ from DVD Talk

    [4] RCE/REA Info. Barrel-of-monkeys.com. RetrievedDecember 29, 2010.

    [5] Michael Demtschyna. Regional Code Enhancement.Michaeldvd.com.au. Retrieved December 29, 2010.

    [6] Cheap DVD players come at a cost. The Sydney Morn-ing Herald. May 28, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2007.

    [7] The DVDDoctors. The Tribal Mind (of the The SydneyMorning Herald). March 30, 2005. Retrieved August 22,2007.

    [8] Taylor, Jim. DVD FAQ: Is DVD Video a WorldwideStandard? Does it Work with NTSC, PAL and SE-CAM?". Dvddemystied.com. Retrieved December 29,2010.

    [9] Doom9 on RPC1.

    [10] Rulemaking hearing: Exemptions from prohibitions oncircumvention of technological measures that control ac-cess to copyrighted works (PDF). May 15, 2003. p. 287,line 18. Retrieved June 1, 2009.

    [11] DVD-Replica Media LLC. DVD Basic Data StructureGuide. Dvd-replica.com. Retrieved November 14,2010.

    [12] Sony Playstation 2 Region Code. VideoHelp.com. Re-trieved November 14, 2010.

    [13] Openlaw DVD FAQ. Cyber.law.harvard.edu. Re-trieved December 29, 2010.

    [14] Restricting DVDs Illegal: ACCC. The Australian IT.March 27, 2001. Retrieved May 11, 2006.

    [15] Consumers in Dark about DVD Imports. AustralianCompetition and Consumer Commission. December 21,2000. Retrieved December 29, 2010.

    [16] Diculties Between the Pro-Competitive Communityand Intellectual Property (note: open one of the attach-ments and search for RPC to nd the relevant section).

    [17] Copyright Act 1994 No 143 (as at 01 December 2008)section 226 part b.

    [18] SPEECH/01/275: Content, Competition and Con-sumers: Innovation and Choice (Press release). Europa.June 11, 2000. Retrieved December 16, 2011.

    [19] Probes into Regional DVD Imperils Studio Strategy, PaulSweeting, Variety, June 3, 2001.

    [20] Closed Borders and Open Secrets: Regional Lockout, theFilm Industry and Code-Free DVD Players, Brian Hu,Mediascape: Journal of Cinema and Media Studies, Vol.1, Number 2

    10 External links DVD region information with regards to RCE fromHome Theater Info

    Region Coding - Explanations & Help from TheDVDCodes Source

    DVD Code Region Mapping from The Home ofDVD Unlocks

    Amazon.co.uk DVD Regions guide Multi Region Guide

  • 511 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses11.1 Text

    DVD region code Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code?oldid=671064208 Contributors: Edward, Pnm, Tregoweth,Ijon, Glenn, Lee M, Mulad, Gutza, MrWeeble, SD6-Agent, Dale Arnett, Pigsonthewing, Timrollpickering, Smjg, DocWatson42, BigHaz,Mpj, Imroy, Night Gyr, Plugwash, El C, Maqsarian, Jpgordon, Giraedata, Eritain, Jonathunder, QuantumEleven, Maelorin, Alansohn,Geke, Linmhall, Hoary, Fourthords, Danhash, RainbowOfLight, SteinbDJ, Kenyon, Woohookitty, Georgia guy, Trevie, Pol098, Sega381,AnmaFinotera, , Salocin, Deltabeignet, Keeves, David Levy, Koavf, Matt Rubinstein, ZanderSchubert, Leeyc0, Ligulem, Lairor,UltraMako101, RAMChYLD, Ewlyahoocom, Gesiwuj, Gordonj, Sundevilesq, Sanderdolphin, DVdm, Bgwhite, EamonnPKeane, Yurik-Bot, Rapido, Gridlock Joe, Ivirivi00, Chris Capoccia, KSmrq, Shawn81, Cate, CambridgeBayWeather, Shaddack, Fizan, Snek01, Janke,Voidxor, Alex43223, Cavan, Super jedi droid, TransUtopian, Whitejay251, Paul Magnussen, Huhtala, Icedog, Red Jay, Shawnc, Kevin,Rwellington, Ryoske, JosephLondon, SmackBot, Herostratus, Prodego, InverseHypercube, Wehwalt, MeiStone, Robbak, Stie, ProveIt,SlakaJ, Mauls, Ohnoitsjamie, Psiphiorg, MonteChristof, Jamie C, Bluebot, Jonghyunchung, Repetition, Da Vynci, Hgrosser, Can't sleep,clown will eat me, AussieLegend, Alphathon, Lostinlodos, Addshore, Stevenmitchell, , Downwards, Nakon, Dreadstar, Dan-tadd, Howard the Duck, Keithustus, Salamurai, WayKurat, TenPoundHammer, Xls, Gloriamarie, Kuru, JohnI, Moabdave, Rm w a vu,Ckatz, Polletfa, Jarmo Gombos, TJ Spyke, Hu12, Jason.grossman, J Di, Tony Fox, Claudelepoisson, Dream caster, Nicd, Belginusanl, TheMissing Piece, OreXero, Green caterpillar, N2e, NickW557, Neelix, Grj23, Ladida, Reywas92, A876, Crossmr, Crjeong, Robinepowell,Synetech, Glenn Anderson, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Glocks Out, 23prootie, Pocopen~enwiki, Jojan, Rammstein9932, Kathovo, X201, Abut,Shuttlecockfc, Cloviz, SummerPhD, Prolog, Fayenatic london, Alphachimpbot, Parthashome, Uuu87, JAnDbot, Husond, Dahakon84, Cy-clonius, Byeee, K776, Santas, Steveprutz, Acroterion, Magioladitis, Bakilas, Thomas.Hedden, TVfanatic2K, Dekimasu, BanRay, Nineko,Nick Cooper, Wikiricksmith, Wikianon, DaviddesJ, TheNoise, MartinBot, FlieGerFaUstMe262, Aladdin Sane, Rianvisser, Illuminated-wax, Ciotog, Maurice Carbonaro, Dbiel, Thegreenj, Kingspod, Oxguy3, Tai kit, Sirius81, Wean0r, Vegan4Life, Antigravity2, Jackaranga,Joshua Issac, STBotD, Tqd, Treisijs, Onkelringelhuth, VolkovBot, CWii, Abigailgem, Isulr, Rei-bot, Anna Lincoln, DragonLord, Gen-eralBelly, Mdazey, GBizzle, Rps5, Kulkarni n r, Jammycaketin, AdamReece, Dogah, SMC89, Grounded into a double play, Fantasticfred, RJaguar3, 0xFFFF, Jimthing, Drmirage, Barryjon, LonelyMarble, Squizzysh, Anchor Link Bot, Daniel99091, TaerkastUA, Super-beecat, Leyland Tiger, DeLaSalleLipaBM204, ImageRemovalBot, Martarius, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Wwooter, DVD-Hunter, Someguy1212, Kelvin 101, Rhatsa26X, Ethan.A.Hunt, NuclearWarfare, Gutzky, Siweiluozi, Cary, Bilsonius, GlasgowWorks,Amir Hamzah 2008, Stickee, WikHead, Mattlittlej, Holygariii, Thatguyint, Satoshi32, Kei Jo, Addbot, AlexandrDmitri, Beamathan,Frank MacCrory, Zellfaze, !Silent, Pryde 01, Leszek Jaczuk, BananaNoodle, Ccacsmss, SoloWing3844, Fireaxe888, Lightbot, Jarble,Quantumobserver, Haiyangzhai, JyrusTheGreat, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fraggle81, Freikorp, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Galoubet, Alex MattosCabral, Maxis ftw, ArthurBot, Kamikaze14, Cameron Scott, Xqbot, Crescent8, , Sehbueno, Animekill, Erdem Trkolu, Alumnum,Zimbabwe is Mine, Ejrubio, Chaheel Riens, Jonathan Berger, Valentino76, FrescoBot, Surv1v4l1st, 54together, Dvdwikiguide, Purpletur-ple, Stephen Morley, Ramadya26, I dream of horses, WikiContributor011, Chris1294, Full-date unlinking bot, Dictonarychan, Peace andPassion, VEO15, Tnpoon, Miracle Pen, Tbhotch, JeepdaySock, Bento00, Fuzy2K, MAXXX-309, JaneMorrises, Edwardssr, Nima1024,Onestopa, GoingBatty, Langkid1, Wikiturrican, Nataly8, Ornithikos, DeWaine, TheAccomplice, , Unreal7, ClueBot NG, Mr-patatohead2001, Jasonwu889, Ncracer361, JIMY8, CopperSquare, Widr, Wbm1058, TheDiscDr, IlxWrite, Secret Agent Julio, Shujah-mirza, 23W, RuralVoicez, Mogism, Save the Bialys, Frosty, Atlas6012, TroyGab, Froglegginit, BurfyAdkins, , Yammy55,Jacky9772, Rtrust1 and Anonymous: 515

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    11.3 Content license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

    Region codes and countriesRegion-code enhancedPurposePAL/SECAM vs. NTSC

    Implementations of region codesStandalone DVD playersComputer DVD drivesSoftware DVD playersCircumventionVideo game consoles

    Blu-ray Disc region codesUMD region codesCriticism and legal concernsSee alsoReferencesExternal linksText and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license


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