E Assistance for Elderly and Disabled Part 2

E- ASSISTANCE FOR ELDERLY AND DISABLED 2015-2016

Department of ECE, DSCE Page 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Statement of problem Lack of mobility in certain group of dependents and disabled people forces them

to spend a lot of time at home. In many cases this limitation bounds them within the four

walls of a specific room such as bedroom or living room in the house, where the security

of such dependent population becomes a matter of concern when they are alone.

Reducing the digital divide by using simpler and semi-automatic techniques leads to

better adaptability in this age group and easy access for people with disabilities.

In recent years, the elderly population (age 60+) in the India has rapidly expanded

and continues to grow at an exponential rate. In the United States, the current size of the

elderly population is approximately 35 million and it is projected to be 53 million by

2020 and 77 million by 2040.Within this population, several people have one or more

disabilities as well as difficulty performing normal activities of daily living.In 1995,

52.5% of the elderly population reported having at least one disability and about one-third

reported having a severe disability.Usually they have health issues and bad physical

mobility, and sometimes, when they have some type of problem, it is complicated for the

authorities or the health care services to notice that they are in trouble.

1.2 Objective

The objective of this project is to design a home which helps the people above the

age of 60 and with disabilities, to operate devices such as lights, fans, etc., inside the

house with minimal technical hindrance, so that their reluctance to adapt to latest

technology can be taken care of. It also incorporates pre-defined actions in case of any

internal threats. It implements the algorithm for speech processing (light, fan, water

heater) and wireless sensor network for controlling the home appliances (gas,

temperature, fire). It also incorporates the sensor module for automatic control.



1.3 Motivation

Nowadays the presence of home automation and environmental control systems in

homes and in public buildings has been increased. These systems are capable of

automating a home through energy management, safety, welfare and communication

allowing a more efficient use of energy available and therefore contribute greatly to the

sustainable development of our society. There are several different home automation

technologies around the world for choosing, with their own advantages and

disadvantages. With the popularity of mobile devices today and the emergence of smart

home devices, the general population is becoming more and more comfortable with their

use. There have been multiple attempts to use these devices to control and communicate

with home appliances remotely; creating what is known as the Internet of Things (IoT).

However, a key challenge of using these smart devices is that many of their Graphical

User Interface (GUI) controls are difficult to be used by the disabled.

1.4 Solutions

A speech processing module is used to record the voice of the member in the

house. The recorded speech is then processed and the processed data is sent to the

microcontroller to switch on/off the devices. Different sensors are incorporated which

works automatically without any manual interference. The two independent sensors

implemented in this project are Gas sensor and Smoke sensor. Whenever there is any

unwanted smoke or gas leakage, an alarm will be raised. A GSM module is used, which

sends a message to the registered mobile in case of any such threat. The gas sensor part is

linked with a solenoid valve, which automatically cuts the LPG supply from the pipe

itself.

Another featured solution is automatic working of devices, namely fan and lights

through temperature sensor and LDR. The fan is automatically switched on when the

temperature crosses a predefined threshold level and switched off when at normal

temperature. LDR makes sure that there is sufficient sunlight inside the room, if not,

lights will switch on automatically. The user has a choice to switch between automatic

working of these components or control them manually.



1.5 Report Organisation This report is presented in 7 chapters and is organized as follows:

Chapter 2 gives the literature review on existing home automation and security

methodologies such as Web based automation, B-Live home, Home theatre personal

computers, home automation using BUI (Brain User Interface).

Chapter 3 explains the methodology adopted to achieve the objectives and detailed

explanation of the block diagram and different functional components in the project.

Chapter 4 gives the description of different hardware components used along with their

working and software invoking methods and software description.

Chapter 5 highlights the results of different sensors, GSM module and devices connected

through relays and output is displayed on the LCD.

Chapter 6 presents the advantages, conclusion and future scope of the project work.



LITERATURE SURVEY

The following literature survey will help in analysing the project requirements and

also detailed study of challenges in the existing system.

This paper “Home Automation to Promote Independent Living in Elderly

Population” by A. M. Cole and B. Q. Tran [1] designs a toolkit for independent living has

been developed to monitor activity and automate daily tasks and routines for elderly

persons living at home. Off-the-shelf components manufactured by x10, Inc., which

operate via radio frequency and power line carrier technology, can be integrated into

existing living environments to promote home security, home safety, and independent

living. Accompanying software has been developed to passively monitor and trend

activity patterns within the home in order to predict changes in health status and early

onset of chronic illness. The independent living toolkit serves to promote health

maintenance and active engagement within the aging population.

This paper “Home Automation based Sensor System for Monitoring Elderly

People Safety” by J. A. Nazabal.... [2] describes the work to develop a low cost home

automation based sensor system for remote monitoring the behaviour of elder people at

their own homes. With a combination of data obtained from strategically placed sensors

and a series of editable rules, an abnormal behaviour can be detected and the

corresponding action taken.

This paper “B-Live - A Home Automation System for Disabled and Elderly

People” by Vasco Santos.... [3] describes the architecture, operation and implementation

of the B-Live home automation system. This system has been developed at Micro I/O for

assisting elderly and disabled people in their homes. The paper also discusses the

demonstrator deployed at the CMRRC RoviscoPais and proposes an improved

information exchange mechanism for the B-Live system.

This paper “Design and Implementation of a Wi-Fi Based Home Automation

System” by Ahmed ElShafee and Karim AlaaHamed [4] presents a design and prototype

implementation of new home automation system that uses Wi-Fi technology as a network

infrastructure connecting its parts. The proposed system consists of two main

components; the first part is the server (web server), which presents system core that

manages, controls, and monitors users’ home. Users and system administrator can locally



(LAN) or remotely (internet) manages and control system code. Second part is hardware

interface module, which provides appropriate interface to sensors and actuator of home

automation system. Unlike most of available home automation system in the market the

proposed here system is scalable that one server can manage many hardware interface

modules as long as it exists on Wi-Fi network coverage. System supports a wide range of

home automation devices like power management components, and security components.

The proposed system is better from the scalability and flexibility point of view than the

commercially available home automation systems.

This paper “Vision-Based Displacement Sensor for People with Serious Spinal

Cord Injury” by Chao Zhang.... [5] explains that spinal injuries occur due to accidents,

such as traffic accidents, accidental falls both on the job and at home and sports accidents.

In the case of serious spinal cord injury patient’s physical abilities are mostly limited to

the neck and head. This paper develops a vision-based interface system for these serious

disabled patients with such as spinal injuries. The system consists of one web video

camera and a desktop computer. In this paper a robust object search algorithm is

developed. It enables accurate measurement of displacement by tracking features on the

patient’s face without any other sensors. The efficacy of the vision-based interface system

for measuring dynamic facial movement was demonstrated through a comparison with a

previously developed system to use conventional template matching algorithm.

This paper “Augmented Reality Control Home (ARCH) for Disabled and Elderly”

by Leroy Zi Wei Tang.... [6] describes that partially disabled people and elderly need care

givers in their daily routine, including performing simple activities such as reaching out

for switches and electrical appliances. The ageing population in Singapore has increased

tremendously which will lead to more demand for care givers and domestic helpers. But

they incur much cost. With the popularity of mobile devices and the emergence of smart

home devices today, it is possible to control and communicate with home appliances

remotely. In this paper, we will describe how we implemented augmented reality, voice

control & web server to control these home electrical appliances for elderly and disabled.

This paper “Improving the quality of life of dependent and disabled people

through home automation and Tele-assistance” by AnidoRifon.... [7] describes lack of

mobility in certain groups of dependents forces them to spend a lot of time at home. In

many cases, this limitation makes these people to stay most of the time in a specific room



in their houses such as the bedroom or living room, where the only means of

entertainment and information gathering is the TV set. Most of present-day households

have a personal computer, but the digital divide and lack of adaptation produces certain

rejection in this population group. This paper discusses a proposal that leverages the

familiar TV set to be used as the user interface for a complete Tele-assistance system and

control centre of home automation devices. For this, the system makes use of a Home

Theatre Personal Computer (HTPC) connected to the TV and offers the features like the

monitoring and remote monitoring of a wide range of vital signs, intelligent adaptation of

services and interfaces according to the level and type of disability, and centralized

control of home automation devices installed at home.

This paper “Review On: Home Automation System for Disabled People Using

BCI” by S.P.Pande1 and PravinSen [8] describes the development in home automation is

moving forward towards the future in creating the ideal smart homes environment.

Optionally, home automation system design also been develop for certain situation which

for those who need a special attention such as old age person, sick patients, and

handicapped person. A brain computer interface (BCI), often called a mind-machine

interface (MMI), or sometimes called a brain machine interface (BMI), it is a direct

communication pathway between the brain and an external device. A brain computer

interface (BCI) is a device that enables severely disabled people to communicate and

interact with their environments using their brain waves. Most research investigating BCI

in humans has used scalp-recorded electroencephalography or intracranial

electrocorticography. The use of brain signals obtained directly from stereotactic depth

electrodes to control a BCI has not previously been explored. In this paper, we present a

smart home automation system using brain computer interface. The scope of this research

work will include the control and monitoring system for home appliances from Graphical

User Interface (GUI) using brain computer interface that use an input source and being

control wirelessly. The research methodology involved is application of knowledge in the

field of radio frequency communication, microcontroller and computer programming.

Finally, the result will be observed and analyze to obtain better solution in the future.



METHODOLOGY

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig. 3.1: General block diagram General block diagram of E- Assistance for Elderly and Disabled is shown in figure

3.1. The microcontroller is the heart of the model. It receives the signals from different

sensors through the ADC and executes the actions accordingly. The 4- bit digital data is

also fed as an input to the controller and the output is given to the driver and relay circuit

to drive different components. The different values of the sensors and their corresponding

changes are displayed on the LCD. A switch is provided for the user to select between

manual and automatic working of temperature sensor and LDR. The output unit consists

of a GSM module, which is used for sending messages. The solenoid valve is used to



block the LPG pipe in case of any unwanted gas leakage. An alarm is raised in case of

unwanted smoke or gas leakage.

3.2 WORKING

The sensor network consists of four different sensors, namely Gas sensor, Smoke

sensor, Temperature sensor and LDR. The temperature sensor senses the surrounding

temperature and if the temperature is above a predefined value, it automatically switches

on the fan as shown in this project. The LDR ensures that there is enough sunlight inside

a room. If not, then its conductivity increases and it automatically switches on the lights

in the rooms. This process also ensures conservation of energy. The temperature and LDR

values are sent to the microcontroller, the output from the microcontroller is given to the

driver and it drives the relays which in turn control the devices. This process ensures

complete security and comfort for the elderly and disables people.

The devices can also be controlled manually by using the Speech Processing

module. The toggle switch has to be turned into manual mode; the user can record up to

14 different voices, to control 7 devices or different user to control different devices.

Each voice sample can be up to 2 seconds and control the devices through the relays.

The Gas sensor can be located on the top of the LPG cylinder. The solenoid valve

functions in accordance with the gas sensor. When in normal working of the cylinder, the

solenoid remains in on position. When there is an unwanted leakage, the gas sensor

senses the leakage and raises an alarm. The solenoid valve is then turned off and the LPG

supply is cut from the main cylinder. Simultaneously, a message is sent to the registered

mobile regarding the same.

The smoke sensor works in a similar manner. Any unwanted smoke, if detected

inside the house, raises an alarm and a message is sent to the same registered mobile

number regarding the same.



HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

In this chapter we will have an Introduction to Microprocessors, Microprocessors

Basics, Types of Microcontrollers, Instruction set and Memory architecture of each

microcontroller, comparison between microcontrollers, why PIC Microcontrollers, Types

of PIC, why PIC 16F877A, Pin diagram and its description, Architecture, ADC, UART,

smoke sensor, temperature sensor, gas sensor, LDR, GSM, speech module, buzzer, driver

and relay, solenoid valve, switch, LCD and the software to give a decent idea about the

components used in this project.

4.1 MICROCONTROLLER UNIT

4.1.1 Introduction A microcontroller (μC or uC) is a solitary chip microcomputer fabricated from

VLSI fabrication. A micro controller is also known as embedded controller. Today

various types of microcontrollers are available in market with different word lengths such

as 4bit, 8bit, 64bit and 128bit microcontrollers. Microcontroller is a compressed

microcomputer manufactured to control the functions of embedded systems in office

machines, robots, home appliances, motor vehicles, and a number of other gadgets. A

microcontroller comprises of components like – memory, peripherals and most

importantly a processor. Microcontrollers are basically employed in devices that need a

degree of control to be applied by the user of the device.

4.1.2 Types of Microcontrollers

Microcontrollers are divided into categories according to their memory, architecture, bits

and instruction sets. So let’s discuss types of microcontrollers:-

4.1.2.1 BITS:

8 bits microcontroller executes logic & arithmetic operations. Examples of 8 bits

micro controller is Intel 8031/8051.

16 bits microcontroller executes with greater accuracy and performance in contrast

to 8-bit. Example of 16-bit microcontroller is Intel 8096.

32 bits microcontroller is employed mainly in automatically controlled appliances

such as office machines, implantable medical appliances, etc. It requires 32-bit

instructions to carry out any logical or arithmetic function.



4.1.2.2 MEMORY:

External Memory Microcontroller – When an embedded structure is built with a

microcontroller which does not comprise of all the functioning blocks existing on a

chip it is named as external memory microcontroller. For illustration- 8031

microcontroller does not have program memory on the chip.

Embedded Memory Microcontroller – When an embedded structure is built with

a microcontroller which comprise of all the functioning blocks existing on a chip it

is named as embedded memory microcontroller. For illustration- 8051

microcontroller has all program & data memory, counters & timers, interrupts, I/O

ports and therefore its embedded memory microcontroller.

4.1.2.3 INSTRUCTION SET:

CISC- CISC means complex instruction set computer, it allows the user to apply 1

instruction as an alternative to many simple instructions.

RISC- RISC means Reduced Instruction Set Computers. RISC reduces the

operation time by shortening the clock cycle per instruction.

4.1.2.4 MEMORY ARCHITECTURE:

Princeton Memory Architecture Microcontroller

Harvard Memory Architecture Microcontroller



4.1.3 Comparison between different Microcontrollers:

Tab 4.1 Comparison between different microcontrollers courtesy: www.slideshare.net

4.1.4 Why PIC Microcontroller? PIC Microcontrollers are quickly replacing computers when it comes to

programming robotic devices. These microcontrollers are small and can be programmed

to carry out a number of tasks and are ideal for school and industrial project. PIC is a

family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, derived

from the PIC1640 originally developed by General Instrument’s Microelectronics

Division.

PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their

low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes,

availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-

programming with flash memory) capability.PIC has a very simple instruction set along



with that it also has an in- build ADC which is necessary for interfacing various sensors.

It also has two ports for serial communication which is required in this project.

Hence PIC Microcontroller is a better choice for this project.

4.1.5PIC16F87XA Device Features:

Tab 4.2 PIC 16F87XA Device Features courtesy: www.circuitstoday.com



4.1.6 WHY PIC16F877A?

Fig. 4.1 PIC 16F877A Microcontroller Module

4.1.6.1 High-Performance RISC CPU:

•Only 35 single-word instructions to learn

• All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-cycle

• Operating speed: DC – 20 MHz clock input, DC – 200 ns instruction cycle

• Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory

(RAM),

Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory

4.1.6.2 Peripheral Features:

• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler

• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescalar, can be incremented during Sleep via

external

Crystal/clock

• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler

• Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules

- Capture is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 12.5 ns

- Compare is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 200 ns

- PWM max. Resolution is 10-bit



4.1.6.3 CMOS Technology:

• Low-power, high-speed Flash/ EEPROM technology

• Fully static design

• Wide operating voltage range (2.0V to 5.5V)

• Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges

• Low-power consumption

4.1.7 Pin Diagram and its Description:

The 40 pins make it easier to use the peripherals as the functions are spread out

over the pins. This makes it easier to decide what external devices to attach without

worrying too much if there are enough pins to do the job.

One of the main advantages is that each pin is only shared between two or three functions

so it’s easier to decide what the pin function (other devices have up to 5 functions for a

pin).

Fig. 4.2 PIC 16F877A Pin Diagram courtesy: www.electrosome.com



4.1.7.1 DESCRIPTION OF EACH PIN:

Tab. 4.3 Pin details of PIC 16F877A courtesy: www.learn.mikroe.com



4.1.8 Architecture of PIC 16F877A MICROCONTROLLER

The PIC 16F877A microcontroller architecture comprises of CPU, I/O ports,

memory organization, A/D converter, timers/counters, interrupts, serial communication,

oscillator and CCP module which are discussed in detailed below.

Fig. 4.3 Architecture of PIC16F877A courtesy: www.edgefx.in

CPU (Central Processing Unit) - It is not different from other microcontrollers CPU and

the PIC microcontroller CPU consists of the ALU, CU, MU and accumulator,

etc. Arithmetic logic unit is mainly used for arithmetic operations and to take logical

decisions. Memory is used for storing the instructions after processing. To control the

internal and external peripherals, control unit is used which are connected to the CPU and

the accumulator is used for storing the results and further process.

Memory Organization-The memory module in the PIC microcontroller architecture

consists of RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read Only Memory) and STACK.

I/O Ports-The series of PIC16F877A consists of five ports such as Port A, Port B, Port C,

Port D & Port E.



Port A is a 16-bit port that can be used as input or output port based on the status

of the TRISA (Tradoc Intelligence Support Activity) register.

Port B is an 8- bit port that can be used as both input and output port.

Port C is an 8-bit and the input of output operation is decided by the status of the

TRISC register.

Port D is an 8-bit port acts as a slave port for connection to the microprocessor

BUS.

Port E is a 3-bit port which serves the additional function of the control signals to

the analog to digital converter.

A/D converters-The main intention of this analog to digital converter is to convert analog

voltage values to digital voltage values. A/D module of PIC microcontroller consists of 5

inputs for 28 pin devices and 8 inputs for 40 pin devices. The operation of the analog to

digital converter is controlled by ADCON0 and ADCON1 special registers. The upper

bits of the converter are stored in register ADRESH and lower bits of the converter are

stored in register ADRESL. For this operation, it requires 5V of an analog reference

voltage.

Timers/ Counters-PIC microcontroller has four timers/counters wherein the one 8-bit

timer and the remaining timers have the choice to select 8 or 16-bit mode. Timers are

used for generating accuracy actions, for example, creating specific time delays between

two operations.

Interrupts-PIC microcontroller consists of 20 internal interrupts and three external

interrupt sources which are associated with different peripherals like ADC, USART,

Timers, and so on.

Serial Communication-Serial communication is the method of transferring data one bit

at a time sequentially over acommunication channel. The different serial ports available

are:

USART: The name USART stands for Universal synchronous and

Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter which is a serial communication

for two protocols. It is used for transmitting and receiving the data bit by

bit over a single wire with respect to clock pulses. The PIC microcontroller



has two pins TXD and RXD. These pins are used for transmitting and

receiving the data serially.

SPI Protocol: The term SPI stands for Serial Peripheral Interface. This

protocol is used to send data between PIC microcontroller and other

peripherals such as SD cards, sensors and shift registers. PI

microcontroller support three wire SPI communications between two

devices on a common clock source. The data rate of SPI protocol is more

than that of the USART.

I2C Protocol: The term I2C stands for Inter Integrated Circuit, and it is a

serial protocol which is used to connect low speed devices such as

EEPROMS, microcontrollers, A/D converters, etc.

PICmicrocontroller support two wires Interface or I2C communication

between two devices which can work as both Master and Slave device.

Oscillators-Oscillators are used for timing generation. PIC microcontroller consists of

external oscillators like RC oscillators or crystal oscillators, where the crystal oscillator is

connected between the two oscillator pins. The value of the capacitor is connected to

every pin that decides the mode of the operation of the oscillator. The modes are crystal

mode, high-speed mode and the low-power mode. In case of RC oscillators, the value of

the resistor & capacitor determines the clock frequency and the range of clock frequency

is 30 KHz to 4MHz.



4.1.9 ADC

An analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, A–D, or A-to-D) is a device that

converts a continuous physical quantity (usually voltage) to a digital number that

represents the quantity's amplitude.

In PIC 16F877A, the Analog to Digital(ADC) Converter module has five inputs

for the 28- pin devices and eight inputs for the 40/44 pin devices. The conversion of an

analog input signal results in a corresponding 10-bit digital number.

The A/D module has high and low-voltage reference input that is software

selectable to some combination of Vdd, Vss, RA2 or RA3.The A/D converter has a

unique feature of being able to operate while the device is in sleep mode. To operate in

sleep, the A/D clock must be derived from the A/D’s internal RC oscillator.

The A/D module has four registers. These registers are,

A/D Result High Register(ADRESH)

A/D Result Low Register (ADRESL)

A/D Control Register (ADCON0)

A/D Control Register (ADCON1)

The ADCON0 register controls the operation of the A/D module. The ADCON1

register configures the functions of the port pins. The port pins can be configured as

analog pins or as digital I/O.

4.1.9.1 DESCRIPTION OF ADCON0 REGISTER:

Fig. 4.4 ADCON0 Register courtesy: www.whitewolfslair.wordpress.com



Fig. 4.5 ADCON0 Bit description courtesy: www.wm-help.net

4.1.9.2 DESCRIPTION OF ADCON1 REGISTER:

Fig. 4.6 ADCON1 Register courtesy: www.whitewolfslair.wordpress.com



Fig. 4.7 ADCON1 Bit description courtesy: www.wm-help.net

4.1.9.3 ADRESH and ADRESL: The registers contain the 10-bit result of the A/D

conversion. When the A/D conversion is complete, the result is loaded into this A/D

result register pair, the GO/ DONE bit (ADCON0<2>) is cleared and the A/D interrupt

flag bit ADIF is set.

Fig. 4.8 A/D Result Justification courtesy: www.ermicro.com



4.1.10 UART

UART stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitter. It is a serial

communication interface which uses two lines for sending (TX) and receiving (RX) data.

As its name indicates it is an asynchronous communication interface, which means it

doesn’t need to send clock along with it as in synchronous communications. UART is the

communication standard of our old computer’s RS-232 serial port. Most of the

Microchip’s PIC Microcontrollers have built in USART Module. USART stands for

Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter. It can be configured in the

following Modes:

UART – Asynchronous (Full Duplex)

USRT Master – Synchronous (Half Duplex)

USRT Slave – Synchronous (Half Duplex)

4.1.10.1 UART/USART Registers – PIC 16F877A

4.1.10.1.1 TXSTA – Transmit Status and Control Register:

Fig. 4.9 TXSTA – Transmit Status and Control Register courtesy: www.wm-help.net

Bit 7 CSRC: Clock Source Select Bit, this bit has no application in the

Asynchronous mode operation of USART module. It is used to select master or

slave mode in Synchronous mode operation.

Bit 6 TX9: When this bit is set it enables the 9 bit transmission otherwise 8 bit

transmission is used. 9th bit in the 9 bit transmission mode is commonly used as

parity bit.

Bit 5 TXEN: Setting this bit enables the transmission. In the synchronous mode

operation CREN and SREN bits of RCSTA register overrides this bit.

Bit 4 SYNC: This is the USART Mode select bit. Setting this bit selects

Synchronous mode while clearing this bit selects Asynchronous mode.

Bit 3 Unimplemented: This bit is unimplemented and will read as 0.



Bit 2 BRGH: This is the High Baud Rate Select bit for Asynchronous mode

operation and is unused in Synchronous mode. Setting this bit selects High Speed

and clearing this bit selects Low Speed baud rates. You can see the baud rate

calculation later in this article.

Bit 1 TRMT: This is the Transmit Shift Register (TSR) status bit. This can be

used to check whether the data written to transmit register is transmitted or not.

When the TRS is empty this bit is set and when the TSR is full this bit will be 0.

Bit 0 TX9D: This is the 9th bit of data in the 9 bit transmission mode. This is

commonly used as parity bit.

4.1.10.1.2 RCSTA – Receive Status and Control Register:

Fig. 4.10 RCSTA – Receive Status and Control Register courtesy: www.wm-help.net

Bit 7 SPEN: Serial Port Enable bit. Setting this bit enables serial port and

configures RC7, RC6 as serial port pins.

Bit 6 RX9: Setting this bit enables 9 bit reception otherwise it will be in 8 bit

reception mode.

Bit 5 SREN: Single Receive Enable bit. This bit has no effect on Asynchronous

mode and Synchronous Slave mode. Setting this bit will enables Single Receive.

This bit will cleared after the reception is complete.

Bit 4 CREN: Continuous Receive Enable bit. Setting this bit will enable

Continuous Receive. In the Synchronous Mode CREN overrides SREN.

Bit 3 ADDEN: Address Detect Enable bit. This bit is applicable only in

Asynchronous 9 bit mode. Setting this bit enables Address Detect.

Bit 2 FERR: Framing Error bit. 1 at this bit stands for Framing Error while 0

stands for No Framing Error.

Bit 1 OERR: Overrun Error bit. A high at this bit indicates that Overrun error has

occurred.

Bit 0 RX9D: This is the 9th bit of Received Data and is commonly used as Parity

Bit.



4.2 MQ-6 SEMICONDUCTOR SENSOR FOR LPG/ MQ-4 FOR

NATURAL GAS:

Fig. 4.11 MQ-6/ MQ-4 Gas sensor module and Sensor description courtesy: www.sparkfun.com

Sensitive material of MQ-6/MQ-4 gas/smoke sensor is SnO2, which has lower

conductivity in clean air. When the target combustible gas exist, the sensor’s conductivity

is more-higher along with the gas concentration rising. Please use simple electro circuit,

Convert change of conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration.

MQ-6 gas sensor has high sensitivity to Propane, Butane and LPG, also response

to Natural gas. The sensor could be used to detect different combustible gas, especially

Methane; it is with low cost and suitable for different application.

4.2.1 Characteristics:

Good sensitivity to Combustible gas in wide range

High sensitivity to Propane, Butane and LPG

Long life and low cost

Simple drive circuit

4.2.2 Applications:

Domestic gas leakage detector

Industrial Combustible gas detector

Portable gas detector



4.2.3 Working

Fig. 4.12 Working of MQ-6 / MQ-4 courtesy: www.sparkfun.com

The sensing material SnO2 has relatively low conductivity in clean air. When the

LPG is leaked and sensed by the sensor, the conductivity increases according to the

amount of the gas leaked.

The 5V supply to the sensor, is coded in the levels 0-255 for this project. As the

conductivity increases, low resistivity offer a full voltage range of 5V across resisstor RL.

So the value increases as the conductivity is increased with the concentratin of the gas.

The output from the sensor is analog is given as input to op-amp LM358 which is

designed in a comparator mode which compares the signal received from the sensor to a

threshold voltage(reference voltage). Potentiometer of 10kΩ is connected which is set at

2V(reference voltage).The voltage 2V is equal to output voltage of gas sensor in normal

air condition i.e. in absence of gas. LM358 compares two input i.e. preset voltage i/p at

inverting end with gas sensor o/p voltage at non-inverting end. In absence of gas the

output voltage of gas sensor is 2V thus overall output voltage of op-amp will be 0V. In

presence combustible gases input voltage reduces and output voltage of gas sensor

increases thus creating difference between two input voltage of op-amp. This difference is

given to the microcontroller and the buzzer is raised.



4.3 LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR:

Fig. 4.13 LM35 temperature sensor courtesy: www.instructtables.com

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output

voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus

has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ˚ Kelvin, as the user is not

required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient

Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to

provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4˚C at room temperature and ±3⁄4˚C over a full −55 to

+150˚C temperature range.

Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low

output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to

readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or

with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 µA from its supply, it has very low

self-heating, less than 0.1˚C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a −55˚ to

+150˚C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a −40˚ to +110˚C range (−10˚

with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46

transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the

plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface

mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.



4.3.1 Features:

Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)

Linear + 10.0 mV/˚C scale factor

0.5˚C accuracy guarantee-able (at +25˚C)

Rated for full −55˚ to +150˚C range

Suitable for remote applications

Low cost due to wafer-level trimming

Operates from 4 to 30 volts

Less than 60 µA current drain

Low self-heating, 0.08˚C in still air

Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4˚C typical

Low impedance output, 0.1 Ω for 1 mA load

4.3.2 Temperature to Voltage Conversion:

In LM35:

1°C change in sensor temperature corresponds to 10mV change in voltage.

FORMULA: E/Vref=D/2n-1

where, E= analog voltage

Vref= reference voltage (5V assumed)

D= ADC conversion value

n= 10 (10 bit resolution of ADC)



4.4 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR):

Fig. 4.14 Basic Structure of Light Dependent Resistor courtesy: blog.adafruit.com

The snake like track shown below is the Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) film which also

passes through the sides. On the top and bottom are metal films which are connected to

the terminal leads. It is designed in such a way as to provide maximum possible contact

area with the two metal films. The structure is housed in a clear plastic or resin case, to

provide free access to external light.

The main component for the construction of LDR is cadmium sulphide (CdS), which

is used as the photoconductor and contains no or very few electrons when not illuminated.

In the absence of light it is designed to have a high resistance in the range of mega ohms.

As soon as light falls on the sensor, the electrons are liberated and the conductivity of the

material increases. When the light intensity exceeds a certain threshold frequency, the

photons absorbed by the semiconductor give band electrons the energy required to jump

into the conduction band. This causes the free electrons or holes to conduct electricity and

thus dropping the resistance dramatically (< 1 Kilo ohm).

4.4.1 Advantages:

Cost effective and are available in many shapes and sizes.

Small power and voltage requirements for operation.

4.4.2 Disadvantages:

High inaccuracy with a response time of about 10 or 100 milliseconds.



4.5 GSM MODULE:

GSM is a mobile communication modem; it is stands for global system for mobile

communication (GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It

is widely used mobile communication system in the world. GSM is an open and digital

cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services operates at the

850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands.

There are various cell sizes in a GSM system such as macro, micro, pico and

umbrella cells. Each cell varies as per the implementation domain. There are five

different cell sizes in a GSM network macro, micro, Pico and umbrella cells. The

coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment.

4.5.1 GSM network

A Mobile Station: It is the mobile phone which consists of the transceiver, the display

and the processor and is controlled by a SIM card operating over the network.

Base Station Subsystem: It acts as an interface between the mobile station and the

network subsystem. It consists of the Base Transceiver Station which contains the radio

transceivers and handles the protocols for communication with mobiles. It also consists of

the Base Station Controller which controls the Base Transceiver station and acts as a

interface between the mobile station and mobile switching centre.

Network Subsystem: It provides the basic network connection to the mobile stations. The

basic part of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile Service Switching Centre which

provides access to different networks like ISDN, PSTN etc. It also consists of the Home

Location Register and the Visitor Location Register which provides the call routing and

roaming capabilities of GSM. It also contains the Equipment Identity Register which

maintains an account of all the mobile equipments wherein each mobile is identified by

its own IMEI number. IMEI stands for International Mobile Equipment Identity.



4.5.2Features of GSM Module:

Improved spectrum efficiency

International roaming

Compatibility with integrated services digital network (ISDN)

SIM phonebook management

Fixed dialling number (FDN)

Real time clock with alarm management

High-quality speech

Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure

Short message service (SMS)

The security strategies standardized for the GSM system make it the most secure

telecommunications standard currently accessible. Although the confidentiality of a call

and secrecy of the GSM subscriber is just ensured on the radio channel, this is a major

step in achieving end-to- end security.

4.5.3 GSM MODULE M660A:

Fig. 4.15 Neoway M660A GSM Module

M660 is an open platform wireless industrial module, supporting GSM / GPRS

communications. It provides the user with reserved CPU resource and plenty of hardware



interfaces, widely used in various industrial and commercial applications. The module has

high quality voice, messaging, data connectivity, GPS location and other functions.

4.5.3.1 Block Diagram

Fig. 4.16 GSM module block diagram courtesy: www.neoway.com.cn

The module’s internal IO uses 2.8V power supply system, which sets the input

voltage for all IO pins must not exceed the maximum of 3.3V, otherwise it may damage

the module’s IO. Possible signal integrity problems in circuits using 3.3V power may lead

to overshooting and output voltages surpassing the 3.3V limit and rising as high as 3.5V

sometimes. Such situation will cause damage to the IO port if a 3.3V signal is directly

connected to the 2.8V module IO. Hence a level matching external circuit should be used

to properly interface with the IO ports.



4.5.3.2 Parameters:

Tab. 4.4 Parameters of Neoway M660A GSM Module courtesy: www.neoway.com.cn



4.6 VOICE RECOGNITION MODULE:

Fig. 4.17 Easy VS Voice Recognition Module

This Voice Recognition Module is a compact and easy-control speaking recognition

board. This product is a speaker-dependent voice recognition module. It supports up to 14

voice commands in all. Any sound could be trained as command. Users need to train the

module first before let it recognizing any voice command. This board has 2 controlling

ways: Serial Port (full function), General Input Pins (part of function). General Output

Pins on the board could generate several kinds of waves while corresponding voice

command was recognized.

We know that Voice Recognition can control the light on and off using Voice

Commands. You make a Voice Command, the light turns on. Then after a Voice

Command it turns off. It will not cost too much. It can recognize as much as 14 voice

instruction, which issuitable for most cases involving voice control.

4.6.1 Key Features:

12VDC / 2Amp (Don’t Give AC Power Supply).

Analog Interface: 3.5mm mono-channel microphone connector.

TRAIN1 Switch for Record First Group.

TRAIN2 Switch for Record Second Group.



Each Group Store 7 Voice Commands.

Load1 Switch For Load The First Group To Voice Recognizer.

Load2 Switch For Load The Second Group To Voice Recognizer.

PB2, PB3, PB4, PB5 Pins are 4bit Data Output.

4.6.2 Steps to train the module:

Press TRAIN1 record First 7 Voice Commands.

Press TRAIN2 record Second 7 Voice Commands.

When training two Led on the Voice Recognition Module can indicate your

training process, the System Led (Yellow) is Blinking fast which remind you to

get Ready, Speak your Voice Command as soon as.

The Status Led (Red) lights on. The Recording process ends once when the status

Led (Red) lights off.

Then the system led (Yellow) is blinking again, Get Ready for next recording

process same command want to tell, when the training process ends successful,

system Led and Status Led Blink together.

Now one Voice Command stored successfully, Like that you have to complete

first group voice command.

If the Training Process fails, System Led and Status Led blink together but

quickly, this procedure same for each Voice Command.

After that Press Load Switch. If you press LOAD1 switch First Group will Load

(System Led (Yellow) Blink Fast) Then you want to tell first Group Commands

corresponding 4bit Data (Pb2,Pb3,Pb4,Pb5) you will get.

If you Press LOAD2 Switch Second Group Will Load (System Led (Yellow)

Blink Fast), then you want to tell second group commands corresponding 4bit

Data(PB2,PB3,PB4,PB5) You will get.

4.6.3 Applications:

Command and control of appliances and equipment.

Telephone assistance systems and Data entry.

Speech controlled toys.

Speech and voice recognition security systems.



4.7 PIEZO- ELECTRIC BUZZER

Fig. 4.18 Buzzer Internal Circuit Fig. 4.19 Buzzer Module courtesy: www.homemadecircuits.com

The simple buzzer circuit described here actually works in a quite unique way.

Instead of the normal working concept employed by other forms of oscillators which

require resistor and capacitor networks for generating the oscillations, this circuit use

inductive feedback for the required operations.

Referring to the above simple piezo buzzer circuit we find that the transistor T1

along with the inductor forms the heart of the circuit. Basically the coil which is

specifically called the buzzer coil is in fact positioned for amplifying the created

oscillations while the actual feedback is provided by the center tap of the three terminal

piezo element used for the present application.

When a voltage is introduced in the circuit, the transistor conducts, operating the

piezo element across the buzzer coil, however this also leads to the grounding of the base

of the transistor through the center tap of the piezo element, this instantly switches off the

transistor and in turn the piezo also switches off, releasing the base of the transistor.

The transistor reverts to its original state and the cycle repeats, generating

oscillations or the required “buzzing” frequency.

The center tap from the piezo transducer plays an important role in sustaining the

oscillations and therefore in this particular design we need a three terminal piezo rather

than a two terminal one.

The oscillations produced at the collector of the transistor are dumped into the coil,

saturating the coil with magnetic inductions. The coil kicks back the stored energy during

the oscillations, magnifying the generated AC across it.



This stepped up AC is applied across the anode and the cathode of the piezo

element, which starts vibrating sharply according the pitch of the frequency, generating a

shrill, ear piercing sound in the air. However to make the sound audible at maximum

intensity, the piezo transducer needs to be stuck or installed in a special way inside its

housing.

4.8 DRIVER (ULN 2003A) AND RELAY:

Fig. 4.20 Driver and Relay Module

Drivers are used to amplify the current coming from the microcontroller and used to

run the DC motor via relays. The ULN2003A series are high voltage, high current

Darlington drivers compromised of seven NPN Darlington pairs. All units feature integral

clamp diode for switching inductive loads.

Fig. 4.21 ULN 2003 Pin diagram courtesy: www.rasberrypi.org



Fig. 4.22 Driver Module LOAD Conditions courtesy: www.slideshare.net

4.8.1 FEATURES

Output current (single output) 500ma MAX.

High sustaining voltage output 50v MIN.

Output clamp diodes.

Inputs compatible with various types of logic.

Package type-AP: DIP-16pin.



4.8.2 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

Fig. 4.23 Darlington Amplifier courtesy: www.technologystudent.com

To provide improved performance and input/output characteristics, single transistors

may be combined to form compound devices. A commonly used compound device is

known as the Darlington configuration is shown. In this representation, two npn BJTs are

cascaded and are behaviourally equivalent to a single npn transistor. This single

compound device possesses desirable characteristics such as high input impedance, low

output impedance and high current gain; but does have the disadvantages of an almost

doubled VBE

(overall VBE

for the pair is 1.2V to 1.4V instead of the 0.6V to 0.7V for

single silicon BJTs) and the fact that any leakage current from the first transistor is

amplified by the second transistor. A Darlington pair may also be created using two pnp

devices, particularly in discrete circuit design, or through the use of an npn and a pnp.

The resulting compound device may be considered a single transistor and, in the

following discussion, will be used in either the CE or EF (CC) configuration.



4.9 SOLENOID VALVE

Fig 4.24 Air Solenoid Valve

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled

by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is

switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the

two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold.

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks

are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application

areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good

medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design.

Besides the plunger-type actuator which is used most frequently, pivoted-armature

actuators and rocker actuators are also used.

There are many valve design variations. Ordinary valves can have many ports and

fluid paths. A 2-way valve, for example, has 2 ports; if the valve is open, then the two

ports are connected and fluid may flow between the ports; if the valve is closed, then

ports are isolated. If the valve is open when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve

is termed normally open (N.O.). Similarly, if the valve is closed when the solenoid is not

energized, then the valve is termed normally closed. There is also 3-way and more

complicated designs. A 3-way valve has 3 ports; it connects one port to either of the two

other ports (typically a supply port and an exhaust port).

A solenoid valve has two main parts: the solenoid and the valve. The solenoid

converts electrical energy into mechanical energy which, in turn, opens or closes the

valve mechanically. A direct acting valve has only a small flow circuit, shown within

section E of this diagram (this section is mentioned below as a pilot valve). In this



example, a diaphragm piloted valve multiplies this small pilot flow, by using it to control

the flow through a much larger orifice.

Solenoid valves may use metal seals or rubber seals, and may also have electrical

interfaces to allow for easy control. A spring may be used to hold the valve opened

(normally open) or closed (normally closed) while the valve is not activated.

A- Input side

B- Diaphragm

C- Pressure chamber

D- Pressure relief passage

E- Electro Mechanical Solenoid

F- Output side

Fig. 4.25 Basic working of Solenoid Valve courtesy: en.wikipedia.org

The diagram to the right shows the design of a basic valve, controlling the flow of

water in this example. At the top figure is the valve in its closed state. The water under

pressure enters at A. B is an elastic diaphragm and above it is a weak spring pushing it

down. The diaphragm has a pinhole through its center which allows a very small amount

of water to flow through it. This water fills the cavity C on the other side of the



diaphragm so that pressure is equal on both sides of the diaphragm; however the

compressed spring supplies a net downward force. The spring is weak and is only able to

close the inlet because water pressure is equalized on both sides of the diaphragm.

Once the diaphragm closes the valve, the pressure on the outlet side of its bottom is

reduced, and the greater pressure above holds it even more firmly closed. Thus, the spring

is irrelevant to holding the valve closed.

The above all works because the small drain passage D was blocked by a pin which

is the armature of the solenoid E and which is pushed down by a spring. If current is

passed through the solenoid, the pin is withdrawn via magnetic force, and the water in

chamber C drains out the passage D faster than the pinhole can refill it. The pressure in

chamber C drops and the incoming pressure lift the diaphragm, thus opening the main

valve. Water now flows directly from A to F.

When the solenoid is again deactivated and the passage D is closed again, the spring

needs very little force to push the diaphragm down again and the main valve closes. In

practice there is often no separate spring; the elastomeric diaphragm is moulded so that it

functions as its own spring, preferring to be in the closed shape.



4.10 TOGGLE SWITCH:

Fig. 4.26 Toggle Switch courtesy: www.bestronusa.com

A toggle switch is a class of electrical switches that are manually actuated by a

mechanical lever, handle, or rocking mechanism. Toggle switches are available in many

different styles and sizes, and are used in numerous applications. Many are designed to

provide the simultaneous actuation of multiple sets of electrical contacts, or the control of

large amounts of electric current or mains voltages.

The word "toggle" is a reference to a kind of mechanism or joint consisting of two

arms, which are almost in line with each other, connected with an elbow-like pivot.

However, the phrase "toggle switch" is applied to a switch with a short handle and a

positive snap-action, whether it actually contains a toggle mechanism or not. Similarly, a

switch where a definitive click is heard is called a "positive on-off switch" - - the most

common use of this type of switch is a typical light switch or electrical outlet switch.

Multiple toggle switches may be mechanically interlocked to prevent forbidden

combinations.



4.11 LCD 16X2

Fig. 4.27 Front and Back of LCD Module

This component is specialized to be used with the microcontrollers, which means

that it cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. It is used for displaying different

messages on a miniature liquid crystal display. A model described here is for its low price

and great capabilities most frequently used in practice. It is based on the HD44780

microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in two lines with 16 characters each.

It displays all letters of alphabet, Greek letters, punctuation marks, mathematical symbols

etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols made up by the user. Other useful

features include automatic message shift (left and right), cursor appearance, LED

backlight etc.

Along one side of a small printed board there are pins used for connecting to the

microcontroller. There are in total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the

backlight is glowed). The table below shoes the description of each pin:



The table below shoes the description of each pin:

Tab 4.5 LCD Pin Details courtesy: www.usstudy.in

4.11.1 Interfacing of LCD

Depending on how many lines are used for connecting LCD to the microcontroller,

there are 8-bit and 4-bit LCD modes. The appropriate mode is selected at the beginning of

the operation in the process called initialization.

The main purpose of 4-bit LED mode is to save valuable I/O pins of the

microcontroller. Only 4 higher bits (D4-D7) are used for communication, while others

may be unconnected. Each data is sent to LCD in two steps- four higher bits are sent first

(normally through the lines D4-D7) and four lower bits are sent afterwards. Initialization

enables LCD to link and interpret received bits correctly.



Fig. 4.28 LCD interfaced with Microcontroller courtesy: www.8051projects.net

4.12 SOFTWARE DETAILS:

4.12.1 MPLAB_IDE:

MPLAB IDE is a free, integrated toolset for the development of embedded applications

on Microchip's PIC and PIC microcontrollers. It is called an Integrated Development

Environment, or IDE, because it provides a single integrated environment to develop

code for embedded microcontrollers.

MPLAB IDE runs as a 32-bit application on MS Windows, is easy to use and includes a

host of free software components for fast application development and super-charged

debugging. MPLAB IDE also serves as a single, unified graphical user interface for

additional Microchip and third party software and hardware development tools. Moving

between tools is a snap, and upgrading from the free software simulator to hardware

debug and programming tools is done in a flash because MPLAB IDE has the same user

interface for all tools.



4.12.2 Steps to Invoke MPLAB_IDE

1. Create a folder on the desktop with a relevant name concerning to the program.

2. Click on the MP Lab icon on the desktop to open the software.

3. Go to project and select new project. Write the project name and select the

directory. The directory should be our own created folder in the beginning. Save

the project in that folder.

4. Go to project and use the build options. Select “Include search path” from the

drop down menu.

5. Browse for the path in the devices folder in c:\ program files\ PIC C folder\

devices.

6. Go to project and use the build options. Select “Library search path” from the

drop down menu.

7. Browse for the path in the drivers folder in c:\ program files\ PIC C folder\

drivers.

8. From the view menu on the top, select project window and output window.

9. Take a new file and type the programming code in it. Save the program with “.c”

extension in our folder created on the desktop.

10. In the project window, right click on source file and add the saved program file

with .c extension as the source file.

11. Compile the program to check for errors.

12. Press F10 or go to build the program to see the output.



4.12.3 FLOWCHART



RESULTS

5.1 TEMPERATURE SENSOR:

Fig. 5.1 Snapshot showing initial temperature and the fan is switched off

Fig. 5.2 Snapshot showing fan is switched on above threshold temperature



5.2 LDR:

Fig. 5.3 Snapshot showing bulb is off when sufficient sunlight is available

Fig. 5.4 Snapshot showing bulb is switched on when darkness is detected by LDR



5.3 GAS SENSOR:

Fig. 5.5 Snapshot showing the solenoid valve is on when no gas leakage is detected

Fig. 5.6 Snapshot showing the valve is switched off and a message sent from GSM

module to the registered mobile number in case of gas leakage



5.4 SMOKE SENSOR:

Fig. 5.7 Snapshot showing low smoke level

Fig. 5.8 Snapshot showing higher smoke levels and a message sent through the GSM module to the registered mobile number in case of smoke detection



ADVANTAGES, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 ADVANTAGES:

The prototype designed works without my internet connection, android

application or Bluetooth. The methodology used is user friendly, easy to operate

and doesn’t learning my new technology.

The components used have low voltage and power requirements and are cost

effective.

The GSM facility incorporated in the project ensures safety by informing a

member of the family about any probable internal threat.

The speech module can be easily trained to operate devices by recognising

different voices in case of person with physical disabilities.

6.2 CONCLUSION:

The project basically aimed at implementing a wireless sensor network, for detecting

any internal lapses in the house and is implemented using the Gas and Smoke sensor to

ensure safety to the elderly or disables population in case of fire or gas leakage.

The sensor network is also incorporated and successfully demonstrated for operating

devices in the house such as lights, fans, etc., by using the temperature sensor and LDR.

The control of the devices is also ensured by the user themselves by using the speech

processing module to control home appliances. This feature is extremely helpful in case

of a person with disability, who may not be physically independent to move freely from

place to another.



6.3 FUTURE SCOPE:

A Braille module can be designed and implemented along with this project to

assist blind people also.

GPS feature can be incorporated to track the devices and the persons inside the

home in real time.

The speed of the fan can be controlled according to the significance in rise of

temperature.

The concept can be extended to a global level and the devices can be operated

from anywhere in the world with the help of GPRS, if the whole world is linked to

an internet connection with proper speed.

This concept of E- Assistance can be merged with IoT in India, if the country is

provided with proper Wi-Fi throughout.



REFERENCES

[1]. A. M. Cole and B.Q. Tran, “Home Automation to promote Independent living in

elderly population ”Proceedings of the Second Joint EMBSBMES Conference,

Houston, TX, USA October 23-26, 2002

[2]. J. A. Nazabal, I. R. Matías, C. Fernández-Valdivielso, F. Falcone, P. Branchi

“Home Automation based Sensor System for Monitoring Elderly People Safety”

Sixth International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST) 2012

[3]. Vasco Santos, Paulo Bartolomeu, Jose Fonseca, Alexandre Mota “B-Live - A

Home Automation System for Disabled and Elderly People” IEEE Page No 333 -

336, 2007

[4]. Ahmed ElShafee, Karim Alaa Hamed “Design and Implementation of a Wi-Fi

Based Home Automation System” World Academy of Science, Engineering and

Technology Vol: 6 2012-08-28

[5]. Chao Zhang, Takakazu Ishimatsu and Jiangli Yu Lawn Murray,Lei Shi “Vision-

Based Displacement Sensor for People with Serious Spinal Cord Injury”

Proceedings of 2015 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and

Automation August 2-5. Beijing. China

[6]. Leroy Zi Wei Tang, Kian Sin Ang, Mohamad Amirul , Fachmin Folianto

“Augmented Reality Control Home (ARCH) for Disabled and Elderlies” 2015

IEEE Tenth International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and

Information Processing (ISSNIP) Demo and Video Singapore, 7-9 April 2015

[7]. Anido Rifon, L.E.; Rivas Costa, C.; Gomez Carballa, M.; Valladares Rodriguez,

S.;Femandez Iglesias, MJ. “Improving the quality of life of dependent and

disabled people through home automation and Tele-assistance” The 8th

International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE 2013) April

26-28, 2013. Colombo, Sri Lanka

[8]. Tim Wilmshurst, “Designing Embedded Systems with PIC Microcontrollers:

Principles and Applications”



APPENDIX A

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS:

1. ADC : Analog to Digital Converter

2. ARCH : Augmented Reality Control Home

3. BCI : Brain Computer Interface

4. BMI : Brain Machine Interface

5. BUI : Brain User Interface

6. CISC : Complex Instruction Set Computer

7. CPU : Central Processing Unit

8. EEPROM : Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

9. GPRS : General Packet Radio Service

10. GSM : Global System for Mobile Communication

11. GUI : Graphical User Interface

12. HTPC : Home Theatre Personal Computer

13. I2C : Inter-integrated Circuit Protocol

14. LAN : Local Area Network

15. LCD : Liquid Crystal Display

16. LDR : Light Dependent Resistor

17. LPG : Liquefied Petroleum Gas

18. MMI : Mind Machine Interface

19. PIC : Peripheral Interface Controller

20. PWM : Pulse Width Modulation

21. RISC : Reduced Instruction Set Computing

22. SPI : Serial Peripheral Interface Protocol

23. UART : Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter

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