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NATIVE AMERICANS’ SPORTS Sport was closely
aligned with social, spiritual, and economic aspects of life
Gambling was widespread
Sports played varied by tribe
Baggataway (lacrosse) Shinny (hockey) Double-ball (field hockey) Footraces Archery Swimming Fishing Canoeing
PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES IN THE COLONIES Early settlers—survived with
hunting, fishing, and work-related recreation
Puritans—forbid frivolous activities
Dutch—bowling; sleighing; horse racing
Virginians—fox hunting; horse racing; hawking; cockfighting
British influence—rounders; cricket; boxing; track and field
EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Introduction of German gymnastics 1823-1833—Round Hill School—
Joseph Cogswell and George Bancroft Daily sports and gymnastics
1825-1830—Charles Beck—turner and friend of Friedrich Jahn Established an outdoor gymnastics area
Translated Jahn's book
EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Charles Follen—turner and pupil of
Jahn's Established gymnasium in Boston
in 1826 Taught the first German
gymnastics at Harvard in 1826 Francis Lieber—pupil of Jahn and a
turner Directed the Boston gymnasium
in 1827 Started a pool in Boston in 1827
GERMAN GYMNASTICS In the late 1820s and 1830s, decline of interest
in German gymnastics Round Hill School closed; Follen, Lieber, and
Beck went into other jobs Newness wore off Too much emphasis on nationalism and strength Only German teachers Revival of German gymnastics in the 1850s
when immigrants moved to the Midwest 1860—22 turnvereins; 1,672 members
CATHARINE BEECHER Director of the Hartford Seminary for
Girls (1824) and the founder of the Western Female Institute (1837)
Calisthenics—a course of exercises designed to promote health and thus to secure beauty and strength (30 min a day) No special room or apparatus For the whole family, but especially
for women—diagrams of how to execute exercises
CATHARINE BEECHER
Principles from Per Henrik Ling's Swedish gymnastics
Her program was probably the first system adapted to the needs of Americans
She was one of the first to actively struggle to establish physical education as a part of the school curriculum on a daily basis
DIOCLESION LEWIS
Light gymnastics or exercises with wands, rings, bean-bags, dumbbells, and Indian clubs along with music—teacher directed exercises
Borrowed ideas from Catharine Beecher and Per Henrik Ling (Swedish)
1861-1868—He founded: Normal Institute for Physical Education in Boston—first teacher training school for physical education in America
SWEDISH GYMNASTICS
Hartvig Nissen—Norwegian In 1883 came to Washington,
D.C. and taught Swedish gymnastics
Taught at Harvard Summer School, Sargent Normal School, and Posse-Nissen School
SWEDISH GYMNASTICS Baron Nils Posse
Graduated from the Royal Gymnastics Central Institute in Sweden
Came to Boston in 1885 Taught at the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics (1889-1890)
Established the Posse Normal School in 1890
BOSTON NORMAL SCHOOL OF GYMNASTICS — 1889 Founded by Mary Hemenway Directed by Amy Morris Homans Baron Posse was the first
teacher Purpose was to train teachers
in Swedish gymnastics Moved to Wellesley College as
the Department of Hygiene and Physical Education in 1909
Amy Morris Homans (1848-1933)
Founded the Association of Directors of Physical Education for woman (1915)
BOSTON CONFERENCE ON PHYSICAL TRAINING — 1889 Purpose was "to bring
to the attention of the general public and the leaders in the field the Swedish system."
Speakers also for the German system, the Sargent system, and Hitchcock's program
EDWARD HITCHCOCK (1861-1911) Anthropometrics—
find the average, ideal college male using age, weight, height, chest girth, arm girth, forearm girth, lung capacity, and pull-ups
EDWARD HITCHCOCK
Program had an emphasis on health (AMHERST) Required 30-minute class four times
per week for all students 20 minutes for light gymnastics and
marching as a class 10 minutes for individual apparatus
work or sports
DUDLEY SARGENT (1879-1919)
Apparatus—chest weights; chest pulleys; chest developers; leg machines, and rowing machines used in individualized programs
DUDLEY SARGENT—HARVARD
Anthropometrics—to find the ideal student, but mostly to establish individualized goals and programs for each student
No Swedish or German gymnastics Sports, such as boxing, rowing, and
baseball, were promoted
DUDLEY SARGENT Sargent Normal
School—1881—initially taught women at Harvard Annex and later founded a teacher training school for physical education
Harvard Summer School (1887-1932)—advanced teacher training program
DELPHINE HANNA — OBERLIN — (1885-1920)
1903—First woman professor of physical education
Anthropometrics of college women
Instructed Luther Gulick, Thomas Wood, Jay Nash, and Jesse Williams
WILLIAM ANDERSON
Chautauqua Summer School of Physical Education (1886-1930s)
Brooklyn (Anderson) Normal School (1886-1953)
ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION — 1885 Founded by William Anderson Major issues between 1885-
1900 Anthropometrics Battle of the Systems
BATTLE OF THE SYSTEMSSYSTEM PURPOSE
German gymnastics Developed individual abilities and healthy, strong youth for
war or emergencies using apparatus
Swedish gymnastics Promoted health, correct
expression, and beauty of performance using exact movement patterns
Hitchcock’s system Emphasized health through required exercises with light apparatus
Sargent’s system Advocated hygienic, educative, recreative, and remedial
aims through individualized exercises on apparatus
Association gymnastics Contributed to the development of the all-around man
EARLIER NAMES1885 Association for the Advancement of
Physical Education1886 American Association for the
Advancement of Physical Education 1903 American Physical Education Association1937 American Association for Health and
Physical Education 1938 American Association for Health,
Physical Education and Recreation 1974 American Association for Health,
Physical Education, Recreation and Dance
1979 American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance
YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION AND YOUNG WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION YMCA founded in 1844 in
England by George Williams
YMCA founded in 1851 in Boston
YWCA founded in 1866 in Boston by Mrs. Henry Durant
YMCA AND YWCA
1885—YMCA Training School in Springfield—to train YMCA directors Purposes of the YMCA—to
develop the all-around man (intellectual, physical, and spiritual)
Central School of Hygiene and Physical Education was the YWCA training school
PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS
1896-1903 American Physical Education Review
1903-1930 APEA Review 1930-1938 Journal of Health and Physical
Education 1938-1974 Journal of Health, Physical
Education and Recreation
1975-1981 Journal of Physical Education and Recreation
1981-present Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance
PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS
1930-1979 Research Quarterly1980-present Research Quarterly for
Exercise and Sport 1940-present The Physical Educator – Phi
Epsilon Kappa1963-present Quest – NAPEHE1892-1896 Physical Educator1901-1928 Journal of Physical Training – YMCA
DEVELOPMENT OF AMATEUR SPORTS
1868—New York Athletic Club founded
1888—Amateur Athletic Union started (AAU)
1852—First intercollegiate sport for men (Harvard and Yale in rowing)
1859—First intercollegiate baseball game