Salvinia molesta “giant salvinia” SALVINACEAE Fern • Habit: free floating aquatic fern • Foliage: Leaves born in 3s, appear distichous (third leaf resembling roots), rounded to broadly elliptic, 1.5-3 cm long and wide, often folded along the midrib, base cordate, hairy on both surfaces, papilla on upper surface with 4 distal hairs joined at the tips (resembling an egg beater) • Flowers: no flowers, produces spores • Fruits: no fruits, sporangia among roots • Habitat: standing water of canals, ponds, lakes and connected waterways • Similar species: Salvinia minima (water spangles)-FLEPPC Cat. 1 • Control: Diquat, Glyphosate, Imazapyr Water spangles ‘Egg-beater’ hairs on top leaf surface Free-floating with roots for absorption Complete infestation of pond Adult plant bearing sporangia HI FLEPPC Unranked E D R R
• Foliage: Leaves born in 3s, appear distichous (third leaf resembling roots), rounded to broadly elliptic, 1.5-3 cm long and wide, often folded along the midrib, base cordate, hairy on both surfaces, papilla on upper surface with 4 distal hairs joined at the tips (resembling an egg beater)
• Flowers: no flowers, produces spores
• Fruits: no fruits, sporangia among roots
• Habitat: standing water of canals, ponds, lakes and connected waterways
• Similar species: Salvinia minima (water spangles)-FLEPPC Cat. 1
• Control: Diquat, Glyphosate, Imazapyr
Water spangles ‘Egg-beater’ hairs on top leaf surface
Free-floating with roots for absorption
Complete infestation of pond
Adult plant bearing sporangia
HI
FLEPPC Unranked
E
D
R
R
Agave sisalana “sisal hemp” AGAVACEAE Monocot
•Habit: large stiff subshrub to 2m , large taproot
•Foliage: 10cm wide and up to 1.5m long, sharp dark brown spine at end, grey-green in color
•Flowers: A branched inflorescence forms atop a flower stalk 7-9m tall, yellowish-green flowers to 7cm wide.; monocarpic
•Fruits: Dry oblong capsule, black seeds; also producing sterile pups or plantlets;
•Habitat Coastal uplands, scrub, scrubby flatwoods, pine rockland, disturbed sites
• Habit: emergent to submerged floating herbaceous vine, stems hollow, white sap
• Foliage: alternate, simple, with smooth petioles 3-14cm long; leaf blades arrowhead shaped but variable, smooth, to 17 cm long, tips pointed; blades held above water when stems floating
• Flowers: white to light to dark pink
• Fruits: an oval or spherical capsule, woody at maturity, about 1cm wide, 1-4 grayish seeds, these often short-hairy
• Habitat: shallow water (ponds, lakes, rivers, canals)
• Similar species: Ipomoea sagittata -glades morning-glory (native)
• Control: 2,4-D amine, Glyphosate, Diquat
Note variation in flower color, white common in Florida
Vines form monoculture, crowds out other vegetation Glades morning-glory
•Habit: evergreen tree to 30m, bark rough grey to black on lower trunk, smooth gray-green above •Foliage: ovate, 20cm long, 11cm wide at base, green above, paler below, irritating hairs, blunt-tipped, aromatic • Flowers: small creamy white flowers in clusters with
numerous stamens • Fruits: brown globe-shaped capsule, 8mm wide, in tight
clusters
•Habitat: disturbed sites, planted areas
•Similar species: rainbow eucalyptus (non-native)-not aromatic, has tipped leaf
•Control: : Hack-n-squirt glyphosate, 2,4-D at high concentrations (>50%)
• Habit: rooted perennial aquatic, rooting at leaf nodes along stem
• Foliage: leaves alternate, submersed leaves sessile, emersed leaves stalked, the leaf stalk not inflated, leaf blade rounded
• Flowers: showy light purple flowers above water surface on erect stems, 7-50 flowers per stalk, flowers summer through fall
• Fruits: capsules with seeds
• Habitat: coastal rivers, lakes, canals(?)
• Similar species: distinguished from the more common E. crassipes (water-hyacinth) by not having inflated stalks on emergent leaves
• Control: There are several herbicides available for the control of E. crassipes, e.g., 2,4-D & glyphosate, which are only effective on small populations – but none are currently registered for E. azurea
• Habit: evergreen, much-branched tree, to 10m tall; above-ground breathing roots normally absent, but small looping lateral roots may develop in moist habitats; bark gray, fissured longitudinally in older trees
• Foliage: leaves simple, alternate, 3-7cm long, 2-3cm wide, succulent, obovate, indentation at the tip, leaf margin is slightly wavy
• Flowers: inflorescence an axillary spike, 2-3cm long; flowers small, erect with green tube-like calyx, divided into five lobes at the tip; 5 white petals, stamens 10 in 2 whorls
• Fruits: fruit vase-shaped, pale green, corky, 1-2cm long;
• Habitat: Mangrove swamps
• Similar species: white mangrove Laguncularia racemose (native)-lvs opposite, symmetrically oval, fruits are similar though
• Habit: leafless, annual parasitic vine, 1-3 mm in diameter, yellow-gold with red striations, spreading over shrubs & trees, spaghetti-like stems thicker than native dodder species
• Foliage: leafless, lacks chlorophyll, grows up to 15cm a day
• Flowers: flowers are small, pale yellow, on short dense spikes
• Fruits*: rarely flowers, but capsules contain 1-3 seeds; seeds viable for 20 years or more (*photo of C. lupuliformis)
• Habitat: disturbed sites, city & surbaban landscapes, citrus-CA
• Similar species: 7 native Cuscuta spp. in our CISMA; look for yellow-green-gold C. japonica, native Cuscuta bright orange, C. japonica has thicker vines than natives
• Control: likely mechanical control, diligent recovery of tissues, careful herbicide application so as not to damage host plant
• Habit: tree to 7m tall; bark brown, fissured, except on new growth where it is green & hairy; spines up to 8cm long, slightly recurved, almost at right angle, may bear leaves at base of thorn
• Foliage: leaves twice compound, dark green above, pale below, leaflets and stalks hairy, 5-15 (19) pairs of pinnae; each pinnae bear (9) 12-22 (41) pairs of leaflets; terminal pair of pinnae shorter
• Flowers: hanging bicolored cylindrical spikes, 6-9cm long , fragrant; lower flowers hermaphroditic, 1 pistil &10 yellow stamens each; upper flowers sterile, pale purple, protruding filaments with attractive effect
• Fruits: pods narrow, yellow or brown; generally twisted or spiraled, 10cm x 1.5cm, in dense, stalked, intertwined clusters, indehiscent; about 4 black seeds per pod, each with a flat spot at one end
Leaves and thorn Earleaf acacia-simple lvs, no thorns
Seeds
Habit
• Habit: Perennial, emergent aquatic herb with shoots floating on the water surface, stems brittle, 1-1.5mm in diameter, up to 13cm long; clusters of brown and pink roots at nodes
• Foliage: leaves distichously arranged, 9-17mm long, circular, dense with short hairs, entire, base cordate, tip notched, light blue-green color; peculiar elliptical pocket on each side of the midrib, proturberant above, concave below, folds on the leaf surface; older leaves have red tints
• Flowers: axillary, white, minute, 2-4mm wide
• Fruits: 3mm wide, depressed globose capsule
• Habitat: canal, river; sluggish open water?
• Similar species: mosquito fern (native); water spangles (Cat 1)
• Control: foliar-aquatic labeled diquat dibromide; likely introduced from aquarium trade; eradication being attempted in Peace River
• Habit: Perennial herbaceous aquatic herb, variable depending on habitat; rooted terrestrially-slender plant to 5cm tall growing in mud; aquatic submersed-highly branched, branching stems to 1m long; aquatic emergent-stem simple or branched to 14cm
• Foliage: aerial leaves variable, usually whorled, dissected 4-12mm long; submersed leaves whorled, to 30mm long
• Flowers: axillary from aerial leaves, solitary, stalked, pink, 8-12mm long
• Fruits*: capsules, ellipsoid, 3.5-5.5 mm long, green-brown when submersed, dark brown when emersed (*for L. sessiliflora-Cat. 1)
• Habitat: ponds, lakes, ditches, marshes, swamps
• Similar species: Limnophila sessiliflora Asian marshweed (Cat. 1)
• Control*: (*for L. sessiliflora) registered aquatic herbicides provide very limited control of this species (Mahler 1980); however, high dose 2-4,D reportedly kills this plant (Mahler 1980); otherwise, there is almost no literature; both Limnophila species are popular in aquarium trade
Limnophila indica var. indica “Indian marshweed” PLANTAGINACEAE Dicot
FLEPPC Unranked
Wa
tc
h
Flowers
Aerial leaves
Asian marshweed Habit Submersed habit
• Habit: semi‐woody vine , climbing by twining, or prostrate and rooting at the nodes, sometimes shrublike
• Foliage: leaves opposite, broadly lanceolate to elliptic, 16cm long, 10cm wide, margins entire, bases rounded to cordate, triangular stipules conspicuous, petioles to 10cm long, leaves and stems with fetid odor
• Flowers*: inflorescence showy, elongate, many branched, leafy, to 50cm long; flowers stalked, corolla tubular, 5-lobed, pinkish-pale lilac with a purple throat, outer surface pubescent (*P. foetida shown)
• Fruits*: laterally compressed, orange to yellow, papery capsule, to 1.1cm in diameter; seeds 2, black, winged, elliptic (*P. foetida shown)
• Habitat: Pine rockland, rockland hammock, mesic hammock
• Similar species: skunk vine-Paederia foetida (Cat. 1)
• Control: foliar (3%‐5% glyphosate), basal bark (10% triclopyr ester). Within 2‐4 weeks retreat the area with basal bark 10% triclopyr ester. Second treatment can be time‐consuming, as many underground runners sprout. The area should continue to be monitored (IFAS).
