LiteracyN
avig
ator
TM
Co
mm
on
Co
re
Boston, Massachusetts
Chandler, Arizona
Glenview, Illinois
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
FoundationsLeveL E
Adaptations
Online Resources
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliate(s). All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. The publisher hereby grants permission to reproduce these pages, in part or in whole, for classroom use only, the number not to exceed the number of students in each class. Notice of copyright must appear on all copies. For information regarding permissions, write to Pearson Curriculum Group Rights & Permissions, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.
America’s Choice, the America’s Choice A logo, Literacy Navigator, Pearson, and the Pearson Always Learning logo are trademarks, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s).
ISBN: 978-0-66364-284-71 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 16 15 14 13 12
Table of Contents
Lesson 3Filling in the Family Tree
Lesson 4What I Learned about Coyotes
Lesson 5Working with Pronouns, Part 1
Working with Pronouns, Part 1 Answer Key
Lesson 6Venn Diagram: Dogs/Wolves
Venn Diagram: Dogs/Wolves Answers
Dog/Wolf Comparison Answers
Lesson 7Venn Diagram: Dogs/Wolves/Coyotes
Dog/Wolf/Coyote Comparison
Comparison of Wolf and Coyote
Wolf/Coyote/Dog Matrix 1
Wolf/Coyote/Dog Matrix 1 Answers
Lesson 8Dog Adaptation Timeline
Lesson 9Man’s Best Friend Graphic Organizer
Lesson 10Working with Pronouns, Part 2
Working with Pronouns, Part 2 Answers
Lesson 14Selecting the Right Dog
Lesson 16Working Dog Matrix
Working Dog Matrix Answers
Lesson 18If/Then Answers
Lesson 30Research Planning Sheet
Note to Presenters
Project Presentation Rubric
Project Writing Rubric
Credits
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Lesson 3
Filling in the Family Tree
Kingdom ____________________________________
Phylum ____________________________________
Class ____________________________________
Order ____________________________________
Family____________________________________
Genus ____________________________________
Species ____________________________________
foundations • adaptations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Lesson 4
What i Learned about Coyotes
Coyote
adaptations:
food: Enemies:
Relatives:
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
1 of 2
Lesson 5
Working with Pronouns, Part 1
1 Have you seen a coyote lately? Have you heard one howling in the night or yip yapping in the day? Your chances of having one for a neighbor are better than they used to be.
2 This small, gray cousin of the wolf is moving from the west to the east. This brother of the dog is moving closer to civilization.
3 Once the coyote wandered mainly on our western prairie, but now it lopes up and down the east coast. It roams as far north as Alaska and it has gone south to Costa Rica. Despite human efforts to get rid of it, the coyote has increased its range. The coyote has learned to move where people are because people mean food.
foundations • adaptations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
2 of 2
16 Quick to learn where a new meal may come from, the coyote uses several tricks. It follows an elk to get a free lunch. The elk paws in the snow for grass. It accidentally flushes out a mouse and the coyote pounces on it. At other times two coyotes team up to catch a rabbit or duck—one coyote distracts the prey while the other makes the kill. Or a coyote may hunt with a badger for prairie dogs. With its powerful claws, the badger digs prairie dogs out of their underground homes. Then the coyote swoops down with its great swiftness. Then the two animals share the feast.
17 Are we in danger now that the coyote lives among us? Should we be afraid? There is no reason for fear. Coyotes don’t attack human beings unless they are trapped or cornered. Dogs, on the other hand, bite one and a half million people a year. Only if a coyote has rabies might it bite a person. The coyote may be the cleverest of all wild animals. It has learned to survive and prosper in new lands. And it is living right in our midst.
Working with Pronouns, Part 1 Lesson 5
Excerpted from “The Adaptable Coyote!”
1 Have you seen a coyote lately? Have you heard one howling in the night or yip yapping in the day? Your chances of having one for a neighbor are better than they used to be.
2 This small, gray cousin of the wolf is moving from the west to the east. This brother of the dog is moving closer to civilization.
3 Once the coyote wandered mainly on our western prairie, but now it lopes up and down the east coast. It roams as far north as Alaska and it has gone south to Costa Rica. Despite human efforts to get rid of it, the coyote has increased its range. The coyote has learned to move where people are because people mean food.
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
1 of 2
Lesson 5
Working with Pronouns, Part 1 answer Key
foundations • adaptations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
2 of 2
16 Quick to learn where a new meal may come from, the coyote uses several tricks. It follows an elk to get a free lunch. The elk paws in the snow for grass. It accidentally flushes out a mouse and the coyote pounces on it. At other times two coyotes team up to catch a rabbit or duck—one coyote distracts the prey while the other makes the kill. Or a coyote may hunt with a badger for prairie dogs. With its powerful claws, the badger digs prairie dogs out of their underground homes. Then the coyote swoops down with its great swiftness. Then the two animals share the feast.
17 Are we in danger now that the coyote lives among us? Should we be afraid? There is no reason for fear. Coyotes don’t attack human beings unless they are trapped or cornered. Dogs, on the other hand, bite one and a half million people a year. Only if a coyote has rabies might it bite a person. The coyote may be the cleverest of all wild animals. It has learned to survive and prosper in new lands. And it is living right in our midst.
Working with Pronouns, Part 1 answer Key Lesson 5
Excerpted from “The Adaptable Coyote!”
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Lesson 6
Venn diagram: dogs/Wolves
dogs
Both
Wolves
foundations • adaptations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Venn diagram: dogs/Wolves answersLesson 6
dogs
Both
Wolves
•Fed
, worked
, pam
pered by hum
ans
•W
ant attention and
affection from people
•Trained
to meet
human need
s
•L
ive outside,
hunt for food,
and live in a pack
•O
nly want food
from
humans
•G
orge food
•Tear things up
if they were in a
house
•N
ot interested in
pleasing humans
•Shy of people
•Purpose is
survival
appearance
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Lesson 6
dog/Wolf Comparison answers
Dogs Wolves
• Fed, worked, pampered by humans
• Live outside, hunt for food, and live in a pack
• Want attention and affection from people
• Only want food from humans
• Gorge food• Trained to meet human needs • Not interested in pleasing
humans• Tear things up if they were in a
house• Shy of people• Purpose is survival
• Dog/wolf puppies look alike • Dog/wolf pups look alike
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Lesson 7
Venn diagram: dogs/Wolves/Coyotes
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
1 of 2
Lesson 7
dog/Wolf/Coyote Comparison
Dogs Wolves Coyotes
• Fed, worked, pampered by humans
• Live outside, hunt for food, and live in a pack
• Want attention and affection from people
• Only want food from humans
• Avoid human interaction
• Gorge food
• Trained to meet human needs
• Not interested in pleasing humans
• Tear things up if they were in a house
• Shy of people
• Purpose is survival
• Dogs, wolves, coyotes look alike
• Dogs, wolves, coyotes look alike
• Dogs, wolves, coyotes look alike
• Most have more forward-placed eyes
• Eyes are more laterally placed
• Most have shorter snout compared to head size
• Longer snout • Muzzle long and pointed
• Teeth generally smaller compared to head size
• Larger teeth in comparison to size of head and mouth
• Generally smaller head-to-body ratio, though ratio does tend to be greater in small breeds
• Larger head in proportion to body size
• Normally walks, stands, and trots with tail up
• Normally walks, stands, and trots with tail down
• Right and left feet move in separate lines parallel to each other
• Places feet in nearly single line when moving forward
• Curved to curled tail • Nearly straight tail • Tail pointed to the ground
foundations • adaptations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
dog/Wolf/Coyote ComparisonLesson 7
2 of 2
Dogs Wolves Coyotes
• Also may have blue eyes
• Amber to brown eyes • Eyes are yellow to green
• Normally larger ears compared to head size
• Smaller ears as compared to head size
• Forelimbs closer to same size as upper
• Longer forelimbs compared to upper leg bone in front legs
• Generally more stoutly built, with shorter legs in proportion to body mass; larger breeds tend to be heavier boned
• Leaner/longer look, especially with wild living animals
• Feet are smaller in comparison to body size; front feet same size or slightly larger than rear
• Large feet; front feet are larger than rear
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Lesson 7
Comparison of Wolf and Coyote
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Lesson 7
Wolf/Coyote/dog Matrix 1
Wolf Coyote Dog
Length
Height
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Lesson 7
Wolf/Coyote/dog Matrix 1 answers
Physical Wolf Coyote Dog
Length 4.5 to 6.5 feet 3.5 to 4.4 feet 8 inches (Chihuahua) to 45 inches (Mastiff)
Height 26 to 32 inches 16 to 20 inches 6 inches (Chihuahua) to 30 inches (Mastiff)
Weight 60 to 115 lbs 20 to 50 lbs 1.5 lbs (Chihuahua) to 200 lbs (Mastiff)
CoatTan with gray and black or black and
white, never spotted
All shades gray or reddish brown, rusty feet and ears, whitish
throat and belly, never spotted
May be spotted
Muzzle Large and blocky Petite and pointed Shorter snout
Track size 3.5 by 4.5 inches 1.5 by 2.5 inches
Variable depending on breed; only a few
dogs leave tracks that are longer than
4 inches
Tail
Long and bushy, pointed straight out
or hangs straight down, never curled
Usually pointed downMay curl or point
straight up
EarsAlways alert, rounded,
2 inches long, small compared to the head
Pointed, relatively long, never hang
down
May hang down, normal size in relation
to the head
Eyes Amber to brown Yellow to green Brown, gold, amber, and blue
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Lesson 8
dog adaptation timeline
Evidence of wolves
2000 18001600140012001000800 600 400 200 1 AD 200 BC 400 BC
14,000 years ago
100,000 years ago
400,000 years ago
2 million years ago
Wolf and man fossils found close to each other
Dogs break away from wolves
Dog and human fossils found together
350 BC—Three types of domesticated dogs in Greece used by the rich to chase and kill deer
50 BC—Roman warriors train large dogs for battle
476–1000 AD (Dark Ages)—Dogs scavenged corpses of plague victims
Dogs chase rabbits and deer for British royalties
1600s—In England, dogs pull sleds, carts, plows, herd livestock, and work as turnspits, powering wheels that turn beef and venison roasts over open fires (working dogs not the object of care; most hanged or drowned when they got old). Development of King Charles II Spaniel (Toy dog)
1873—Kennel Clubs established in England
foundations • adaptations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Lesson 9
Man’s Best friend Graphic organizer
Mastiffs
Egyptians and Chaldeans used them to scare off predators
and robbers.
Celts used them in battle.
Romans used them as entertainment
in their arenas.
Enormous Dogs
during time of spanish armada,
British used staffordshire Bull
terriers to scare the enemy soldiers.
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
1 of 2
Lesson 10
Working with Pronouns, Part 2
4 One theory is that female wolves, captured and held by early
humans as a future source of food, might have given birth in
captivity to the first puppies, which may have become playthings
for Stone Age children. As the puppies matured, they may have
begun to develop loyalty to their human companions and to use
their keen senses to detect the approach of a predator and to
sound an early alarm, often well before a dangerous animal could
be seen or heard by humans.
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
2 of 2
Lesson 10
Working with Pronouns, Part 2
5 Over time, dogs and humans developed a symbiotic relationship.
Dogs would warn humans of approaching predators or strangers,
defending the camp and eventually guarding the most vulnerable
members of the tribe—women and children—and other animals.
Early humans would also bring their dogs along when hunting,
and the dogs’ talented noses and ears became invaluable tools
for avoiding ambushes and sniffing out prey. As a reward for
their hard work, dogs could be guaranteed a share in the bounty
from the hunt as well as a safe place to sleep on long, cold nights,
protected by the warm campfires of early humans.
Excerpted from “From Big Bad Wolf to Man’s Best Friend”
foundations • adaptations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
4 One theory is that female wolves, captured and held by early
humans as a future source of food, might have given birth in
captivity to the first puppies, which may have become playthings
for Stone Age children. As the puppies matured, they may have
begun to develop loyalty to their human companions and to use
their keen senses to detect the approach of a predator and to
sound an early alarm, often well before a dangerous animal could
be seen or heard by humans.
1 of 2
Lesson 10
Working with Pronouns, Part 2 answers
foundations • adaptations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
5 Over time, dogs and humans developed a symbiotic relationship.
Dogs would warn humans of approaching predators or strangers,
defending the camp and eventually guarding the most vulnerable
members of the tribe—women and children—and other animals.
Early humans would also bring their dogs along when hunting,
and the dogs’ talented noses and ears became invaluable tools
for avoiding ambushes and sniffing out prey. As a reward for
their hard work, dogs could be guaranteed a share in the bounty
from the hunt as well as a safe place to sleep on long, cold nights,
protected by the warm campfires of early humans.
2 of 2
Lesson 10
Working with Pronouns, Part 2 answers
Excerpted from “From Big Bad Wolf to Man’s Best Friend”
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Lesson 14
selecting the Right dog
Carolyn is a librarian who lives in a small apartment in Chicago. She enjoys walking back and forth to work every day. She walks four blocks to work every morning at 9 am and is home in the evening by 5:30 pm. Carolyn is a healthy 60-year-old woman who likes to read books and listen to music. She has three teenage grandchildren who visit her sometimes on weekends and friends who occasionally come to dinner. But Carolyn is still lonely and would like a dog to share her home with. Carolyn has no allergies. Her salary is sufficient to afford a dog, its care, and feeding.
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Lesson 16
Working dog MatrixTi
tle
of A
rtic
leBr
eed
Bree
d G
roup
Dog
’s Jo
bBe
havi
ors
Bene
fits
to H
uman
s
foundations • adaptations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Working dog Matrix answersLesson 16
Titl
e of
Art
icle
Bree
dBr
eed
Gro
upD
og’s
Job
Beha
vior
sBe
nefit
s to
Hum
ans
Dog
s of
War
Belg
ian
Mal
inoi
s an
d G
erm
an
Shep
herd
Her
ding
G
roup
(from
Dog
Br
eeds
cha
rt,
Less
on 1
4)N
o ot
her i
nfo
in th
e ar
ticle
Det
ect
expl
osiv
esIn
tens
e,
inte
llige
nt,
hard
w
orki
ng
Expl
osiv
e de
tect
ion,
at
tack
on
com
man
d
Gua
rd D
ogs
New
- fo
undl
and
Wor
king
G
roup
(One
of t
he
char
acte
ristic
s of
the
Wor
king
G
roup
is to
re
scue
.)
To re
scue
hu
man
s fr
om w
ater
Inte
llige
nt,
gent
le
disp
ositi
on,
resc
uing
pe
ople
from
dr
owni
ng,
good
sw
imm
er
Nat
ural
life
guar
d
U.S
. Bea
gle
Brig
ade
Is
Firs
t Def
ense
Ag
ains
t Alie
n Sp
ecie
s
Beag
leH
ound
Gro
up(A
ccor
ding
to
“Sel
ectiv
e Br
eedi
ng,”
houn
d do
gs
have
a k
een
sens
e of
sm
ell.)
Sniff
out
frui
ts,
vege
tabl
es,
and
mea
ts
that
are
ba
nned
from
cr
ossi
ng th
e bo
rder
Goo
d se
nse
of s
mel
l, go
od w
ith
peop
le a
nd
child
ren,
go
od fo
od
driv
e
Prot
ect t
he
agric
ultu
re in
dust
ry
by k
eepi
ng o
ut
prod
uce
that
cou
ld
dest
roy
the
crop
s gr
own
in th
e U
nite
d St
ates
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
1 of 2
Lesson 18
if/then answers
9. If you breed a Beagle or another hunting dog with drop earswho has a strong hunting instinct and needs to be trained not to run off
with a __________________________
who has:
then you will most likely get a Beagle mix (crossbreed) who will have a• strong hunting instinct• need for training to “stay” and “come”
10. If you breed a Terrier who has a wiry coat or beard with a __________________________
who has:
then you will most likely get a crossbreed who to some degree has tenacity, intelligence, a love for rats and digging, a wiry coat and/or beard
11. If you breed a Border Collie or Corgi mix who has intelligence, agility, likes to keep everything safely in one place, and loves to herd
with a __________________________
who has:
then you will most likely get a herding dog mix who is intelligent, agile, likes to keep everything safely in one place, loves to herd
foundations • adaPtations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
2 of 2
Lesson 18
if/then answers
12. If you breed a Pit Bull who is very affectionate with a __________________________
who has:
then you will most likely get a Pit Bull mix who is affectionate and needs tohave its affection returned
13. If you breed a Shepherdwho is hard working, very intelligent, trainable with a __________________________
who has:
then you will most likely get a mixed breed who is or may be smaller than a shepherd or much larger than a shepherd but who will have a long, dark snout, erect ears, a black and tan coat, an athletic body, and is hard working, intelligent, very trainable
14. If you breed a Labrador Retriever who has a wide head with a __________________________
who has:
then you will most likely get a lab mix with a more narrow head and a longer snout who is a natural born swimmer, needs much exercise
14. If you breed a Labrador Retriever who has a glossy coat
with a wire-haired Terrier
who has:
then you will most likely get a lab mix who has a wiry coat, has whiskers, and a full beard
foundations • adaptations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
1 of 2
Topic Question: Are dogs social parasites?
Decision:
Reasons for My DecisionWhat do I need to know in order to provide evidence
for my reasons? How can I show that my reasons are valid?
Reason #1
Reason #2:
Reason #3:
Reason #4 or other notes:
Research Notes and/or Sources
Research Planning sheetLesson 30
foundations • adaptations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
2 of 2
Topic Question: Are dogs social parasites?
Decision:
Reasons for My DecisionWhere can I find the facts, statistics, or information? Are there organizations or agencies that might have
websites on this topic?
Reason #1
Reason #2:
Reason #3:
Reason #4 or other notes:
Research Notes and/or Sources
Research Planning sheetLesson 30
foundations • adaptations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
• What I learned from your project was _______.
• Your most convincing evidence was _______.
• I agree/disagree with your argument because _______.
note to PresentersLesson 30
foundations • adaptations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Project Presentation RubricLesson 30
Topic Question: Are dogs social parasites?
Claim:
Presenters:
Introduces the claim clearly and acknowledges opposing claims.
Could be improved by introducing the claim more clearly or by acknowledging opposing claims.
Presents accurate information.
Could be improved by presenting accurate information.
Is well organized.
Could be improved by being better organized.
Is easy to read or understand.
Could be improved by being easier to read or understand.
Supports the claim with logical reasoning and evidence, using three to five sources.
Could be improved by supporting the claim with logical reasoning and evidence or by using more sources.
Is clearly presented.
Could be improved by presenting information more clearly.
Notes:
foundations • adaptations—LEVEL E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
Topic Question: Are dogs social parasites?
Claim:
Author:
Introduces the claim clearly and acknowledges opposing claims.
Could be improved by introducing the claim more clearly or by acknowledging opposing claims.
Organizes the reasons and evidence logically.
Could be improved by organizing the reasons and evidence logically.
Supports the claim with logical reasoning and evidence, using three to five sources.
Could be improved by supporting the claim with logical reasoning and evidence or by using more sources.
Uses words to create cohesion and clarify relationships.
Could be improved by using words to create cohesion and clarify relationships.
Establishes and maintains a formal style.
Could be improved by establishing and maintaining a formal style.
Provides a concluding statement that supports the argument presented.
Could be improved by providing a concluding statement that supports the argument presented.
Notes:
Project Writing RubricLesson 30
Credits
Pearson Education“Adaptable Coyote” by Maggie E. Miller from Ride the Sunrise, Ginn And Company, Level 12, 5th Grade. Used by permission.