Dynamics of Complex Intracontinental Basins

Ralf Littke · Ulf Bayer · Dirk Gajewski ·Susanne Nelskamp (Eds.)

Dynamics of ComplexIntracontinental Basins

The Central European Basin System

123

With CD-ROM

Prof. Dr. Ralf LittkeRWTH Aachen GeoForschungsZentrumLehrst. Geologie, Geochemie u. PotsdamLagerstatten Erdol u. Kohle TelegrafenbergLochnerstr. 4-20 14473 Potsdam52056 Aachen GermanyGermany bayer@gfz-potsdam.delittke@lek.rwth-aachen.de

Susanne NelskampUniversitat Hamburg RWTH Aachen

Lehrst. Geologie, Geochemie u.Bundesstr. 5520146 Hamburg Lochnerstr. 4-20Germany 52056 Aachendirk.gajewski@zmaw.de Germany

nelskamp@lek.rwth-aachen.de

Institut fur GeophysikLagerstatten Erdol u. Kohle

ISBN: 978-3-540-85084-7 e-ISBN: 978-3-540-85085-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008932466

c© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Typesetting: Camera-ready by Eva Nelskamp and the Editors

Prof. Dr. Ulf Bayer

Prof. Dr. Dirk Gajewski

Preface

Although sedimentary basins are visually less impressive than mountain belts, they are mankind’s most important archives, not only regarding our understanding of the past but also in terms of economic and ecological aspects. Subsiding over millions of years, they accumulate sediments which allow us to reconstruct long term climatic and tectonic changes that have affected the history of the Earth. During subsidence and consequent burial the deposits are exposed to greater depth, pressure, and temperature. A chemical kitchen develops, reacting as a geo-reactor, generating fluids such as petroleum and natural gas. Beside the fact that basins provide more than 90% of our energy resources, they also provide large reservoirs of drinking water. Other typical resources are sand-stones, carbonates, gypsum and different types of salt. The latter not only includes con-ventional sodium chloride (kitchen salt, halite), but also potassium salts used as fertiliz-ers. Increasingly, sedimentary basins will also act as long term resources for geothermal energy which may partly fill the forthcoming gap in energy resources. Additionally, salt structures and other layers of low permeability in deep sedimentary basins are in the focus for waste disposal, especially radiogenic and toxic agents. Finally, porous and permeable layers overlain by less permeable cap rocks can be used to store liquids or gases, including carbon dioxide, in the attempt to store energy or to construct climate neutral power plants.

Usage of basins is becoming more and more competitive in terms of production of re-sources and long term storage of waste. In order to achieve compatibility, reliable manage-ment will be necessary. Reliable management, however, requires a profound knowledge of the structure to be managed and this knowledge must encompass not only its present state but also, as far as possible, its past and future evolution. For simple basins, straight forward analytic and modeling methods have been developed in various disciplines. There is, however, a class of basins that are either rather large and/or have suffered a complicated geodynamic history over a long time for which classical models fail or are at least insuf-ficient to predict details of the internal structure. We call these basins “complex”. One such is the Central European Basin System (CEBS) extending from Norway to Germany and from Great Britain to Poland. The CEBS has experienced various phases of subsidence and uplift during the past 270 million years. This area will be the central focus throughout this book, although other areas of the world will also be discussed.

In 1999, ten years after the fall of the Berlin Wall we took the opportunity to launch a project concerning sedimentary basins, focusing on the Central European Basin Sys-tem within a future orientated program of the German Research Foundation DFG and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMBF, (“GEOTECHNOLOGIEN: The System Earth – From Processes to Management”). At the same time, the German hydro-carbon industry announced that they would provide previously classified data for basic research. Finally, in 2002, it was possible to initiate a special research project SPP 1135: “Dynamics of sedimentary basins”, funded by the DFG for six years as a “Priority Pro-gramme” (Schwerpunktprogramm) and cosponsored by the DGMK (German Society for Petroleum and Coal Science and Technology) as representative of the German hydro-

carbon industry (DGMK-project 577). For the following six years basic research was performed in about 30 projects and results were presented in a variety of publications, including three peer-reviewed special volumes (Marotta and Bayer, 2005, Littke et al. 2005, Bayer et al. 2008).

The special research project SPP1135 was built on scientific research into the area from the last twenty years. It was first of all the European Geo-Traverse (Blundell et al. 1992) crossing the area in the late 1980s. EUROPROBE served as an umbrella bring-ing together scientists from eastern and western Europe after the political boundaries became transparent in the 1990s. Sub-programmes like TESZ (Trans-European Suture Zone) and associated programmes like PACE (Paleozoic Amalgamation of Central Eu-rope), DEKORP Basin’96, MonaLisa, Polonaise and Celebration 2000, and Thor need to be mentioned here. All these projects, funded by different sources, provided a sound basis for understanding in particular the deeper crust below the Central European basin system by focussed research.

Having published many results of our research program in scientific journals, we felt the need to present our major findings in a book specifically designed to describe a basin system completely and to elucidate the major processes acting therein. This is the first objective of this book, and the sedimentary system selected is that of the Central Euro-pean Basin System, which is one of the largest and most complex continental basins on Earth. In order to develop a conclusive concept for the structure and evolution of this outstanding example of a complex basin, it was necessary to integrate the data and to organise the people specialised in dealing with certain data sets into a non-hierarchical scientific system, which was a considerable enterprise given that the databases came from geology, geophysics, geochemistry, hydrogeology and so on.

The contribution by authorities from different fields of geoscientific research also provided the rare opportunity to combine expert knowledge from different disciplines in one book. In the course of our research programme, we could learn a lot about the disciplines of “the others”, thereby obtaining a wider view of sedimentary basin dynam-ics. We want to share this experience with our readers and have encouraged the authors to describe basic processes from their view as a geophysicst, sedimentologist, structural geologist, petroleum geochemist, hydro-geochemist and so on. Thus, the second objec-tive of this book is to provide an advanced understanding of some of the most important interpretation concepts and parameters relevant for understanding processes acting in sedimentary basins. In this sense, this book should be regarded as an advanced teach-ing book bringing together expertise from different scientific disciplines. This expertise can be applied to sedimentary basins in general, not only the Central European Basin System.

The result we present here is a multi-authored book, whereby the authors of the differ-ent chapters are responsible for the content of their chapters.

Finally, we would like to remember with gratitude our colleagues Friedrich Theilen (Kiel) and Hartmut Jödicke (Münster).

Acknowledgement

This book would not have been possible without the support of the German Research Foundation (DFG) funding of SPP1135, and the German Society for Petroleum and Coal Science and Technology (DGMK) as the representative organisation of the German hy-drocarbon industry (DGMK-project 577). Many people from these two institutions and the German petroleum industry have greatly contributed to our project, including the DFG review committee and the industrial representatives of the petroleum companies Wintershall Holding AG, Kassel, RWE Dea AG, Hamburg, Gaz de France Production

VI Preface

Exploration Deutschland GmbH, Lingen, and ExxonMobil Production Deutschland GmbH, Hannover. We would like to thank all of them, in particular Thilo Bechstaedt, Sören Dürr, Martin Jentsch, and Ingrid Winter for their great support. We also acknowl-edge the help of the following persons: Benjamin Bruns greatly helped to organize the reference list of this book, Martin Koppelberg and Gabor Lang helped with the key word and abbreviation index, Eva Nelskamp made the proofs, Hilary Horsfield read earlier drafts of the manuscripts and homogenized the usage of the English language as much as possible and Frederik Orth improved the readability of several of our figures.

Furthermore, the authors of the individual chapters wish to extend their thanks to the following people and organizations:

Chapter 3.2: Derek Blundell for discussion on Caledonian tectonics and EEG Erdöl Erdgas GmbH for providing the Rerik dataset and for permission to publish our results. Chapter 3.3: Nederlandsche Aardolie Maatschappij (NAM; a Shell operated 50/50 joint venture between Shell and ExxonMobil) is thanked for use of the Groningen seismic volume. We thank RWE-DEA A.G. for 3D seismic and borehole data. We thank the Landesamt für Geologie und Bergwesen (LAGB) Sachsen-Anhalt for data and support.

Chapter 3.4: Ulrich Glasmacher, Heidelberg, for discussions on the fission track inter-pretation, Marek Narkiewicz, Warsaw, Andreas Beha, Copenhagen, and Petra David, Utrecht, for valuable information on the Polish, Danish, and Dutch part of the basin, respectively.

Chapter 4.1: Dr. G. Beutler, J. Barnasch, M. Franz, Halle, Dr. H. W. Kozur, Budapest, and Dr. F. Kockel, Hannover, for valuable information and discussions; J. Barnasch helped additionally with computer graphics. Dr. E. Brand, Kassel, provided useful un-published information on the late Bajocian unconformity.

Chapter 4.3: Dr. H. W. Kozur, Budapest is thanked for valuable information and dis-cussions.

Chapter 4.5: Our neotectonic studies in Schleswig Holstein were strongly supported by Dr. Sven Christensen, head of the Geological Division of the „Landesamt für Natur und Umwelt des Landes Schleswig Holstein“.

Chapter 5.3: We thank GDF Produktion Exploration Deutschland, EMPG and EWE Aktiengesellschaft for providing a high-quality data set. Mike Hudec, Martin Jackson and John Warren are thanked for their valuable contributions during this project. Christoph Krämer is thanked for his drafting support.

Chapter 6.4: GFZ-Potsdam, BGR, RWTH Aachen and StatoilHydro are thanked for sup-port and permission to publish.

Chapter 6.5: Anne Richter, FZ-Jülich, and Yves Gensterblum, RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen for valuable technical assistance in the pyrolysis experiments; Anke Jurisch for evaluating experimental data and assistance in preparing the figures.

Ralf Littke Ulf Bayer Dirk Gajewski Susanne Nelskamp

Preface VII

Contents

Characteristics of complex intracontinental sedimentary basins (U. Bayer · H.-J. Brink · D. Gajewski · R. Littke)1.1 Introduction1.2 Classifications of basin complexity1.3 Summary

The Central European Basin System – an Overview (Y. Maystrenko · U. Bayer · H.-J. Brink · R. Littke)2.1 Introduction2.2 Crustal association2.3 Permian Basin formation and subsequent subsidence2.4 Subsequent formation of sub-basins2.5 Sedimentary history2.6 Fluids within the Central European Basin System2.7 The Central European Basin System – prototype of a complex sedimentary basin

Strain and temperature in space and timeDriving mechanisms for basin formation and evolution (M. Cacace · U. Bayer · A.M. Marotta · C. Lempp)3.1.1 Driving mechanisms for basin evolution3.1.2 Kinematic models for basin formation3.1.3 Rheological models3.1.4 Modelling complex basins

Crustal structures and properties in the Central European Basin System from geophysical evidence(C.M. Krawczyk · W. Rabbel · S. Willert · F. Hese · H.-J. Götze · D. Gajewski & the SPP-Geophysics Group)3.2.1 Introduction3.2.2 Structural inventory and physical properties from seismic observations3.2.3 Conductive layers and bodies from magnetotelluric observations3.2.4 Rock properties and density structure from potential field investigations3.2.5 Summary

Strain and Stress (J. Kley · H.-J. Franzke · F. Jähne · C. Krawczyk · T. Lohr · K. Reicherter ·M. Scheck-Wenderoth · J. Sippel · D. Tanner · H. van Gent - the SPP Structural Geology Group)3.3.1 Introduction3.3.2 Structural framework of the Central European Basin System3.3.3 Structural analysis and quantification of strain3.3.4 Stress history3.3.5 The Central European Basin Systems structural evolution

1

2

33.1

3.2

3.3

1

33

12

15

17192225263034

3537

37375066

67

6768828594

97

97102105116121

Subsidence, inversion and evolution of the thermal field(R. Littke · M. Scheck-Wenderoth · M.R. Brix · S. Nelskamp)3.4.1 Introduction3.4.2 The Central European Basin System as example of regional subsidence models3.4.3 Temperature in sedimentary basins3.4.4 Maturity and temperature parameters in sedimentary basins3.4.5 Variability of palaeotemperature fields in the Central European Basin System

Basin fill Depositional history and sedimentary cycles in the Central European Basin System (G.H. Bachmann · T. Voigt · U. Bayer · H. von Eynatten · B. Legler · R. Littke)4.1.1 Palaeoclimate, palaeogeography and palaeoenvironment4.1.2 Sedimentary cycles4.1.3 Provenance of sediments in the Central European Basin

Basin initiation: Volcanism and sedimentation (Ch. Breitkreuz · M. Geißler · J. Schneider · H. Kiersnowski)4.2.1. Late Palaeozoic basins in central Europe – distribution, volcanic activity and magmagenetic aspects4.2.2. Data base, distribution and volumes of Late Palaeozoic volcanics in the Central European Basin System4.2.3. Stratigraphy and geochronology of volcanic successions in the Southern Permian Basin4.2.4. Volcanic facies in the Southern Permian Basin4.2.5. Syn- to postvolcanic sedimentation during the Lower Rotliegend and Upper Rotliegend I4.2.6. Landscape evolution during the initial phase of the Southern Permian Basin

Upper Rotliegend to Early Cretaceous basin development (H. Stollhofen · G.H. Bachmann · J. Barnasch · U. Bayer · G. Beutler · M. Franz M. Kästner · B. Legler · J. Mutterlose · D. Radies)

4.3.1. Introduction4.3.2. Upper Rotliegend II4.3.3. Zechstein4.3.4. Buntsandstein4.3.5. Muschelkalk4.3.6. Keuper4.3.7. Jurassic4.3.8. Early Cretaceous

Sedimentation during basin inversion (T. Voigt · K. Reicherter · H. von Eynatten · R. Littke · S. Voigt · J. Kley)

4.4.1. Introduction4.4.2. Basin formation4.4.3. Effects of basin inversion on deposition4.4.4. Sedimentation during inversion in the Central European Basin4.4.5. The North German Basin during the Tertiary

Glaciation, salt and the present landscape (F. Sirocko · K. Reicherter · R. Lehné · Ch. Hübscher · J. Winsemann · W. Stackebrandt)

4.5.1. Introduction4.5.2. Modern topography and glacial isostasy4.5.3. Crustal movements, seismicity and landscape formation

3.4

44.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

125

125125133137141

155157

157161169

173

173

173

175176

178179

181

181182185188191194199207

211

211211215220228

233

233233236

X Contents

Salt dynamics Salt as sediment in the Central European Basin System as seen from a deep time perspective (J.K.Warren)5.1.1. Introduction5.1.2. Mother brines: isochemical systems?5.1.3. Evaporite sediments and climate5.1.4. Evaporite volumes in deep time5.1.5. Evaporite volumes & tectonics?5.1.6. Episodic halokinesis

Flow and transport properties of salt rocks (J.L. Urai · Z. Schléder · C.J.Spiers · P.A. Kukla)5.2.1. Introduction5.2.2. Physical properties of evaporites5.2.3. Deformation mechanisms and rheology of halite in experiments5.2.4. Deformation mechanisms and rheology of carnallite and bischofite5.2.5. Natural laboratories5.2.6. Discussion and outlook

Dynamics of salt structures (P.A. Kukla · J.L. Urai · M. Mohr)5.3.1. Introduction5.3.2. Concepts of salt tectonics5.3.3. Salt geometries and kinematics – a case study5.3.4. Salt sediment interaction5.3.5. Multiphase salt dynamics in the Central European Basin System

Dynamics of salt basins (M. Scheck-Wenderoth · Y. Maystrenko · C. Hübscher · M. Hansen · S. Mazur)5.4.1. Introduction5.4.2. Regional pattern of salt structures in the Central European Basin System5.4.3. History of salt movements in the Central European Basin System5.4.4. Case study Glückstadt Graben5.4.5. Case study NE German Basin5.4.6. Case study SW Baltic Sea5.4.7. General findings for salt-containing intra-continental basins

Temperature fields, petroleum maturation and fluid flow in the vicinity of salt domes (F. Magri · R. Littke · S. Rodon · U. Bayer · J.L. Urai)5.5.1. Introduction5.5.2. Impact of salt structures on temperature field and oil maturation5.5.3. Fluid flow in salt5.5.4. Impact of salt structures on groundwater transport processes within sedimentary basins

Fluid systems Fluids in sedimentary basins: an overview (R. Gaupp · P. Möller · V. Lüders · R. di Primio · R. Littke)6.1.1. Relevance of geofluids6.1.2. Definitions6.1.3. Subsurface aquaeous fluids6.1.4. Petroleum fluids

55.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

66.1

247

249

249251255259262267

277

277278278284284289

291

291292293301304

307

307308309315318320321

323

323323328

330

345347

347347348359

Contents XI

Transport processes (J.L. Urai · G. Nover · C. Zwach · R. Ondrak · R. Schöner · B.M. Krooss)6.2.1. Introduction6.2.2. Physical mechanisms and concepts6.2.3. Fault seals and top seals6.2.4. Geological aspects of fluid transport

Fluid-rock interactions (R. Schöner · V. Lüders · R. Ondrak · R. Gaupp · P. Möller)6.3.1. Introduction6.3.2. Evolution of deep brines6.3.3. Palaeo-fluid reconstruction6.3.4. Organic-inorganic interactions6.3.5. Modelling fluid-rock interactions6.3.6. Geological applications

Petroleum systems (R. di Primio · B. Cramer · C. Zwach · B.M. Krooss · R. Littke)6.4.1. Concepts of petroleum system modelling6.4.2. Petroleum source rocks6.4.3. Shallow and microbial gas6.4.4. Sources of deep gas6.4.5. Petroleum alteration – biodegradation6.4.6. Overpressured reservoirs6.4.7. Effects of glaciation on petroleum systems

Origin and distribution of non-hydrocarbon gases (B.M. Krooss · B. Plessen · H.G. Machel · V. Lüders · R. Littke)6.5.1. Introduction6.5.2. Nitrogen6.5.3. Carbon dioxide6.5.4. Hydrogen sulfide6.5.5. Evidence from vein mineralisation and fluid inclusions

References

Subject Index

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

XII Contents

367

367367372386

389

389389391401404408

411

411413418422425428430

433

433433443447457

459

507

Abbreviations

= Werra-Anhydrites= Stassfurt-Anhydrites= Altmark-Brandenburg Basin= Avalonia-Baltica Suture= Apatite Fission Track Analysis= Aller Lineament= Apatite= American Petroleum Institute= Allertal= Autun Basin= Athesian Volcanic District= Boskovice Graben= Bornholm-Darlowo Fault Zone= Broad Fourteens Basin= Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources= British Geological Survey= British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate= Blanice Graben= Formation Volume Factor (of oil)= Barrels of Oil Equivalent= Before Present= Solid Bitumen Reflectance= North-East Brandenburg Swell= Bacterial Sulfate Reduction= Bourbon l´Archambault Basin= Bohemian Vindelician Massif= Carpatian Basin= Zechstein Limestone= Zechstein 2 Carbonate (Stassfurt Carbonate)= Conodont Colour= Collio Basin= Caledonian Deformation Front= Canyon Diablo Troilite (sulfur istotope standard)= Central European Basin System= Central Graben= Central Glückstadt Graben= Common Mid Point= Central Netherlands Basin = Organic Carbon= Carbon Preference Index= Carnic Alps= Common Reflection Surface= Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy= Cenozoic= Detfurth= Deep Aquifer Complex= Danish Basin

= Donezk Basin= Depositional Cycle= Dielectric Constant Measurement= Deutsches Kontinentales Reflexionsseismisches Programm= Döhlen Basin= Dowsing–South Hewett Fault Zone = Eichsfeld-Altmark Swell= Erzgebirge Basin= Electron Backscatter Diffraction= East Brandenburg Sub-Province= East European Craton= East European Platform= Elbe Fault System= Elbe Fault Zone= Enhanced Gas Recovery= European Geotraverse= Eastholstein Trough= Ems Low= Elbe Line (see EOL)= Elbe-Odra Line= Enhanced Oil Recovery= Equation of State= Erosion Rate= East Sudetic Depression= Emsland Trough= Flechtingen-Altmark Sub-Province= Finite Element= Finite Element Subsurface FLOW System= Fluid Inclusions= Franconian Line= Flechtingen-Roßlau Block= Flechtingen High= Formation= Franconian Basin= Fennoscandian Shield= Field Size Distribution= Foresudetic Monocline= Fjerritslev Trough= Fission Track= Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy= Flow Zone Indicator= Gas-Chromatography / Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry= Gardelegen Escarpment= Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland= Glückstadt Graben= Glacial Isostatic Adjustment

A1A2ABBABSAFTAALAp.APIATAUAVDBCGBDFBFBBGR

BGSBIRPS

BLGBoBOEBPBRrBSBSRBUBVMCACa1Ca2

CAICBCDFCDT

CEBSCGCGGCMPCNBCorgCPICRCRSCryo-SEMCzDDACDB

DBDCDCMDEKORP

DÖDSHFZEA=EASEBEBSDEBSPEECEEPEFSEFZEGREGTEHTELELEOLEOREOSERESDETFASPFEFEFLOW

FIFLFLFleFmFRFSFSDFSMFTFTFTIR

FZIGC/IRMS

GEGEUS

GGGIA

= Geographic Information System= Gravity Lineament= Global Meteoric Water Line= Gas to Oil Ratio= Guardia Pisano Basin= Global Positioning System= Gamma Ray= Garnet= Grand Sillon Houllier Fracture Zone= Global Stratotype Section and Point= Gas-Water Contact= Hardegsen= Harz= Hamburg High= Hydrocarbon= Holy Cross Mountains= High Density Lower Crust= Hydrofluoric Acid= Horn Graben= Hydrogen Index= Helgoland Low= High Pressure High Temperature= Hunsrück Fracture Zone= Hamburg Trough= Isotope Dilution – Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry= Ilfeld Basin= Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar= Iapetus Suture= Intra Sudetic Basin= Jurassic= Upper Cretaceous= Lower Cretaceous= Koszalinseyre-Tornquist-Zone= Grabfeld-Formation= Middle Keuper 2= Middle Keuper 4= Krkonoše Piedmont Basin= Kuiavian Segment= Lower Keuper= Lausitz Thrust= Lithosphere-Astenosphere Boundary= Leer-Bremen Fault Zone= London-Brabant Massif= Lu Caparoni Basin= Lausitz Escarpment= Last Glacial Maximum= Lusatian High= Landshut-Neuötting= Lodève Basin= Lower Saxony Basin= Lysogory Unit= Million Years= Mean Annual Ground Temperature= Mid-German Crystalline Rise/Kyffhäuser= Magdeburg-Dessau High= Moary Firth Basin= Moho= Multiple Inverse Method= Mölln Low= Middle Muschelkalk= Malopolska Massif= Mid North Sea High

= Bending Moment= Upper Muschelkalk= Montceau les Mines Basin= Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts= Methylphenantrene Index= Mid-Polish Trough= intensity=Medvedev-Sponheuer- Karnik scale of seismic intensity= Microbial Sulfate Reduction= Magnetotelluric= Lower Muschelkalk= Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Sub-Province= North American Shale Composite= Neiße-Bobr-Low= North Danish Basin= Numerical Dynamic Analysis= Norwegian-Danish Basin= North East German Basin= North German Basin= Northern Harz Boundary Fault= Norderstedt Kiel High= Netherlands Low= North Netherlands Low= North Netherlands Swell= Normalized Porosity Index= Northern Permian Basin= North Sudetic Basin= Netherlands Swell= Total Nitrogen= Oceanic Anoxic Event= Odra= Oxygen Index= Osning= Oil-Water Contact= Post-Archean Australian Shale= Partial Annealing Zone= Polish Basin= Pompecky Block= Pays de Bray Fracture= Perdasdefogu Basin= PeeDee Belemnite= Mercury-Air Displacement Pressure= Pfahl. Sub-Basins= Fluid-pressure= Pritzwalk High= Pennine High= Production Index= Polish Geological Institute= Proton Induced X-ray Emission= Parts Per Million= Polysulfides= Pompeckj-Swell (Block)= Pomeranian Segment of Mid-Polish Trough= Saturation Pressure= Polish Trough= Pressure-Temperature= Pressure-Temperature-Composition= Pressure-Volume-Temperature= PVT through Time = Polish Trough= Röt= Rayleigh Number= Rheder Moor-Blenhorst

XIV Abbreviations

GISGLGMWLGORGPGPSGRGrt.GSHGSSPGWCHHaHAHHCHCMHDLCHFHGHIHLHPHTHRFHTID-TIMS

IFInSAR

ISISJK1K2KFCKM 1KM 2KM 4KPKSKULaLABLBLBMLCLELGMLHLNLOLSBLUMaMAGTMCR

MDHMFBMHMIMMLMMMMMNSH

MoMOMOMORBMPIMPTMSK

MSRMTMUMVSP

NASCNBLNDNDANDBNEGBNGBNHFNKHNLNLNNNPINPBNSNSNtotOAEOdOIOsOWCPAASPAZPBPBPBFPDPDBpdHgPfPfPHPHPIPIGPIXEppmPSPSPS

PsatPTP-TP-T-XPVTPVTtPTRRaRB

= Rare Earth Elements= Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium= Ringkoebing-Fyn-High= Roer Graben= Rhein Graben Lineament= Rheinsberg Lineament= Rhenish Massif= Reservoir Quality Index= Rügen Swell= Rheic Suture= Rheinsberg Trough= Rügen= Roer Valley Graben= RWE AG=Rheinisch-Westfälisches Elektrizitätswerk AG= Saline Aquifer CO2 Storage= Silverpit Basin= Saale Basin= Subhercynian Cretaceous Basin= Standard Cubic Feet per Stock Tank Barrel= Saale Depression= Sylt High= Subhercynian Basin= Middle Bunter= Standard Cubic Meters= Standard Mean Ocean Water= Saar-Nahe Basin= Sveconorwegian Front= Upper Bunter= Sedimentary Organic Matter= Sole Pit Basin= Southern Permian Basin= Southern Permian Basin Volcanic Zone= Source Potential Index= Sedimentation Rate= Steinhuder Meer= St. Etienne Basin= Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone= Lower Bunter= Buntsandstein= MiddleTriassic; Lower Triassic= Upper Triassic= Spore Colour= Trier Embayment= Top Cretaceous Reflector= Total Dissolved Solids= Transeuropean Fault

= Thuringian Forest Basin= Thrust Zone= Titane= Temperature of Maximum Pyrolysis Yield= Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research= Total Organic Carbon= Teleseismic Tomography across the Tornquist zone= Maxiumum Paleotemperature= Top Palaeozoic Reflector= Thor Suture= Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction= Time Temperature Index= Tornquist-Teisseyre Zone= Thüringer Wald= Thuriningian-West Brandenburg Depression= Two Way Traveltime= Unconfined Compressive Strength= United Kingdom= United States of America= United States Geological Survey= Volpriehausen= Variscan Deformation Front= Variscan Front= Violet Horizons= Volatile Matter Yield= Vertical Line Load= Mean Vitrinite Reflectance= West Brandenburg High= West Brandenburg Trough= Western and Central Bohemian Basins= Weser Depression= Weser Trough= Weissig Basin= Westholstein Trough= West Netherlands Basin= World Stress Map= World Stress Map Project= West Schleswig Platform= Weight-%= Base Zechstein Reflector= Zechstein= Zöbingen= Zircon Partial Annealing Zone

REEREYRFHRGRGLRLRMRQIRSRSRTRÜRVGRWE AG

SACSSBSBSCBScf/STB

SDSHSHBSMSm3

SMOWSNBSNFSOSOMSPSPBSPBV

SPISRStSTSTZSUT1T2T2-3TAITBTCTDSTEF

TFTHZTiTmax

TNO

TOCTOR

Tpeak

TPTSTSRTTITTZTWTW

TWTUCSUKUSAUSGSVVDFVFVHVMVoVRrWBHWBTWCB

WDWeWEIWHTWNBWSMWSMPWSPWt.-%ZZ1ZÖZPAZ

Abbreviations XV

Authors

Gerhard H. BachmannMartin Luther Universität Halle-WittenbergInstitut für GeowissenschaftenVon-Seckendorff-Platz 3 · 06120 Halle, Germanygerhard.bachmann@geo.uni-halle.de

Jens BarnaschMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-WittenbergInstitut für GeowissenschaftenVon-Seckendorff-Platz 3 06120 Halle, Germnayjens.barnasch@geo.uni-halle.de

Ulf BayerGeoForschungsZentrum PotsdamSektion 4.3Telegrafenberg, C425 · 14473 Potsdam, Germanybayer@gfz-potsdam.de

Mikhail BaykulovUniversität HamburgInstitut für GeophysikBundesstraße 55 · 20146 Hamburg, Germanymikhail.baykulov@zmaw.de

Gerhard BeutlerMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-WittenbergInstitut für GeowissenschaftenVon-Seckendorff-Platz 3 · 06120 Halle, Germany

Filiz BilgiliChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielInstitut für Geowissenschaften, GeophysikOtto-Hahn-Platz 1 · 24118 Kiel, Germanyfbilgili@geophysik.uni-kiel.de

Chistoph BreitkreuzTechnische Universität Bergakademie FreibergInstitut für Geologie und PaläontologieBernhard-von-Cotta-Straße 2 09599 Freiberg, Germanycbreit@geo.tu-freiberg.de

Heinz-Jürgen BrinkHindenburgstraße 39 · 30175 Hannover, Germany0511814674-0001@t-online.de

Manfred R. BrixRuhr-Universität BochumInstitut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik44780 Bochum, Germanymanfred.r.brix@rub.de

Holger BuscheGeozentrum HannoverBundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)Stilleweg 2 · 30655 Hannoverh.busche@bgr.de

Mauro CacaceGeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam · Section 4.3Telegrafenberg, C427 · 14473 Potsdam, Germanycacace@gfz-potsdam.de

Bernhard CramerGeozentrum HannoverBundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)Stilleweg 2 · 30655 HannoverBernhard.Cramer@bgr.de

Hilmar von EynattenGeowissenschaftlichen Zentrum der Universität GöttingenAbteilung Sedimentologie/UmweltgeologieGoldschmidtstraße 3 37077 Göttingen, Germanyhilmar.von.eynatten@geo.uni-goettingen.de

Matthias FranzMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-WittenbergInstitut für GeowissenschaftenVon-Seckendorff-Platz 306120 Halle, Germnaymatthias.franz@geo.uni-halle.de

Hans-Joachim. FranzkeTechnische Universität ClausthalInstitut für Geologie und PaläontologieLeibnizstraße 1038678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germanyhans-joachim.franzke@tu-clausthal.de

Dirk GajewskiUniversität HamburgInstitut für GeophysikBundesstraße 55 · 20146 Hamburg, Germanydirk.gajewski@zmaw.de

Reinhard Gaupp Friedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaInstitut für GeowissenschaftenBurgweg 11 · 07749 Jena, GermanyReinhard.Gaupp@uni-jena.de

Marion GeißlerTechnische Universität Bergakademie FreibergInstitut für Geologie und PaläontologieBernhard-von-Cotta-Straße 209596 Freiberg, GermanyMarion.Geissler@geo.tu-freiberg.de

Heijn van GentRWTH Aachen UniversityGeologie-Endogene DynamikLochnerstraße 4-20 · 52056 Aachen, Germanyh.vangent@ged.rwth-aachen.de

Hans-Jürgen Götze Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielInstitut für Geowissenschaften, GeophysikOtto-Hahn-Platz 1 24118 Kiel, Germanyhajo@geophysik.uni-kiel.de

Martin Bak HansenHydro Oil & Energy Research Centre BergenP.O. Box 7190 · N-5020 Bergen, NorwayMartin.Bak.Hansen@hydro.com

Laska HengesbachWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterInstitut für GeophysikCorrensstraße 24 · 48149 Münster, Germany

Fabian HeseChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielInstitut für Geowissenschaften, GeophysikOtto-Hahn-Platz 1 · 24118 Kiel, Germanyfabian@geophysik.uni-kiel.de

Norbert HoffmannBundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeDienstbereich BerlinWilhelmstraße 25-30 · 13593 Berlin, Germanynorbert.hoffmann@bgr.de

Christian HübscherUniversität HamburgInstitut für GeophysikBundesstraße 55 · 20146 Hamburg, Germanychristian.huebscher@zmaw.de

Fabian JähneFriedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaInstitut für GeowissenschaftenWöllnitzer Str. 7 · 07749 Jena, Germanyfabian_jaehne@web.de

Hartmut Jödicke †Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterInstitut für GeophysikCorrensstraße 24 · 48149 Münster, Germany

Marleen KästnerUniversität HannoverInstitut für GeologieCallinstraße 30 · 30167 Hannover, Germanykaestner@geowi.uni-hannover.de

Hubert KiersnowskiPolish Geological InstituteRakowiecka 400-975 Warszawa, Polandhubert.kiersnowski@pgi.gov.pl

Jonas KleyFriedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaInstitut für GeowissenschaftenBurgweg 11 · 07749 Jena, GermanyJonas.Kley@uni-jena.de

Charlotte M. KrawczykGeozentrum HannoverInstitut für Geowissenschaftliche Gemeinschaftsaufgaben (GGA-Institut)Stilleweg 2 30655 Hannover, Germanylotte@gga-hannover.de

XVIII Authors

Bernhard M. KrooßRWTH Aachen UniversityLehrstuhl für Geologie, Geochemie und Lagerstätten des Erdöls und der KohleLochnerstraße 4-20 · 52056 Aachen, Germanykrooss@lek.rwth-aachen.de

Peter A. KuklaRWTH Aachen UniversityLehrstuhl für Geologie und PaläontologieWüllnerstraße 2 · 52056 Aachen, Germanykukla@geol.rwth-aachen.de

Berit LeglerRWE Dea AGWietze E & P LaboratoryGeosciencesIndustriestraße 2 · 29323 Wietze, Germanyberit.legler@rwe.com

Rouwen LehnéJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzInstitut für GeowissenschaftenBecherweg 2155099 Mainz, Germanylehne@uni-mainz.de

Christof LemppMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-WittenbergInstitut für Geowissenschaften, IngenieurgeologieVon-Seckendorff-Platz 3 06120 Halle, Germanychristof.lempp@geo.uni-halle.de

Ralf LittkeRWTH Aachen UniversityLehrstuhl für Geologie, Geochemie und Lagerstätten des Erdöls und der KohleLochnerstraße 4-20 · 52056 Aachen, Germanylittke@lek.rwth-aachen.de

Tina LohrGeoForschungsZentrum PotsdamSektion 3.1Telegrafenberg, D 225 · 14473 Potsdam, Germanylohr@gfz-potsdam.de

Volker LüdersGeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam Sektion 4.3Telegrafenberg B226 · 14473 Potsdam, Germanyvolue@gfz-potsdam.de

Hans MachelUniversity of AlbertaDepartment of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences1-26 Earth Sciences BuildingEdmonton, Alberta, Canada · T6G 2E3Hans.Machel@ualberta.ca

Fabien MagriGeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam Section 4.3Telegrafenberg, C426 · 14473 Potsdam, Germanyfabienma@gfz-potsdam.de

Anna Maria MarottaUniversity of MilanDepartment of Earth Sciences, Section of GeophysicsL. Cicognara 7 · 20129 Milan, Italyanna.maria.marotta@unimi.it

Yuriy MaystrenkoGeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam · Section 4.3Telegrafenberg, C424 · 14473 Potsdam, Germanyyuram@gfz-potsdam.de

Stanislaw MazurGETECH, Kitson HouseElmete HallElmete Lane, Leeds LS8 2LJ, UK

Markus MohrRWE Dea AGÜberseering 40 · 22297 Hamburg, Germanymarkus.mohr@rwe.com

Peter MöllerGeoForschungsZentrum PotsdamTelegrafenberg · 14473 Potsdam, Germany

Rainer MüllerTechnische Universität ClausthalInstitut für Geologie und PaläontologieLeibnizstraße 1038678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germanyrainer.mueller@tu-clausthal.de

Jörg MutterloseRuhr-Universität BochumInstitut für Geologie, Mineralogie und GeophysikUniversitätsstraße 150 · 44801 Bochumjoerg.mutterlose@ruhr-uni-bochum.de

Susanne NelskampRWTH Aachen UniversityLehrstuhl für Geologie, Geochemie und Lagerstätten des Erdöls und der KohleLochnerstraße 4-20 · 52056 Aachen, Germanynelskamp@lek.rwth-aachen.de

Georg Nover Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnSteinmann Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie, PaläontologiePoppelsdorfer Schloß 53115 Bonn, Germanyg.nover@uni-bonn.de

Robert OndrakGeoForschungsZentrum PotsdamSektion 4.3Telegrafenberg, B422 · 14473 Potsdam, Germanyondrak@gfz-potsdam.de

Birgit PlessenGeoForschungsZentrum PotsdamSektion 3.3Telegrafenberg, C327 · 14473 Potsdam, Germanybirgit@gfz-potsdam.de

Authors XIX

Rolando di PrimioGeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam Section 4.3Telegrafenberg, B428 · 14473 Potsdam, Germanydipri@gfz-potsdam.de

Wolfgang RabbelChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielInstitut für Geowissenschaften, GeophysikOtto-Hahn-Platz 1 · 24118 Kiel, Germanywrabbel@geophysik.uni-kiel.de

Dirk RadiesOMV (Norge) ASJåttåvågveien 7B4020 Stavanger, Norwaydirk.radies@omv.com

Klaus ReicherterRWTH Aachen UniversityLehr- und Forschungsgebiet Neotektonik und GeorisikenLochnerstraße 4-20 · 52056 Aachen, Germanyk.reicherter@nug.rwth-aachen.de

Sabine RodonRWE Dea AGÜberseering 40 · 22297 Hamburg, GermanySabine.Rodon@rwe.com

Magdalena Scheck-WenderothGeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam · Sektion 4.3Telegrafenberg, C423 · 14473 Potsdamleni@gfz-potsdam.de

Peter SchikowskyUniversität LeipzigInstitut für Geophysik und GeologieTalstraße 35 · 04103 Leipzig, Germanypschik@rz.uni-leipzig.de

Zsolt SchléderMidland Valley Exploration Ltd144 West George StreetGlasgow G2 2HG, United Kingdomzsolt@mve.com

Sabine SchmidtChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielInstitut für Geowissenschaften, GeophysikOtto-Hahn-Platz 1 · 24118 Kiel, Germanysabine@geophysik.uni-kiel.de

Jörg SchneiderTechnische Universität Bergakademie FreibergInstitut für Geologie und PaläontologieBernhard-von-Cotta-Straße 209596 Freiberg, Germanyschneidj@geo.tu-freiberg.de

Robert SchönerFriedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaInstitut für GeowissenschaftenBurgweg 11 · 07749 Jena, GermanyRobert.Schoener@uni-jena.de

Judith SippelGeoForschungsZentrum PotsdamSektion 4.3Telegrafenberg, C427 14473 Potsdam, Germanysippel@gfz-potsdam.de

Frank SirockoJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzInstitut für GeowissenschaftenBecherweg 21 · 55099 Mainz, Germanysirocko@uni-mainz.de

Christopher J. SpiersUtrecht UniversityDepartment of Earth SciencesBudapestlaan 4 · 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlandscspiers@geo.uu.nl

Werner StackebrandtLandesamt für Bergbau Geologie und RohstoffeStahnsdorfer Damm 7714532 Kleinmachnow, Germanystackebrandt@lgrb.de

Harald StollhofenRWTH Aachen UniversityLehrstuhl für Geologie und PaläontologieWüllnerstraße 2 52056 Aachen, Germanystollhofen@geol.rwth-aachen.de

David TannerGeowissenschaftlichen Zentrum der Universität GöttingenAbteilung Strukturgeologie und GeodynamikGoldschmidtstraße 3 37077 Göttingen, Germanydtanner@gwdg.de

Friedrich Theilen †Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielInstitut für Geowissenschaften, GeophysikOtto-Hahn-Platz 1 24118 Kiel, Germany

Janos L. Urai RWTH Aachen UniversityGeologie-Endogene DynamikLochnerstraße 4-20 · 52056 Aachen, Germanyj.urai@ged.rwth-aachen.de

Silke VoigtUniversität zu KölnInstitut für Geologie und MineralogieZülpicher Straße 49a 50674 Köln, Germanye-mail: silke.voigt@uni-koeln.de

Thomas VoigtFriedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaInstitut für GeowissenschaftenBurgweg 11 · 07749 Jena, GermanyThomas.Voigt@uni-jena.de

XX Authors

John K.WarrenShell Chair in Carbonate Studies (Subsurface Reservoir Characterisation)Sultan Qaboos UniversityPO Box 17 · Al-Khodh-123Muscat, Sultanate of Omanjkwarren@squ.edu.om

Sven WillertChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielInstitut für Geowissenschaften, GeophysikOtto-Hahn-Platz 1 · 24118 Kiel, Germanyswillert@geophysik.uni-kiel.de

Jutta WinsemannUniversität HannoverInstitut für Geologie und PaläontologieCallinstraße 30 30167 Hannover, Germanywinsemann@geowi.unihannover.de

Tamara YegorovaNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineInstitute of GeophysicsPalladin av. 32 · 03680 Kiev, Ukraineegorova@igph.kiev.ua

Mi-Kyung YoonUniversität HamburgInstitut für GeophysikBundesstraße 55 · 20146 Hamburg, Germanymi-kyung.yoon@zmaw.de

Henning ZöllnerUniversität LeipzigInstitut für Geophysik und GeologieTalstraße 35 · 04103 Leipzig, Germanyhenning_z@web.de

Christian ZwachStatoilHydroGlobal Exploration TechnologyDrammensveien 264 · 0240 Oslo, NorwayCZW@StatoilHydro.com

Authors XXI

Editors

Ralf LittkeRWTH Aachen UniversityProf. Dr. Ralf LittkeInstitute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and CoalLochnerstr. 4-20 · D-52056 Aachen, GermanyPhone: +49 241 8095748Fax: +49 241 80 92152E-Mail: littke@lek.rwth-aachen.de

Ralf Littke received his Diploma degree (M.Sc.) in Geology in 1981 and his Dr. rer. nat. doctoral degree (Ph.D.) in 1985, both from the Ruhr-Uni-versity Bochum. Afterwards, he worked in the Institute of Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry at the Research Centre Juelich, a major federal re-search centre in Germany.

He taught at the Ruhr-University, Bochum, where he received his Habilitation degree, becom-ing an Adjunct Professor of Geology in 1993. In 1997, he accepted a Professorship in Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal at RWTH Aachen University.

His research is focussed on petroleum and gas geology and geochemistry, basin modelling, coal geology and environmental geochemistry.

He is coordinator of the German priority re-search programme ”Dynamics of Sedimentary Basins under varying Stress Regimes (DFG SPP 1135)” and member of the Academy of Science of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Ulf BayerGeoForschungsZentrum PotsdamTelegrafenberg C · 14473 Potsdam, GermanyPhone: +49 (0)331 2881340Fax: +49 (0)331 2881349E-Mail bayer@gfz-potsdam.de

Freie Universität BerlinInstitute for Geological SciencesMalteserstr. 74 -100 · 12249 Berlin, Germany

Ulf Bayer received his Diploma degree in Geo-logy in 1975 at the Technical University Stuttgart and his Dr. rer. nat. in 1977 at the University of Tübingen. After a time as research assistant he received his Habilitation degree and lectureship there in 1983. In 1981 the Hermann-Credner-Price of the DGG was awarded to him.

From 1984 to 1988 he was Heisenberg Fellow of the DFG (German Science Foundation) with terms as guest scientist at the University Leicester and Birmingham (UK), New Brunswick, Prince-ton and the Research Centre of Schlumberger-Doll at Richfield (USA).

From 1988 to 1992 he worked in the Institute of Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry at the Research Centre Jülich and since then at the GeoForschungs-Zentrum Potsdam. In addition he holds a professor-ship at the Freie Universität Berlin since 1994.

His research focuses on basin analysis and mo-delling with focus at the integration of geological and geophysical concepts as well as coupled fluid, heat and mass transfer. From 1998-2001 he was a member of the German EUROPROBE steering committee, coordinator of a bundle of DFG-projects related to DEKORP Ba-sin’96 from 1996 to 2001, and is co-coordinator of the German priority research programme ”Dyna-mics of Sedimentary Basins under varying Stress Regimes (DFG SPP 1135)”.

Dirk GajewskiUniversity of HamburgProf. Dr. Dirk GajewskiInstitute of GeophysicsBundesstr. 55 D-20146 Hamburg, GermanyPhone: +49 40 42838 2975Fax: +49 40 42838 5441E-Mail: dirk.gajewski@zmaw.de

Dirk Gajewski holds the chair of Applied Seismics at the University of Hamburg, Germany where he is employed since 1993. Prior to that he was an assistant professor at the University of Clausthal, Germany and a post doctoral researcher at Stanford University, California, USA and at the Center for Computational Seismology, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, California, USA. He received his Diploma degree (M.Sc.) from the Technical University of Clausthal in 1981 and the Dr. rer. nat. doctoral degree (PhD) from the University of Karlsruhe, Germany in 1987.

His research interests are in reflection seismic processing and imaging, seismic anisotropy, and ray methods. He served as associate editor for Geophysical Prospecting, is co-coordinator of the German priority research programme ”Dy-namics of Sedimentary Basins under varying Stress Regimes (DFG SPP 1135)” and is a mem-ber of the steering committee for the Geophysi-cal Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP). Since 2007 he is director of the Wave Inversion Technology (WIT) consortium.

Susanne NelskampRWTH Aachen UniversityDipl. Geow. Susanne NelskampInstitute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and CoalLochnerstr. 4-20 · D-52056 Aachen, GermanyPhone: +49 241 80 95779Fax: +49 241 80 92152E-Mail: nelskamp@lek.rwth-aachen.de

Susanne Nelskamp has studied geosciences at the University of Hannover with an emphasis on Ge-ology. She received her diploma degree (M.Sc.) in 2004 on the topic of benthic foraminifera living in colony with methane reducing bacteria. Up to now she is working on her Dr. rer. nat. (Ph.D) thesis on basin modelling in the Netherlands at the RWTH Aachen University and doing coordination work for the DFG Special Priority Programme 1135.

XXIV Editors