Dynamics of Discursive Power:The Dutch Debate on Integration.

V.A. Traag

26 May 2009

Outline

1 Introduction to the debate

2 Studying all periods

3 Comparing the periods

4 Characterizing two communities

Introduction

• Network data on integration debate in the Netherlands,collected by Justus Uitermark.

• Nodes are authors and links are references they made in somearticle. These references can be positive, neutral or negative.

• Data gathered from opinion articles in newspapers andmagazines.

• Divided into six periods:

1 1990–19952 1996–1999 (Scheffer published ”The Multicultural Drama”)3 2000–09/11/2001 (Twin Tower attacks)4 09/11/2001–06/05/2002 (Murder of Pim Fortuyn)5 06/05/2002–02/11/2004 (Murder of Theo van Gogh)6 02/10/2004–01/01/2006 (data collected in 2006)

• Mostly empirical results.

Overview of volume

0

200

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19901991

19921993

19941995

19961997

19981999

20002001

20022003

20042005

volu

me

year

MinorityForeigner

MuslimImmigrant

Total

Communities in all periods

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Communities in all periods (showing negative links)

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Community detection with negative links

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Network almost splits intwo opposing camps(culturalists vsanti-culturalists).Moderate (nuanced)authors appear mostly inthe smaller communities.

Weighted degree distribution (in)

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

−120 −100 −80 −60 −40 −20 0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

weighted degree

P

Association byopposition. Mostreferences are negative,authors positionthemselves by opposingothers, not byconcurring.

Degree distribution of total references (in)

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●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200

0.00

20.

005

0.02

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0.20

00.

500

degree

P

Perhaps some form ofpreferential attachment?(More frequently citedauthors tend to be citedmore often in thefuture.)

Popularity vs. PageRank

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−0.10 −0.05 0.00

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Popularity

Pag

eRan

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−120 −100 −80 −60 −40 −20 00

5010

015

020

025

0weighted degree

degr

ee

Central authors (dominating the debate) are usually the leastpopular. In order to draw attention, be provocative.

Networks per period

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a − 1

acb − 2

acom − 3

adt − 1

afs − 2

ah2 − 4

al1 − 2

aric − 2

avdz − 2

bbc − 2

beerenhout − 1

bk − 1

bolkestein − 1

bovenkerk − 3

brin − 1

bro − 2

brugman − 5

bw − 1

cc − 1

cda − 1

cg − 1

d66 − 1

entzinger − 6

ert − 1

et − 1

ff − 1

fj − 1

fm − 2

fnv − 2

fortuyn − 2fr − 1

fz − 2

gdk − 4

gl − 2

gru − 1

gt − 2

ha − 2

hd − 1

hfm − 7

hm6 − 1

hw2 − 1

id − 2

ikv − 2

janmaat − 2

jk2 − 2

jn2 − 2

jp − 2

jr4 − 2

jvd − 1

jw1 − 2

kaa − 2

kaplan − 2

kenp − 2

kl3 − 6

kok − 1

kosto − 1

ks − 2

kv − 1

lbr − 7

lc − 2

lk − 2

lubbers − 2

lv − 1

mak − 2

mat − 2

mc1 − 1

mdr − 1

menb − 1

mh2 − 2mk1 − 2

mm − 5

mr − 1

mt1 − 2

mvd − 2

mw − 1

ncb − 2

nor − 2

nrc − 2

oi − 2

plato − 1

penninx − 6

pinto − 1

ps1 − 1

psvk − 2

pvda − 1

pvdv − 2

rabbae − 2

ramdas − 2

rcenh − 4

reu − 2

rijpstra − 1

rmenrr − 2

rv − 1

ser − 2

shadid − 1

sonn − 2

ss3 − 2

tdm − 6

trouw − 2

tw1 − 1

thijn − 2

vb − 2

venw − 2

vno − 2

vvd − 1

wrr − 6zene − 2

zijderveld − 2

(a) 1990-1995

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af3 − 2

ah5 − 2

bolkestein − 1

boxtel − 2

brugman − 3

cda − 2

cle − 2

cn94 − 1

d66 − 2

entzinger − 4

es1 − 2

etz − 2

fr − 1

gl − 2

gt − 1

gun − 1

ha1 − 2

hd − 2

hg1 − 2

hm4 − 2

hun − 1

hv − 1

hvm − 1

jd − 1

jp − 2

jr4 − 2

jt − 2

jvdl − 2

jwo − 2

ka − 2

kalma − 1

kaplan − 2

kk2 − 2

kkp1 − 2

kok − 2

le − 1

mas − 2

mkg − 1

mp2 − 1

mvj − 2

oc − 4

penninx − 1

pr − 2

prw − 2

psvk − 1

pt2 − 1

ptt − 2

pvda − 2

rabbae − 2

ramdas − 5

rijpstra − 4

rr − 3

ry − 2

shadid − 1

shell − 2

tdg − 1

tho − 1

tk1 − 2

uk − 1

thijn − 2

vel − 1

vvd − 2

winter − 2

wrr − 1

zg − 1

(b) 1995-1999

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a − 1

aa1 − 2

aboutaleb − 2

ad1 − 1

ads − 3aj − 2

ak − 2

al1 − 1

an − 1

an2 − 2

ar − 1

at − 2

avb − 1

aw − 1

beatrix − 2

beerenhout − 1

bolkestein − 1

boxtel − 2

brugman − 1

bz − 2

cbs − 2

cda − 1

ck − 1

coc − 1

cohen − 2

cs − 1

deng − 2

df − 2

doorn − 1

else − 2em − 1

entzinger − 2

ephimenco − 1

etty − 2

fdw − 1

fent − 2

fh − 2

fortuyn − 2

ft − 2

gex − 2

gh1 − 1

gjp − 4

gm − 1

gth − 1

gv − 1

gve − 2

h − 5

hcs − 1

hd − 2

hd2 − 1

heijne − 1

henb − 4

hfm − 1

hk − 2

hm − 2

hme − 1

hoff − 1

htw − 2

hv − 1

hvw − 5

hz − 2

iib − 3

io − 2

jdb − 1

jf − 2

jg3 − 1

jh2 − 2

jk1 − 1

jlh − 2

jmp − 2

jp − 2

jr4 − 1

jth − 1

jv1 − 2

jv4 − 6

jvk − 1

jw1 − 2

jw2 − 3

ka − 2

ka2 − 1

kalma − 1

karacaer − 1

kj − 1

kk2 − 1

kl3 − 1

kok − 2

kue − 2

lh − 2lis − 2

m − 1

mb − 2

mc2 − 2

mc3 − 2

mg − 2

mlk − 1

mn − 1

mth − 2

mvd − 6

mz − 1

oc − 3

om − 2

pas − 1

penninx − 2

ph − 2

philipse − 5

pinto − 2

pl − 1

pt − 1

pvda − 1

pvdv − 2

pvh − 1

rb2 − 1

rk − 1

rm − 2

rm6 − 1

rs − 1

rvh2 − 2

rvp − 2

s − 1

schnabel − 1

schoo − 4

schu − 1

scp − 1

senk − 1

shadid − 1

shako − 2

ss2 − 1

tb1 − 1

thijn − 2

vvd − 1

wh − 1

zas − 1

zene − 1

zsa − 1

scheffer − 1

(c) 1999-2001

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aa2 − 2

ab − 2

aboutaleb − 3

ad1 − 2

ae − 3

ah1 − 1

ahe − 2

ajv − 1

ak1 − 2

am − 1

am3 − 3

aver − 1

ayaan − 4

bb − 1

bhl − 2

bolkestein − 1

boxtel − 1

bp − 1

bs − 1

bush − 1

bvdb − 1

cda − 2

cis − 2

cliteur − 1

cohen − 1

ct2 − 2

doorn − 1

ea − 1

ejz − 5

ellian − 2em − 1

entzinger − 3

ephimenco − 2

es2 − 4

etty − 2

ez − 1

fdg − 2

fdp − 2

fena − 1

fgl − 2

fortuyn − 1

fr − 3

gl − 1

gvo − 2

ha − 3

hafid − 1

hd − 2

hem − 2

hfm − 3

hme − 1

ia − 1

iak − 2

io − 2

janmaat − 2

jb4 − 1

jd − 3

jdb − 5

jdc − 1

jf − 2

jmp − 1

jong − 1

jpb − 2

jps − 2

jv2 − 1

jww − 2

ka2 − 2

ka4 − 1

ka5 − 3

kalma − 2

karacaer − 5

kk2 − 2

kok − 2

mbz − 1

mk2 − 1

ms3 − 1

mt3 − 2

mu1 − 1

mvd − 2

n − 2

na2 − 1

na4 − 2niod − 2

obl − 2

oc − 2

pe − 2

perb − 5

pm − 2

po − 2

pr − 4

pvda − 2

rabbae − 1

rb1 − 1

rd1 − 1

rg − 2

rh3 − 1

rn − 2

rs − 2

schnabel − 1

shako − 2

tans − 1

tb − 1

v − 2

vink − 1

wbs − 2

wd − 2

winter − 4

wrr01 − 2

yaa − 2

yh − 5

scheffer − 1

(d) 2001-2002

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a − 3

abc − 2

aboutaleb − 2

abz − 2

ac − 2

ad1 − 2

ad4 − 2

ae − 2

ael − 2

af − 1

afdl − 1

ah1 − 2

aivd − 2

ajg − 1

ak − 4

ak1 − 5

al2 − 1

am2 − 2

ao − 2

ao1 − 6

ap − 2

aq − 1

arw − 2

as1 − 2

av − 3

avb − 2

avdz − 1

ave − 2

ayaan − 1

ba − 2

bb − 2

bb3 − 1

bd − 2

beatrix − 2

beerenhout − 1

berl − 1

bjs − 5

bk1 − 2

bm − 1

bolkestein − 1

bos − 6bovenkerk − 6

boxtel − 2

bp1 − 2

br − 2

bt − 1

bt2 − 1

bush − 1

bvs − 2

bw1 − 1

cb − 2

cd − 1

cda − 5

cdrt − 1

ce − 1

cl − 1

cliteur − 1

cohen − 2

cpb − 2

cr1 − 2

css − 1

d66 − 2

daa − 1

db − 2

db1 − 2

dl − 2

doorn − 2

dp − 2

dpj − 4

dr − 2

ds − 1

dt1 − 2

dve − 2

ea − 6

eajg − 2

eb3 − 2

ebentk − 2

ebs − 1

ellian − 1

em − 1

entzinger − 2

ephimenco − 1er − 1

era − 6

es3 − 2

etty − 2

etz − 1

eu − 1

ev − 1

fb − 2

fdg − 1

fdj − 2

fdl − 1

fdw − 1

fe − 6

fennema − 7

fh − 2

fk − 1

fl − 1

fnz − 1

fo − 2

fo1 − 2

fortuyn − 1

fvvd − 1

fw1 − 2

ga − 2

gd − 2

ge − 2

gk − 1

gl − 2

gm1 − 1

god − 2

gs2 − 1

gvdb − 1

gvl − 1

gw − 1

gz − 1

ha − 8

hafid − 3

hd − 2

hd1 − 1

heijne − 2

hem − 1

hg − 1

hit − 2

hj1 − 2

hk − 1

hm − 1

hn − 1

ho − 2

hog − 2

hs1 − 2

hs2 − 2

hv − 1

hv2 − 2

hv3 − 1

hvd − 2

hvv − 2

hw1 − 1

hw2 − 1

hw3 − 2

ia1 − 2

im1 − 1

io − 6

jahjah − 2

janmaat − 7

jb − 2

jd − 2

jd2 − 1

jdb − 3

jdc − 2

jdm − 2

jdr − 2

jdu − 2

je − 1

jez − 2

jga − 1

jj − 2

jjg − 1

jjl − 1

jk1 − 2

jk3 − 2

jk6 − 2

jk8 − 2

jl2 − 1

jm1 − 1

jn − 1

jo − 1

jong − 2

jp − 2

jpb − 1

jr3 − 2

js2 − 2

js4 − 6

jsw − 1

jv1 − 2

jv2 − 2

jva − 1

jvdm − 1

jvn − 1

jw1 − 2

jwd − 2

jwdenmh − 2

jz − 1

ka − 2 ka2 − 2

ka4 − 2

kalma − 1

karacaer − 6

kb1 − 1

kb2 − 1

kdv − 2

kgl − 2

kho − 1

ki − 2

kk1 − 1

kk2 − 1

koh − 2

kok − 2

kosto − 1

lde − 2

ldn − 1

lewis − 2

lf1 − 1

llenww − 2

ln − 2

lpf − 1

lr − 6

m1 − 1

ma − 1

mak − 1

max − 2

mb − 2

mb1 − 2

mb2 − 2

mb3 − 1

mc4 − 2

mdr1 − 2

mdwr − 2

me1 − 2

meh − 2

mg − 6

mh1 − 2

mh5 − 2

mk3 − 2

mkm − 2

mm − 2

molk − 2

mon − 1

mp1 − 1

ms4 − 2

ms5 − 1

msk − 2

mt2 − 9

mth − 2

mu − 6

mus − 2

mvd − 2

mvdh − 3

mvz − 2

mwb − 1

mx − 2

na − 2

na3 − 2

nab − 2

niw − 1

nk − 1

nl1 − 2

nm − 1

nm1 − 2

no − 2

nol − 2

nr − 1

nt − 3

nw − 2

nw1 − 2

obl − 1

oc − 2

oh − 1

oi − 2oz − 1

p − 2

patijn − 6

pch − 3

penninx − 2

pg − 2

pg1 − 2

ph1 − 1

phd − 2

philipse − 4

pinto − 2

pmoh − 6

pr − 2

ps1 − 2

psd − 1

psensb − 1

psvk − 2

pvda − 2

qo − 2

rabbae − 2

ramdas − 2

rappa − 6

rc − 10

rdf − 2

rg − 2

riagg − 2

rijpstra − 2

rk2 − 1

rk4 − 1

rl − 1

rn − 1

rn1 − 2

ro − 6

rs1 − 1

rv − 2

rv2 − 1

rvr − 2

rz − 2

sb − 2

sb1 − 3

sb3 − 2

sch − 1

schnabel − 4

schoo − 1

scp − 10

seh − 2

sek − 2

sene − 2

sh − 1

shadid − 2

shako − 2

sk − 2

smon − 1

sn − 2

sommer − 1sp − 1

spin − 6

sr − 2

ss4 − 2

svdb − 2

svdt − 6

syn − 2

ta − 2

tb − 1

tdg − 2

tg − 1

tga − 2

tillie − 8

tj − 2

tj1 − 4

tk2 − 2

tv − 2

tvg − 1

tw − 2

v − 1

thijn − 2

vb − 1

vh − 1

vink − 1

vji − 2vm − 2

vmd − 1

von − 3

vvd − 1

vvdni − 1

wbs − 1

wdb − 1

wg − 2

wp − 6

wrr − 2

wrr01 − 2

wv1 − 2

ya − 9

ys − 1

za − 3

zg − 2

zijderveld − 6

scheffer − 1

(e) 2002-2004

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abn − 1

aboutaleb − 2

ags − 2

aivd − 3

ajv − 2

ak5 − 1

al2 − 2

amenib − 1

anvr − 2

ap1 − 1

ar1 − 2

at − 1

av1 − 2

ayaan − 1

bb1 − 2

bc1 − 2

bjs − 1

bolkestein − 1

bos − 2

boxtel − 2

bt − 4

cb2 − 2

cd − 1

cda − 1

cohen − 5

doorn − 6

dp − 1

ds − 2

ebs − 1

ellian − 1

em1 − 2

entzinger − 2

ephimenco − 1

et1 − 1

etty − 1

fb − 2

fdw − 1

fe1 − 2

fh − 1

fh1 − 3

fortuyn − 2

fvdg − 6

gh − 2

gk2 − 1

gl − 2

grd − 2

gs3 − 2

gtm − 2

gun − 1

gvl − 7

gw − 1

gz − 2

hafid − 8

hd − 2

heijne − 2

hj − 1

hjah − 3

hm3 − 1

hn − 1

hvdh − 2

hvo − 9

hw2 − 10

iek − 2

im1 − 1

io − 1

ivg − 1

jb − 11

jd1 − 2

jdb − 2

jdm − 2

jdp − 2

je − 1

jlh − 1

jm − 1

jong − 3

jpb − 2

jps − 1

jr3 − 2

jva − 1

jvk − 6

jw2 − 8

jwd − 2

jz − 1

ka2 − 2

kb1 − 2

kb2 − 2

kbz − 2

kg − 1

kk1 − 2

kk2 − 2

km1 − 2

kt − 2

lg − 2

lvdl − 1

mak − 11

mb4 − 2

md1 − 2

mh1 − 2

mk − 5

mk4 − 1

mk5 − 2

ml − 11

mp1 − 1

ms5 − 1

msk − 2

mv − 4

mvdh − 2

my − 12

ns − 1

ocw − 2

om − 2

or − 3

patijn − 2

pb − 1

pg2 − 1

ph − 9

phd − 2

philipse − 1

pjt − 6

pr − 2

pvda − 3

pvh2 − 1

pw − 1

ramdas − 2

rappa − 2

rb4 − 2

rm7 − 2

rs1 − 1

rv2 − 1

ry − 2

sa − 2

sb2 − 6

schnabel − 3

schoo − 12

scp − 3

sommer − 12

sp − 2

tdg − 1

th − 1

tk1 − 2

tp − 1

tvg − 2

tz − 2

ub − 1

vink − 7

vvd − 1

winter − 2

wt − 1

wvb − 5

za − 2

scheffer − 1

(f) 2004-2006

Degree distributions per period

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0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200

0.00

20.

005

0.02

00.

050

0.20

00.

500

normalised degree

P

● 123456

Degree distributionrelatively stable overtime.

Correlations between periods.

1−2 2−3 3−4 4−5 5−6

degreeweighted degreemembership

−0.

20.

00.

20.

40.

60.

81.

0

However, individuallythere are quite somechanges over time.

Measures of power

Articulation The power to articulate oneself in the public arena.Operationalized as the number of persons making acontribution per camp.

Resonance The power to make others refer to you.Operationalized as the total PageRank for a camp.

Consonance The power to make others agree with you.Operationalized as the number of adherents andopponents to a camp, where an author is consideredan adherent/opponent if he has a positive/negativestance towards the complete camp.

Culturalists vs. Anti-culturalists

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Art

icul

atio

nperiod

Anti-culturalistsCulturalists

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Adh

eren

ts

period

Anti-culturalistsCulturalists

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Opp

onen

ts

period

Anti-culturalistsCulturalists

Culturalists vs. Anti-culturalists

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Res

onan

ceperiod

Anti-culturalistsCulturalists

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

2.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Var

ianc

e

period

Anti-culturalistsCulturalists

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Den

sity

period

Anti-culturalistsCulturalists

Some observations

• Always two large communities: culturalists vs.anti-culturalists.

• More static at macro level, and more dynamical on micro level:

• The power differential between the two main camps does notseem to be that large.

• The culturalists show more significant leaders, most of theprominent authors are culturalists.

• There are more internal references in the culturalists, whilethe anti-culturalists are mainly opposed to culturalists.

• Seems to be some transition in the debate from minoritypolicy to islam, which also has consequences for the positionof various authors.