E-Commerce and Telecommmunication and Facsimile

8/8/2019 E-Commerce and Telecommmunication and Facsimile

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Prepared By:-

Aditya SaiyanAnimesh

Snehil Gupta


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Definition

E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is thebuying and selling of goods and services on theInternet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice,this term and a newer term , e-business , are often

used interchangably. For online retail selling, the terme-tailing is sometimes used.


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E-commerce is more than just buying and selling productsonline.

Instead, it encompasses the entire online processes ofdeveloping, marketing, selling, delivering, and paying forproducts and services purchased by internet worked, globalmarket places of customers, with support of worldwidenetwork of business partners.

In using the web as links between the buyers andsellers, they can use internet, extranet and intranets.


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y The classification of ecommerce is based: who orders,the goods and services to be sold, who sold thosegoods and services and the nature of transactions.

y Based on the above criteria, e-commerce are classifiedas;

1. Business-to-Business (B2B)

2. e commerce Business-to-Consumer (B2C)

3. e commerce Consumer-to-Business (C2B)

4. e commerce Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)

5. e commerce Peer-to-Peer (P2P) e commerce

6. M-commerce.


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7. Business to-Employee

8. E-Government

9. E-Learning

10. None-Business e-commerce11. Business-to-Business-to-Customer

12. Intra-business e commerce

13. Exchange-to-Exchange14. Collaborative commerce


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y Business-to-Business (B2B) e-commerce - It is thelargest form of ecommerce In this form the buyers andsellers are both business entities and do not involve

and individual consumer.y Business-to-Consumer (B2C)e-commerce In this e-

commerce type, business and consumers are involved.Business sell to the public typically through catalogs

utilizing shopping cart software. In Business-toConsumer (B2C) e commerce, business must developattractive electronic market places to entice and sellproducts and services to the consumer.


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y Consumer-to-Business (C2B) e-commerce Also calleddemand collection model-It enables buyers to name theirown price, often binding, for a specific good or servicesgenerating demand A consumer posts his project with a setbudget online and within outs; companies review thecustomers requirements and bids out the project. Then thecustomer will review the bids and selects the company thatwill complete the project.

y Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) e-commerce It facilitatesthe online transaction of goods or services between two

peoples. However, there is not visible intermediaryinvolved, but the parties cannot carry out the transactionswithout the platform, which is provided by the onlinemarket such as eBay.


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y Peer-to-Peer (P2P) e-commerce It is a technology in itself thathelps people to directly share computer files and computerresources without having a central web server.

y M-commerce It refers to the use of mobiles devices forconducting the transactions.

y Business to-Employee This is the subset of the inter-businesscategory in which the business organization delivers goods,services, information to individual employees. Business to-Employee This is the subset of the inter-business category in

which the business organization delivers goods, services,information to individual employees.

y E-Government In E-Government a government departmentsbuys or sells goods, services or information to business (G2B) orto the individual citizens (G2C) or to other government entity(G2G).


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y E-Learning When educations, training or examination areprovided online, it is called E-Learning.

y None-Business e-commerce The users of this e-commerceare academic institutions, religious institutions, socialorganizations, government agencies and non-for profit

organizations.y Business-to-Business-to-Customer In this a business

provides some product or service to a client business.y Intra-business e-commerce Includes all internal

organizational activities that involve the exchange of

goods, services or information among various units andindividual in that organization.y Exchange-to-Exchange It describes a public electronic

market with many buyers and sellers.y Collaborative commerce: This is the process of

communicating online between individuals or groups.


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Concept of Telecommunication :y Concept ofTelecommunication Telecommunication is the

assisted transmission of signals over a distance for thepurpose of communication.

y In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smokesignals, drums, semaphore, f lags or heliograph.

y In modern times, telecommunication typically involves theuse of electronic devices such as the telephone, television,radio or computer.

y Early inventors in the field of telecommunication includeAlexander Graham Bell, Guglielmo Marconi and John Logie

Baird.y Telecommunication is an important part of the world

economy and the telecommunication industry's revenuewas estimated to be $1.2 trillion in 2006.


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1. Basic elements

2. Analogue or digital

3. Networks4. Channels

5. Modulation


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y Basic elements : A basic telecommunication systemconsists of three elements: a transmitter that takesinformation and converts it to a signal; a transmissionmedium that carries the signal; and, a receiver that receivesthe signal and converts it back into usable information.

y Analogue or digital Signals can be either analogue or

digital. In an analogue signal, the signal is variedcontinuously with respect to the information. In a digitalsignal, the information is encoded as a set of discrete values(for example ones and zeros).

y Networks A network is a collection of transmitters,receivers and transceivers that communicate with eachother. Digital networks consist of one or more routers thatwork together to transmit information to the correct user.An analogue network consists of one or more switches thatestablish a connection between two or more users.


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y Channels : A channel is a division in a transmissionmedium so that it can be used to send multiplestreams of information.

y

Modulation : The shaping of a signal to conveyinformation is known as modulation.


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y Homing pigeons.

y Telegraph and telephone

y Radio and television.

y Computer networks and the Internet


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What and how do we do when we communicate?

Social presence in CMC - computer mediated

communication, especially asynchronous

Organizing and managing course conferences


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Barriers to Tele-

communication

Noise

Inappropriate medium

Assumptions/Misconceptions Clearity

Language differences

Poor listening skills

Distractions/Network Problem


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y The benefits of electronic communication is that people across theworld can share televised pictures, conversations, graphics, circuits andinteractive softwares.

y The interaction between people residing in different geographicallocations have increased and have become promiscuous.

y

The conversations are more visual and textual. This is helpful mainlyfor hearing impaired people.y With electronic communication, the recipient receives the message

within a few seconds of the sender sending it. The recipient can readthe message anytime, anywhere according to his convenience.

y The speed of conversation has increased and this has resulted in fasterprocessing of important matters related to business, finance, trade, etc.For example, you can instantly access the information present in yourcomputer. As there are no restrictions about time and place, people cansit at home and do their office work if the required resources areavailable.This work arrangement is termed as telecommuting.


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y The main issue with electronic communication is security.

y Hackimg and can get affected with computer virus.

y Electronic data can be duplicated identically without any proofof duplication. These messages can also be modified. At times,

people can intentionally send malicious programs like viruses,worms and Trojans through emails, which is difficult to detect.

y Another disadvantage of electronic communication is emailprivacy issues. An email is sent in the form of data packets viacomputer network. These data packets have to pass through a

number of routers (a computer device used for forwardingpackets in the computer network) and computers before itreaches its destination. So, there are chances of an individualtampering the emails before it reaches its recipient.


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y

Advantages:Quick and accessible communicationLack of travel timeSaves timeSaves gasoline (do not have to drive distance)More than two people can communicate to one another at the

same timeNext "best thing" to being thereEasy to exchange ideas and information via phone and/or fax

World Wide access

Disadvantages:Remote areas do not have accessRemote areas may not be able to afford necessary equipmentCannot see whom you are speaking withCannot see facial expressions, therefore leads tomisunderstandingsCultural barriersPoor connections or downed powerlines during/after storms


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y www

y Telephone lines

y Network

y Modemy e-mail

y Online chatting

y Fibre optic cables

y Intranet


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y Stay connected anywhere

y MicrowaveTechnology

y Messaging

y

Multimediay Access internet

y Boon for field work


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y The first facsimile equipment for use in interactionswas the chemical telegraph invented by AlexanderBain (1810-1877) in 1842 Modern fax machines became

feasible only in the mid-1970s as the simplicityincreased and cost of the underlying technologies

dropped

y By the mid-1980s, fax machines were very populararound the world Digital fax machines first becamepopular in Japan


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y A fax machine is essentially an image scanner, a modem, and acomputer printer combined into a highly specialized package. Thescanner converts the content of a physical document into a digitalimage, The modem sends the image data over a phone line, The printerat the other end makes a duplicate of the original document. Parts

y The traditional method requires a phone line, and only one fax can besent or received at a time.

y A fax machine scans an image, whether it be text or a photo, byreading a very small area of the image at a time. The fax machinedecides whether the area it is reading is light or dark and assigns thearea a number such as "0" for white and "1" for dark. Then the faxtransmits the number to a remote facsimile receiver (usually viatelephone lines). The receiver makes a mark on paper corresponding to

the area on the original image Workingy Speed and time- The data transferring speed of fax machines is usually

36.6 kbps or in simple terms it can be said that they take almost 10seconds in sending one page of document. A speed of 33.6 kbps is thefastest you can send or receive, however the average speed is around14.4 Kbps, which is decent enough.


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y A fax machine sends inexpensive mesages andprovides a written record of the message transmitted.

The delivered page shows the phone no. and time ofthe transmission so there is a written record.

y Faster

y Cost is less

y Safery Maintenence is low


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y

y Disadvantages offax machines? Need a separate space for the machine. Needs a telephone line. Needs power/electricity Requires paper for receiving and sending faxes Machine needs to be on always to receive faxes. If themachine is off, we may lose the faxes. Large probabilityof losing faxes, which could potentiallybe important.

Storage and Archival of these Printed Paper Faxes are verycumbersome. They'll need a good amount of space in theoffice. Aging of papers could lead to difficulties in managingrecords.


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