Dwellings in indiamospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/410...Report No. 410/1...

Report No. 410/1

Dwellings in india

NSS 50TH ROUND July 1993 - June 1994

FIFTH quinquennial survey ON

CONSUMER EXPENDITURE

National Sample Survey Organisation

Department of Statistics

Government of India

March 1997

PREFACE

The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) has been carrying out all-India surveys on Consumer Expenditure since its inception in 1950 in almost all the rounds of NSS, barring a few, till 26th round (1971-’72) sometimes independently and sometimes integrating it with enquiries on other subjects in both urban and rural areas. At the instance of the Governing Council of NSSO, the survey on consumer expenditure was being conducted quinquennially since 1972-73 (27th NSS round). In order to have an idea about the short-term changes in consumer expenditure patterns, the NSSO began collecting data in its annual rounds also from the 42nd round (1986-87) onwards. 2. The fifth quinquennial survey on consumer expenditure was undertaken in the 50th round (July 1993-June 1994). A summary report giving household consumer expenditure patterns for all-India & for major states was brought out in March 1996. A second report giving detailed tables for each state & UT of the Indian Union on monthly per capita expenditure class by commodity groups, etc., have been brought out in May 1996. The third report in the series which deals with some aspects of nutritional intake by the Indian population, has been brought out in October 1996. 3. The present report deals with particulars of Dwellings in India. The report contains detailed tables on the different aspects of dwelling such as type of structure, house category, ownership etc. by state/UT. According to NSS practice, all information has been classified by average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) classes, a format which has in the past proved extremely helpful to the users and researchers in various areas. Adjustment of MPCE for the urban households taking into account the imputed rent for own-dwellings has also been made and compared with the unadjusted MPCE. Observed trends by some important indicators of the housing situation over the decade (1983 to 1993-94) have also been presented. 4. Chapter one of the report is introductory, while chapter two contains a note on the Sample Design and Estimation Procedure followed in the survey. Chapter three briefly elaborates the important concepts and definitions and the survey findings are examined in Chapter Four. Detailed statistical tables are also appended to the report. 5. The schedule of enquiry for the survey was, more or less, similar to that adopted in previous quinquennial rounds. The field work for the survey was conducted, as usual, by the Field Operations Division (FOD) of the Organisation. The collected data were processed by the Data Processing Division (DPD) of the NSSO and tabulated by the Computer Centre of the Department of Statistics. The report has been prepared by the Survey Design & Research Division (SDRD) of the NSSO. I am grateful to the members of the Governing Council, Heads of various Divisions of the NSSO, the Executive Director, Computer Centre and their colleagues for the efforts taken in preparing the Report. Comments/suggestions from the readers of the report will be most welcome. March,1997 P. R. Dongre New Delhi Chief Executive Officer National Sample Survey Organisation

Contents Page Highlights 5 Chapter One : Introduction - 6 Chapter Two : Sample Design and Estimation Procedure - 8 Chapter Three : Concepts and definitions - 14 Chapter Four : Survey Findings : Particulars of dwelling unit - 18 Appendix : Detailed Tables

List of Detailed Tables

Table no. Title Page no.

Table (1R) Per 1000 distribution of households with dwelling units by broad house category for each type of occupancy : statewise - Rural

A 1

Table (1U) Per 1000 distribution of households with dwelling units by broad house category for each type of occupancy : statewise - Urban

A 18

Table (2R) Per 1000 distribution of households by type of occupancy for each monthly per capita expenditure class : statewise - Rural

A 35

Table (2U) Per 1000 distribution of households by type of occupancy for each monthly per capita expenditure class : statewise - Urban

A 52

Table (3R) Per 1000 distribution of households with dwelling units by broad house category for each category of households : statewise- Rural

A 69

Table (3U) Per 1000 distribution of households with dwelling units by broad house category for each category of households : statewise- Urban

A 102

Table (4) Number of households living in rented house per thousand households for each broad house category and monthly per capita expenditure class: statewise - Urban

A 135

List of Detailed Tables continued

Table no. Title Page no.

Table (5R) Per 1000 distribution of households residing in rented houses by

rent class and average monthly rent (actual) per household for each MPCE class : Rural India

A 168

Table (5U) Per 1000 distribution of households residing in rented houses by rent class and average monthly rent (actual) per household for each MPCE class : statewise - Urban

A 169

Table (6) Per 1000 distribution of households residing in own houses by rent class and average monthly rent (imputed) per household for each MPCE class : statewise - Urban

A 186

Table (7) Per 1000 distribution of households with dwelling units by rent class (imputed ) for each MPCE class : statewise - Urban

A 203

Table (8) Per 1000 diustribution of households with dwelling units living in non-rented houses by imputed rent adjusted MPCE class for each unadjusted MPCE class : statewise - Urban

A 220

Table (9) Per 1000 distribution of all households by imputed rent adjusted MPCE class for each unadjusted MPCE class : statewise - Urban

A 237

Dwellings in India: 1993-94

Highlights

he 1993-94 survey shows 93.4% of the rural households and

55.5% of the urban households are in occupancy of owned house at the national level.

here is only a marginal increase by half percent in the category

of households living in owned house in rural India as against an increase to the tune of 3% in the urban India since 1987-88.

ercentage of households living in rented houses has increased to

3.9% from 2.9% in rural sector while this percentage in urban sector has decreased marginally by 0.6% to the level of 35.6% since 1987 - ‘88.

ouseholds living in katcha structures is 33% of total

households in rural & 10% of total households in urban and the percentages have been reduced by 16% & 8% respectively since 1987-88.

ouseholds living in pucca & semi-pucca structure are 29%

and 38% respectively in rural India and 70% & 20% respectively in urban India, showing a rise in the

proportion of households living in pucca by 12% in urban and by10% in rural besides a 6% rise in rural ccupancy in semipucca structures since 1987-88.

n 1993-94 survey the proportion of households occupying independent houses shows an

increase of 15% & 6% in rural & urban India respectively since 1987-88, raising the occupancy from 78% to 93% in rural & 60% to 66% in urban sector.

bviously there is a corresponding decrease in proportion of hhs

living in chawl/bustee & flat from 18% to 5% & 4% to 2% respectively in rural India and from 21% to 17% & 19% to 17% respectively in urban India since 1987-88. While comparing, the percentage in occupancy of unspecified category during the two different periods has not been considered.

verage monthly rent paid by an urban household has doubled to Rs.261 since 1987-88.

T

T

P

H

H

I

O

A

Energy Used by the Indian Households: 1993-’94

6

Chapter One

Introduction

1.0 Background : The 50th round of NSS was the fifth quinquennial survey on consumer expenditure The previous four quinquennial surveys were the 27th (Oct. 1972 - Sept. 1973), the 32nd (July 1977 - June 1978), the 38th (Jan-Dec. 1983), and the 43rd (July 1987- June 1988) Rounds of NSS. In other rounds, too, consumer expenditure inquiry on a lesser scale is being carried out starting from the 42nd round (1986-87) onwards side by side the main topic of enquiry. From the 45th round onwards the subject coverage of this schedule has been broadened to include some important aspects of questions on employment so that an annual series of consumer expenditure and employment data becomes available. While some of these smaller-scale surveys are conducted over a period of 12 months or six months, the quinquennial (full-scale) surveys have all been of complete year's duration. 1.1 In the quinquennial surveys two separate schedules are canvassed - sch.1.0 for consumer expenditure and sch.10 for employment situation - in each sample household, enabling thereby cross- tabulation of variates on consumer expenditure and employment. The present report, however, is based on schedule 1.0 only, enlighting primarily on different aspects of dwelling units occupied by the Indian households as apparent from the data collected through this schedule. 1.2 The survey period of the 50th round was from July 1993 to June 1994. The geographical coverage of the survey was to

be the whole of the Indian Union except Ladakh and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, 768 interior villages of Nagaland and 172 villages in Andaman & Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year. However, certain districts of Jammu & Kashmir viz., Doda, Anantnag, Pulwama, Srinagar, Badgam, Baramullah and Kupwara, and Punjab's Amritsar district, had to be excluded from the survey coverage due to unfavourable field conditions. 1.3 In all, 115354 households were interviewed, spread over 6951 sample villages and 4650 sample blocks. Ten households were selected for survey in each selected village / urban block. 1.4 The survey period of one year was divided into four sub- rounds of three months each with allocation of equal numbers of sample villages and blocks to each of the four sub-rounds viz., sub-round 1 : July-Sept'93; sub-round 2 : Oct.-Dec'93; sub-round 3 : Jan.-Mar'94; sub-round 4 : Apr.-June'94 1.5 The results thrown up by the survey are presented in the report from which an idea regarding type of structure and occupancy of the dwelling units by the Indian households belonging to different monthly per capita expenditure classes can be made up.


7

1.6 With a view to study the nature and extent of change in the distribution of households by monthly per capita expenditure class imposing the effect of adjustment of rent imputed for owned houses by urban households distributed over various rent classes, ancillary facts of information was sought in the ROUND besides those usually required for measuring total consumer expenditure inclusive of monthly rent paid by the household.

1.7 Basing on the combined sample (both of sub-sample 1 & 2) data, this report summarises the detailed results of the survey on the aforestated matter. The Sampling Design and Estimation Procedure followed in this survey round is figuring in the following chapter. Chapter three briefly elaborates on the important concepts and definitions adopted in the survey and used in this report and the survey findings are examined in chapter four. The collection of detailed data tables are appended to the report.


8

Chapter Two

Sample Design & Estimation procedure 2.0 Sample Design : A stratified two-stage sampling design was adopted, with census villages as first stage units (fsu's) in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban, except for a few newly declared towns of the 1991 census, for which UFS frames were not available, and census enumeration blocks (EB's) were used as first stage units. Households formed the second stage units in both rural and urban sectors. 2.1 Sampling frame for fsu's : In the rural sector, the sampling frame was provided sometimes by the 1981 census list of villages and sometimes by the 1991 census list of villages, depending on the sub-round (see para 1.4) and the state/union territory being surveyed, as follows. 2.1.1 In the following areas of rural India (hereafter referred to as Group A areas), the 1981 census lists of villages served as the sampling frame for all 4 sub-rounds : Jammu & Kashmir - where the 1991 census was not conducted. Agra district of U.P. and Durg, Sagar and Morena districts of M.P. - for which the available information for 1991 was incomplete. 2.1.2 In the following areas of rural India (hereafter referred to as Group B areas),

the 1991 census lists of villages served as the sampling frame for all 4 sub-rounds : Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Orissa, West Bengal & Chandigarh. U.P. and M.P. (excepting Group A areas). 2.1.3 In the remaining states/u.t.'s of rural India (hereafter referred to as Group C areas), the 1981 census lists of villages were used as sampling frame for sub-round 1 and the 1991 census lists used for sub-rounds 2 to 4 in order to make use of the latest available information in the sample selection process. 2.1.4 For Nagaland, the villages situated within 5 km of a bus route constituted the sampling frame. For the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, the villages which remain inaccessible throughout the year were, as usual, excluded from the sampling frame. 2.1.5 In the urban sector, the lists of NSS Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks were the sampling frames used in most cases. However, 1991 census house listing enumeration blocks were considered as the sampling units for some of the newly declared towns of the 1991 population census, for which UFS frames were not available. 2.2 Stratification : As usual, each state/union territory (u.t.) was divided into


9

one or more agro-economic regions by grouping contiguous districts which are similar with respect to population density and crop pattern. In Gujarat, however, some districts were sub-divided for the purpose of region formation on the basis of location of dry areas and the distribution of tribal population in the state. The total number of regions formed in the whole of India was 78. 2.2.1 In the rural sector, within each region, each district normally formed a separate stratum. However, if the census population of the district according to the sampling frame used exceeded 1.8 million / 2 million (depending on whether 1981 or 1991 census frame was used), the district was split into two or more strata by grouping contiguous tehsils. In Gujarat, however, in the case of districts extending over more than one region, the portion of a district falling in each region constituted a separate stratum even if the rural population of the district as a whole was less than 1.8 million / 2 million. 2.2.2 In the urban sector, strata were formed, again within NSS regions, on the basis of town population. In order to be able to allocate a larger proportion of the sample to the affluent section of society and thus improve the precision of the overall estimate of consumer expenditure, the usual first-stage stratification procedure was modified as follows. Urban blocks in towns with census population 400,000 or more were placed in different strata depending on whether they belonged to the "affluent" area of the town or not - the information on affluent areas being supplied by the regional/sub-regional field offices of NSSO. Full details of urban stratification are given below. stratum composition

1 towns with population less

than 50,000 2 towns with population

50,000 - 199,999 3 towns with population

200,000 - 399,999 4 towns with population

400,000 - 999,999 : affluent areas

5 towns with population

400,000 - 999,999 : other areas

6 a single city (if any) with

population 1 million or more : affluent areas

7 a single city (if any) with

population 1 million or more : other areas

8 another city (if any) with

population 1 million or more : affluent areas

9 another city (if any) with

population 1 million or more : other areas

2.3 Allocation of sample : The first-stage sample size for any state/union territory of India was allotted to the rural and urban sectors in consideration of the relative sizes of the rural and urban population with double weightage to the urban sector. 2.3.1 Within the urban sector of a state/u.t., allocation of the sample to the different urban strata was done in proportion to stratum population with double weightage


10

to affluent strata - that is, strata 4,6 & 8 (see para 2.2). Stratum level allocations were adjusted to multiples of 8 as far as possible so as to have equal allocations for each sub-sample-sub-round combination. 2.3.2 Within the rural sector of a state/u.t., allocation of the sample to the different rural strata was done as follows. 2.3.3 For Group B areas (see para 2.1), the state/u.t. level rural sample was allocated to the different rural strata in proportion to 1991 census population. For other areas (Group A and Group C), allocation was initially made on the basis of 1981 census population. Stratum level allocations were adjusted to multiples of 8 as far as possible so as to have equal allocations for each sub-sample-sub-round combination. 2.3.4 However, for Group C areas, the original allocations for sub- rounds 2 to 4 were revised as follows. The total state/u.t. level allocation for sub-rounds 2 to 4 combined - 75% of the total as 25% had gone to sub-round 1 - was re-allocated to the rural strata in proportion to stratum population as per 1991 census. Stratum level allocations were adjusted to multiples of 6 as far as possible so as to have equal allocations for the remaining sub-sample-sub-round combinations. 2.4 Selection of fsu's : Sample villages - except in Arunachal Pradesh - were selected by PPS circular systematic sampling (with population as the size variable) from the appropriate sampling frame as explained in para 2.1, in the form of two independent sub-samples. Sample blocks were selected by ordinary (equal probability) circular systematic sampling, also in the form of two independent sub-samples.

2.4.1 In Arunachal Pradesh the sample of villages was drawn by a cluster sampling procedure. The field staff were supplied with a list of sample "nucleus" villages and were advised to select clusters of villages - building up each cluster around a nucleus village - according to prescribed guidelines. The nucleus villages were selected circular systematically with equal probability, in the form of two independent sub-samples. 2.5 Selection of hamlet-groups/ sub-blocks : To reduce workload the following procedure was adopted in drawing up the second- stage sampling frame. Larger sample villages and blocks were divided - according to usual NSS practice - into a suitable number of "hamlet-groups"/"sub-blocks" of roughly equal population content : the second-stage sampling frame was constituted of the households belonging to only two of these hamlet-groups, selected circular systematically, in case of sample villages, and one randomly selected sub-block in case of sample blocks (instead of the whole village/block). No hamlet- group formation was, however, done in Arunachal Pradesh. In Kerala, practical difficulties arose in hamlet-group formation during sub-round 1. These were resolved by selecting, instead of two hamlet-groups, two EB's from the constituent EB's of large villages. 2.6 Selection of households : The affluent classes of society have expenditure levels spread over a very wide section of the consumer expenditure range. As a result, the contribution of these classes to the sampling error of a consumer expenditure survey is large compared to that of an equal-sized chunk of population belonging to the more homogeneous "middle classes" (say). To improve the efficiency of consumer expenditure estimates, it was decided that the second-stage sampling frames ought to be stratified in such a way


11

as to be able to allocate a larger proportion of the sample to the affluent sections of the population wherever they could be located. 2.6.1 Rural : In sample villages, households in the second-stage sampling frame were divided into two strata as follows. Households - if any - exhibiting signs of affluence such as the possession of

any of a specified list of assets including land in excess of a certain specified area, or a member holding a good salaried job or belonging to a paying profession such as that of a doctor or advocate, were designated "affluent households" and the top 10 such households (subject to availability) placed in stratum 1. The remaining households formed second-stage stratum 2. Two households were selected circular systematically from second-stage stratum 1. From second-stage stratum 2, eight households were selected circular systematically after arranging the households in the stratum by "means of livelihood" ; this meant that households "self-employed in agriculture" were placed first, followed by "rural labour" households, and then the "others". Further, the households under "others" were arranged in five different land-possessed classes to ensure spread of the sample over households of different economic statuses. 2.6.2 Urban : In sample blocks, households with monthly per capita consumer expenditure (as reported at the time of household listing) Rs. 1200 or more (Rs. 1500 or more in towns with population one million and above) were placed in second-stage stratum 1 and the rest in second-stage stratum 2. In sample blocks belonging to first-stage strata 4,6 & 8

(affluent areas of towns with population 4 lakhs or more), as many as four sample households were selected for survey from second-stage stratum 1 and six from second-stage stratum 2. In all strata other than those numbered 4,6 & 8, two sample households were selected from second-stage stratum 1 and eight from second-stage stratum 2. In each case the sample of households, for each second-stage stratum, was drawn circular systematically with a random start. The households in second-stage stratum 2 were, prior to sample selection, placed in eight different groups and the different groups of households placed one after another in a specified order to ensure spread of the sample over the different groups. The grouping was done on considerations of means of livelihood (self-employed / regular wage or salary earning / casual labour / others) and household monthly per capita consumer expenditure. 2.7 Sample size : This report covered, in all, 115354 households spread over 11601 sample villages/blocks. The number of sample villages and blocks allotted and surveyed, and the number of sample households and persons surveyed, are given for different state/u.t.'s and all-India in Statement 0, separately for rural and urban sectors. 2.8 Estimation Procedure 2.8.1 Estimation of aggregates at sub-sample level : Aggregates are first estimated at sub-sample level according to the following estimation formulae, where ∃Y denotes the estimate - based on one sub-sample - of the aggregate of a given characteristic Y for a sector of a state/u.t.

∃Y 1n

P Dp

Hh

ys s i

si si*

si t=1

2sit

sit j=1

h

sitj

sit

= ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑


12

For the rural sector of a state/u.t. other than Arunachal Pradesh, For the rural sector of Arunachal Pradesh, For the urban sector of a state/u.t., where y : observed value of the same

characteristic in a sample household

s : stratum suffix i : sample village/block suffix t : second-stage stratum suffix j : sample household suffix

D : number of hamlet-groups/

sub-blocks formed in the surveyed village/block

H : number of households listed in the second-stage sampling frame

h : number of sample households surveyed

p : population of sample village as in the sampling frame

N : for the urban sector, number of blocks in the sampling frame

n : number of sample villages/blocks surveyed in this sub-sample

Psi : population of the s-th stratum as per frame used in the selection of i-th sample village of the stratum

Nsi : for Arunachal Pradesh, number of sample villages in the sampling frame for s-th stratum which was used in selection of i-th sample village of the stratum

D* : equals 1, if D = 1 equals D/2 if D > 1

2.8.2 Estimation of aggregates for the combined sample (pooling sub-samples) : The combined sample estimate of an aggregate is obtained as the simple average of the corresponding sub-sample estimates. 2.8.3 Estimates of ratios : The estimate of a ratio of the form R = Y/X, where Y and X are the population aggregates of two characters, is obtained as

∃ ∃RYX

=)

where ∃Y and ∃X are estimates of Y and X obtained according to the procedure laid down in paras 2.8.1 and 2.8.2. Examples of ratio estimates are rates and percentages.

∃Y 1n

N Hh

ys s i=1

n

sit=1

2sit

sit j=1

h

sitj

s sit

= ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

∃Y Nn

D Hh

ys

s

s i=1

n

sit=1

2sit

sit j=1

h

sitj

s sit

= ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑


13

STATEMENT 0: NUMBER OF VILLAGES/BLOCKS ALLOTTED AND SURVEYED AND NUMBER OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS AND PERSONS SURVEYED no.of villages no.of blocks no.of surveyed state/u.t. --------------- ------------ ----------------------------------- allot- sur- allot- sur- households persons ted veyed ted veyed -------------- --------------- rural urban rural urban

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

Andhra Pr. 496 492 368 365 4908 3644 21408 15912 Arunachal Pr.120* 120 24 24 1065 239 5135 838 Assam 344 320 88 88 3199 880 16714 3789 Bihar 704 699 216 216 6979 2155 36567 10599 Goa 16 15 24 22 146 213 644 847 Gujarat 224 223 240 238 2219 2372 11846 10953 Haryana 104 104 72 70 1040 697 6119 3123 Himachal Pr. 192 189 40 40 1875 400 9811 1472 J & K 264 82 168 53 820 528 4624 2549 Karnataka 264 263 248 247 2617 2469 14172 11497 Kerala 256 256 184 183 2555 1830 11832 8181 M.P. 544 533 328 325 5313 3233 28789 15904 Maharashtra 448 445 560 557 4440 5528 22076 24244 Manipur 104 100 72 70 1000 699 5465 3699 Meghalaya 112 112 48 48 1117 478 5076 1890 Mizoram 48 47 96 96 470 957 2350 4365 Nagaland 48 46 24 24 460 240 2532 1172 Orissa 336 335 104 104 3338 1037 16670 4533 Punjab 224 205 200 196 2046 1947 11144 8765 Rajasthan 312 312 184 184 3097 1799 16851 8447 Sikkim 48 48 16 16 480 160 2064 571 Tamil Nadu 392 391 408 407 3901 4042 16242 16373 Tripura 176 153 56 56 1530 560 6972 2321 U.P. 904 902 448 448 9010 4451 52161 23111 West Bengal 448 448 336 335 4480 3338 23473 13517 A.& N. Is. 56 50 40 40 500 399 2656 1505 Chandigarh 8 8 16 15 80 150 337 537 D.& N. Haveli 24 24 8 8 240 78 1201 334 Daman & Diu 8 8 8 8 80 80 398 347 Delhi 8 7 112 111 61 985 244 4046 Lakshadweep 8 7 24 24 70 240 391 1342 Pondicherry 8 7 32 32 70 320 325 1465

all-India 7248 6951 4792 4650 69206 46148 356289 208248

* 26 nucleus villages.


14

Chapter Three

Concepts and Definitions 3.0 The concepts & definitions as followed in the household consumer expenditure survey during 50th round are broadly in lines of recent past rounds. A few of those relevant to this report are given below : 3.1 Household : A group of persons normally living together and taking food from a common kitchen constitutes a household. The qualification "normally" extends to cover only temporary stay aways but not temporary visitors, in the group. Thus a member residing outside, in a hostel, for studies is counted outside the household of the remaining family member(s), but a resident employee or resident domestic servant or paying guest (but not just a tenant in the house) is included in the employer/host's household. Among the twin criterion "Living together" is usually stressed upon rather than "sharing food from a common kitchen" in drawing the boundaries of a household in case both of them cannot be accomodated together due to mutual conflict; however, in the special case of a person taking food from the common family kitchen while regularly spending nights somewhere else (say in a shop or in a different house for sleeping) due to reasons of security of the shop or other insufficiencies in the family household premises, the household formed by such a person's family members is taken to include the person also. Each inmate of a mess, hotel, boarding and lodging house, hostel, etc. is considered as a single-member household except that a family living in a hotel (say) is considered as one household

only; similar condition being applicable to residential staff of such establishments. 3.2 Household size : The size of a household is a complete count of the household members. 3.3 Household consumer expenditure : The expenditure incurred by a household on domestic consumption during the reference period is the household's consumer expenditure. The household consumer expenditure is the sum total of the monetary values of consumption of various groups of items namely (i) food, pan (betel leaves), tobacco, intoxicants and fuel & light, (ii) clothing and footwear and (iii) miscellaneous goods and services and durable articles. 3.3.1 For groups (i) and (ii), the total value of consumption is derived by aggregating the monetary value of goods actually consumed during the reference period. An item of clothing and footwear would be considered to have been consumed if it is brought into maiden or first use during the reference period. The consumption may be out of (a) purchases made during the reference period or earlier; (b) home grown stock; (c) receipt in exchange of goods and services; (d) any other receipt like gift, charity, borrowing and (e) free collection. Home produce is evaluated at the ex farm or ex factory rate. For evaluating the consumption of the items of group (iii) i.e. items categorised as miscellaneous goods


15

and services and durable articles, a different approach is followed. In this case, total amount of money spent during the reference period for the purchase of goods and services is treated as consumption expenditure. 3.3.2 It is pertinent to mention here that the consumer expenditure of a household on food items relates to the actual consumption by the normal resident members of the household and also by the occasional guests & visitors whether during celebrations or otherwise. Transfer payments like charity, loan advance, etc. made by the household are not reconsidered to avoid duplicacy while counting them in payer household as consumption for items of groups (i) and (ii), since transfer receipts of these items have been taken into account there. However, the item "cooked meals" is an exception to the rule. Meals prepared in the household kitchen and provided to the employees and/or others would automatically get included in domestic consumption of employer (payer) household. There is a practical difficulty of estimating the quantities and values of individual items used for preparing the meals served to employees or to others. Thus, to avoid double counting, cooked meals received as perquisites from employer household or as gift or charity are not recorded in the recipient household. As a general principle, cooked meals purchased from the market for consumption of the normal resident members and for guests and employees will also be recorded in the purchaser household. 3.3.3 The aforementioned procedure by which value of cooked meals served to others is accounted for in the expenditure of the serving households only leads to bias-free estimates of average per capita consumption as well as total consumer expenditure. The variation of the number of donors and recipients of free cooked meals are likely to be in opposite directions over the expenditure classes. As a matter of fact

most of the donors of cooked meals will be in the upper MPCE classes whereas most of the recipients will be in the lower ones. The nutritional intake derived from the consumer expenditure survey data need to be presented taking care of this aspect. 3.4 Reference period : Consumption data appearing in this report were all collected with a reference period of "last 30 days", i.e. the 30 days just preceding the date of survey. The reference period used for the survey, in other words, was a "moving" one, varying from one household to another depending upon the day of canvass. 3.5 Monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) : For a household, this is the total household consumer expenditure during a period of 30 days subdivided by household size. A person's MPCE is understood to be, the figure derived on the household to which he/she belongs. 3.6 MPCE classes : It is customary in NSS consumer expenditure reports, to present various estimates, including and state and all-India level values of different indicators, socio-economic or else like nutrition related and distributions of households and persons over different socio-economic classes and calorie intake level formed basing on categorisation of the population as per monthly expenditure per capita i.e. MPCE. As regards population during the 50th round, 12 categories were drawn up in each sector - rural and urban - as follows. For the rural (urban) sector, the class limits of MPCE were so chosen that each class, excepting for the two pair of classes one each at the ends, approximately contained an estimated 10% of the rural (urban) population, while the remaining four classes each contained an estimated 5% of the population. Some adjustments were, however, made to keep some class limits common between the rural and urban


16

sectors. Tabulation of results by MPCE class from the 43rd to the 49th round of NSS, incidentally, was done using MPCE classes derived in a similar way, using 43rd round MPCE data. In other words, the present updation of classification on MPCE is second to the one made during the 43rd round. 3.6.1 The classification evolved now for the two sectors of population is as follows : MPCE Rural Urban Level (Rs.) (Rs.) 1. below 120 below 160 2. 120 - 140 160 - 190 3. 140 - 165 190 - 230 4. 165 - 190 230 - 265 5. 190 - 210 265 - 310 6. 210 - 235 310 - 355 7. 235 - 265 355 - 410 8. 265 - 300 410 - 490 9. 300 - 355 490 - 605 10. 355 - 455 605 - 825 11. 455 - 560 825 -1055 12. 560 & above 1055 & above 3.7 Dwelling Unit is defined as the accommodation occupied by a household for its residential purpose. It may be an entire structure or a part thereof or may consist of more than one structure. On the other hand of more than one household may be found to occupy a single structure such as those living in independent flats or sharing a single housing unit, in which case there will be one or more dwelling units depending upon the number of households in occupancy of the structure. 3.7.1 There may also be cases of one household occupying more than one structure (e.g. detached structures used for different purposes like sitting, sleeping, cooking, bathing etc.) for its housing accommodation. In such a situation, all the structures combined together constitute a single dwelling unit. In general, residential accomodation will cover living room, kitchen, store, bathroom, latrine, garage, open and closed verandah etc. available, if any. A structure or a portion thereof used exclusively for non-residential purposes or let out/spared by the households is

conventionally not covered within the dwelling unit of the household under survey. However, a portion, if any, of a structure common to both residential and non-residential use is treated as a part of the dwelling unit except when nominally used as residential. 3.8 Occupancy type of the dwelling Units : A threefold classification of dwelling units basing on the criterion of occupancy of the households in those units has been adopted in the survey. Criteria as recorded under that classification are (i) owned (ii) quarters (iii) other hired accomodations. Besides these, information on households not satisfying these criteria is clubbed under “others” while those without any proper dwelling unit come within a separate category viz. “No dwelling”. 3.8.1 Households are considered to be categorised as possessing “no dwelling” when found to be living more or less regularly under bridges, in pipes, below staircases or with temporarily built flimsy improvisations etc. with a liability to be removed at any moment. 3.8.2 If a household has owner-like possession of the occupied dwelling constructed on a plot of land taken under long-term lease (usually 30 years or more) then the dwelling unit is treated as “owned”. Likewise, the dwelling unit possessed under a long-term lease by the household has also been treated as under owner-like possession i.e. “owned”. 3.8.3 If the occupied accommodation is provided or alloted by the employer, Public or Private, to any member of the household on lease or on rent for a short term then the dwelling has been treated as “quarter”. 3.8.4 If the dwelling is leased or rented in by the household on its own for which payment is made periodically then the occupancy is treated as hired and classified under “other hired accommodation”. 3.8.5 If the occupancy of a dwelling could not be appropriately classified in any one of the above three categories, then the


17

household occupying such dwelling has been categorised as “others”. 3.9 Type of dwelling : Classification of the dwelling units occupied by the households has been made under four viz. (i) "independent house", (ii) "flat", (ii) "chawl/bustee", and (iv) "others" categories of houses. Household in occupancy of a particular dwelling has been enumerated in the category of house under which the particular one is classified. 3.9.1 An "independent house" is one which has a separate structure and entrance with self-contained arrangements. In other words, if the dwelling unit and the entire structure of the house are physically one and the same it should be considered an "independent house". A combine of two or more structures may constitute a single housing unit in a number of cases. Such housing unit has also been treated as an "independent house". 3.9.2 A "flat" is a self-contained housing arrangement many of which may be found to be located in one building. It consists of one or more rooms with normal housing facilities like water supply, bath and toilet for exclusive use of a single household. If a household occupying a portion of a building has some housing facilities like water supply, bath and/or toilet meant for its exclusive use in a

detached structure(s), it is also regarded as occupying a flat. 3.9.3 A "chawl/bustee" may be described as a building with a number of tenements mostly single-roomed having common corridor and common bathing and toilet facilities. In case of three/four storeyed chawl the common facilities of bath and toilet may be available in each floor for the tenements of that floor. 3.9.4 "Others" covers all other types of housing arrangements besides those enumerated above. This includes flat like dwelling which are not self-contained in respect of water, bath and toilet facilities, hostel accommodation etc. 3.10 Type of structure : The structures have been classified into three distinct categories, viz.(i) pucca, (ii) semi-pucca and (ii) katcha, on the basis of the materials used in construction thereof. 3.10.1 A katcha structure is one whose walls and roofs are made up with mud, bamboo, grass, leaves, reeds, thatch or unburnt bricks. A pucca structure is one whose walls and roof are made of burnt bricks, stone, cement, concrete, jack board (cement - plastered reeds), mosaic, tiles or timber. Tiles, galvanised tin or asbestos cement sheets used in construction of roofs will be regarded as pucca material. A semi-pucca structure is one of which either the roof or the walls, but not both, is made like that of a pucca structure.

Dwellings in India : 1993 - ‘94

Chapter Four

Particulars of Dwellings 4.0 In this chapter important findings on some aspect of housing situation such as type of structure, house category and ownership of the dwelling units are discussed. These indicators of housing situation are also examined at various MPCE level for both rural and urban sectors of the country as well as state-wise for 15 major states. Adjustment of MPCE for the urban households taking in to account the imputed rent for owned dwellings has also been made and compared with the unadjusted MPCE. 4.0.1. Major trends exhibited by some important indicators of the housing situation in the country as revealed from the three consecutive quinquennial surveys (38th, 43rd and 50th rounds) on Household Consumer Expenditure conducted during the decade 1983 to 93-94 is highlighted to start with. Subsequently, discussion on the detailed results of NSS 50th Round on particulars of Dwelling Unit is carried out. 4.1 Observed trend in (a) Distribution of households living in different (i) type of structure (ii) category of dwellings in both the sectors of rural & urban and (b) Distribution of households living in rented house & average monthly rent paid by the household in the Urban Sector; at the national level during the decade 1983-93 : NSS Round-wise. 4.1.1 Chart 1(R/U) shows the percentage distribution of households living in different type of structures over successive three quinquennial rounds of NSS (38th., 43rd. & 50th) for rural/urban India.

4.1.2 An increase in the proportion of households living in pucca structures in both sectors has been observed to be the trend over the rounds due to rise in construction activity in the country. Number of semi pucca structures are clearly on the decline in the urban sector while they are on the rise in the rural sector over the decade (1983 to 1993-94). Number of katcha structure are also showing a decreasing trend in both the sectors possibly due to conversion of this kind of structures to semi pucca & pucca in rural areas over the decade (1983 to 1993-94).

Chart 1R : Rural India

17

32

51

19

32

4933 38

29

0102030405060

katcha semipucca

pucca

perc

enta

ge

19831987-'881993-'94

Chart 1U : Urban India

16

57

1824

58

2026

10

70

0

20

40

60

80

katcha semipucca

pucca

perc

enta

ge

19831987-'881993-'94


4.1.3 Chart 2(R/U) shows the percentage of households living in different categories of dwelling (specified type) in both rural and urban sectors of India by NSS rounds.

4.1.4 It is noticed that the distribution of households in different types of dwellings has remained more or less identical during the decade except for some changes of marginal nature. The percentage of households living in independent houses has increased while percentage living in chawl/bustee and flat has reduced in the country over the decade. 4.1.5 Chart 3 shows the percentage of households living in rented houses in urban sector. It is observed from the diagram that percentage of household living in rented houses is declining steadily over the decade 1983 to 1993-94 although marginally.

4.1.6 This phenomenon is as expected due to acquisition of ownership houses/flats etc. by some urban households during the period as a result of growing construction activity in the urban sector. 4.1.7 Chart 4 shows the average monthly rent paid by an urban household in the country during the period of surveys conducted on three consecutive NSS rounds. 4.1.8 It is clear from the trend exhibited that the amount payable on rent has doubled during the last six years (!987 to 1993-94) and a little more than trebled in the last decade (1983 to 1993-’94) keeping pace with inflation and other market forces.


80

155

78

18

4

93

5 20

20

40

60

80

100

19831987-'881993-'94


22 21

60

21 19

66

17 17

57

0

20

40

60

80

19831987-'881993-'94

1983

1987- '88

1993- '94

37.6

36.1

35.7

3 4 .5 3 5 .0 3 5 .5 3 6 .0 3 6 .5 3 7 .0 3 7 .5 3 8 .0

% livin g in re n te d h o u s e

1983

1987- '88

1993- '94

Ch a rt 3 : Urb a n In d ia n h h s.

1983

1987-'88

1993-'94

84

130

261

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

monthly rent paid in Rs.

1983

1987-'88

1993-'94

Chart 4 : Urban Indian hhs.


Detailed results from NSS 50th round data : 4.2 Per 1000 distribution of households with dwelling units by broad house category for each type of occupancy. 4.2.1 Statement 1 shows per thousand distribution of households by broad house category for each type of occupancy at the National level for both sectors of rural and urban. 4.2.2 Considering first the 'owned' type of occupancy it is noticed that out of every thousand, 280 & 333 households in rural India as compared to 672 & 110 households in urban India live in pucca & katcha structures respectively, the remaining households in either sector living in semi-pucca structures. Moreover in each of the three kinds of structures, not less than three fourth of the owned houses fall in the first category i.e. independent house, in urban as well as rural households. Again the number of households in occupancy of categories like Flat, chawl/Bustee, etc. taken together is less in rural than in urban in any kind of structure, besides the fact that such households are comparatively smaller in number than those within the category of independent house in both the sectors. 4.2.3 In the second type i.e. 'quarter', of occupancy the size of the group of household having independent houses ranges from 55% (311 out of 570) in pucca to 90% (75 out of 83) in katcha structure in Rural India whereas in Urban India households having 'flat' and 'chawl/bustee' category of house are in a majority amongst the households dwelling in the pucca and semi pucca kind of structures respectively. Also, out of every thousand households with this type of occupancy 570 in Rural sector as compared to 924 in Urban sector dwell in all pucca structures the rest living in other than pucca structures. 4.2.4 Thirdly, in "other hired accommodation", majority of the households in any kind of structure in the rural sector,

fall under "independent house" category also but the picture is somewhat different in the other sector. In this i.e. urban sector households living in independent house is the largest group but not in majority amongst the households living in "all pucca structure", the other three groups being equal in size. But the number of households living in independent house and chawl/bustee are almost equal in "all semi pucca" as well as "all katcha" structure. In 'others' type of occupancy, majority of the occupant households (638 out of 1000) dwell in "all pucca structure" in urban India, mostly in 'other type' category, whereas in Rural India the largest chunk (408 out of 1000) dwell in "all katcha structures", mostly in "independent house" category. 4.2.5 Finally examining "all" type of occupancy it is seen that 381 in rural as against 195 in urban out of every 1000 households dwell in semi pucca structures, the rest i.e. 619 in rural and 805 in urban living in either "all pucca" or "all katcha" structures respectively. However, the proportion of pucca structure in urban sector (0.707) far outweigh the proportion (0.292) in the same category of structure in rural sector. The proportion of structures in semi pucca category is maximum (0.381) in rural India and the proportion of structures in katcha category is minimum (0.099) in urban India. 4.2.6 Further it is also observed that independent houses are in a predominant majority amongst the different categories of house in either sector. 4.2.7 Besides, in the urban sector number of households dwelling in pucca flat and semi pucca chawl/bustee are emerging to be considerable when viewed in a totality but such special phenomenon could not be marked amongst the dwelling units occupied by the rural households. 4.2.8 Chart 5(R/U) shows distribution of households over type of structure for each occupancy type of dwelling at the National level for rural and urban sectors.


4.2.9 Statements 2R & 2U give per 1000 distribution of households with dwelling units by broad house category for each type of occupancy for 15 major states in the rural & urban sectors respectively. 4.2.10 Considering first 'all' type of occupancy in rural sector, it is observed that in the states of Andhra Pradesh (42.0%), Assam (67.4%), Orissa (70.6%),Tamil Nadu (39.2%) and West Bengal (46.4%), percentage of households in katcha structures is larger than the percentage of households in each of the other two kinds of structures. In the states of Gujarat (44.2%), Karnataka (53.9%), Madhya Pradesh (76.5%), Maharashtra (51.0%) and Uttar Pradesh (37.1%), the percentage of households in semi pucca structure is larger than the percentage of households in each of the other two kind of structures. But in the states of Haryana (72.5%), Kerala (51.5%) and Punjab (67.8%), percentage of households in pucca structures is larger than the percentage of households in each of the

other two kind of structures taken together, whereas in the state of Bihar the percentages of households in katcha (41.0%) and semi pucca (41.5%) classes of structure are of almost equal magnitude. 4.2.11 Looking next into "owned" type of occupancy in the rural sector, it is found that, whereas the percentage of households in "pucca structure" is more than 50 in the states of Kerala (51.1%), Haryana (72.0%) & Punjab (67.0%), it is only less than 20 in the states of Madhya Pradesh (12.7%), Orissa (8.1%), West Bengal (14.5%), Assam (4%) & Bihar (17.1%), as against 28% in the national perspective. 4.2.12 The percentage of households in katcha structure (owned) is very large in the states of Orissa (72.8) & Assam (73.1) and is very small in the states of Madhya Pradesh (10.2), Punjab (12.7), Haryana (13.6%) and Maharashtra (14.6%) whereas the National level figure stands at 33.3% in rural sector. More than 50% of the households in the states of Karnataka (54.9), Madhya Pradesh (77.1) and Maharashtra (52.5), have owned semi pucca structure. 4.2.13 Majority of the dwelling units occupied as 'quarters' are pucca structures in rural sector except in the states of Assam and Karnataka where the percentages are 16.5% & 41.5% respectively. 4.2.14 Looking at occupancy in "other hired accommodation" it is noticed that preference pattern of the households is for hiring pucca structure over semi pucca and katcha structure in that order, across the states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh, whereas just the opposite pattern is marked in Assam in rural sector. But in the state of Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal the order of preference is for semi pucca over pucca, katcha being last choice. 4.2.15 In the Urban Sector, 'all' type of occupancy reveals that Gujarat (80.0%),


325757

28

273135

39

12 41833

0%20%40%60%80%

100%

owned quarter otherhire

accom.

others

katchasemi-puccapucca


647592

67

15197

22

216111

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100%

owned quarter otherhire

accom.

others

katchasemi-puccapucca


Haryana (90.0%), Rajasthan (85.7%) and Punjab (89.1%) are the few states, where percentage of pucca structures is very high, i.e. 80 & above whereas in the state of Assam it is only 45.9%, the least in India. In the cross-section of the households with 'owned' type occupancy, 80% or more have pucca structures in the states of Punjab (90.9), Rajasthan (82.3), Gujarat (81.5) and Haryana (88.0) against 67.2 as the average National percentage. The states poorer in percentage of households with 'owned' occupancy in pucca structure are Orissa (44.2), Assam (35.7) and Madhya Pradesh (49.9). In this type of occupancy the group of households with pucca structure dominated the picture with the group of households having semi pucca structure coming next in order of size. More or less identical pattern of occupancies in the remaining types is observed, requiring no further elaboration on this aspect. 4.3 Per thousand of households by type of occupancy 4.3.1 Statement 3 gives distribution of households by type of occupancy for each MPCE class in both the sectors of rural and urban at national level. 4.3.2 An examination reveals that at the overall level (all MPCE classes), percentage of the households occupying 'owned' accommodation is 93.4 in rural sector as against 55.5 in the urban sector. It is also observed that the percentage of households with 'owned' type of occupancy shows a decreasing trend whereas the percentage of households with "quarters" & "other hired accommodation" shows an increasing trend with increase in urban MPCE level. Similar trend is found to be hidden in rural sector. In the urban sector one out of each 1000 households has "no dwelling", for occupation at all.

4.3.3 6.4% of the households have occupied 'quarters' in the urban sector which is more than six times as many of the households in the same type of occupancy in the rural sector. Hiring of accommodation for occupation is ten times more among the households in the urban sector than in the rural sector. 4.3.4 In both the sectors, the group of households in almost all the MPCE classes occupying "owned" accommodation dominate in size but in the uppermost two MPCE classes of urban sector, size of households is almost of the same order as the size in "other hired accommodation". Percentage of households having "other hired accommodation" is at least 18 in all but the lowest pair of MPCE class of the urban sector whereas the figure of corresponding percentage is not more than 3 in any but the highest pair of MPCE class of rural sector which shows the contrast in hiring situation in both the sectors. "Others" type is occupied by at least 2% of the rural Indian household in comparison to 7% of the urban in each individual MPCE class. 4.3.5 Chart 6(R/U) shows distribution of households by occupancy type of dwelling at the National level for both the sectors of rural and urban.


93

ow ned

quarters

other hiredaccom.others

331


4.3.6 Statement 4 gives per thousand distribution of households by type of occupancy in 15 major states in both the sectors. 4.3.7 Analysis shows that in terms of percentage of households having their own house, Kerala (81%) in urban sector is ahead of other states with Rajasthan (68%), Uttar Pradesh (67%) and Punjab (66%) following but far behind, whereas in rural sector the figure ranges narrowly between 87% in Tamil Nadu to 98% in Bihar among the states. More percentages of households are found to have occupied other than 'owned' type in urban sector(44%) than in rural sector(7%) as is expected because of availability of greater infrastructural facilities in and flow of the population to the urban areas. 4.3.8 It is also marked that more than 10% of the households have occupied 'quarter' in the state of Assam(17%), Bihar(12%), Haryana(11%), Madhya Pradesh(11%) and Orissa(16%) in the urban sector whereas in the rural sector the number of households in the same type varies between 3 to 19 per thousand except Assam where it is unusually high. 4.3.9 One in every thousand households in urban India has no dwelling unit at all. In the 8 states viz. Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Andhra

Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh households with no dwelling have been found in either or both of the sectors. 4.3.10 In urban India, percentage of households with 'other hired' type occupancy (29%) which comes next to the 'owned' type (56%), in size is far above the percentage of households with 'others' type occupancy (9%) whereas in the rural India these two figures of percentages are nearly the same (around 3%). Comparatively more number of households are observed to opt and go for occupying 'other hired accommodation' in the state of Andhra Pradesh(rural 5%, urban 38%), Karnataka(rural 5%, urban 39%), Maharashtra(rural 6%, urban 33%), Tamil Nadu(rural 8%, urban 40%), West Bengal(urban 32%) and Gujarat(rural 5%), than the National average (rural 3%, urban 29%). 4.3.11 Many households in either or both sectors of the states viz. Gujarat(urban 11%), Orissa(urban 13%), Tamil Nadu(urban 14%, rural 5%) and Karnataka(rural 5%) as compared to other states are observed to be in occupancy of 'others' type of accommodation not classified, due to economic and social problems of finding specified categories of dwellings. 4.4 Per thousand distribution of households with dwelling units by broad house category. 4.4.1 The distribution of households with dwelling units by broad house category, at the national level for individual MPCE classes is shown in the statement 5 and such distribution at the state level for 'all MPCE classes' are given in statement 6(R/U), for both the sectors.


56

9

29

6

ow ned

quarters

other hiredaccom.others


4.4.2 As it has already been observed earlier and also evident from statement 5 that households with pucca dwellings are more in number, in higher MPCE classes, than the number of households with semi pucca and katcha dwellings and with decrease in MPCE, number of households with pucca dwellings also decrease as opposite to the situation found in other two groups of households which increase in size. This is true in both the rural and urban sectors at the national level. 4.4.3 While considering "all MPCE" classes it is seen that the distribution of households in "independent house" in urban sector is : number having pucca (393) is more than thrice the number having semi-pucca (122) and about 6.5 times the number having katcha (59) which is quite different from that of the distribution in rural sector where number having semi-pucca structure(335) is more than the number having either pucca (250) or katcha (282) type structure. 4.4.4 The households with dwelling type viz. "flat" and "chawl/bustee" are prominent in number in the urban sector and it is more particularly prominent in pucca house category of the same sector as it is evident from a comparison of figures in cols. (3),(4),(8),(9),(13) and (14) of statement 5 and 6(R/U). 4.4.5 Chart 7 shows the distribution of households by type of dwelling for both the

sectors of rural and urban at the National level. 4.4.6 Concentration of households in pucca chawl/bustee is highest in Maharashtra (urban: 299 out of 1000 and rural: 67 out of 1000) and concentration of next higher order is found in Karnataka (urban: 105 out of 1000 & rural: 31 out of 1000) and Gujarat (urban: 101 out of 1000 & rural: 21 out of 1000) where it is more in comparison to concentration gradient in other states, but far behind than that of Maharashtra as may be seen from statement 6(R/U). 4.4.7 Number of households in pucca independent house is very high in the states of Haryana (668 out of 1000 in both rural and urban) and Punjab (rural: 645 and urban: 710 out of 1000) in both the sectors and very low in Assam (53 out of 1000) and Orissa (78 out of 1000) for the rural and Maharashtra (200 out of 1000) and Assam (295 out of 1000) for the urban sector. Number of semi-pucca independent houses is highest in Madhya Pradesh (rural: 685 and urban: 283 each out of 1000) and lowest in Haryana (rural: 133 and urban: 34 each out of 1000) whereas katcha independent houses are higher in Assam as well as in Orissa (668 & 577 for rural and 224 & 188 for urban each out of 1000). 4.5 Number of households living in rented houses per 1000 households in the urban sector 4.5.1 Statement 7 shows the number of urban households living in rented houses per 1000 urban households for each broad house category for 15 major states. 4.5.2 Examining Statement 7, which shows number of households living in rented houses per 1000 urban households for each broad house category, it is found that number of households living in rented houses (all categories) per 1000 household ranges from 156 in Kerala to 464 in Karnataka and some of the states where

Chart 7 : India

87

15

57

2

15

5136

0%20%40%60%80%

100%

rural urban

indep. f latchaw l/busti other type


comparatively more households than the national average (357) live in rented houses are Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Maharashtra. In contrast to the national averages the states where comparatively very large number of households live in katcha structures are Assam & Punjab, and the states in which comparative very large number of households live in semi pucca structures are Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal whereas very large number of households in the state of Assam, Orissa and Karnataka live in pucca structures. 4.5.3 Examining the situation in individual type of structure it is found that in the states of Bihar, Haryana, Kerala & Uttar Pradesh very few households live in rented katcha structure where as largest number of households are found to be living in flats and chawl/bustee in pucca and semi pucca type of structures in most of the states. 4.6 Per 1000 distribution of households residing in Rented House / Owned House and households with dwelling unit by rent class and average monthly rent (actual / imputed) per household 4.6.1 Statements 8(R/U) and 9 give per 1000 distribution of households residing in rented house by rent class for each monthly per capita expenditure class at the national level in both the sectors of rural and urban and at the state level for each of the 15 major states in urban sector respectively. (The state level estimates for rural sector has not been presented as the number of households reporting rent is only about 3% at the National level (rural sector)). 4.6.2 It may be seen from col.(14) of statements 8R & 8U that the maximum percentage of households, 23.4% in the rural India and 27.3% in the urban India, fall in the rent class of Rs. 100-200 and Rs.200-400 respectively. The households residing in rented house for whom the rent found "not

recorded" is as high as 24% in the rural India against only 3.1% in the urban India. First four rent classes i.e., less than Rs.50 to Rs.200 to 400 are observed to be accounting for about 71% of rural households and 77% of urban households. Only about 5% in the rural sector as compared to about 20% of households in urban sector paying monthly rent of Rs.400 & above at the National level. 4.6.3 The average monthly rent per household increase with the MPCE level in both the sectors is evident from statements 8R & 8U. An average monthly rent per household at the national level is Rs.152 in rural & Rs.261 in urban sector. 4.6.4 Per 1000 distribution of households residing in rented house by rent class for each of the major states is given in statement 9 for the urban sector. 4.6.5 While comparing the average monthly rent per household highest rent per household i.e., Rs.311 in the urban sector is reported from Karnataka which is followed by Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh (in both Rs.294) in this category. The states where the average monthly rent per households is low are West Bengal (Rs.154) & Uttar Pradesh (Rs.218) as may be seen from statement 9. 4.6.6 The distribution of urban households by rent class at the state level is more or less similar in pattern to that of National level distribution. 4.6.7 Distributions of households residing in owned house by monthly rent class (imputed) for each MPCE class and for each major states in urban sector are shown in statements 10 & 11 respectively. 4.6.8 Average monthly rent of the houses as per prevailing market rate for households


residing in their own houses has been imputed. 4.6.9 While looking at the figures in col.(14) "all MPCE" classes, it is found that around 25% of the households fall in the monthly rent class of Rs.200-400 and around 71% of the households fall in the first five rent classes i.e., less than Rs.50 to Rs.400-550 taken together and only 24% belong to the rest four rent classes, i.e., Rs.550 & above. 4.6.10 Average imputed rent for urban households residing in their own houses is Rs.472. The average imputed rent increases with MPCE level, which is quite expected. 4.6.11 Among the major states in the urban sector, Punjab reported the highest imputed rent of Rs.643 per month per household followed by rent figures reported from Gujarat (Rs.566) and Maharashtra (Rs.547) while on the other hand in Andhra Pradesh (Rs.289), Tamil Nadu (Rs.299) and Orissa (Rs.326) the reported average monthly imputed rent is on the lower side as may be seen from statement 11. 20% or more of the households residing in their own house in all the major states belong to monthly rent class of Rs.200-400 and the states where the highest percentage of households fall in this class are Rajasthan & Maharashtra (30% each) while considering the imputed rent reported from there at. 4.6.12 The distribution of households with dwelling unit (rented as well as owned) by rent class (actual/imputed) is given in statements 12 & 13 for the urban sector . 4.6.13 Statement 12 shows the distribution by MPCE classes for urban India whereas the distribution by rent class (actual/imputed) for each of the 15

major states in the urban sector is indicated in statement 13. 4.6.14 The average monthly rent (actual & imputed) is more when compiled for all households irrespective of their categorisation into staying in rented houses or owned houses, as compared to any of the individual type of occupancy. The average monthly rent for the urban India is Rs.497 as against Rs.261 for the households with rented dwelling and Rs.472 with owned dwelling as may be seen from statement 12. 4.6.15 It is observed from statement 13 that in urban sector, Punjab (Rs.655) reported highest rent (actual/imputed) followed by rent figure reported from Assam (Rs.590) & Gujarat (Rs.563) whereas rental figures in Andhra Pradesh (Rs.335), Tamil Nadu (Rs.366) and Orissa (Rs.411) are on the lower side, a situation quite similar to that found among the households with "owned house" (ref. statement 11). 4.7 Statements 14 to 17 give respectively the distribution of urban households with dwelling units living in non-rented house by imputed rent adjusted MPCE class for each of the (i) unadjusted MPCE class at the National level (ii) 15 major states and distribution of all urban households (both rented & non-rented) with dwelling unit by imputed rent adjusted MPCE class for each of the (i) unadjusted MPCE class at the National level (ii) 15 major states. 4.7.1 Accounting for the imputed rent in the consumption expenditure, improvement in MPCE occurs and some of the households shift to the upper MPCE classes at the National level, as may be seen from statement 14 and 16.


4.7.2 Statement 14 reveals that from a minimum of 45% of the households in 'less than Rs.160' MPCE class to a maximum of 82% of the households in 'Rs.310-355' & 'Rs.355-410' MPCE class move in to the next higher MPCE classes, whereas from statement 16 it is noticed that from a minimum of 34% is 'Rs.605-825' MPCE class to a maximum of 61% in 'Rs.230-265' MPCE class go up to the next higher MPCE classes after adjustment of MPCE by imputed rent. Per 1000 distribution of households over adjusted average MPCE and unadjusted average MPCE is almost identical except at the end classes as the effect of adjustment almost get canceled in each of the intervening MPCE classes. However, there is a significant increase in adjusted average MPCE compared to unadjusted figure in the upper most class for both the categories i.e., for the households living in non-rented house [statement-14] and all households (living in rented as well as non-rented houses) [statement-16]. 4.7.3 From Statements 15 & 17 it is found that the adjusted average monthly per capita expenditure invariably increases as imputed rent is taken into account in the consumption expenditure of the households, a fact holding good at the state as well as National level. 4.7.4 Chart 8, in the next page, shows the imputed rent adjusted and unadjusted per capita expenditure over MPCE levels in the urban India taking into account “all households” (both rented & non-rented). 4.7.5 Chart 9, in the next page, shows the imputed rent adjusted and unadjusted per capita expenditure for each of the major states of the urban sector.

4.8 Number of households living in Rented Houses reporting Rent (actual) and Average Monthly rent (Actual) by type of structure & MPCE class. 4.8.1 It is found from statement 18(R/U) that, for different kind of structures viz. pucca, semi-pucca & katcha, the average monthly rent per household are Rs. 196, Rs.90, and Rs.58 in rural India as compared to Rs.301, Rs.129 and Rs.99 in urban India whereas the corresponding figures at the National level are Rs.152 and Rs.261 in rural and urban sectors respectively, considering "all category" (ref. col.11). 4.8.2 With increase in MPCE, the households in both the sectors are observed to dwell in houses with higher monthly rent, on the average, which is evident from col.(11) of statements 18R & 18U. 4.8.3 In the urban sector, the average monthly rent per household is maximum in pucca and decreases with change in the structural type of the houses from pucca to katcha in respect of households in any individual MPCE class. But the situation is somewhat different in the first few MPCE classes of the rural sector where the trend is found to be quite erratic, possibly due to the problem of categorisation of houses indifferent type of structures occupied by the households in a number of cases. 4.9 Number of households living in rented house reporting rent(actual) and average monthly rent (actual) by type of structure for each of the major states


4.9.1 Statement 19 shows that the average monthly rent per urban household, taking into account "all categories" of structures, is quite high in Karnataka (Rs.311), Andhra Pradesh (Rs.294), Madhya Pradesh (Rs.294) and Orissa (Rs.288). On the other hand the average monthly rent per household is the lowest in West Bengal (Rs.154).

4.9.2 Average monthly rent per household for pucca houses ranges from Rs.192 in West Bengal to around Rs.370 in Karnataka as well as Assam in the urban sector, as is evident from statement 19. 4.9.3 Average monthly rent per household for katcha houses is minimum in Kerala(Rs.49).

Chart 8 : Urban India

0

300

600

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< 160 160 -190

190 -230

230 -265

265 -310

310 -355

355 -410

410 -490

490 -605

605 -825

825 -1055

> 1055 allclass

unadjusted mpce levels

Rs.

adjusted mpce unadjusted mpce

Chart 9 : Urban India

0

100

200

300

400

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600

700

800

Biha

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Oris

sa M P

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asth

an T N

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Rs.

unadjusted mpce adjusted mpce

STATEMENT 1 : PER 1000 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH DWELLING UNITS BY BROAD HOUSE CATEGORY FOR EACH TYPE OF OCCUPANCY

RURAL - INDIA

TYPE OF OCCUPANCYHOUSE CATEGORY OWNED QUARTER OTHER HIRED OTHERS ALL ESTD. SAMPLE

ACCOM. HHS.(00) HHS.(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

PUCCA INDEPENDENT HOUSE 251 311 307 153 250 298838 20154PUCCA FLAT 7 166 88 16 11 13612 848PUCCA CHAWL / BUSTEE 8 35 74 19 11 12807 633PUCCA OTHER TYPE 14 58 102 129 20 24038 1148ALL PUCCA STRUCTURE 280 570 571 318 292 349295 22783SEMI-PUCCA INDEPENDENT HOUSE 345 235 205 174 335 400230 22102SEMI-PUCCA FLAT 6 22 22 10 7 8134 417SEMI-PUCCA CHAWL / BUSTEE 22 68 45 46 23 27984 1236SEMI-PUCCA OTHER TYPE 14 22 38 45 15 18346 899ALL SEMI-PUCCA STRUCTURE 386 347 311 274 381 454693 24654KATCHA INDEPENDENT HOUSE 293 75 71 233 283 337868 19132KATCHA FLAT 3 - 5 7 3 3998 195KATCHA CHAWL / BUSTEE 20 3 18 49 20 24381 1346KATCHA OTHER TYPE 17 4 24 119 20 23977 1070ALL KATCHA STRUCTURE 333 83 119 408 327 390225 21743ALL CATEGORIES 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1194213 69180ESTD. HH.(00) 1116099 12085 34122 31907 1194213 - -SAMPLE HH. 65109 824 1687 1560 69180 - -

URBAN - INDIA

TYPE OF OCCUPANCYHOUSE CATEGORY OWNED QUARTER OTHER HIRED OTHERS ALL ESTD. SAMPLE

ACCOM. HHS.(00) HHS.(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

PUCCA INDEPENDENT HOUSE 502 317 278 147 394 170193 19389PUCCA FLAT 81 471 164 99 132 56980 6190PUCCA CHAWL / BUSTEE 46 67 150 64 80 34435 3179PUCCA OTHER TYPE 42 69 153 329 101 43842 3961ALL PUCCA STRUCTURE 672 924 745 638 707 305450 32719SEMI-PUCCA INDEPENDENT HOUSE 169 19 74 64 123 52974 6249SEMI-PUCCA FLAT 9 3 16 5 10 4420 456SEMI-PUCCA CHAWL / BUSTEE 27 40 75 37 43 18540 1626SEMI-PUCCA OTHER TYPE 12 6 27 43 19 8178 808ALL SEMI-PUCCA STRUCTURE 218 68 191 149 195 84111 9139KATCHA INDEPENDENT HOUSE 83 2 28 56 59 25615 2895KATCHA FLAT 3 2 2 3 3 1133 99KATCHA CHAWL / BUSTEE 16 3 22 81 23 9753 720KATCHA OTHER TYPE 8 - 12 74 14 6244 535ALL KATCHA STRUCTURE 110 7 64 213 99 42746 4249ALL CATEGORIES 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 432307 46107ESTD. HH.(00) 240159 27855 126428 37865 432307 - -SAMPLE HH. 26873 3227 12933 3074 46107 - -

R21

STATEMENT 2R : PER 1000 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH DWELLING UNITS BY TYPE OF STRUCTUREFOR EACH TYPE OF OCCUPANCY FOR MAJOR STATES IN THE RURAL SECTOR

TYPE OF OCCUPANCYSTATE HOUSE STRUCTURE owned quarters other hired others all ESTD. SAMPLE

accommodation HHS.(00) HHS.(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

ANDHRA PRADESHpucca structure 311 827 598 289 326 35948 1953semi-pucca structure 259 173 221 128 253 27897 1208katcha structure 429 - 181 584 420 46301 1742all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 110145 4903

ASSAMpucca structure 40 165 166 46 54 1929 313semi-pucca structure 229 641 320 54 272 9642 821katcha structure 731 194 514 900 674 23942 2065all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 35512 3199

BIHARpucca structure 171 882 371 108 175 21616 1626semi-pucca structure 418 68 573 283 415 51257 2749katcha structure 412 50 56 609 410 50624 2603all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 123497 6978

GUJARATpucca structure 351 685 613 449 367 18923 923semi-pucca structure 449 315 360 338 442 22750 893katcha structure 200 - 27 213 191 9851 402all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 51524 2218

HARAYANApucca structure 720 834 685 1000 725 16626 788semi-pucca structure 143 166 315 - 143 3288 132katcha structure 136 - - - 132 3017 120all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 22931 1040

KARNATAKApucca structure 276 415 417 306 287 16591 892semi-pucca structure 549 546 558 312 539 31126 1329katcha structure 174 38 25 382 173 10008 396all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 57725 2617

KERALApucca structure 511 700 690 435 515 20060 1459semi-pucca structure 308 300 209 128 301 11728 708katcha structure 180 - 101 437 185 7198 388all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 38986 2555

contd. ...

Page 1

R21

Statement 2R contd.



MADHYA PRADESHpucca structure 127 718 218 120 133 12700 935semi-pucca structure 771 282 718 697 765 73077 3862katcha structure 102 -64 183 103 9797 514all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 95575 5311

MAHARASHTRApucca structure 329 747 524 276 341 32537 1765semi-pucca structure 525 223 390 404 510 48728 2095katcha structure 146 29 86 320 149 14279 579all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 95545 4439

ORISSApucca structure 81 795 455 361 102 6099 487semi-pucca structure 192 121 189 200 191 11393 624katcha structure 728 84 357 439 706 42055 2227all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 59547 3338

PUNJABpucca structure 670 806 968 745 678 17276 1500semi-pucca structure 203 - 32 200 198 5056 348katcha structure 127 194 - 54 124 3154 198all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 25486 2046

RAJASTHANpucca structure 452 830 864 331 463 26718 1558semi-pucca structure 256 93 48 94 248 14326 714katcha structure 292 77 88 575 289 16675 820all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 57719 3092

TAMIL NADUpucca structure 342 589 615 325 364 32522 1638semi-pucca structure 249 411 246 141 244 21819 884katcha structure 408 - 139 534 392 35033 1379all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 89374 3901

UTTAR PRADESHpucca structure 313 899 651 441 322 64273 3396semi-pucca structure 378 82 131 158 371 74067 3219katcha structure 309 20 218 401 308 61458 2389all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 199798 9004

WEST BENGALpucca structure 145 931 357 292 156 15591 1013semi-pucca structure 379 69 541 359 380 37899 1598katcha structure 476 - 103 349 464 46348 1869all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 99838 4480

INDIApucca structure 280 570 571 318 292 349295 22783semi-pucca structure 386 347 311 274 381 454693 24654katcha structure 333 83 119 408 327 390225 21743all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1194213 69180

Page 2

STATEMENT 2U : PER 1000 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH DWELLING UNITS BY TYPE OF STRUCTURE FOR EACH TYPE OF OCCUPANCY FOR MAJOR STATES IN THE URBAN SECTOR


accomd. HHS.(00) HHS.(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

ANDHRA PRADESHpucca structure 596 919 757 567 665 24698 2537semi-pucca structure 169 81 152 124 158 5862 568katcha structure 235 - 90 309 177 6588 539all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 37149 3644

ASSAMpucca structure 357 896 308 702 459 2191 380semi-pucca structure 355 69 284 49 264 1258 238katcha structure 288 35 408 249 277 1322 262all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 4771 880

BIHARpucca structure 553 944 743 592 643 11449 1382semi-pucca structure 310 55 245 228 258 4593 568katcha structure 137 2 12 180 99 1754 205all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 17796 2155

GUJARATpucca structure 815 755 752 858 800 22228 1882semi-pucca structure 150 244 197 48 157 4353 376katcha structure 35 2 51 94 43 1196 107all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 27776 2365

HARAYANApucca structure 880 1000 943 774 900 9092 628semi-pucca structure 52 - 39 89 46 463 33katcha structure 68 - 18 138 54 542 36all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10098 697

KARNATAKApucca structure 615 905 709 597 672 17116 1651semi-pucca structure 290 72 262 215 259 6584 646katcha structure 95 23 29 188 69 1758 170all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 25457 2467

KERALApucca structure 657 970 810 468 677 8819 1273semi-pucca structure 203 30 174 187 196 2551 358katcha structure 140 - 16 344 127 1655 196all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 13025 1827

contd. ...

Statement 2U contd.



MADHYA PRADESHpucca structure 499 914 658 508 582 17533 1979semi-pucca structure 456 80 308 387 376 11326 1140katcha structure 45 6 34 105 42 1255 103all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 30114 3222

MAHARASHTRApucca structure 714 961 784 705 747 45747 4240semi-pucca structure 227 32 190 205 204 12498 1041katcha structure 59 7 27 90 49 2973 240all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 61218 5521

ORISSApucca structure 442 974 698 405 590 5576 630semi-pucca structure 223 22 130 142 156 1474 160katcha structure 335 4 172 453 254 2405 247all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 9455 1037

PUNJABpucca structure 909 973 853 782 891 10734 1762semi-pucca structure 73 13 106 121 81 980 138katcha structure 18 13 41 97 27 331 46all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 12044 1946

RAJASTHANpucca structure 823 987 942 812 857 16352 1589semi-pucca structure 108 13 27 41 82 1573 122katcha structure 69 - 31 147 60 1152 88all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 19077 1799

TAMIL NADUpucca structure 575 962 660 714 641 32300 2646semi-pucca structure 231 22 217 78 198 9959 789katcha structure 194 16 122 208 162 8140 605all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 50400 4040

UTTAR PRADESHpucca structure 687 976 847 565 731 36387 3402semi-pucca structure 208 24 137 176 180 8953 724katcha structure 106 - 16 258 89 4409 321all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 49749 4447

WEST BENGALpucca structure 658 867 658 739 681 25502 2380semi-pucca structure 236 125 260 138 228 8528 685katcha structure 106 7 81 123 92 3438 272all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 37467 3337

INDIApucca structure 672 924 745 638 707 305450 32719semi-pucca structure 218 68 191 149 195 84111 9139katcha structure 110 7 64 213 99 42746 4249all house structures 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 432307 46107

Statement 3 : Per 1000 Distribution of Households by Type of occupency for each MonthlyPer Capita Expenditure class

Rural - India

monthly per Type of Occupency estd. samplecapita expenditure owned quarters other hired others no all hhs. hhs.

class (Rs.) accom. dwelling (in 00)(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

less than 120 945 1 7 47 1 1000 49148 2286120 - 140 952 6 8 34 - 1000 54314 2569140 - 165 961 5 8 26 - 1000 96888 4632165 - 190 951 6 12 31 - 1000 120021 5869190 - 210 957 6 11 26 - 1000 98049 5010210 - 235 953 8 19 20 1 1000 116915 6249235 - 265 952 7 19 21 - 1000 126654 7109265 - 300 951 7 21 21 - 1000 119776 6917300 - 355 935 7 32 25 1 1000 135595 8428355 - 455 922 15 34 29 1 1000 130456 8907455 - 560 891 21 62 25 - 1000 66603 4736

560 & above 804 36 124 35 1 1000 80251 6494all classes 934 10 29 27 - 1000 1194669 69206

estd. hhs. (in 00) 1116099 12085 34122 31907 456 1194669 - -sample hhs. 65109 824 1687 1560 26 69206 - -

Urban - India

monthly per Type of Occupency estd. samplecapita expenditure owned quarters other hired others no all hhs. hhs.

class (Rs.) accom. dwelling (in 00)(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

less than 160 730 6 93 170 1 1000 16943 1502160 - 190 725 7 153 112 3 1000 16427 1529190 - 230 708 17 182 92 - 1000 32838 3175230 - 265 678 21 209 92 - 1000 32777 3342265 - 310 632 36 243 89 - 1000 41400 4331310 - 355 619 54 265 62 - 1000 38440 3933355 - 410 582 60 276 82 - 1000 42082 4365410 - 490 527 80 308 84 1 1000 46760 4968490 - 605 467 85 358 89 1 1000 48898 5163605 - 825 441 98 380 81 1 1000 55095 5817825 - 1055 399 112 398 89 1 1000 28582 2946

1055 & above 393 118 415 72 1 1000 32360 5077all classes 555 64 292 88 1 1000 432603 46148

estd. hhs. (in 00) 240159 27855 126428 37865 296 432603 - -sample hhs. 26873 3227 12933 3074 41 46148 - -

Statement 4 : Per 1000 Distribution of Households by Type of occupency for each Major State

Rural

Type of Occupency estd. samplestate owned quarters other hired others no all hhs. hhs.

accommodation dwelling (in 00)(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

Andhra Pradesh 916 3 49 30 1 1000 110281 4908Assam 883 105 6 6 - 1000 35512 3199Bihar 978 6 5 10 - 1000 123511 6979Gujarat 924 6 48 21 1 1000 51559 2219Haryana 966 7 12 15 - 1000 22931 1040

Karanataka 886 19 51 45 - 1000 57725 2617Kerala 940 8 22 30 - 1000 38986 2555Madhya Pradesh 953 9 12 26 - 1000 95602 5313Maharashtra 892 7 56 44 - 1000 95575 4440Orissa 939 7 19 35 - 1000 59547 3338

Punjab 963 3 23 10 - 1000 25486 2046Rajasthan 956 11 21 11 1 1000 57798 3097Tamil Nadu 866 3 79 52 - 1000 89375 3901Uttar Pradesh 972 8 7 14 1 1000 199920 9010West Bengal

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