Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skillsSteffen Gais, Werner Plihal, Ullrich Wagner and Jan Born nature neuroscience • volume 3 no 12 • december 2000

test screen

Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skillsSteffen Gais, Werner Plihal, Ullrich Wagner and Jan Born nature neuroscience • volume 3 no 12 • december 2000

“mask” screen

Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skillsSteffen Gais, Werner Plihal, Ullrich Wagner and Jan Born nature neuroscience • volume 3 no 12 • december 2000

More negative values are improvements over time

late (REM) sleep interrupted early (SWS)

sleepinterruptedcontrols trained

during the night

trainingsleep tested 12 hours after training

sleep trainingtested 12 hours after training

results. study 1

“early sleep”

“late wake”

“late sleep”

“early wake”

Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skillsSteffen Gais, Werner Plihal, Ullrich Wagner and Jan Born nature neuroscience • volume 3 no 12 • december 2000

testing procedures, study 1

Visual discrimination learning requires sleep after trainingRobert Stickgold, LaTanya James and J. Allan Hobsonnature neuroscience • volume 3 no 12 • december 2000

testing procedures, study 2

Visual discrimination learning requires sleep after trainingRobert Stickgold, LaTanya James and J. Allan Hobsonnature neuroscience • volume 3 no 12 • december 2000

results, study 2

cephalopods and intelligence

Loligo forbesiiJA Pechenik (2000)

Biology of the Invertebrates

A, Adult cephalopod brains compared with Jerison's (1969) size classes for higher and lower vertebrate brains. upward pointing triangle Sepia; downward triangle Loligo; 1, Octopus vulgaris; 2. O. salutii; 3, O. defillipi; 4 and 5, oegopsid squids Illex and Todarodes. (Open

symbols from data supplied by Mangold-Wirz.)

B, Growth curves of the brain of the cuttlefish (triangle) (original), octopus (circle) (Packard & Albergoni, 1970) and various fish. (Herring, original; dogfish, Kellicolt, 1908;

other fish Geiger, 1956)

A. Packard (1972) Cephalopods and Fish - the limits of Convergence Biological Reviews, 47: 241-307

segmented nervous systems - annelids and arthropods

Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, (Sinauer Associates)

JA Pechenik (2000)Biology of the Invertebrates

the “chordates”

evolution of one half of the main animal tree

starfish. sea urchins...

acorn worms

sea squirts

lancelets

fish, frogs, reptiles, birds, mammals

Cameron, C.B., B.J. Swalla and J.R. Garey. 2000.Evolution of the chordate body plan: New insights from phylogenetic analysis of deuterostome phyla.PNAS (USA) 97(9): 4469-4474.

http://www.mbl.edu/

Greg and Mary Beth Dimijian

http://www.mbl.edu/

http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/index.htm

http://hollandlab.ucsd.edu/intro.htm

presence of a notochord (a stiff rod, also found in sea squirts and cephalochordates)

neural crest cells(cells that migrate from the nervous system during development, they participate in the development of many cell types, such as neurons, glia, cells of the adrenal and thyroid

glands, pigment cells, scales, teeth and many head skeletal tissues, such as the jaw)

caudal (tail) fin

internal skeleton (cartilagenous and/or bone)

liver, kidneys, complex circulatory system

the evolution of the chordates(some features that they all share)

Purdue Research Foundation

http://biomedia.bio.purdue.edu/GenBioLM/GBActPotl/html/neuron_structure.html

formed by "glial" cells -a neural-crest derivative

jawless fishes

lamprey hagfish

www.bahnhof.se/~wizard/cryptoworld/nejonoga.jpg oceanlink.island.net/oinfo/hagfish/hagfish.html

lamprey skull

hagfish skull

typical jawedfish

"skull"

"skull"

notochord

Philippe Janvierhttp://tolweb.org/tree?group=Craniata&contgroup=Chordata

from: Harry J. Jerison (1976),

Paleoneurology and the Evolution of Mind, Scientific American

thanks to: Jim Moore, Anthropology, UCSD

from: S.J. Gould (1977) Ontogeny and Phylogeny