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e-WasteAndrewMillar
ElectronicsandtheEnvironment
Introduc)on
Therearemanyareasinwhichtheissueof
e‐wastecanbeconfronted.Legisla4onhasbeencreatedtotryandresolvetheproblem
ofexportede‐waste,howeverdespitethe
WEEEini4a4ve,wasteelectricalgoodsarecon4nuouslybeingexportedtodevelopingcountriessuchasIndia,China,WestAfrica
andPakistanforunscrupulousrecycling
schemes.
Throughoutthelectureweshallbelooking
intothevariousdamagingsocialand
environmentalfactorsofourcon4nuedconsump4onofelectronicgoods.
Legisla)on
ItisarguedthattheWEEEdirec4ve‐putinplacetostopthisatrocityoccurring–is
actuallyencouragingcompaniestosend
wasteabroadunderthepretencethatis
goingtobe“recycled”.Normallythisis
doneunderthefalseguisethatthegoods
arefullyopera4onal,andwillbedonatedtoschoolsandhospitals.HowevertheBri4shEnvironmentalAgencydoesnothavethe
resourcestocarryoutrequiredchecks.
In2007,theUKenactedtheWEEE
direc4ve,inabidtoraisethe‘recovery’ratesofe‐wastegoingtolandfill,from15%to75%today.Intheory,generated
e‐wastewasmeanttoberecycledinlocal
electronicwasterecyclingfacili4eswithspecificpaperworkcheckstoensureethicalprac4ce.
Howeverin2008theEnvironmentalAgency
onlyreceivedreportsonthefateofjust
15,000tonsofcommerciale‐waste–just
5%ofthetotal.
Clearlythedirec4veisn’tworking,withonlyonethirdofe‐wastebeingtreated
accordingtotherulesofthedirec4ve,whichisconstantlybeingunderminedby
UKgovernment,whoaimto“reducetheadministra)veburdensonbusinessbysimplifyingdatarepor)ngrequirements”.
“Memberstatesare
requiredtocollect
informa4ononanannualbasisonthequan44es
&categoriesofelectrical
&electronicequipment
placedonthemarket,
collected,re‐used,
recycled&recovered…
&oncollectedwaste
exported”
Poli)cal
Poli4ciansarecurrentlytou4ng‘waste’asahighpriorityini4a4ve,andarearguingthat,withlongtermplanning,‘green’policiescangetusoutofthecurrentrecession.
LordMandelsonrecentlyarguedatthe
PolicyNetworkthat“mainstreamclimatechangepoli)csobviouslycan’tbetotallyan)‐poli)cs,an)business,oran)growth”con4nuingtoarguethatwehave900,000peopleintheUKworkinginthe‘green’sector.
“Aposi4vepoli4csofclimatechangedepends
onusdecidingthat
poli4csworks,thatitishowwefocuscollec4vely
onadifferentfuture...mainstreamclimatechange
poli4csobviouslycan’tbetotallyan4poli4cs,an4business,an4growth...
Wecan’tjustthrowgreenslimeataproblem”
NumberCrunching
TheUnitedKingdomproducesoveramillion
tonsofe‐wasteyearly–equivalenttothe
weightof2400jumbojets–inwhichan
es4mated13%s4llgoestolandfill,despitetheWEEElegisla4on,“aroundtwothirdsofheavymetalsinlandfillcomefromcomputersormobilephones”.
Approximately33%ofe‐wastegetstreatedaccordingtolegisla4on,withtherest–anes4mated54%‐poten4allygoingtounscrupulousrecyclers.
Anes4mated500,000oldcomputersarriveinLagoseverymonth,ofwhich
approximately25%areinworkingorder,
theremainderoWengoesthroughtheuglyprocessofdirtyrecycling.Atthesame
4me,4millioncomputersarediscardedinChinaeveryyear,oWensetforthesametreatment.
Manufacturing
Astudyfromthe‘WEEEMan’projectrevealedthat90%ofwasteisgeneratedatthematerialsourcingstage,andastudy
fromtheUnitedNa4onsUniversityinTokyo,showedthatmanufacturingjustone
32MBRAMmodulerequires32kilogramsofwater,1.6kilogramsoffossilfuels,700
gramsofgasesandupto72gramsof
differentchemicals.
Manycomputersbeginlifeinoneofthe
manymanufacturingindustrieslocatedin
Suzhou,China.Ashocking800busesare
requiredinordertotransportstafftoworkdaily.Suzhoucontainsthemanufacturing
sitesforcompaniessuchasLogitechand
Asustech.6000Suzhouworkerschurn
out70millionmiceayearforLogitech
alone.TheAsustechplantmanufactures
astaggering60millionmotherboardsa
year,employing85,000staff,with1,800suppliers.
Howeveritisnotjusttheenvironmental
issuesthatareacoherentproblem.The
nega4vesocialimpactandcostofhumanlifeisastronomicalinsomecases.‘Coltan’,amixtureofColumbiumandTantalum,is
extremelyversa4leinmanufacture,andcanbemadetostoreandtoreleasean
electricalcharge,deemedas“essen)altomobilephones”,andisthemainreason
theirsizeissoheavilyreducedtoday.
Despitetheongoingpowerstruggles
inCongo,Westernminingcompanies
con4nuedextrac4ng‘coltan’undertheprotec4onofrebelarmiesinCongo,despitethefactthat4millionpeoplewerekilledin
civilwaroverthesepreciousmininglands.
Retail
Dellhaverecentlyimposedabanonthe
illegalexportofnon‐workingcomputers
bearingitsbrand,byofferingconsumersafreetakebackschemeonitsproducts.
Retailersalreadytakebackthetargetamountof4kilogramsofWEEEperhead,
andthereforewillnotbeabletocopewith
anincreaseinstoragedemands‐Nigel
Smith‐Bri4shRetailConsor4um.
Itises4matedthattwentynewusersareconnectedtoamobilephonenetwork
everysecond,whilstin2006the2billionth
mobilephonewentlive.Thisleadstothe
conclusionthatweareconsumingtoomuch
thatcanbehandled,returningnewmodels
beforethepreviousmodelscanbeshiWed.
Fujitsuhaverecentlyreleasedthe‘Biblo’laptopontheJapanesemarket,mixingcorn‐
basedplas4cwithpetroleum‐basedplas4cmaterial,reducingtheamountofcarbon
dioxideemi_edinmanufactureby15%.
Nokiahavealsojoinedintherushtorelease
theirown‘eco’phone,byunveilingtheNokia3100Evolve,“builtfromrecycledandreusedparts”.
AfurtherdevelopmentfromNokiaisthe
‘GreenPlug’–whichautoma4callyswitchesitselfoffoncethemobilephoneisfullycharged.
CleanandUnscrupulousRecycling
Guiyu–acoastalprovinceofGuangdong–ishometoamigrantcommunityof100,000
workers,whichincludesmen,womenand
children.Localwellwaterhasbeendeemed
undrinkablewiththeworkforcenowbeing
kepthydratedbywaterbeingtruckedin
fromsafewatersources.
InMandoli,India,onekiloofcircuitboards
canbeboughtforbetween5and10rupees
–equa4ngtoaround15penceintheUK.Thecircuitboardsthengothroughthe
variousprocesses,oWenbeingdunkedinacidbychildrenasyoungastentoseparate
thecopper,whichinturncanbesoldonfor
asmuchas300rupees.
Incontrast,SimsRecyclingSolu4ons–Roseville,CA–employsapproximately60full4mestaffmemberstoundergothesameprocessofrecyclinge‐waste,with
staffreceivingthenecessarytrainingandprotec4vewear,alongwithregularsafetymee4ngs.Thefacilityreceivesanes4mated70tonsofe‐wasteperday,allofwhich
isdealtwithonsite.Aswiththecrude
recyclingprocessesindevelopingcountries,
itisalucra4vetrade–theshreddercollects100‐to‐400gramsofgoldpertonof
materialshredded.
‘EcologicalRucksack’
Theterm‘EcologicalRucksack’takesintoaccountallthematerialsrequired
inaproduct’slifecycle.Thisincludesthematerialsourcing,productdistribu4on,productconsump4on,andpostconsump4on,everythingisconsideredinitsbreakdown.
Atypicalmobilephoneweighing75
gramsandhasanes4matedrucksackof75kilograms,30kilogramsfrommaterialsourcingalone,withouttakenintoaccount
thewaterconsump4onrequiredinthevariousprocesses.Hugelysignificantwhentakingintoconsidera4onthatmostmobilesarediscardedintwoyears‐15million
mobilesaretradedinayear,inBritain
alone.
Thackeraquotesthat“ittakes1.7kilogramsofmaterialstomakeamicrochipwith32megabytesofrandomaccessmemory–atotal630)mesthemassofthefinalproduct”.
Inaddi4on,theaveragePChasanes4matedrucksackof1.5tons,withoneoftonof
aluminiumrequiringtheminingof4‐6
tonsofbauxiteore,whilstatonofcopper
requiredtheminingofapproximately420
tonsoforematerial.
“Everyitemweownmadefrom
stuffhewnfromtheEarthcarrieswithita‘rucksack’ofallthewasteorethathadtobeminedto
produceit”
“Ifyoudropafroginto
apanwhenthewateris
boilingitwillleapout;
butifyouputthefrogin
apanofcoldwaterthen
heatitsteadilytowards
theboilingpoint,the
frog‐unawareofany
drama4cchange‐willjustsitthereandslowlycook”
IntheBubble–JohnThackera
Thackerausesthemetaphoroftheboiling
frog:“Ifyoudropafrogintoapanwhenthewaterisboilingitwillleapout;butifyouputthefroginapanofcoldwaterthenheatitsteadilytowardstheboilingpoint,thefrog‐unawareofanydrama)cchange‐willjustsitthereandslowlycook”.Inthismetaphorweareclearlythefrogs,
completelyunawareofourimpending
doom,aswecon4nuetoconsume–clearlyweneedashocktomakeusrealisethehot
wearewearein.
PersonalExperiments
Duringmyresearch,variousitemsof
e‐wastewerecollectedanddismantled,
allowingabe_erunderstandingoftheinteriordesignandmanufactureofthe
products,andthereforedemonstra4ngwhatisusedwhereinstandardmachines,
witheachstageprovidinginsights.
PhonesForAfrica–noprizesforguessing
theyprovideusedphonestopeoplein
Africa–runafantas4callroundethicalbusiness.PhonesdonatedoWensellfordoublethephonesworthintheUK.Profitmadeisthenputbackintolocalcommunity
projects,includingfundingpoliovic4msinartprojects,inwhichvic4msaretaughttoweldscrappiecesofmetaltogether,andin
turncreatetheirownartprojects,crea4ngvarioussculpturesincludingwildanimals
andbicycles,whicharere‐soldoverthe
internetfora4dysumofcash.
Organisa)ons
Charityorganiza4onComputerAidInterna4onalhasbeeninplacesince1998,andworksinrefurbishingoldcomputersso
theycanbesenttodevelopingcountries
forlegi4matereusesofarrefurbishingover150,000computers.
TonyRobertsofComputerAidInterna4onal,believesthattheorganiza4oncouldtake104mestheamountofcomputerstheyreceive,howevertheyjustdon’treceivethedona4onsrequiredtoreachfullcapacity.
Inaddi4on,anotherorganiza4on,closelyworkingwithComputerAidInterna4onal,isComputersforSchoolsKenyawhoreceive
around450machineseachmonth,inwhich
anes4mated20%ofcomputersdonotwork–howeverfearnot–allarerecycled
onsiteethicallyandprofitably‐harddrivessoldfor20p;aluminium,plas4c,coppersoldforrecycling;metalcasingforgu_ering.ComputersforSchoolsKenyahavesofar
suppliedover300schoolswithover7000computerscon4nuingto“workhardtoensurethereisnobadprac)ce”.
FootprintProducts
Myproposalwastocreate30kilogramsworthofmaterialsintomanypiecesofthe
originalproduct‐amobilephone.
Theideaofdoingthisshalldisplaythe
amountofmaterialneededtobeminedto
createonemobilephone.Theconceptshall
bedisplayedinmyfinalyearshow,withtheindividualconcretephonesbeinggiven
away,providingatakeawaymementoto
visitors‐thegoalbeingtogiveawaythe150
mobilephones,withthepurposeofsaving
4500kilogramsofmaterialbeingmined,in
thecrea4onofmobilephones.
FurtherProposal
Furtherdevelopmentintheprojectwould
involvetherepresenta4onofvariousproducts,forinstancecomputersrequiring
1.5tonsofmaterialsourced.
Iamgenerallypleasedwiththeprojectand
itsoutcomes.Totryandinspirepeopleis
averydifficulttask,however,ifachieved,itisveryrewarding,andcaninturncanhave
aknockoneffectandinspireothers.ThisIshallfullybeabletoevaluatefurtheronce
theexhibi4onbegins.
IfIcouldreceivefunding,firstlyIwouldliketorepresentvariousotherproducts
andtheirfootprintsinthesamemanner,
crea4nganexhibi4onalmostinthestyleoftheterra‐co_aarmy.
Contact
Forfurtherinforma4on,ortorequestacopyofthepresenta4on,email:
Alterna4vely,visitwww.andrew‐millar.com
formoreworks
hi@andrew‐millar.com
Bibliography
Ar)cles
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h_p://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/ar4cle‐449890/The‐dirty‐truth‐Camerons‐green‐trainers.html(accessedon16/09/09)DavidCameron’s‘WornAgain’trainers
h_p://cfsd.org.uk./events/tspd6/tspd6_3s_cases.html(accessedon01/10/09)Ar4cleonproductservicesystemsfromaroundtheglobe
h_p://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press‐releases/2009‐05‐12‐export‐policy.aspx(accessedon18/06/09)Dell’sexportpolicyonthecompany’swebsite
h_p://www.dezeen.com/2009/06/27/the‐toaster‐project‐by‐thomas‐thwaites/#more‐33471(accessedon24/06/09)ThomasThwaitestoasterproject
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h_p://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green‐living/man‐arrested‐in‐crackdown‐on‐ewaste‐exports‐1626088.html(accessedon24/06/09)46‐year‐oldmanarrestedforillegallyexpor4nge‐waste
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h_p://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/sustainit/how‐you‐can‐really‐clean‐up‐1057556.html(accessedon21/06/09)Informingar4cleonthedamagingaspectsofcomputersinproduc4on,usage,anddisposal
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h_p://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/sep/18/usa.waste(accessedon20/06/09)Reportshowss4llexports80%ofe‐wastedespiteEPArule
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h_p://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/may/06/waste.pollu4on(accessedon21/06/09)Lucra4vebusinessofe‐wasteinLagosandAccra
h_p://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2003/feb/02/business.conferences3(accessedon02/07/09)Historyrepea4ngitself:“fridgemountain”,“600,000carsdumped”,nowe‐waste
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www.foe.co.uk
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EPEAT
www.epeat.net
ToxicsLink
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WasteoftheWorld
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h_p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBC‐dWgElbIDanWatchinves4gatoryfilmone‐wastedumpinginwestAfrica
