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“Each pattern describes a problem which occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the core of the solution to that problem, In such a way that you can use this solution a million times over, without ever doing it the same way twice.”
– Christopher Alexander, A Pattern Language, 1977
Christopher Alexander Architect, Mathematician, Design Theorist
1936 Wien, 1938 family emigrated to EnglandStudies:
Cambridge: Bachelor in Architecture, Master in MathematicsHarvard: first dissertation in architecture → Gold Medal for Research
Professor at the University of Berkeley: Institute „Center for Environmental Studies“
- 200 building projects - 14 books - many awards,academy member USA & Swedennow: professor emeritus; Sussex
Periods of Alexander's Works / 14 Books1964 1975-1993 2003-2005
form&function,mathematics
learning from traditions / projects
learning from natureparallel to architecture2013
Musterentwicklung als Erkenntnisprozess
eine Mustersprache → viele Mustersprachen
256 Patterns of Architecture
(1977)
23 Patterns of Software Architecture(2000 Patterns in the Software Almanach)
136 Patterns ofSocial Activism
48 Patterns of Organizational
Development
Pattern Language: a literary genre for nonfictional writingto produce and disseminate experiential knowledge
... many books, papers & conferences
6
How can we achieve Optimal Design?
the living city (architecture, landscape, village)
the living artefact (software, music, story, movie, painting)
the living organization and community (enterprise, project, team, commons, relationships)
The living SELF (to feel alive, unfolding, free)
Discovery 1: Not Beauty but Lebendigkeit should be optimized
7
How can we achieve Optimal Design?
Discovery 2: there is an Objective Feeling of
Lebendigkeit
Comparison Judgement – „Lebendigkeit“ (1)
Which system can you identify yourself better with?Which system mirrors more your self, what you are and want to be?
Which system are you more in resonance with?
Comparison Judgements – „Lebendigkeit“ (3)
Which system can you identify yourself better with?Which system mirrors more your self?
Which system are you more in resonance with?
Properties of Living Structures
Strong Centre Contrast Difference
Good Form Adaptation
Boundary
VoidOpen Space
Levels of Scale
Proportion
Gradient
EchoSimilarity
RoughnessIndividuality
Deep InterlockAmbiguity
Simplicity Inner Calm
Non-SeparatenessConnectedness
Local Symmetry
Positive SpaceComplementarity
AlternatingRepetition
Principles of Living Processes
Step-by-Step Reversibility(Quick Error Undo)
Direct Improvement
Structure PreservingTransformation
New things emerge from the Known
Healing Step
All are Winners(No Losers)
Open Process(Pull of
Participation)
ResonanceLebendigkeit / QUAN
Precious Sequenceof Steps
Holistic System View(Container Hierarchy)
Examples for Pattern Forms (There are many ...)
Christopher Alexander (Architecture)
Pattern Name (Title)
Internal Ranking
Picture
Context
Problem
Forces
Solution
Resulting Context
Kent Beck Form(Software)
Pattern Name (Title)
Context
Problem
Forces
Solution
Resulting Context
Peter Baumgartner (Education)
Pattern Name
Picture
Context
Problem
Forces
Solution
Stumbling Blocks
Pros & Cons
Examples
User Roles
Tools
Related Patterns
References
You can ...... take a form that fits you... follow some famous example, or ... create your own
Ethic: a living relationships of mutual development („to care & to share“)
architect-user-relationshipdesigner-user-relationshippractitioner-patient-relationship
teacher-student-relationshipmother-child-relationshipCoach-sportsperson-relationship ...
Each Me-Other-Relationship Joy in exchange & resonance + in mutual development