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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Learning outcomes:
You will learn to: To recognise and use a variety of scientific inquiry skills and processes
To develop attitudes required in scientific inquiry
To state some limitations of science and technology in solving problems
To plan and carry out scientific investigations
To analyse problems and think of novel solutions for them
To draw charts and graphs to display graphical data
To value individual effort and working in a team as part of scientific inquiry
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Before you begin, write down
some questions about what you
want to find out in this chapter.
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Finding out in scienceFinding out in science
How do we find out new things? By: Reading books;
Conducting experiments;
Observing phenomenon in everyday life
Can you think of other ways of finding out newknowledge?
From the media e.g. surfing the internet; Checking with friends or experts etc.
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Skills for doing experimentsSkills for doing experiments Posing questions
Observing
Measuring
Communicating
Inferring (including predicting and drawing conclusion)
Making models
Formulating and testing hypotheses
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Other skillsOther skills
Classifying and sequencing
Defining, controlling, and manipulating variable inexperimentation
Interpreting, analysing, and evaluating data
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Use of skillsUse of skills
To carry out complex tasks, called processes (or
methods), such as:
Planning and carrying out investigations
Formulating and testing hypotheses
Creative problem solving
Using charts and graphs
What you get: Products of science
Knowledge scientists gain from their discoveries
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Posing questionsPosing questions
Posing questions is usually the starting point of
science.
Many questions begin with these six words: Why?
What?
Where?
Which? When?
How?
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Posing questions
Look at some objects in your
classroom or outside in the school
grounds. Ask at least six questions
about each of them.
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
This could be a brainstorming activity. Do not worry too much
about the quality of the questions at this stage. One object
could be a (filament) light bulb. Possible questions are:
How is the light bulb made?
What is light?
Where does the electricity come from?
What kind of wire is used as the filament?
Why does the bulb get hot? Why does the filament not melt?
Why do bulbs often blow?
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
ObservingObserving
Helps us to collect information about the world around us
Requires the use of all 5 senses: Sight
Hearing Smell
Taste
Touch
Observing can be followed by patterns searching
However, our senses can be limited, unreliable and subjective.
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Examples of limited sensesExamples of limited senses
Measuring the temperature of water with our sense
of touch
Measuring the depth of a swimming pool using our
sense of sight
Measuring the loudness of sound coming from ourtelevision set
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
MeasuringMeasuring
Measuring
instrument
Ruler
Vernier calipers
Micrometer
To measure
Length
Length
Length
Picture
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
MeasuringMeasuring
Measuring
instrumentTo measure Picture
Measuring tape Length
Thermometer Temperature
Stopwatch Time
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Other common measuring instrumentsOther common measuring instruments
Measuring
instrument
To measure Picture
Beam balance
Weighing scale
Measuring
cylinder
Mass
Weight
Volume
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Other common measuring instrumentsOther common measuring instruments
Measuring
instrumentTo measure Picture
pH meter pH
Ammeter Current
Voltmeter Voltage
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Drag and drop the instrument used toDrag and drop the instrument used to
measure the stated quantity.measure the stated quantity.
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
CommunicatingCommunicating Modes of communication:
Talking
Listening
Writing
Purposes of communication:
Share ideas
Learn from others Build on others ideas
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Writing sentences about what we observe
Drawing diagrams of what we see
Using tables, graphs or charts to record and present ourobservations
For a project, we may keep a diary
Tapes and photographs are also ways to record ourobservations
Different ways of communicationDifferent ways of communication
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Inference: something new that we have to work out frominformation (observations and measurements) that is given
Observation Inference
Example:
Observation: We see a shadow
Inference: The sun is shining;
It is daytime.
InferringInferring
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Observing a space creatureObserving a space creature
Imagine that a spaceship stopped on a planet in outerspace. While the astronauts explored the planet, theyobserved a strange organism. In their report, they wroteseveral statements about the creature.
Tell whether each statement is an inference or anobservation.
Remember: An observation Is something you sense: taste, touch, smell,
see, or hear
An inference is something you decide or think regarding anevent after you observe it
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Observation or inference?Observation or inference?1. The organism frowned to show it did not like strangers.
2. The organism is green with brown spots.
3. The organism lives near other organisms.
4. The organism moved away from us because it was scared.
5. The organism made gurgling noises.
6. The organism had four toes on each foot and they were webbed.
7. The organisms has one blue eye and two green eyes.
8. The planet must be hot because the organism was sweating.
9. The organism moves slowly because of old age.
10. The organism likes yellow plants because it was holding them.
[Taken from http://www.lincoln.smmusd.org/staff/Vanerveen_Web/scientificmethod/inference_vs]Obe
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Observation or inference???Observation or inference???Is this statement an observation or inference? Classify it by dragging eachstatement to the correct box.
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
About inferencesAbout inferences Different inferences can be made from the same
observation or measurement;
They may turn out to be wrong;
Examples of inference: Prediction: saying what will happen in the future
Conclusion: interpretation of data to answer the questionbeing investigated
Hypothesis: a smart guess
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
ImplicationsImplications Conclusion or prediction made by scientists may turn out to be
wrong;
Different scientists may come up with different conclusions fromthe same data;
Scientific claims may change as new evidence is presented
Scientific knowledge, although reliable and durable, cannot be
absolutely proven.
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Making modelsMaking models Model:
A picture, diagram or anything that helps us understand
things that are too small to be seen, or too large or too
complicated to be studied easily
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Inferring
Look again at the picture of the sundial in Fig. A2.6.
1. Write some observations you can make.
2. Write down some inferences from these observations.
1. Observations: The sundial is a metal plate with marks on
it. There is a shadow passing across the sundial.
2. Inferences: It is daytime. The Sun isshining. It is not raining. Somebody
photographed the sundial. The time
is about 2 p.m.
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
1. Observations: The sundial is a metal plate with
marks on it. There is a shadow passing across
the sundial.
2. Inferences: It is daytime. The Sun is shining. It is
not raining. Somebody photographed the sundial.
The time is about 2 p.m.
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Inferring, predicting
Use the line graph in Fig. A2.19 to
answer the following questions.
1. What was the temperature after 5.5
minutes?2. Approximately how long did it take
for the temperature to reach 70C?
3. How long did it take for the
temperature to rise from
30C to 60C?
1. About 65C.
2. 6 minutes.
3. About 3.5 minutes.
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Formulating and testing hypothesisFormulating and testing hypothesis
Hypothesis: a smart guess made to explain observations
Example:
Observation: steel paper clips are magnetic, that is, they are
attracted by a magnet
Hypothesis: Things made of metal are magnetic
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
A common scientific methodA common scientific method
Make a prediction
from the hypothesis
Do an experimentto test the prediction
Make preliminary observationor measurement
Formulate a hypothesis
from observation
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Myth of scientific methodMyth of scientific method
There are many methods of doing science.
Not all scientists follow the 4 steps.
The same steps may not be always be followed inthat order shown in the previous slide.
There is no recipe-like stepwise procedure that allscientists follow when they do science.
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Attitudes needed in the study of scienceAttitudes needed in the study of science
Attitude Meaning
Curiosity Wanting to explore and find out
Open-mindedness
(and scepticism)
Being willing to accept new ideas, but at the
same time not believing that all you read or
find out is true or correct
Humility Not being too proud of what you have
discovered; a willingness to say I am wrong
and to change your ideas when new evidence
is presented
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A2CHAPTER
Scientific Inquiry
Attitudes needed in the study of scienceAttitudes needed in the study of science
Attitude Meaning
Creativity The attitude of looking for new ways to
solve problems
Being fair and not letting opinions or
beliefs affect your work
Integrity Being honest and not changing the
results of experiments
Objectivity
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A2CHAPTE
Scientific Inquiry
Attitudes needed in the study of scienceAttitudes needed in the study of science
Attitude Meaning
Perseverance Working on a problem until a solutionis found
Responsibility Showing care and concern for living
things and the environment
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A2CHAPTE
Scientific Inquiry
Examples of scientific misconductExamples of scientific misconduct
Fabrication: publish deliberately false or misleadingresearch
Plagiarism: take credit for the work of another
Violation of ethical standards regarding human andanimal experiments
[From wikipedia]
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A2CHAPTE
Scientific Inquiry
Hwang Woo-Suk, a South Korean biomedical scientist
Fraudulently reported to have succeeded in creating humanembryonic stem cells by cloning in the journal Science
in 2004 & 2005
Both papers have been retracted after being found to contain alarge amount of fabricated data
Dismissed from Seoul National University in 2006
Can you identify the attitudes that this scientist lack?
[From wikipedia]
Case Study Scientific MisconductCase Study Scientific Misconduct
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A2CHAPTE
Scientific Inquiry
1. Planning and carring out scientific investigations
2. Creative problem solving
3. Using charts and graphs
Science ProcessesScience Processes
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A2CHAPTE
Scientific Inquiry
Planning
Decide what apparatus to use
What observations or measurements to make (andhow to make them)
How to conduct a fair test:
Change only variable that we are measuring
All other variables remain unchanged
Planning and carrying out scientificPlanning and carrying out scientificinvestigationsinvestigations
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A2CHAPTE
Scientific Inquiry
Purpose Question or hypothesis
Think about how to do the
experiment
Method
Results
Conclusion
Evaluation
a) Deciding what observations to make
b) Making the experiment a fair test
c) Deciding what apparatus to use
Choose the best method and describe how the
experiment is to be done
Choose a suitable way to communicate the observations
and measurements
Draw conclusion from the results
a) Did anything go wrong in the investigation
b) How can I improve it if I do it again?
What planning and carrying out scientific investigationsWhat planning and carrying out scientific investigations
involvedinvolved
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A2CHAPTE
Scientific Inquiry
ExampleExample
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A2CHAPTE
Scientific Inquiry
Observe the language used for describing the differentsteps of the scientific investigation in the previous slide
What are some features of the language used in eachstage?
Are there any differences between the stages?
If so, what are they?
Discuss the reasons or purposes for these differences
Language used in laboratory reportsLanguage used in laboratory reports
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A2CHAPTE
Scientific Inquiry
Before planning an experiment, a scientist must ask
What is the problem?
A problem is a statement or question to be solved or
answered, especially for something difficult.
As scientists often ask difficult questions about things,
creative problem solving is needed.
Creative problem solvingCreative problem solving
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A2CHAPTE
Scientific Inquiry
1. What is the problem?
2. What ideas are there to solve
the problem?
3. Choose a solution that
seems to be the best.
4. Try out the solution.
5. Interpret the results.
Did it work?
No
Steps involved in creative problem solvingSteps involved in creative problem solving
2E
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A2CHAPTE
Scientific Inquiry
When we are planning a scientific investigation
When we are designing a device such as a machineor a piece of apparatus (e.g. for taking
measurements or collecting data)
When we are thinking of a scheme or a plan toovercome a problem
Examples of where creative problem solvingExamples of where creative problem solving
is neededis needed
A2E
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A2CHAPT
Scientific Inquiry
Purpose of charts and graphs: Recording our observations and measurements
Give a clearer picture of the results than numbers in a table
Facilitate the identification of patterns
Examples: Pie charts
Bar charts
Line graphs
Using charts and graphs in scienceUsing charts and graphs in science
A2E
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A2CHAPT
Scientific Inquiry
Note: The full pie chart represents the whole class (100%).
Suitable for:
Showing relative proportions
Pie ChartsPie Charts
A2TER
S f
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A2CHAPT
Scientific Inquiry
Suitable for:
Showing distribution of non-
continuous data
Bar ChartsBar Charts
A2TER
S i tifi I i
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A2CHAPT
Scientific Inquiry
Suitable for:
Showing trend of continuous
data
Line GraphsLine Graphs
A2TER
S i tifi I i
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A2CHAPT
Scientific Inquiry
The initial temperature of the water
The temperature at any time during heating
The likely temperature of the water beyond the actual time ofheating
Time taken for the temperature to reach a certain temperature
The pattern of change of temperature with the amount of timethe water is heated
Inferences that can be drawn from line graphInferences that can be drawn from line graph
shownshown
A2TER
S i tifi I i
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A2CHAPT
Scientific Inquiry
Scientific inquiry involves: Attitudes: curiosity, humility, objectivity, perseverance,
responsibility
Processes: planning and carrying out investigations, creativeproblem solving, using charts and graphs
Skills: posing questions, observing, measuring,communicating results, inferring, making models, formulating
hypothesis
Products: all knowledge gained in science
SummarySummary