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e-governance
1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECTThis project is entitled as e-governance which mainly focuses on monitoring of government activities on online. It is entirely a new idea and it made quite easier for the end user (public). This concept completely eliminates the drawbacks in the normal workflow of the Government. So that the common people can get lot of benefit due to this methodology.
This e-governance acts as an interface between the common people and the Government. At first, people can register their details and they can select their department which they want to interact directly with the Government.
This idea gives way for easy communication and co-ordination between the public and the Government in an efficient manner.
e-governance is a form of e-business in governance comprising of processes and structures involved in deliverance of electronic services to the public, viz. citizens. It also involves collaborating with business partners of the government by conducting electronic transactions with them.
2.1 EXISTING SYTEM
In existing system the public sector as number of problems to maintain their workflow the Government officials have to process the individuals records about their department with full of papers.
Limitations of existing system
It is full of paper work.
Seeking particular record is very tedious process.
It is not easy to communicate the concern Government official for urgent situation.
People have to spend their time to meet the concern department.
There is no enquiry session about the particular department the existing system.
2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM
The new approach e-governance is mainly designed for eliminating the demerits of the existing system and made their complex process in to simple one. Basically our approach is fully computerized one so that maintain of all these records is quite easy and secured manner.
Advantages of proposed System:
It is fully supportive to the Government official and made their job easier one.
It avoids occupying full of storage area and tones of paper.
It is very easy to operate so that each and every individual can register their details and use it without any doubt.
User can also able to give the feedback about government plans and policies.
User information can always in the server so that individual care is taken for each and every citizen of the country.
2.3 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTSOperating System Windows 2000 and Advance
Coding Environment Notepad
Microsoft Visual Studio.NET 2003
Animation Software Macromedia Flash MX
Windows Movie Maker
Web Browser Internet Explorer 6.0
Netscape Navigator
Front End C# and ASP.NET
HTML
Back EndMs-Access-2000
Scripting LanguageJava-Script
Web ServerInternet Information Service
2.4 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTSProcessorIntel Pentium III or higher
Random Access Memory256 MB
Secondary Memory100 MB
Display14 Color Monitor
Keyboard101 key standard keyboard
MouseWindows OS Compatible
3.1 CONTEXT DIAGRAM
3.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical technique that depicts information flow and transformations are applied as data moves from input to output. The DFD is also known as data flow graph or a bubble chart.
A level 0 DFD, also called a fundamental system model or a context model, represents the entire software element as a single bubble with input and output data indicated by incoming and outgoing arrows, respectively as the level 0 DFD is partitioned to reveal more detail.
Home page Data Flow Diagram
Data flow diagram for new user registration
Data flow diagram for Login page
Data flow diagram for Feedback page
Data flow diagram for water tax department
Data flow diagram for details module in water tax department
Data flow diagram for payment module in water tax department
Data flow diagram for status module in water tax department
Data flow diagram for house tax department
Data flow diagram for details module in house tax department
Data flow diagram for payment module in house tax department
Data flow diagram for status module in house tax department
Data flow diagram for telephone department
Data flow diagram for details module in telephone department
Data flow diagram for payment module in telephone department
Data flow diagram for status module in telephone department
Data flow diagram for logout
3.3 E-R DIAGRAM
E-R diagram for Registration Form
E-R Diagram for Login Form
E-R diagram for Telephone Module
E-R diagram for Electricity Module
E-R diagram for Birth Certificate
E-R diagram for Death Certificate
DATA DESIGN
Database
Database is the central data store for all datas like customer information, needed details for each and every department and payment information.
Tables
DescriptionRegistrationThis table stores the need information about the users.
LoginThis table stores the user id and password for each and every user.
FeedbackThis table contains the feedback details about the side.
Birth detailsThis table contains the needed information about the birth certificate for registration.
Death detailsThis table contains the need information about the death certificate for registration.
Eb detailsThis table contains the need information about the electricity details for each and every user.
Eb payThis table contains the payment information to electricity board for each user.
House detailsThis table contains the needed information about the house tax details for each and every user.
House payThis table contains the payment information to house tax department for each user.
Phone details This table contains the needed information about the telephone details for each and every user.
Phone payThis table contains the payment information to telephone department for each user.
Water detailsThis table contains the needed information about the water tax details for each and every user
Water payThis table contains the payment information to water tax department for each user.
Table NameRegistration
DescriptionThis table stores the need information about the users.
Primary Keyusername
Field NameData TypeSizeDescription
UsernameText20To identify the unique user
PasswordText20To login to the account
Confirm passwordText 20To login to the account
Question Text50To find the particular user incase forgot the password and username.
AnswerText20
NameText25Customer name
Date of birthDateBirth date
SexText8To identify the gender
OccupationText20To identify the job
AddressText100Contact details of the particular user.
Phone numberNumber12
Mobile numberNumber12
MailNumber50
Table NameLogin
DescriptionThis table stores the user id and password for each and every user.
Primary Keyusername
Field NameData TypeSizeDescription
UsernameText20To identify the unique user
PasswordText20To login to the account
QuestionText50To find the particular user incase forgot the password and username
AnswerText20
Mobile numberNumber12
MailText50
Table NameWater details
DescriptionThis table contains the needed information about the water tax details for each and every user
Primary KeyWater tax no
Field NameData Type SizeDescription
UsernameText20To identify the user
House tax noText12Need for reference
Water tax noText12To identify the unique record
NameText 20Customer name
AddressText100Contact address
AmountNumber10Water tax amount
Last payment dateDate
ApprovalText5States whether the details is approved or not
Table NameEb details
DescriptionThis table contains the need information about the electricity details for each and every user.
Primary KeyEB Number
Field NameData TypeSizeDescription
UsernameText20To identify the user
EB NumberText12To identify the particular record.
NameText20Customer name
AddressText10Contact address
Meter numberText12Details needed by the electricity department to identify the correct record
Connection typeText15
PurposeText12
Last readingNumber10
Last payment dateDate
Approval Text5States whether the details is approved or not
Table NamePhone Details
DescriptionThis table contains the needed information about the telephone details for each and every user.
Primary KeyPhone number
Field Name Data Type Size Description
User nameText20To identify the user.
NameText20Customer name
AddressText100Contact address
Phone numberNumber8Unique Contact number
Area codeNumber6Phone numbers area code
Connection facilityText10Type of phone connection
Last payment dateDate
ApprovalText5States whether the details is approved or not
Table NameHouse Details
DescriptionThis table contains the needed information about the house tax details for each and every user.
Primary KeyHouse tax no
Field NameData Type SizeDescription
Username Text20To identify the user.
Patta noText10Details needed by the house tax department to identify the correct record
Patta registered atText10
Patta registered toText 10
Patta registered dateDate
Square feetText10
No of floorsText12
House tax noText12Unique identify number
AddressText100 Contact address
AmountNumber10House tax amount
Last payment dateDate
ApprovalText5States whether the details is approved or not
Table NameFeed back
DescriptionThis table contains the feedback details about the side.
Field NameData TypeSizeDescription
TypeText20It tells the type of feed back
DepartmentText20Feed back about which department
CommentsText200Comments are stored
NameText20Name of the person
MailText50Contact details
Phone numberNumber12
Table NameBirth details
DescriptionThis table contains the needed information about the birth certificate for registration.
Field NameData TypeSizeDescription
UsernameText20To identify the user
NameText20Name for birth certificate
SexText8Gender
Date of birthDateBirth date
PlaceText20Place of birth
Father nameText 20Name of the father
Mother nameText20Name of the mother
Hospital nameText20Birth hospital
Doctor nameText20Name of the doctor.
Registration dateDateDate of registration
ReadyText8Status of the birth certificate
Table NameDeath details
DescriptionThis table contains the needed information about the death certificate for registration.
Field NameData TypeSizeDescription
UsernameText20To identify the user
NameText20Name for birth certificate
SexText8Gender
Date of deathDateDeath date
PlaceText20Place of birth
Father nameText 20Name of the father
Mother nameText20Name of the mother
Registration dateDateDate of registration
ReadyText8Status of the death certificate
Table NameEB pay
DescriptionThis table contains the payment information to electricity board for each user.
Primary KeyEB number
Field NameData Type Size Description
UsernameText20To identify the user
EB numberText12To identify the unique record
Current readingNumber8Current reading
MonthText15Payment for the month
Year Number5Payment for the year
AmountNumber10Amount for electricity
From BankText20Name of the customer bank
From accountText12Account number of the customer
AmountNumber10Amount want to transfer
To BankText20Name of the bank to transfer
To accountText12Account number to transfer
AmountNumber 10Amount to transfer
Last payment dateDate
TransferText5States whether the money is transferred or not
Table NameHouse pay
DescriptionThis table contains the payment information to house tax department for each user.
Primary KeyHouse tax no
Field NameData Type Size Description
UsernameText20To identify the user
House tax noText12To identify the unique record
Year Number5Payment for the year
AmountNumber10House tax amount
From BankText20Name of the customer bank
From accountText12Account number of the customer
AmountNumber10Amount want to transfer
To BankText20Name of the bank to transfer
To accountText12Account number to transfer
AmountNumber 10Amount to transfer
Last payment dateDate
TransferText5States whether the money is transferred or not
Table NamePhone pay
DescriptionThis table contains the payment information to telephone department for each user.
Primary KeyPhone number
Field NameData Type Size Description
UsernameText20To identify the user
Phone numberNumber12To identify the unique record
Area codeNumber8Area code of the phone
MonthText15Payment for the month
Year Number5Payment for the year
AmountNumber10Amount for telephone department
From BankText20Name of the customer bank
From accountText12Account number of the customer
AmountNumber10Amount want to transfer
To BankText20Name of the bank to transfer
To accountText12Account number to transfer
AmountNumber 10Amount to transfer
Last payment dateDate
TransferText5States whether the money is transferred or not
Table NameWater pay
DescriptionThis table contains the payment information to water tax department for each user.
Primary KeyWater tax no
Field NameData Type Size Description
UsernameText20To identify the user
Water tax noNumber12To identify the unique record
MonthText15Payment for the month
Year Number5Payment for the year
AmountNumber10Water tax amount
From BankText20Name of the customer bank
From accountText12Account number of the customer
AmountNumber10Amount want to transfer
To BankText20Name of the bank to transfer
To accountText12Account number to transfer
AmountNumber 10Amount to transfer
Last payment dateDate
TransferText5States whether the money is transferred or not
DETAILED DESIGN
5.1 MODULES IN THE PROJECT
To enter into e-governance
Login module
Registration module
Those who are already had the membership they may enter
Telephone module
Electricity module
Water tax module
House tax module
Birth certificate module
Death certificate module
To post user comments about e-governance
Feedback module
5.2 DESCRIPTION ABOUT MODULESLogin module
To enter into the e-governance, the user must have username and password.
Registration module
To get the membership into the e-governance, the user must give his/her valid details into registration form.
Electricity module
e-governance completely changes the normal workflow of electricity department. The website facilitates the user by providing three different modules. They are
Details
Payment
Status
Details
This module allows the user to post their details about electricity.
Payment
If the details are accepted and if valid then e-governance allows for the payment.
Status
Status module allows the user to know their status by whether their details are get approved by e-governance server or not and to know the past payment details.
Telephone module
e-governance completely changes the normal workflow of telephone department. The website facilitates the user by providing three different modules. They are
Details
Payment
Status
Details
This module allows the user to post their details about telephone.
Payment
If the details are accepted and if valid then e-governance allows for the payment.
Status
Status module allows the user to know their status by whether their details are get approved by e-governance server or not and to know the past payment details.
House tax module
e-governance completely changes the normal workflow of house tax department. The website facilitates the user by providing three different modules. They are
Details
Payment
Status
Details
This module allows the user to post their details about house tax.
Payment
If the details are accepted and if valid then e-governance allows for the payment.
Status
Status module allows the user to know their status by whether their details are get approved by e-governance server or not and to know the past payment details.
Water tax module
e-governance completely changes the normal workflow of water tax department. The website facilitates the user by providing three different modules. They are
Details
Payment
Status
Details
This module allows the user to post their details about water tax.
Payment
If the details are accepted and if valid then e-governance allows for the payment.
Status
Status module allows the user to know their status by whether their details are get approved by e-governance server or not and to know the past payment details.
Birth certificate
It gets the necessary details for the birth certificate and also shows the status of the birth certificate.
Death certificate
It gets the necessary information for the death certificate and also shows the status of the death certificate.
6.1 TESTINGTesting
During system testing the system is used experimental to ensure that software does not fail. System testing check the readiness and accuracy of the system to access update and retrieve data from new file. Once the program data available. Test data are read into the computer and process against the file provided for testing. If successful the program is they run with LIVE data otherwise a diagnostic procedure is used to locate and correct errors in the program. Once the code is written it should be tested rigorously for correctness of the code and result. Testing may involve the individual units and the whole system. It requires a detailed plan as to what, and how to test.System Testing
The proposed system is tested parallel with the software effort that consists of its own phases of analysis, implementation, testing and maintenance.
Unit Testing
Unit testing comprises the set of tests performed by an individual programmer prior to integration of the unit into a large system.
Coding and debugging => unit testing => integration testing.
There are four categories of tests should be performed.
Functional testing
Performance testing
Stress testing
Structure testing
Function test cases involve exercising the code with the nominal input values for which the expected results are known, as well as boundary values maximum. Performance testing determines the amount of execution spent in various parts of the unit program throughput, response time and device utilization by the program unit.Stress tests are those tests designing to initially break the unit.Structure tests are con concerned with exercising the internal logic of a program and traversing particular execution path.Establishing a test completion criterion is another difficulty encountered in the unit testing of real programs. Unit testing includes.
Statement converge
Branch converge
Logical path converge
Using statement converge programmer attempts each statement in a program at least once.
Using branch converge as the test completion criterion the programmer attempts to find a set of cases that will execute each branching statement in each direction at least once.Logical path converge acknowledges that the order in which the branches are executed during a test is an important factor in determining the test outcome.
Integration Testing
Integration testing is of three types.
Bottom up integration
Top down integration
Sandwich integration
Bottom up integration testing consists of unit testing followed by system testing. Unit testing has the goal of testing individual modules in the system. Subsystems testing are concerned with verifying the operation of the interfaces between modules in the sub systems.
System testing is concerned with subtitles in the interfaces, decision logic, control flow recovery procedure, throughput, capacity and timing characteristics.
Top down integration starts with the main routine and one or two immediately subordinate routines in the system structure. Top down integration requires the use of program stubs to simulate the effect of lower level routines that are called by those being tested.Top down method has the following advantages.
System integration is distributed through the implementation phase. Modules are integrated as they are developed. Top level interfaces are tested first and mist often.
The top level routine provides natural test hardness for lower level routines.
Errors are localized to the new modules and interfaces that are being added.Sandwich integration is predominately top down, but bottom up techniques are used on some modules and sub system. This mix alleviates many of the problems encountered in pure top down and retains the advantages of the top down integration at the subsystem and system level.As the application server is been installed the project is ready for testing. The testing is done on the server itself. The files from the server are accessed using the HTTP installed in the server. The files retrieved from the server are either shown or the errors i.e. the 401 and 404 are shown on the browser depending on the request.6.2 SCREEN SHOTS
e-governance home page. Existing user can give their username and password to use the service provided by e-governance.
e-governance department page. In this page links provide for various departments of Government.
Electricity details form. In this form user can enter the electricity information.
Status page of the electricity department. It shows the payment details.
Payment form for electricity department.
Telephone details form
Telephone status form
Page to find STD codes
Page to know the emergency telephone numbers
Telephone payment form
House tax details form
House tax status form
House tax payment form
Water tax details form
Birth certificate entry form
Death certificate entry form
Feedback form
New user registration form
About the website
Contact us page
Logout page
7.1 CONCLUSION
It is sure that the concept of e-governance is completely reducing the burden of common people. It facilitates the people by reducing the money, time, etc.
It is the peoples website; each and every citizen of the country can get the membership with his/her true details.
This approach reduce the de-merits of the government workflow and made into a computerized one. Due to this, it gives lot of job opportunity of computer professional to make Government as e-governance.
We hope that this idea enter doors of each and every citizen and become the stars of everyones heart.
7.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
e-governance is basic idea of communicating with common people. Some of future enhancement may be as follows.
Online receipt for payments of various departments will be issued.
Dealing with all the government departments.
Feedback about the recent plans and policies of the government.
Implementation of the concept of e-voting.
Concentrating the security mechanism to protect the individual data.
User comments can be taken into an account and immediately appropriate action should be made.
BIBILOGRAPHY
Book Reference
1. Programming in c#.net
-Julica case Bradly, Anita c.Millspaugh.
2. Unleashed in ASP.net
-K.S. Peter Kane, Millan.J.Paul.
3. Introduction to HTML
- Danish F.Garbel
Website Reference
1. www.tn.gov.in2. www.mhhe.com/cit/program/bradley/csharp3. www.tamilnadu.gov.in4. www.ap.gov.inAPPENDIX ASoftwares used in project
Front End C# and ASP.NET
HTML
Back EndMs-Access-2000
Scripting LanguageJava-Script
C# and ASP.NET
.NET is an application development platform centered on the internet. The main advantage of this platform lies in the fact that the all-important data is available to the user from anywhere, and at any time, using a .NET compatible device. .NET is primarily made up of three components
Microsoft.NET products and services
.NET platform itself
3rd party .NET services
The .NET platform is based on two core technologies- XML and the suite of internet protocols. Microsoft.NET allows developers to develop applications using different languages, which run on the windows platform.
Evolution of ASP.NET
The first beta version of ASP was coded named Denali. Denali allowed the developer to execute code within a webpage. Advanced functions could be performed using ActiveX data object. The next version of ASP was ASP1.0, which was available as an add-on to IIS 3.0. The next version ASP 2.0, come as a part of windows NT 4.0. Then, ASP 3.0 was introduced which came along with Windows 2000.The latest version of ASP is ASP.NET. ASP.NET has come to us along with the .NET framework. ASP.net is an object oriented server side scripting tool. Hence, it facilitates easy development of object oriented and granulized code.
Advantages of ASP.NET
ASP.NET supports strongly typed languages like VB, C# and much more.
ASP.NET pages get complied instead of being interpreted, thus their execution speed is faster than ASP pages.
ASP.NET pages are tidier than ASP pages. The code can be separated from the HTML design and text. Thus, programmers can work separately from the designer.
ASP.NET provides server controls that are declarative. You just have to declare them and you can use them. Thus, the number of lines of code to be written is reduced.
ASP.NET supports re-use of code by the mechanism if inheritance. For example, you can inherit C# classes and use them to provide the required functionality.Features of ASP.NET
ASP.NET can recognize the type of browser the client is using and accordingly display the content to the client. For example, if the client uses an Up level browser (I.E >4.0 version), then the validation is performed on the client-side and on the server-side. However, if the client is using a down-level browser, then the validation is performed only on the server-side.
ASP.NET improves performance by using server-side caching. It allows you to cache the entire output of a page for re-use by other clients.
ASP.NET functionality can be coded using different languages like C# or VB.NET. However, only one language can be used for coding in a single page.
ASP.NET objects
ObjectDescription
RequestThis object is used to retrieve information sent in a request from the client browser to the server. The request object reads and extracts the parameters sent through the HTTP request when the Submit button is pressed. When the user submits a form, the data contained within the input controls is sent along with the form.
ResponseThis object is used to send data from the server back to the client browser.
ApplicationThe application object is used to share application-level information. That is, it maintains a set of variables for the entire application that can be shared by all the users accessing the application.
SessionThis object is used to store information for a particular user between page calls.
ServerThis object is used to access the resources on the server. For example, components created and installed on the server.
ObjectContextThis object is used to control transaction processing. When using the Microsoft Transaction Server, this object can be used to commit or abort a transaction.
The @Page directive is used to specify attributes that affect the code in the ASPX page. There are two types of server controls.
HTML controls
Web controls
All event procedures receive two arguments from the events
The event sender
The class instance that holds data for the event.
There are four sets of controls in ASP.NET
Intrinsic Controls
List Controls
Rich Controls
Validation Controls
ASP.NET provides three intrinsic controls for entering text. They are as follows.
Single Line Entry
Multi Line Entry
Password Entry
There are four controls in ASP.NET that can be used to navigate between pages or move control out to a specified page. Button
LinkButton
ImageButton
Hyperlink
The process of checking whether the user has filled up a form in the right format and has not left any fields black is called validation.
The validation controls available are as follows.
Validation controlsDescription
RequiredFieldValidatorThis helps in ensuring that a value is entered for a field.
CompareValidatorThis field checks if the value of a control is similar to the value of another control
RangeValidatorThis checks if the value entered in a control is in the specified range of values.
RegularExpression
ValidatorThis checks if the value entered fits the regular expression that is specified
CustomValidatorThe value entered is checked by a client side or server side function created by user
ValidationSummaryA list of all the validation errors occurring in all the controls is created and can be displayed on the page.
HTMLStructure of the HTML document
Every HTML document begins with the tag. This tag indicates that what follows is an HTML document. Two sections follows the they are
Head Section
Body Section
Head section
The head section is used to specify the title of the document. It begins with the tag. This is followed by the tag, which in turn is followed by the title of the document. Note that the tile only for out information and will be displayed on the title bar of the browser. The title ends with the End tag. To the head section, the tag is used.
Body section
This section contains the document itself. The body section begins with the tag followed by the text of the document. It ends with the end tag. The last line of the document is the end tag which indicates the end of the HTML document.Some Important tags
Tag
This tag is used to add a gif or jpeg files into the web page the image tag is always given with SRC attribute which specifies the name of the image file.
Frames
Frames can be created by using the and the tags. They do not have the body tag. Instead they have a tage. Two attributes are used with the tag to specify its size. They are cols and rows.
MS-ACCESS
A database is a collection of information that's related to a particular subject or purpose, such as tracking customer orders or maintaining a music collection. If your database isn't stored on a computer, or only parts of it are, you may be tracking information from a variety of sources that you're having to coordinate and organize yourself.
For example, suppose the phone numbers of your suppliers are stored in various locations: in a card file containing supplier phone numbers, in product information files in a file cabinet, and in a spreadsheet containing order information. If a supplier's phone number changes, you might have to update that information in all three places. In a database, however, you only have to update that information in one place the supplier's phone number is automatically updated wherever you use it in the database
Create an Access database
Microsoft Access provides two methods to create an Access database. You can use a Database Wizard to create in one operation the required tables, forms, and reports for the type of database you choose this is the easiest way to start creating your database. Or you can create a blank database and then add the tables, forms, reports, and other objects later this is the most flexible method, but it requires you to define each database element separately. Either way, you can modify and extend your database at any time after it has been created.About creating a table
To create a blank (empty) table for entering your own data, you can:
Use the Table Wizard to choose the fields for your table from a variety of predefined tables such as business contacts, household inventory, or medical records.
Create a table in Design view, where you can add fields, define how each field appears or handles data, and create a primary key.
Enter data directly into a blank datasheet. When you save the new datasheet, Microsoft Access will analyze your data and automatically assign the appropriate data type and format for each field.
To create a table from existing data, you can:
Import or link data from another Access database or data in a variety of file formats from other programs.
Perform a make-table query to create a table based on data in a current table. For example, you can use make-table queries to archive old records, to make backup copies of your tables, to select a group of records to export to another database, or to use as a basis for reports that display data from a specific time.Security Zones in Access
This is a new security feature available in Microsoft Access 2002. Access uses the Microsoft Internet Explorer Security Manager to determine whether a remote database is located within a trusted security zone. The Internet Explorer Security Manager is available through Internet Explorer 4.0 and later versions
There are different strategies for controlling the level of access to your Microsoft Access database and its objects. These strategies are briefly described below and are roughly arranged from least to most secure.JAVA SCRIPTWhere Does JavaScript Fit In?
Navigator 2.0 is the most powerful version of Netscape's Web browser. Besides bringing together a collection of useful Internet-access tools, such as a mail client, a news reader, and improved support for the developing HTML 3 standard, Navigator 2.0 adds several features that enhance the ability of Web authors to develop complete, platform-independent applications deployed and executed in the Netscape browser. Going beyond the Web browser, Navigator Gold adds editing and development tools to the package.
These capabilities include an applications programmer's interface (API) for plug-ins. Plug-ins are program modules that dynamically extend the capability of Navigator 2.0 to handle new types of data and information, along with JavaScript and Java, which allow the addition of flexible progammability to Web pages.
In this chapter we also take a detailed look at the main features and aspects of JavaScript, as well as review the major strengths and weaknesses of the JavaScript language and its suitability to particular tasks.
We then dive deeper into objects and how they work and take a look at properties and methodsthe building blocks of objects. We also look at the built-in objects in JavaScript and what they offer the programmer.
In this chapter we take a broad look at Navigator 2.0 and consider how JavaScript fits into the puzzle. You'll learn about the following topics:
Frames: The ability to divide a window into multiple, independent sections
Plug-ins: Third party add-ons for Navigator 2.0 that extend the browser's ability to handle new data and information
Java: An object-oriented programming language for distributed applications
JavaScript: A simple, object-based programming language incorporated into Navigator 2.0 (and the subject of this book)
The similarities and differences between Java and JavaScript
JavaScript as a scripting language
Objects, properties, and methods
The Navigator object hierarchy and other built-in objects
Strengths and weaknesses of JavaScript
Java and JavaScript: Compare and Contrast
Given the tremendous popularity of Java since its introduction in 1995, it is important to take a look at the differences between Java and JavaScript. Although they are relatedJavaScript borrows most of Java's syntax, for instancethey are fundamentally different and serve different purposes. They are complementary rather than competing with each other.
Using Java: A Complex, Complete Object-Oriented Programming Language
Java is much more than a language for developing Web-based applications. It is designed to compete in a market of full-fledged, general-purpose programming languages such as C, C++, Pascal and FORTRAN. Unlike its predecessors, Java's claims to fame include the fact that it is platform-independent and that it can be used for both applications development and the development of in-line applets, or small applications, for Web pages.
Like C++ and Smalltalk, Java is object-oriented and relies heavily on the syntax and style of C++. With this comes the steep learning curve of a high-end object-oriented programming language.
A Compiled Language
Unlike most other general-purpose programming languages, Java is not compiled in the traditional sense. Instead of compiling to native machine code, the Java compiler converts source code into Java byte codes (known as architecture-neutral byte-codes)a platform-independent representation of the Java program codewhich are then run on a machine-dependent runtime interpreter. In this way, developers only need to develop and maintain one set of source code and compile it once, and the code can then be run using the runtime interpreters for any machine.
Like all compiled languages, though, this adds the complexity of a compilation cycle to development and, especially, debugging. However, to a certain degree like other compiled languages, an efficient runtime engine means that Java should offer better performance than general-purpose interpreted scripting languages.
Fully Extensible
A fundamental feature of true object-oriented languages is that they are extensible. That is, programmers can create their own classesor groupings of objects and data structuresto extend the basic classes that are part of the programming languages.
APPENDIX BUSE CASE DIAGRAM
Telephone
Department
Water Tax
Department
Registration
Municipality
Electricity Department
House Tax
Department
e-governance
SERVER
USER
House Tax Department
Water Tax Department
Telephone Department
Registration
Municipality
Electricity
Department
e-governance
Logout
Department
Information about payment details
Telephone status
Phone pay
Department
Generate code
Telephone payment
Username,
Phone number,
Month, Year,
Amount, Bank details, Payment date,
Transfer.
Phone details
Department
Generate code
Telephone details
Username,
Name, Address,
Phone no, Area Code, Connection Facility,
Last payment date, Approval.
Status
Payment
Details
Telephone
Department
Information about payment details
House tax status
House pay
Department
Generate code
House tax payment
Username,
House tax no,
Year, Amount,
Bank details,
Payment date,
Transfer.
House details
Department
Generate code
House tax details
Username,
House tax no,
Patta no, Registration details, Amount, Approval.
Status
Payment
Details
House tax
Department
Information about payment details
Water tax status
Water pay
Department
Generate code
Water tax payment
Username,
Water tax no,
Month, Year,
Amount, Bank details, Payment date, Transfer.
Water details
Department
Generate code
Water tax details
Username,
House tax no,
Water tax no,
Name,
Address,
Amount,
Last payment
Date, Approval.
Status
Payment
Details
Water tax
Feedback
Department
Generate code
Feedback
Type,
About,
Comments,
Name,
Mail,
Phone.
Logout
Feedback
Municipality
House tax
Electricity
Telephone
Water tax
Departments
Login page
User Login page
New user registration
Generate code
Login
Username,
Password,
Question,
Answer,
Mobile,
Mail.
Username,
Password,
Question,
Answer, Name,
Date of birth, Sex,
Occupation,
Address, Phone,
Mobile, Mail.
R Registration
Existing user login page
New user registration
e-governance
Ready
Place of death
Father name
Mothername
Sex
Username
DOD
Name
Death details
Ready
Doctor name
Place of birth
Hospital
Father name
Mothername
Sex
Username
Dob
Name
Birth details
Payment
Approval
Purpose
Connection
Name
EB number
Username
Address
Electricity details
Transfer
User Bank
Gov Bank
Amount
Month Year
Username
EB number
Electricity pay
Payment
Transfer
User Bank
Gov Bank
Amount
Phone no
Username
Area code
Phone pay
Approval
Area code
Connection
Name
Phone no
Username
Address
Phone details
Answer
Question
Phone
Username
Password
Login
Sex
Answer
Question
Occupation
Name
Phone
Dob
Username
Address
Password
Registration
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