Dynamic Grid Support through Application of Renewables …€¦ · ... 2016 specifies the test...

© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018

Dynamic Grid Support through Application of Renewables and Storage Inverter Advanced Functionalities


NRCan Organizational Structure // Smart Grid

Office of Energy Research and Development

CanmetENERGY4 R&D Labs

Strategic Science-Technology Branch

Trade & Science Policy

Varennes, QCSmart Grid

Natural Resources Canada Minister’s Office

Deputy Minister’s Office

Innovation and Energy Technology Sector (IETS)Frank Des Rosiers, Assistant Deputy Minister

Energy Sector (ES)Jay Khosla, Assistant Deputy Minister

Energy Resources Branch

Office of Energy Efficiency

Net-Zero Energy Labelling Programs

Other Branches

Renewable & Electrical Energy

DivisionNARIS

Energy S&T Programs

Energy Innovation Program

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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources (2018)

3. Renewable Integration

Limits

1. Demand Flexibility 5. Advanced

Inverter Functions

4. StorageIntegration

2. Standards and

Regulatory Development

Canm

etEN

ERGY

-Sm

art G

rid R

&D

Proj

ects

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CanmetENERGY – Advanced Inverter Team

Alexandre Prieur Janos Rajda

Dr. Nayeem Ninad Dave Turcotte Estefan Apablaza Alexandre Gagné

Dr. Lisa Dignard Youssef Achouri

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Presentation Topics

1 Increased DER Penetration / Advanced Inverter Functionalities

2 What Advanced Functionalities were Implemented in Ontario

3 40 MW Cochrane and 10 MW Silvercreek Solar Projects

4 HydroOne’s Interconnection Fixed Power Factor Requirement

5 Interconnection Standard Update: CSA 22.3 No. 9


Increased DER Penetration Requirements

The rapid rise of penetration of PV and wind based DER in Ontario made real or perceived issues, related to high penetration, rise to the surface:

Feeder, substation transformer hosting capacity limits Inverter fault current contribution to the system fault current Feeder breaker limited fault current closing and interrupting capacity Power quality (flickers, harmonics, unbalance) voltage deterioration Voltage rise issues at points of interconnection (POI) and along the feeder Risks of grid sections islanding, harmonic resonances Voltage and frequency stability issues due to variability of renewable sources

and decreased aggregate system inertia due to inverter frequency follow

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Increased DER Penetration Calls for Advanced Functionalities

• Increased penetration issues calls for wider application of advanced functionalities capable:• Power unidirectional inverters (PV, wind, fuel cell, ...)• Power bidirectional converters (storage)

• Advanced a.k.a. “Smart” functionalities and DER inverter and converter fleet controllers include capabilities for:• Voltage Support• Frequency Support• Grid Protection

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Overview of Advanced “Smart” Inverter Functionalities

• Most of PV inverter manufacturers, which sell in Europe, keep their “smart” inverter functionalities turned on, while the same functionalities are by most part kept turned off on a default basis in Canadian and US jurisdictions

• IEEE 1547, 2014th Amendment (a) revises the IEEE 1547-2003 standard requirements to allows DER devices to regulate voltage if the interconnecting utility approves this mode of operation

• UL 1741 SA – 2016 specifies the test methods for DER devices to ensure they meet CA Rule 21 requirements, to stay online and help stabilize the grid voltage and frequency during abnormal operation events

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Overview of Advanced “Smart” Inverter Functionalities

Power Factor (PF) Control, Fixed or as Function of Active Power, P Intelligent Volt / VAR, Configurable Curves, AVR (Auto Voltage Regulation) Volt / Watt, Configurable Curves for Max Watts vs. Voltage, Schedule Follow Frequency / Watt, Control, Set of Functions 1 and 2 per EPRI Low and High Voltage & Frequency Ride Through, Configurable Boundaries Dynamic Reactive Power, Q Control, Dynamic Reactive Current Peak Power, P Limiting, Curtailment and Ramp Rate Control

• Further reading: Common Functions for Smart Inverters: 4th Edition, EPRI, Dec 2016. 3002008217, https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/000000003002008217/

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https://www.epri.com/


Data Acquisition System

PV ArraySimulator

Equipment Under TestGrid Simulator

SunSpec SVP / Hardware in the loop (HIL)

AC and DC MeasurementsRooftopPV Array

RLC Loads

Arbitrary Waveform Generator

Existing Planned In construction

IEC TR 61850-90-7 ADVANCED FUNCTIONS CURRENT AND PLANNED TEST INFRASTRUCTURE AT CANMETENERGY

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Presentation Topics







What Advanced Functionalities were Implemented in Ontario

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Source: MDP_RUL_0002_04 -A Chapter 4 Grid Connection Requirements – Appendices Market Rules


What Advanced Functionalities were Implemented in Ontario

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Two IESO Transmission Grid connected multi-megawatt PV Projects: 1. 40 MW Cochrane Solar Project, http://cochrane.northlandpower.ca/2. 10 MW Silvercreek Solar Park, http://silvercreeksolar.com/

1. Cochrane, ON

2. Aylmer, ON

http://cochrane.northlandpower.ca/

http://silvercreeksolar.com/


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Presentation Topics







40 MW Cochrane Solar Project

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PV Plant Single-line Diagram (SLD)4 x 10MW PV Plants, 3 plants physically, 21km apart of 4th

plant and plant POI

14 Inverter units of 832kVA at 40ºC max ambient size, amounts to 11.65 MVA capacity for each 10MW PV plant; 6 MVARs capacity allocated for AVC (Volt-VAR) function

Source: System Impact Assessment ReportDocument ID : IESO_REP_0753


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40 MW Cochrane Solar Project

Voltage Ride-Through Capability

Frequency Ride-Through CapabilityThe Market Rules state that the generation facility directly connecting to the IESO-controlled grid shall operate continuously between 59.4Hz and 60.6Hz and for a limited period of time in the region above straight lines on a log-linear scale defined by the points (0.0s, 57.0Hz), (3.3s, 57.0Hz), and (300s, 59.0Hz).


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10 MW Silvercreek Solar Project

S

Source: System Impact Assessment Report(Apr 2014 Addendum), IESO_ CAA ID: 2011-450


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Solutions to meet IESO’s AVC interconnection requirements included SMA CP inverter series’ advanced inverter functionalities along with advanced power plant controller (PPC) for the PV inverter fleet of 16 units of 720 kVA size each or at the project level:

10 MW Silvercreek Solar Project


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Presentation Topics







HydroOne Interconnection Fixed Power Factor Requirement

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• The DG shall operate such that the power factor a the PCC is 0.966 leading (absorbing reactive power)

Ontario DSO, HydroOne DG Technical Interconnection Requirements, R3states in clause:

HydroOne during the CIA (Connection Impact Assessment) study determines the power factor as in following CIA Report example for Belleville South L.P. 10 MW Solar Generation Project ID 11,960:


HydroOne Interconnection Power Factor Requirement

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Rationale behind the DG project specific power factor specs:

4.1 Feeder Steady State Voltage

Study Conditions and Criterion:a) Impact of DG connection on voltage regulation of the feeder and compliance with

CSA Standard CAN3-C235-83 ‘’Preferred Voltage Levels for AC Systems, 0 to50,000 V Electric Power Transmission and Distribution’’ was considered. Thevoltage at the PCC and over the entire feeder shall remain between 0.94p.u and1.06 p.u of the nominal system voltage.


HydroOne Interconnection Fixed Power Factor Requirement

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Rationale behind the DG project specific power factor specs:

Assessment Findings and Remarks:

The assessment showed that the DG shall operate such that power factor of thecontribution of the DG facility to Hydro One distribution system at the PCC must beat all times at 0.966 leading (i.e. absorbing reactive power from the Hydro onedistribution system) to meet the DG Voltage Performance Criteria.

The operating power factor may change if system conditions change (e.g. other generators or loads are connected to the system).


• The core “smart” grid, advanced inverter grid support functionalities like:

Intelligent Volt / VAR, Configurable Curves, AVR (Auto Voltage Regulation)

Low and High Voltage & Frequency Ride Through (VRT & FRT) weredemonstrated at least at two large-scale PV projects, which wereconnected to IESO operated transmission grid (Ontario TSO) and

Power Factor (PF) Control, Fixed setting were demonstrated at number ofmulti-megawatt PV projects , which were connected to HydroOne operatedistribution grids (Ontario DSO) by meeting their grid respectiveinterconnection code requirements.

Summary of What Inverter Functionalities were Implemented in Ontario

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Presentation Topics







Current DER Interconnection Standards

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DistributionSystem

TransmissionSystem Utility Grid Codes

(50 kV)

Inverter basedC22.2 No.257

CSC/IEC TC8CSA C22.3 No.9

IEC TC8 (<35 kV)

IEEE 1547 (<10 MVA)

IEEE P1547 (Draft 2017)UL 1741 SA (Inverter Tests)

Canadian International

IEEE 1547.8 Grid Codes

(600 V)


Canadian/US Standard Alignment

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Installations

(Mandatory)

Products

(Mandatory)

Utility guidelines

(Utility dependent)

Canada Canadian Electrical Code –Part 1 (CSA C22.1)

Canadian Electrical Code –Part 2

CSA C22.2 no. 107.1

CSA C22.2 no. 62109(IEC Standard adopted withdeviations)

Canadian Electrical Code –Part 3

CSA C22.2 no. 257

CSA C22.3 no. 9

US National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

UL 1741 (using IEEE 1547.1)

UL 62109 (IEC )

IEEE 1547


Current DER Interconnection Standards

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Current interconnection requirements related to product certification and project impact assessment are distributed amongst three CSA standards:

• C22.2 No. 107.1 (voltage, frequency and harmonic limits for inverters)• C22.2 No. 257 (requirements for interconnection of inverters at 600V or less)• C22.3 No. 9 (requirements for interconnection up to 50 kV – except for

inverters that are covered in 257)

There is a need to consolidate all the requirements about DER interconnection in a single standard that would be referred to by utilities, system designers as well by standards for DER product certification intended to be interconnected to the grid in Canada.


C22.3 No. 9 Standard Scope

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Published as CAN/CSA-C22.3 No. 9-08 standard on June 2008,Update No. 1 C22.3 No. 9-08 on February 2009

Full title: “Interconnection of distributed resources and electricity supply systems”

Scope includes specification of the technical requirements for the interconnection of distributed resources (DER) and distribution systems up to 50 kV line to line

This Standard covers all distributed resource technologies with an aggregate capacity of 10 MW or less at the point of common coupling (PCC)



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C22.3 No. 9 Scope further covers the interconnection of:a) Inverter-based DER systems and distribution systems where the PCC is at

medium voltage; (for low voltage DER interconnection refers to C22.2 No. 257) and

b) Machine generator-based DER systems and distribution systems where the PCC is at low or medium voltage.

• Description of typical distribution system characteristics and its interaction with DER systems

• Interconnection system requirements that connects the DER to the distribution system



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C22.3 No. 9 Scope (continued listing):

Interconnection systems type or design, production and commissioning tests and their maintenance and installation modifications

Table 1 through Table 6 of “Maximum harmonic current distortion” through “Synchronization criteria for synchronous generators”

Informative Annex A through Annex C of “Single-line diagrams of typicalDER interconnections” through “Transformer winding connections for DER systems connected to distribution systems”



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C22.3 No. 9 Approach taken to Standard Writing/General Observation:

Inclusion of selected core IEEE requirements pertinent to Canada

For majority of Interconnection system tests throughout the C22.3 No. 9 standard frequent references were made to specific clauses of IEEE 1547.1-2005 “Standard Conformance Test Procedures for Equipment Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power System”

Transmission system interconnected DER projects were not considered


C22.3 No. 9 Update

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Items that will most likely be included in the new edition of C22.3 No. 9: Relocation of interconnection requirements and set-points that are presently

in product standards (C22.2 No. 107.1) into the new, Ed. 2 interconnection standard

Wider over- and under-voltage ride through, with and without reactive current injection, over- and under-frequency ride through

Distinct sections addressing DER product and system size considerations, like Baseline and Supplemental size considerations

• Inclusion of annexes for System Impact Assessment (SIA) template, e.g. 1547.7 – IEEE Guide for Conducting Distribution Impact Studies for DER Interconnection, and IEEE 1547.8 recommendations


C22.3 No. 9 Update

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Items that are proposed for consideration and may potentially be integrated:

Grid voltage and frequency support capabilities through advanced inverter and converter “smart functionalities”, perhaps to the extent included in IEEE P1547

Existing power quality (PQ) levels in order to fairly evaluate the PQ impact of particular DER contribution at POI

Energy storage requirements for accommodating the fluctuating nature of renewables and active power, P change in response to frequency deviations

Defining criteria to assess penetration rates for fair assessment of their impact on grid hosting capacities

Grid sub-sections planned islanding and dynamic micro-grid formation


C22.3 No. 9 Update

Items that are proposed for consideration and may potentially be No. 9 Ed.2 integrated:

An example of piecewise linear Q as f(P) characteristics(Source: P1547/D7.0, Figure 6)

An example of piecewise linear V as f(Q) characteristics(Source: P1547/D6.7.2, Figure 5)

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CanmetENERGY-Varennes PV Inverter Test Bench ConfigurationStandard setup for a grid test and single commercial inverter at CanmetENERGY-Varennes

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Testing Inverter Advanced Function at CanmetENERGY-VarennesVolt-Var parameter following the P1547/D6.7.2, Figure 5 :

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Result of Volt-Var at 100% Power Level

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Testing Inverter Advanced Function at CanmetENERGY-Varennes

Voltage range (p.u.)

Operating Mode / Response Minimum ride-through time (s)

V > 1.2 Cease to energize N/A

1.1 < V ≤ 1.2 Momentary cessation 12

0.88 ≤ V < 1.1 Continuous operation infinite

0.7 ≤ V < 0.88 Mandatory operation 20

0.5 ≤ V < 0.7 Mandatory operation 10

V < 0.5 Momentary cessation 1

Table 16 of IEEE P1547/D7.0

Voltage ride-through test

LV2 region

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Result of Voltage Ride-through LV2 at 100% Power Level

10 s(Mandatory operation)

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Summary and Q&A Session

C22.2 No. 257 and C22.3 No. 9 consolidation and update effort into a single C22.3 No. 9 Ed. 2 standard is becoming critical as the renewable DER penetration is accelerating

With increased penetration DER grid dynamic voltage and frequency support capabilities through advanced inverter and converter “smart” functionalities, perhaps to the extent included in IEEE P1547, would be a step forward toward events robust and timely updated electricity system in Canada

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Q & A Session

Time for your Questions, Comments, … and our Answers!


Alexandre PrieurCanmetENERGYNatural Resources Canada1615, Lionel-BouletVarennes, QuébecJ3X 1S6

Tel.: 450-652-4811Fax.: 450-652-5177

Email: [email protected]: http://canmet-energy.nrcan.gc.ca

Contact

mailto:[email protected]

http://canmet-energy.nrcan.gc.ca/

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Dynamic Grid Support through Application of Renewables …€¦ · ... 2016 specifies the test...

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