What characterized theWhat characterized thefirst permanent Englishfirst permanent Englishsettlements in N. Amer?settlements in N. Amer?
Business enterprisesBusiness enterprisesInitially few profitsInitially few profitsFew efforts to blend English society with that ofFew efforts to blend English society with that of the nativesthe nativesAlmost nothing worked out as they had plannedAlmost nothing worked out as they had plannedAmerican society very quickly began to develop American society very quickly began to develop its own habits and institutionsits own habits and institutionsColonies differed from one anotherColonies differed from one anotherAgricultural, but growing merchant classAgricultural, but growing merchant class
Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, Virginia16071607John Smith
Investors wantedInvestors wanted quick returnquick return
Disease, hunger (more interested in Disease, hunger (more interested in searching for riches searching for riches than farming)than farming)No women—No women—no sense of society no sense of society Smith held colony together—forced farmingSmith held colony together—forced farming
Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, VirginiaSmith injured; returned to EnglandSmith injured; returned to England1609—on verge of famine1609—on verge of famineSir Thomas Dale’s decisionSir Thomas Dale’s decisionPrivate ownership and cultivation ofPrivate ownership and cultivation of landlandOwners repay company with part-Owners repay company with part- time work and contributions of time work and contributions of graingrain
Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, VirginiaArrival of new colonists and developmentArrival of new colonists and development of tobaccoof tobacco as a cash crop as a cash crop
saved the colonysaved the colonyBy late 1620s, > 1.5 millionBy late 1620s, > 1.5 million pounds of tobacco exportedpounds of tobacco exported to England. Very valuable cropto England. Very valuable crop that transformed the colonythat transformed the colony
Problem: Problem: Required large tracts of farmland;Required large tracts of farmland;encroached more on Native American territoryencroached more on Native American territory
Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, VirginiaNew immigrants came to grow tobacco.New immigrants came to grow tobacco.Many were indentured servantsMany were indentured servants
Headright SystemHeadright System50-acre grants of land:50-acre grants of land: Each new settler—encouraged family unitsEach new settler—encouraged family units Also additional headrights if paid for Also additional headrights if paid for someone else’s passage someone else’s passage
Example: Ma andExample: Ma andPa Perrone = Pa Perrone = 100 acres and. . .100 acres and. . .
……their children = 250 their children = 250 acresacresFor a total of 350 acresFor a total of 350 acres
Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, Virginia
1619—first Africans arrived but were 1619—first Africans arrived but were not not slavesslaves Eventually, colonists demanded moreEventually, colonists demanded more landland for tobacco, other crops and for tobacco, other crops and living spaceliving space
100 Englishwomen: bought for 120 lbs of tobacco 100 Englishwomen: bought for 120 lbs of tobacco
=
July 30, 1619: first meeting House of BurgessesJuly 30, 1619: first meeting House of Burgesses
Make local laws that could be vetoed by either Make local laws that could be vetoed by either the governor or the Board of Directors in the governor or the Board of Directors in England England
First legislative assembly in America First legislative assembly in America
Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, Virginia
Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, VirginiaWar with Powhatan people—when EnglishWar with Powhatan people—when English defeated a people, they drove them offdefeated a people, they drove them off the landthe landBrutal fighting—many slainBrutal fighting—many slainPocahontas married John Rolfe— Pocahontas married John Rolfe— uneasy truceuneasy truce
To maintain income fromTo maintain income from tobaccotobacco, , British sent moreBritish sent more troops and coloniststroops and colonists
Calvert: Maryland—speculative ventureCalvert: Maryland—speculative venture in real estate and retreat for Catholicsin real estate and retreat for Catholics
Native Americans befriended; worried Native Americans befriended; worried about rival tribes. Calvert encouraged about rival tribes. Calvert encouraged immigration of immigration of Protestants & religious toleration; Protestants & religious toleration; frequent frequent violence between Protestants & Catholicsviolence between Protestants & Catholics
First Lord First Lord Baltimore Baltimore
Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, VirginiaBy 1670s, one-quarter of free white menBy 1670s, one-quarter of free white men in Virginia werein Virginia were former indentured former indentured servantsservantsLived on western outskirts of colonyLived on western outskirts of colonyConstant battlesConstant battles with native peopleswith native peoplesGov. Wm Berkeley—Gov. Wm Berkeley—no help;no help; Bacon’s Bacon’sRebellion—Rebellion—foreshadowing of future West-East conflictforeshadowing of future West-East conflict
Leyden, Holland Leyden, Holland Received informal assurances that the king wouldReceived informal assurances that the king wouldNot molest them in Virginia. Opened up EnglishNot molest them in Virginia. Opened up EnglishAmerican to dissenting ProtestantsAmerican to dissenting Protestants
New England Puritans—wanted toPuritans—wanted toreform Church ofreform Church ofEngland (too Catholic)England (too Catholic)
Some puritans: separatistsSome puritans: separatists Hid from James I. Hid from James I.
Pilgrims Pilgrims fled to fled to Holland then to America.Holland then to America. Founded FoundedPlymouth PlantationPlymouth Plantation in 1620. Second in 1620. SecondColony in America.Colony in America.
New EnglandNew EnglandMayflower Compact became anMayflower Compact became an important landmark in theimportant landmark in the development of Americandevelopment of American democracy.democracy.Later 1620s, other Puritans Later 1620s, other Puritans came to this region--came to this region-- John Winthrop John Winthrop
obtained a royal charter for a joint-stock obtained a royal charter for a joint-stock enterprise called the Massachusetts Bay enterprise called the Massachusetts Bay ColonyColonyBetter planned, more successful thanBetter planned, more successful thanJamestownJamestown
New EnglandNew EnglandThe Great Migration: 20,000 immigrantsThe Great Migration: 20,000 immigrants between 1630 and 1640between 1630 and 1640Boston became thriving capitalBoston became thriving capital
Other towns spreadOther towns spread outward from Bostonoutward from Boston
A Puritan A Puritan colonycolony
New EnglandNew EnglandPuritans—belief in a Puritans—belief in a special covenant with special covenant with GodGod““We shall be as a We shall be as a City Upon A HillCity Upon A Hill; ;
the eyes of all people are on us.” the eyes of all people are on us.” John WinthropJohn WinthropThe concept of The concept of liberty was collective, not liberty was collective, not individualindividual All male Puritans could voteAll male Puritans could vote
Taxes supported Puritan Church;Taxes supported Puritan Church; the law required church attendancethe law required church attendance Concept of a theocracy Concept of a theocracy
New EnglandNew EnglandPuritans intolerant of dissentersPuritans intolerant of dissenters
Roger WilliamsRoger WilliamsClaimed English settlers had no Claimed English settlers had no rightful claim to land unless theyrightful claim to land unless they bought it from Native American peoplesbought it from Native American peoplesGovernment officials had no business Government officials had no business punishing settlers for religious beliefspunishing settlers for religious beliefs—— people should be free to worshippeople should be free to worship according to conscience.according to conscience.
New EnglandNew EnglandWilliams tried by General CourtWilliams tried by General Court
Ordered to be returned to EnglandOrdered to be returned to EnglandEscaped and fled Massachusetts;Escaped and fled Massachusetts; went to Narragansett Baywent to Narragansett BayFounded the colony of Founded the colony of Providence (later Rhode Providence (later Rhode Island) guaranteeingIsland) guaranteeingseparation of Church &separation of Church &state & religious freedomstate & religious freedom
New EnglandNew EnglandAnne Hutchinson—Puritan Anne Hutchinson—Puritan taught that worshipers did not taught that worshipers did not need the Church or its ministers need the Church or its ministers to interpret the Bible.to interpret the Bible.Tried, convicted and banished—movedTried, convicted and banished—moved to Rhode Islandto Rhode IslandResulted in Massachusetts Bay ColonyResulted in Massachusetts Bay Colony increasing restrictions on women’s increasing restrictions on women’s activities.activities.
New EnglandNew EnglandSettlers moved into westernSettlers moved into western Massachusetts Bay and intoMassachusetts Bay and into new colonies of New Hampshirenew colonies of New Hampshire
and Connecticutand ConnecticutInitially, Native AmericansInitially, Native Americans helped settlershelped settlersMany Native Americans killed byMany Native Americans killed by European diseases; disputes erupted European diseases; disputes erupted over landover land
New EnglandNew EnglandFirst major conflict:First major conflict: Connecticut in 1637—Connecticut in 1637— Pequot NationPequot NationMassacre of Pequot peopleMassacre of Pequot people at a fort on Mystic Riverat a fort on Mystic River
1675—King Philip’s War1675—King Philip’s WarWampanoag chief Metacomet Wampanoag chief Metacomet
Throughout New EnglandThroughout New EnglandBrutal and bloodyBrutal and bloody
N.A. finally beaten by war, N.A. finally beaten by war, disease, hungerdisease, hunger
Restoration ColoniesRestoration ColoniesNorthern Carolina:Northern Carolina: backwoods farmersbackwoods farmers isolated isolated meager existence meager existence no aristocracy or slavesno aristocracy or slaves
Southern Carolina:Southern Carolina:fertile landsfertile landsCharles Town a good harborCharles Town a good harborMore prosperous economy & more aristocraticMore prosperous economy & more aristocraticFlourishing tradeFlourishing tradeClose ties with BarbadosClose ties with Barbados
Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies1609—Henry Hudson 1609—Henry Hudson (Englishman(Englishman employed by Dutch)employed by Dutch) sailed up riversailed up river now named for him.now named for him. Claimed Claimed area for the Netherlandsarea for the NetherlandsEstablished trading posts atEstablished trading posts at Fort Orange and ManhattanFort Orange and Manhattan IslandIsland
Dutch government allowed Dutch government allowed Dutch West India Company to colonizeDutch West India Company to colonizeNew Amsterdam (NYC) became capitalNew Amsterdam (NYC) became capital
Middle ColoniesMiddle ColoniesDutchDutch took over New Sweden in 1655 took over New Sweden in 1655Friendlier relations withFriendlier relations withnative peoples—morenative peoples—moreinterested in tradinginterested in tradingthan taking landthan taking land
New Netherland includedNew Netherland includedpeople from several people from several European nations: European nations: Dutch, Germans, FrenchDutch, Germans, FrenchScandinavians, other Europeans and Scandinavians, other Europeans and several Africans (free and slaves)several Africans (free and slaves)Religious tolerance—people all faithsReligious tolerance—people all faiths
Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies1644—English took1644—English took over colony without aover colony without a fightfightDuke of York (later King Duke of York (later King James II) owner:James II) owner:renamed New Yorkrenamed New YorkGave two friends a portionGave two friends a portionof his land; later named of his land; later named New JerseyNew Jersey
Middle ColoniesMiddle ColoniesIn England, Charles II In England, Charles II became became king king following following a civil war—a civil war— The The Restoration.Restoration.
Charles II owed a debt toCharles II owed a debt tofather of William Penn. Sofather of William Penn. Soas payment, gave land inas payment, gave land inNew World.New World.
Middle ColoniesMiddle ColoniesPenn: Society of Friends (Quakers)Penn: Society of Friends (Quakers)Radical religious beliefs for timeRadical religious beliefs for timeNo ministers—people free to speak asNo ministers—people free to speak as the Spirit moved them in servicesthe Spirit moved them in servicesDressed plainlyDressed plainlyWould not defer to rankWould not defer to rankOpposed war—would not serve in armyOpposed war—would not serve in army
Penn wanted society based on QuakerPenn wanted society based on Quakerideals of equality, cooperation & tolerationideals of equality, cooperation & toleration
Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies Penn guaranteedPenn guaranteed every adult male 50 acresevery adult male 50 acres of land and right to vote.of land and right to vote.Govt: RepresentativeGovt: Representative AssemblyAssembly
Freedom of religionFreedom of religionCapital: “City of Brotherly Love”Capital: “City of Brotherly Love”
Today called:Today called:PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaAssured Native Americans were paid forAssured Native Americans were paid forland used by settlers; set up trade with NAland used by settlers; set up trade with NA
Middle ColoniesMiddle ColoniesPenn recruited immigrantsPenn recruited immigrants: : several from Germanyseveral from Germany
Quakers eventually became a minorityQuakers eventually became a minoritySlavery introduced in late 1600sSlavery introduced in late 1600sBut,But, Penn’s principles of equality, Penn’s principles of equality, cooperation, & religious tolerance cooperation, & religious tolerance becamebecame fundamental American values. fundamental American values.
Middle ColoniesMiddle ColoniesThree southern counties of Three southern counties of Pennsylvania resisted Pennsylvania resisted Penn’s absolute powerPenn’s absolute powerCharter of LibertiesCharter of LibertiesOwn representative Own representative assemblyassemblyBecame Delaware Became Delaware
Restoration ColoniesRestoration ColoniesGeorgia:Georgia: philanthropic & philanthropic & military motivesmilitary motives military barrier military barrier against Spanish landsagainst Spanish lands Refuge for poor (new start)Refuge for poor (new start) Excluded Africans and Excluded Africans and CatholicsCatholics Strictly regulated trade with Native AmericansStrictly regulated trade with Native Americans
Restoration ColoniesRestoration ColoniesJames OglethorpeJames Oglethorpe
Good, but ultimately Good, but ultimately unsuccessful unsuccessful Lost gripLost gripTrustees removed Trustees removed limitations on individual limitations on individual landholdings and the landholdings and the ban on slavery and rumban on slavery and rumEventually became aEventually became a royal colony royal colony
MercantilismMercantilismA nation could increase its wealthA nation could increase its wealth and power by:and power by:
ObtainingObtaining goldgold and and silversilverEstablishing a favorable Establishing a favorable balance of tradebalance of tradeGoal: self-sufficiencyGoal: self-sufficiency
How did the colonies aid in mercantilism?How did the colonies aid in mercantilism?Provided raw materials & other productsProvided raw materials & other products
MercantilismMercantilismNavigation Acts (1651 on)Navigation Acts (1651 on)All trade—on English or colonial shipsAll trade—on English or colonial shipsAll ships: crews at least ¾ English orAll ships: crews at least ¾ English or colonialcolonialColonies export certain commoditiesColonies export certain commodities onlyonly to England to England (tobacco, sugar, rice(tobacco, sugar, rice molasses and furs)molasses and furs)Almost all goods traded between Almost all goods traded between America and Europe, unloaded firstAmerica and Europe, unloaded first at an English portat an English port
William & MaryWilliam & Mary
Mary Stuart and William of Orange becameMary Stuart and William of Orange became co-rulers of England 1689co-rulers of England 1689Glorious Revolution—turning point inGlorious Revolution—turning point in English constitutional history.English constitutional history.With monarch’s power limited by theWith monarch’s power limited by the Parliament, a constitutional monarchyParliament, a constitutional monarchy
How did the colonies benefit fromHow did the colonies benefit from the Glorious Revolution?the Glorious Revolution?
Revived representative assembliesRevived representative assembliesSuccessfully thwarted the plan for colonial Successfully thwarted the plan for colonial unificationunificationLegitimized the idea that colonists had some Legitimized the idea that colonists had some rights within the empire—that the Englishrights within the empire—that the English government needed to consider their views government needed to consider their views in making policies that affected themin making policies that affected them
Colonial GovernmentsColonial GovernmentsGovernor appointed by monarchGovernor appointed by monarchAdvisory council appointed by governorAdvisory council appointed by governorLocal assembly elected by landowningLocal assembly elected by landowning white maleswhite malesGovernor appointed judges and oversawGovernor appointed judges and oversaw the colony’s tradethe colony’s tradeLocal assembly raised taxes and initiatedLocal assembly raised taxes and initiated and passed lawsand passed lawsColonies liked self-governmentColonies liked self-government