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EFFECTS OF VIGOR ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-
BEING
Ekaterina Solovieva York University Toronto, Canada
CO-AUTHORS
I would like to gratefully acknowledge my co-authors:
Esther Greenglass Lynda Cheng Noelia Vasquez
Thanks to Lisa Fiksenbaum for statistical assistance.
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INTRODUCTION
Well-established relationship between social support and psychological well-being outcomes
Positively related to life satisfaction
Negatively related to loneliness, anxiety and depression
(e.g., Tao, Dong, Pratt, Hunsberger, & Pancer, 2000)3
Conceptually separated in the past
Importance of drawing on others’ resources for coping
Relational skills as coping strengths
COPING & SOCIAL SUPPORT
4
planning and preventive strategies
identification and utilization of social resources
utilization of proactive emotional coping(Greenglass, Schwarzer, & Taubert, 1999)
PROACTIVE COPING
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Outcomes:PositiveVigor
Life Satisfaction
Outcomes:Negative
DepressionBurnoutAnger
Resources: Internal Self-Efficacy Optimism
Resources: External
Social Support
ProactiveCoping
THEORETICAL MODEL: RESOURCES, PROACTIVE COPING & OUTCOMES
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CURRENT RESEARCH
Transition to university – great research opportunity
Function of proactive coping and vigor in psychological well-being, especially negative outcomes (such as depression)?
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PURPOSE OF CURRENT STUDY
To investigate the effects of social support, coping and vigor on psychological well-being in university students as reflected in the depression levels
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SOCIAL SUPPORT
Focused on informational support
Measured using a 6-item questionnaire (Caplan et al., 1975)
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SOCIAL SUPPORT (CONT’D)
Sample item: “How much can people be relied on to provide you with assistance with your academic work when you need it most?”
4-point scale from (1) Not at all to (4) Very much
Alpha in this study = .9110
PROACTIVE COPING
Strategies to build up general resources that facilitate the achievement of challenging goals
(Greenglass et al., 1999) 14 items
Sample item:“When I experience a problem, I take
the initiative in resolving it”11
PROACTIVE COPING (CONT’D)
4-point scale from (1) Not at all true to (4) Completely true
Alpha in this study = .82
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VIGOR
… characterized by high levels of energy, mental resilience, stamina, and persistence when problems arise.
A person with high degree of vigor is lively, active, energetic, cheerful and alert.
(Greenglass, 2006)13
VIGOR (CONT’D)
Measured using 6-item vigor-activity subscale of The Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971).
Sample item:“How much have you been feeling energetic during the past week, including today?”
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VIGOR (CONT’D)
5-point scale from (1) Not at all to (5) Extremely
Alpha in this study = .88
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DEPRESSION
Measured using Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL; Derogatis et al, 1974)
11 items
Sample item:“Crying easily”
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DEPRESSION
4-point scale from (1) Never to (4) Extremely often
Alpha in this study =.81
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PROCEDURE
First-year psychology students filled out an online questionnaire twice for URPP credit:In the beginning of the semester (Sept-
Oct)Just prior to exam time (Nov-Dec)
The participants were anonymous. A self-generated number was used to match responses from time 1 and time 2.
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PARTICIPANTS
N=68, 81% female
Average age: 18.65 years, SD=2.41
All are first year students
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CORRELATION MATRIX OF VARIABLESMeans, Standard Deviations, and Intercorrelation Matrix of Variables Variable 1 2 3 4 5 1. Social support 2. Proactive coping 3. Vigor 4. Positive affect 5. Depression (time 2) M SD α
- .341** .335** .395** -.168 2.65 .75 .91
- .419*** .640*** -.152 41.85 5.74 .82
- .610*** -.322** 2.92 .83 .88
- -.283* 32.25 7.38 .87
- 19.78 5.07 .81
* p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001. 20
THEORETICAL MODEL
Relationship between social support, proactive coping and vigor at time 1 and depression at time 2.
Social Support
Proactive Coping
Vigor
Depression(time 2)
Time 1
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EMPIRICAL MODEL
Relationship between social support, proactive coping and vigor at time 1 and depression at time 2.
Social Support
Proactive Coping
Vigor
Depression(time 2)
.34** .42***
-.32**
Time 1
2 (3) = 3.792 p=.285GFI = .973AGFI = .911CFI = .970RMSEA = .063
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Empirical Model Relating Proactive Coping, Social Support, Vigor and 2MW in Joint Arthroplasty Patients
Time 1 Time 2
Proactive Coping
Social Support Vigor 2MW
.20*
2(3)= 3.350 p=0.341GFI= 0.989AGFI= 0.965CFI= 0.989RMSEA=0.027
.34***.25**
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CONCLUSIONS
Proactive coping mediated the effects of social support on vigor
Vigor mediated the effects of proactive coping on depression
High levels of vigor were associated with lower levels of depression
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All self report measures in this study
Behavioral measures of depression?
Behavioral measures of vigor?
LIMITATIONS
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POSSIBLE INTERVENTIONS
How can we assist first-year students as they transition to university?
Higher vigor is associated with lower depression
Can vigor be manipulated?
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Cultivate social networks
Develop programs to teach proactive coping that emphasizes taking control before disaster strikes
POSSIBLE INTERVENTIONS (CONT’D)
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THANK YOU!