Clues from Fossils Clues from Fossils • About 50 million years ago, About 50 million years ago, during the Eocene Epoch, the during the Eocene Epoch, the Green River Formation in Green River Formation in Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado was covered by lakes. was covered by lakes. • The water was home to fish, The water was home to fish, crocodiles, lizards, and crocodiles, lizards, and turtles. turtles. • Palms, fig trees, willows, Palms, fig trees, willows, and cattails grew on the and cattails grew on the lakeshores. lakeshores. • Insects and birds flew Insects and birds flew through the air. through the air.
Transcript
Clues from FossilsClues from Fossils• About 50 million years ago, during the About 50 million years ago, during the
Eocene Epoch, the Green River Eocene Epoch, the Green River Formation in Wyoming, Utah, and Formation in Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado was covered by lakes.Colorado was covered by lakes.
• The water was home to fish, crocodiles, The water was home to fish, crocodiles, lizards, and turtles.lizards, and turtles.
• Palms, fig trees, willows, and cattails Palms, fig trees, willows, and cattails grew on the lakeshores.grew on the lakeshores.
• Insects and birds flew through the air.Insects and birds flew through the air.
Clues from FossilsClues from Fossils
• After many of the After many of the plants and animals plants and animals of that time died, of that time died, they were covered they were covered with silt and mud.with silt and mud.
• Over millions of years, they became the Over millions of years, they became the fossils that have made the Green River fossils that have made the Green River Formation one of the richest fossil Formation one of the richest fossil deposits in the world.deposits in the world.
Types of FossilsTypes of Fossils
• Most of the evidence for evolution comes Most of the evidence for evolution comes from fossils.from fossils.
• A A fossilfossil is the remains, an imprint, or a is the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric organism.trace of a prehistoric organism.
• Most fossils are found in sedimentary Most fossils are found in sedimentary rock.rock.
• Sedimentary rockSedimentary rock is formed when layers is formed when layers of sand, silt, clay, or mud are compacted of sand, silt, clay, or mud are compacted and cemented together, or when minerals and cemented together, or when minerals are deposited from a solution.are deposited from a solution.
Types of FossilsTypes of Fossils
• Limestone, sandstone, and shale are all Limestone, sandstone, and shale are all examples of sedimentary rock.examples of sedimentary rock.
• The fossil record The fossil record provides evidence that provides evidence that living things have living things have evolved.evolved.
• Fossils are found more often in limestoneFossils are found more often in limestonethan in any other than in any other kind of kind of sedimentary rock.sedimentary rock.
Determining a Fossil’s AgeDetermining a Fossil’s Age• Paleontologists use clues provided by Paleontologists use clues provided by
unique rock layers and the fossils they unique rock layers and the fossils they contain.contain.
• The clues provide information about the The clues provide information about the geology, weather, and life-forms that geology, weather, and life-forms that must have been present during each must have been present during each geologic time period.geologic time period.
• Two basic methods—Two basic methods—relativerelative datingdating and and radiometricradiometric datingdating—can be used, alone or —can be used, alone or together, to estimate the ages of rocks and together, to estimate the ages of rocks and fossils.fossils.
Radiometric DatingRadiometric Dating• Scientists can obtain a more accurate Scientists can obtain a more accurate
estimate of the age of a rock layer by estimate of the age of a rock layer by using radioactive elements.using radioactive elements.
• A A radioactive elementradioactive element gives off a steady gives off a steady amount of radiation as it slowly changes amount of radiation as it slowly changes to a nonradioactive element.to a nonradioactive element.
• Each radioactive element gives off Each radioactive element gives off radiation at a different rate.radiation at a different rate.
Radiometric DatingRadiometric Dating
• Scientists can estimate the age of the rock Scientists can estimate the age of the rock by comparing the amount of radioactive by comparing the amount of radioactive element with the amount of element with the amount of nonradioactive element in the rock.nonradioactive element in the rock.
• This method of dating does not always This method of dating does not always produce exact results, because the original produce exact results, because the original amount of radioactive element in the rock amount of radioactive element in the rock can never be determined for certain.can never be determined for certain.
Fossils and EvolutionFossils and Evolution
• Fossils provide a record of organisms that Fossils provide a record of organisms that lived in the past.lived in the past.
• However, the fossil However, the fossil record is record is incomplete, or has incomplete, or has gaps, much like a gaps, much like a book with missing book with missing pages.pages.
• The gaps exist because most organisms The gaps exist because most organisms do not become fossils.do not become fossils.
Fossils and EvolutionFossils and Evolution
• By looking at fossils, scientists conclude By looking at fossils, scientists conclude that many simpler forms of life existed that many simpler forms of life existed earlier in Earth’s history, and more earlier in Earth’s history, and more complex forms of life appeared later.complex forms of life appeared later.
• Fossils provide indirect evidence that Fossils provide indirect evidence that evolution has occurred on Earth.evolution has occurred on Earth.
Fossils and EvolutionFossils and Evolution
• Scientists can use fossils to make models Scientists can use fossils to make models that show what the organisms might have that show what the organisms might have looked like.looked like.
• From fossils, scientists can sometimes From fossils, scientists can sometimes determine whether the organisms lived in determine whether the organisms lived in family groups or alone, what types of family groups or alone, what types of food they ate, what kind of environment food they ate, what kind of environment they lived in, and many other things about they lived in, and many other things about them.them.
• Most fossils represent extinct organisms.Most fossils represent extinct organisms.
More Clues About EvolutionMore Clues About Evolution• Sometimes, evolution can be observed Sometimes, evolution can be observed
directly.directly.• Plant breeders observe evolution when Plant breeders observe evolution when
they use cross-breeding to produce they use cross-breeding to produce genetic changes in plants.genetic changes in plants.
• The development of antibiotic resistance The development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is another direct observation of in bacteria is another direct observation of evolution.evolution.
• Entomologists have noted similar rapid Entomologists have noted similar rapid evolution of pesticide-resistant insect evolution of pesticide-resistant insect species.species.
More Clues About EvolutionMore Clues About Evolution• These observations provide direct These observations provide direct
evidence that evolution occurs.evidence that evolution occurs.• Many examples of indirect evidence for Many examples of indirect evidence for
evolution also exist.evolution also exist.
• They include similarities in embryo They include similarities in embryo structures, the chemical makeup of structures, the chemical makeup of organisms including DNA, and the way organisms including DNA, and the way organisms develop into adults.organisms develop into adults.
• Indirect evidence does not provide proof Indirect evidence does not provide proof of evolution, but it does support the idea.of evolution, but it does support the idea.
EmbryologyEmbryology• The study of embryos and their The study of embryos and their
development is called development is called embryologyembryology (em bree AH luh jee).(em bree AH luh jee).
• An An embryoembryo is the earliest growth stage of is the earliest growth stage of an organism.an organism.
• A tail and pharyngeal pouches are found A tail and pharyngeal pouches are found at some point in the embryos of fish, at some point in the embryos of fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals.reptiles, birds, and mammals.
EmbryologyEmbryology• Fish develop gills, but the Fish develop gills, but the
other organisms develop other organisms develop other structures as their other structures as their development continues.development continues.
• Fish, birds, and reptiles Fish, birds, and reptiles keep their tails, but many keep their tails, but many mammals lose theirs.mammals lose theirs.
• These similarities suggest an evolutionary These similarities suggest an evolutionary relationship among all vertebrate species.relationship among all vertebrate species.
Homologous StructuresHomologous Structures
• Body parts that are similar in origin and Body parts that are similar in origin and structure are called structure are called homologoushomologous (hoh (hoh MAH luh gus).MAH luh gus).
• HomologousHomologous structures also can structures also can be similar in be similar in function.function.
• They often indicate that two or more They often indicate that two or more species share common ancestors.species share common ancestors.
Vestigial StructuresVestigial Structures• The bodies of some organisms include The bodies of some organisms include
vestigialvestigial (veh STIH jee ul) (veh STIH jee ul) structuresstructures ——structures that don’t seem to have a structures that don’t seem to have a function.function.
• VestigialVestigial structures also provide evidence structures also provide evidence for evolution.for evolution.
• The human appendix is a The human appendix is a vestigialvestigial structure.structure.
• Scientists hypothesize that Scientists hypothesize that vestigialvestigial structures are body parts that once structures are body parts that once functioned in an ancestor.functioned in an ancestor.
DNADNA
• DNADNA is the molecule that controls is the molecule that controls heredity and directs the development of heredity and directs the development of every organism.every organism.
• In a cell with a nucleus, In a cell with a nucleus, DNADNA is found in is found in genes that make up the chromosomes.genes that make up the chromosomes.
• Scientists compare Scientists compare DNADNA from living from living organisms to identify similarities among organisms to identify similarities among species.species.
DNADNA• Examinations of ancient Examinations of ancient DNADNA often often
provide additional evidence of how some provide additional evidence of how some species evolved from their extinct species evolved from their extinct ancestors.ancestors.
• By looking at By looking at DNADNA, scientists also can , scientists also can determine how closely related organisms determine how closely related organisms are.are.
• For example, For example, DNADNA studies indicate that studies indicate that dogs are the closest relatives of bears.dogs are the closest relatives of bears.
DNA
• Similar DNA also can suggest common ancestry.
• Apes such as the gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans have 24 pairs of chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs.
DNADNA
• When two of the ape’s chromosomes are When two of the ape’s chromosomes are laid end to end, a match for human laid end to end, a match for human chromosome number 2 is formed.chromosome number 2 is formed.
• Also, similar proteins such as hemoglobinAlso, similar proteins such as hemoglobin—the oxygen-carrying protein in red —the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells—are found in many primates.blood cells—are found in many primates.
•This can be further evidence that primates This can be further evidence that primates have a common ancestor.have a common ancestor.
PrimatesPrimates
• Humans, monkeys, and apes belong to the Humans, monkeys, and apes belong to the group of mammals known as the group of mammals known as the primatesprimates..
• All All primatesprimates have opposable thumbs, have opposable thumbs, binocular vision, and flexible shoulders binocular vision, and flexible shoulders that allow arms to rotate.that allow arms to rotate.
• These shared characteristics indicate that These shared characteristics indicate that all all primatesprimates may have evolved from a may have evolved from a common ancestor.common ancestor.
PrimatesPrimates• Having an Having an opposable thumbopposable thumb allows you to allows you to
cross your thumb over your palm and cross your thumb over your palm and touch your fingers.touch your fingers.
• This means that you can This means that you can grasp and hold things grasp and hold things with your hands.with your hands.
• An opposable thumb An opposable thumb allows tree-dwelling allows tree-dwelling primatesprimates to hold on to to hold on to branches.branches.
PrimatesPrimates
• Binocular visionBinocular vision permits you to judge permits you to judge depth or distance with your eyes.depth or distance with your eyes.
• In a similar way, it allows tree-dwelling In a similar way, it allows tree-dwelling primates to judge the distances as they primates to judge the distances as they move between branches.move between branches.
• Flexible shoulders and rotating forelimbs Flexible shoulders and rotating forelimbs also help tree-dwelling primates move also help tree-dwelling primates move from branch to branch.from branch to branch.
PrimatesPrimates
• PrimatesPrimates are divided into two major are divided into two major groups.groups.
• The first group, the The first group, the strepsirhinesstrepsirhines (STREP suh (STREP suh rines), includes lemurs rines), includes lemurs and tarsiers.and tarsiers.
• The second group, The second group, haplorhineshaplorhines (HAP luh (HAP luh rines), includes monkeys, rines), includes monkeys, apes, and humans.apes, and humans.
HominidsHominids
• About 4 million to 6 million years ago, About 4 million to 6 million years ago, humanlike primates appeared that were humanlike primates appeared that were different from other primates.different from other primates.
• These ancestors, called These ancestors, called hominidshominids, ate , ate both meat and plants and walked upright both meat and plants and walked upright on two legs.on two legs.
• HominidsHominids shared some characteristics shared some characteristics with gorillas, orangutans, and with gorillas, orangutans, and chimpanzees, but a larger brain separated chimpanzees, but a larger brain separated them from the apes.them from the apes.
African OriginsAfrican Origins
• In the early 1920s, a fossil skull was In the early 1920s, a fossil skull was discovered in a quarry in South Africa. discovered in a quarry in South Africa. The skull had a small space for the brain, The skull had a small space for the brain, but it had a humanlike jaw and teeth.but it had a humanlike jaw and teeth.
• The fossil, named The fossil, named AustralopithecusAustralopithecus,, was was one of the oldest hominids discovered.one of the oldest hominids discovered.
African OriginsAfrican Origins
• An almost-complete skeleton of An almost-complete skeleton of AustralopithecusAustralopithecus was found in northern was found in northern Africa in 1974.Africa in 1974.
• This hominid fossil was called Lucy and This hominid fossil was called Lucy and had a small brain but is thought to have had a small brain but is thought to have walked upright.walked upright.
• This fossil indicates that modern This fossil indicates that modern hominids might have evolved from hominids might have evolved from similar ancestors.similar ancestors.
Early HumansEarly Humans
• In the 1960s in a In the 1960s in a region of Africa, a region of Africa, a hominid fossil, hominid fossil, which was more which was more like present-day like present-day humans than humans than AustralopithecusAustralopithecus, , was discovered.was discovered.
Early HumansEarly Humans• The hominid was The hominid was
named named Homo habilisHomo habilis, , meaning “hand man.” meaning “hand man.” because simple stone because simple stone tools were found near tools were found near him. him.
• Homo habilisHomo habilis is is estimated to be 1.5 estimated to be 1.5 million to 2 million million to 2 million years old.years old.
Early HumansEarly Humans• Based upon many fossil comparisons, Based upon many fossil comparisons,
scientists have suggested that scientists have suggested that HomoHomo habilishabilis gave rise to another species, gave rise to another species, HomoHomo erectuserectus, about 1.6 million years , about 1.6 million years ago.ago.
• This hominid had a larger brain than This hominid had a larger brain than Homo habilisHomo habilis..
• Homo erectusHomo erectus traveled from Africa to traveled from Africa to Southeast Asia, China, and possibly Southeast Asia, China, and possibly Europe.Europe.
Early HumansEarly Humans
• Homo habilisHomo habilis and and Homo erectusHomo erectus are are thought to be ancestors of humans thought to be ancestors of humans because they had larger brains and more because they had larger brains and more humanlike features than humanlike features than AustralopithecusAustralopithecus..
HumansHumans• The fossil record indicates that The fossil record indicates that HomoHomo
sapienssapiens evolved about 400,000 years ago. evolved about 400,000 years ago.
• By about 125,000 years By about 125,000 years ago, two early human ago, two early human groups, groups, NeanderthalsNeanderthals (nee AN dur tawlz) and (nee AN dur tawlz) and Cro-MagnonCro-Magnon humans, humans, probably lived at the probably lived at the same time in parts of same time in parts of Africa and Europe.Africa and Europe.
NeanderthalsNeanderthals• Short, heavy bodies with thick bones, Short, heavy bodies with thick bones,
small chins, and heavy browridges were small chins, and heavy browridges were physical characteristics of physical characteristics of NeanderthalsNeanderthals..
• Family groups lived in caves and used Family groups lived in caves and used well-made stone tools to hunt large well-made stone tools to hunt large animals.animals.
• NeanderthalsNeanderthals disappeared from the fossil disappeared from the fossil record about 30,000 years ago.record about 30,000 years ago.
• They probably are not direct ancestors of They probably are not direct ancestors of modern humans, but represent a side modern humans, but represent a side branch of human evolution.branch of human evolution.
Cro-Magnon HumansCro-Magnon Humans
• Cro-Magnon Cro-Magnon fossils have been found in fossils have been found in Europe, Asia, and Australia and date from Europe, Asia, and Australia and date from 10,000 to about 40,000 years in age.10,000 to about 40,000 years in age.
• Standing about 1.6 m to 1.7 m tall, the Standing about 1.6 m to 1.7 m tall, the physical appearance of physical appearance of Cro-MagnonCro-Magnon people was almost the same as that of people was almost the same as that of modern humans.modern humans.
• They lived in caves, made stone carvings, They lived in caves, made stone carvings, and buried their dead.and buried their dead.
Cro-Magnon HumansCro-Magnon Humans
• The oldest recorded art has been found on The oldest recorded art has been found on the walls of caves in France, where the walls of caves in France, where Cro-MagnonCro-Magnon humans first painted bison, humans first painted bison, horses, and people carrying spears.horses, and people carrying spears.
MULTIPLE CHOICEMULTIPLE CHOICE
1.___ Most fossils are in _____1.___ Most fossils are in _____
A. BonesA. Bones C. Sedimentary rockC. Sedimentary rock
B. Mollusk shells B. Mollusk shells D. WoodD. Wood
CC
2.___ Scientist can estimate the age of a 2.___ Scientist can estimate the age of a fossil by comparing the amount of _____ fossil by comparing the amount of _____ with the amount of _____with the amount of _____
MULTIPLE CHOICEMULTIPLE CHOICE
D. Radio active element; nonradioactive D. Radio active element; nonradioactive elementelement
C. Sediment; FossilsC. Sediment; Fossils
B. Fossils; VariationB. Fossils; Variation
A. Sediments; Radioactive elementA. Sediments; Radioactive element
DD
3.___ The fossil record is_____.3.___ The fossil record is_____.MULTIPLE CHOICEMULTIPLE CHOICE
D. IncompleteD. Incomplete
C. UnimportantC. Unimportant
B. CompleteB. Complete
A. Vestigial A. Vestigial
DD
4.___ DNA studies show that the closest 4.___ DNA studies show that the closest relative of a bear is the _____relative of a bear is the _____
A. DogA. Dog
B. GorillaB. Gorilla
C. SlothC. Sloth
D. WolverineD. Wolverine
AA
5.___ All of the following EXCEPT_____ 5.___ All of the following EXCEPT_____ provides evidence for evolution.provides evidence for evolution.
MULTIPLE CHOICEMULTIPLE CHOICE
D. EmbryologyD. Embryology
C. Vestigial structuresC. Vestigial structures
B. Acquired characteristicsB. Acquired characteristics
A. Homologous structuresA. Homologous structures
BB
6.___ Is/Are NOT characteristics of all 6.___ Is/Are NOT characteristics of all primates.primates.
MULTIPLE CHOICEMULTIPLE CHOICE
D. Opposable thumbsD. Opposable thumbs
C. Flexible shouldersC. Flexible shoulders
B. A large brainB. A large brain
A. Binocular visionA. Binocular vision
BB
7.___ Is NOT a characteristics of 7.___ Is NOT a characteristics of Australopithecus.Australopithecus.
MULTIPLE CHOICEMULTIPLE CHOICE
D. Having a humanlike jaw and teethD. Having a humanlike jaw and teeth
C. Walking uprightC. Walking upright
B. Having a small brainB. Having a small brain
A. Using stone toolsA. Using stone toolsAA
8.___ Is NOT a characteristics of hominids.8.___ Is NOT a characteristics of hominids.
MULTIPLE CHOICEMULTIPLE CHOICE
D. Walking uprightD. Walking upright
C. Burying their deadC. Burying their dead
B. Eating vegtablesB. Eating vegtables
A. Eating meatA. Eating meat
CC
9.___ Homo habilis was given its name 9.___ Homo habilis was given its name because.because.
MULTIPLE CHOICEMULTIPLE CHOICE
D. It was found in East AfricaD. It was found in East Africa
C. Stone tools were found near itC. Stone tools were found near it
B. Its jaw was human likeB. Its jaw was human like
A. Its brain cavity was very smallA. Its brain cavity was very small
CC
10.___ The species Homo sapiens means10.___ The species Homo sapiens meansMULTIPLE CHOICEMULTIPLE CHOICE
D. Wise humanD. Wise human
C. Tool using manC. Tool using man
B. Southern apeB. Southern ape
A. Handy manA. Handy man
DD
11.___ Was the least like modern humans11.___ Was the least like modern humans
A. AustralopithecusA. Australopithecus
B. Cro-magnonB. Cro-magnon
C. Homo habilisC. Homo habilis
D. NeanderthalD. Neanderthal
AA
Unscramble the letters to form the correct Unscramble the letters to form the correct wordword
12. remains of once living things12. remains of once living thingsslifosslifos
13. fossils are found in this 13. fossils are found in this type of rocktype of rock
yinemesardtyinemesardt
14. method to estimate the 14. method to estimate the age of fossilsage of fossils
tevariel gidtantevariel gidtanrelative datingrelative dating
Unscramble the letters to form the correct Unscramble the letters to form the correct wordword
17. fossils are found in this 17. fossils are found in this type of rocktype of rock
homologoushomologous
gloemyrybogloemyrybo
16. body part with no 16. body part with no apparent useapparent use
15. study of organisms in their 15. study of organisms in their earliest stagesearliest stages
glosomuhooglosomuhoo
Unscramble the letters to form the correct Unscramble the letters to form the correct wordword
20. fossils are found in this 20. fossils are found in this type of rocktype of rock
Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
starpemistarpemi
19. human like primates that 19. human like primates that walked uprightwalked upright
smidhonismidhonihominidshominids
18. mammal group that includes 18. mammal group that includes apes and humans apes and humans
mooth spineasmooth spineas
IDENTIFY EACH HOMINIDIDENTIFY EACH HOMINID
21. Small brain cavity, but humanlike jaw 21. Small brain cavity, but humanlike jaw and teethand teeth
Homo habilisHomo habilisNeanderthalNeanderthalCro-MagnonCro-Magnon
AustralopithecusAustralopithecus
22. Larger brain than former ancestor; 22. Larger brain than former ancestor; made small stone toolsmade small stone tools23. Short , heavy body; hunted with well 23. Short , heavy body; hunted with well made stone toolsmade stone tools24. Physical appearance almost identical to 24. Physical appearance almost identical to modern humans; cared for their elderly and modern humans; cared for their elderly and buried their deadburied their dead
MATCHINGMATCHING
25. Lived in south Africa 2.9 to 3.4 million 25. Lived in south Africa 2.9 to 3.4 million years agoyears ago
A. Homo habilisA. Homo habilis C. NeanderthalC. NeanderthalB. Cro-MagnonB. Cro-Magnon D. AustralopithecusD. Australopithecus
26. Lived in east Africa 1.5 to 2 million 26. Lived in east Africa 1.5 to 2 million years agoyears ago
MATCHINGMATCHING
27. Lived in family groups in caves in 27. Lived in family groups in caves in Africa 125,000 to 35,000 years agoAfrica 125,000 to 35,000 years ago
A. Homo habilisA. Homo habilis C. NeanderthalC. NeanderthalB. Cro-MagnonB. Cro-Magnon D. AustralopithecusD. Australopithecus
28. Lived in Europe, Asia, Australia in art 28. Lived in Europe, Asia, Australia in art decorated caves 40,000 to 10,000 years ago decorated caves 40,000 to 10,000 years ago
MATCHINGMATCHING
29. ___ body part with no apparent function29. ___ body part with no apparent function
A. evolutionA. evolution
C. gradualismC. gradualismB. fossilB. fossil
D. hominidD. hominid
30. ___ remains of live from another time 30. ___ remains of live from another time
E. homologousE. homologous J. Vestigial structureJ. Vestigial structureI. variationI. variation
2. Homo habilis was discovered2. Homo habilis was discovered
33. Place the following scientific findings 33. Place the following scientific findings in order from oldest (1) to most recent (3)in order from oldest (1) to most recent (3)
1. Lucy, an almost complete 1. Lucy, an almost complete Australopithecus skeleton, was found Australopithecus skeleton, was found
3. The fossil skull Australopithecus was 3. The fossil skull Australopithecus was discovereddiscovered
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