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Dwarfism occurs when an individual

person or animal is short in stature

resulting from a medical conditioncaused by abnormal (slow or delayed)

growth. In humans, dwarfism is

sometimes defined as an adult height ofless than 147 cm (58 inches), although

this definition is problematic because

short stature in itself is not a disorder

Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism

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Achondroplasia - The most common form ofdwarfism, achondroplasia occurs in about one out of

26,000 to 40,000 babies and is evident at birth.

People with achondroplasia have a relatively long

trunk and shortened upper parts of their arms and

legs. Other features of achondroplasia include:

a large head with a prominent foreheada flattened bridge of the nose

protruding jaw

crowded and misaligned teeth

forward curvature of the lower spinebowed legs

flat, short, broad feet

"double-jointedness"

Reference:http://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatments

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Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias (SED) - A lesscommon form of dwarfism, SED affects approximately

one in 95,000 babies. Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia

refers to a group of conditions characterized by a

shortened trunk, which may not become apparent until

a child is between 5 and 10 years old. Other features

can include:

club feet

cleft palate

severe osteoarthritis in the hips

weak hands and feetbarrel-chested appearance

Reference:http://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatments

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Diastrophic dysplasia - A rare form of dwarfism,diastrophic dysplasia occurs in about one in 100,000

births. People who have it tend to have shortened

forearms and calves (this is known as mesomelic

shortening).Other signs can include:

deformed hands and feet

limited range of motioncleft palate

ears with a cauliflower appearance

Reference:http://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatments

http://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatmentshttp://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatments

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Symptoms

Children with growth hormone deficiency have a slow

or flat rate of growth, usually less than 2 inches per

year. The slow growth may not appear until a child is 2

or 3 years old. The child will be much shorter than

most or all children of the same age and gender.

Children with growth hormone deficiency still have

normal body proportions, as well as normal

intelligence. However, their face often appears

younger than children of the same age. They may alsohave a chubby body build. In older children, puberty

may come late or may not come at all, depending on

the cause.

Reference:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/

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Signs and tests

A physical examination -- including weight, height,

and body proportions -- will show signs of slowedgrowth rate. The child will not follow the normal growth

curves.

Hand X-ray (usually the left hand) can determinebone age. Normally, the size and shape of bones

change as a person grows. These changes can be

seen on an x-ray and usually follow a pattern as a

child grows older. Testing for growth deficiency

requires more than a simple blood test. Testing isusually done after your child's pediatrician has

explored other causes of poor growth.

Reference:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003811/

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Growth hormone causes the body to make insulin-

like growth factor (IGF1) and insulin-like growth factor

binding protein 3 (IGFBP3). Tests can measure these

growth factors.

Accurate growth hormone deficiency testings

involves a stimulation test. This test takes several

hours.

MRI of the head can show the hypothalamus and

pituitary glands.

Tests to measure other hormones levels (lack of

growth hormone may not be the only problem) may be

done.Reference:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002159/

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Treatments

Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent or lessen some

of the problems associated with dwarfism. People with dwarfism

related to growth hormone deficiency can be treated with growthhormone.

In many cases, people with dwarfism have orthopaedic or

medical complications. Treatment of those can include:

Insertion of a shunt to drain excess fluid and relieve pressureon the brain.

A tracheotomy to improve breathing through small airways.

Corrective surgeries for deformities such as cleft palate, club

foot, or bowed legs.

Surgery to remove tonsils or adenoids to improve breathing

problems related to large tonsils, small facial structures, and/or a

small chest.

Surgery to widen the spinal canal (the opening through which

the spinal cord passes) to relieve spinal cord compression.

Reference:http://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatments?page=2

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Other treatment may include:

Physical therapy to strengthen muscles and increase

joint range of motion.

Back braces to improve curvature of the spine.

Placement of draining tubes in the middle ear to help

prevent hearing loss due to repeated ear infections.

Orthodontic treatment to relieve crowding of teeth

caused by a small jaw.

Nutritional guidance and exercise to help

prevent obesity, which can aggravate skeletal problems.

Reference:http://children.webmd.com/dwarfism-causes-treatments?page=2

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