EAP 12 :

A. Vocabulary in Use

Word Translation

Part of speech(vb, adj, n, adv)

Collocation, pattern or example

Word Translation Part of speech(vb, adj, n, adv)

Collocation, pattern or example

annoy verb annoy somebody by doing something

greet verb greet your friends

stretch verb stretch your legs

gaping adjective gaping hole

yawn verb / noun a gaping yawn

slam verb slam the door

eraser noun borrow an eraseruse an eraser

mumble verb mumble an answer

smugly adverb smile smugly

nap verb, noun take a nap

snore verb snore loudly

EAP 12 :

B. Describing a Process

What do you think this picture represents?

Listen to the text read by your tutor. Label the diagram below and make notes on anything you hear that you think is important.

Use the diagram and your notes to describe the process described to a partner.

Chungungo ExperimentVillages along the north coast of Chile 1_________________ [always suffer] from water shortages, despite the fact that the region 2__________ [have] abundant cloud cover and low-lying fog. These weather conditions 3______________ [cause] by warm and cold air currents meeting together. However, the presence of cloud and fog 4 ______________ [not / result] in rain because both 5________________ [evaporate] by the hot sun. An interesting solution to the problem 6_________________ [test] currently in the small village of Chungungo. Using local materials, researchers 7_____________ [recently manage] to improve on centuries-old method for 8_____________ [capture] the water droplets in the fog. The method involves 9 _________ [use] cheap plastic nets 10___________ [catch] the moisture. The re-designed nets are bigger and more efficient than the old wooden nets 11_________ [be]: each can 12__________ [collect] 40 gallons of water a day. The procedure works as follows: as the fog 13________ [develop], the water 14____________ [trap] in the net and then 15_________ [flow] into large troughs. The water can then 16______________ [send] along pipes to a large water tank. Here, it 17_____________ [treat] with chemicals 18___________ [kill] dangerous bacteria. It is hoped that this system 19____________ [supply] enough water for the entire community's personal and agricultural needs. The advantages of the procedure is that it is cheap and easy 20_______ [build], and non-polluting. Studies 21_____________ [currently/ undertake] to see if the system can 22_____________ [adapt] for non-coastal regions as well.

Chungungo Experiment : Key

Villages along the north coast of Chile have always suffered from water shortages, despite the fact that the region has abundant cloud cover and low-lying fog. These weather conditions are caused by warm and cold air currents meeting together. However, the presence of cloud and fog does not result in rain because both are evaporated by the hot sun.

An interesting solution to the problem is currently being tested in the small village of Chungungo. Using local materials, researchers have recently managed to improve on centuries-old method for capturing the water droplets in the fog. The method involves using cheap plastic nets to catch the moisture. The re-designed nets are bigger and more efficient than the old wooden nets used to be: each can collect 40 gallons of water a day. The procedure works as follows: as the fog develops, the water is trapped in the net and then flows into large troughs. The water can then be sent along pipes to a large water tank. Here, it is treated with chemicals to kill dangerous bacteria. It is hoped that this system will supply enough water for the entire community's personal and agricultural needs. The advantages of the procedure is that it is cheap and easy to build, and non-polluting. Studies are currently being undertaken to see if the system can be adapted for non-coastal regions as well.

EAP 12 :

C. CAUSE AND EFFECT

Word / Phrase Number of sentences?

Noun phrase or Clause?

because

as a result of

is due to

as a result,

since

the consequence is that…

because of

the first cause of… is…

therefore

EFFECT CAUSE

The first cause of shyness may be a child’s home or family life.

CAUSE EFFECT

In Japan, an individual’s performance success is credited externally to parents, grandparents, teachers, coaches, and others, while failure is entirely blamed on the person.

Therefore, Japanese learn not to take risks in public and rely instead on group-shared decisions.

[In Israel] Failure is attributed to parents, teachers, coaches, friends, anti-Semitism, and other sources, while all performance success is credited to the individual’s enterprise.

The consequence is that Israelis are free to take risks.

Everyone texts, e-mails, and converses in online chat rooms.

As a result, people have less opportunity to socialise in person, become increasing awkward at it, and eventually start avoiding it altogether.

EFFECT CAUSE

Israelis are free to take risks since there is nothing to lose by trying and everything to gain.

The rising numbers of shy young people

may be due in part to growing dependence on non-human forms of communication

Adults, too, are becoming more isolated

as a result of technology.

Face-to-face interactions are no longer necessary

because people can use machines.

Others become shy as a result of their experiences in life.

CAUSE EFFECT

Because of their lack of social skills they (children in single-parent homes) may begin to feel socially inhibited, or shy, when they start school.

Because of Their tendency towards criticism,

Shy people are often high achievers.

Word / Phrase Number of sentences?

Noun phrase or Clause?

because 1 C

as a result of 1 NP

is due to 1 NP

as a result, 2 C

since 1 C

the consequence is that… 2 C

because of 1 N

the first cause of… is… 1 N

therefore 2 C

CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS & EXPRESSIONS

Coordinators: after a comma, before a clause, only possible between two clauses

- For

Subordinators: no comma, before a clause, possible at the beginning or middle of two clauses- Because- Since- As

Others - Result from / Be the result of (verb phrases)

- Due to / Because of / As a result of / As a consequence of(no comma, before a noun phrase, possible at the beginning or middle of a sentence)

- The effect of / The consequence of (at the start of a sentence, followed by a cause and then the effect)

EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS & EXPRESSIONS

Transition words and phrases: start a new sentence and are followed by a clause- as a result, as a consequence, therefore, thus, consequently, hence, because of this, due to this

Coordinators: in the middle of two clauses- so

Others - Result in / cause / have an effect on / affect (verb phrases)

- the cause of / the reason for (use in the structure X NOUN PHRASE is the cause of Y NOUN PHRASE)

- thereby (most frequently used in front of –ing phrases, thereby follows a comma at the end of a cause clause)