Earth and Science Stems and Expectation

ESS1: 1: 1 - The water cycle is made up of a few main parts

• evaporation (and• transpiration) • condensation • precipitation • collection

ESS1:1:2 - Earth’s Climate

• Changes in ocean temperature is causing the sea level to rise. During the 20th century, sea level rose 10-20 cm (4-8 inches) due to melting glacier ice and expansion of warmer seawater. In the next 100 years, sea level may rise as much as 85 cm (33 inches). This is a threat to people living near the coast, wetlands, and coral reefs.

Changes in the composition of the atmosphere

• There have been changes in where we can farm: As climates warm, some mid-latitude places, like Europe, are getting a longer growing season, while some tropical places are becoming too hot and dry to grow crops.

• The amount of drought may be increasing.

Climate changes

• Severe weather events may be more common and stronger

• The number and strength of hurricanes, tornadoes, and other events has increased over the last 15-20 years.

• Ecosystems are changing. As temperatures warm, species may migrate to cooler places or die. Species in particularly danger include polar animals such as penguins, polar bears and seals.

ESS1:2:1 Layers of the Earth

Layers of the EARTH

CRUST5 to 25 miles thick and up to 1,600 F

MANTLE1,800 miles thick and up to 8,000 F

OUTER CORE1,400 miles thick and up to 11,000 F

INNER CORE800 miles thick

and up to 13,000 F

Hydrosphere-• The Earth's

hydrosphere consists of water in all forms: the oceans,inland seas, lakes, and rivers; precipitation; undergroundwater; ice (as in glacier and snow); and atmospheric water vapor (as in clouds

ESS1:2:2 - Plates

• The Earth's crust is broken into many pieces. These pieces are called plates

Geological Evidence

• The plates are still moving today making the Atlantic Ocean larger and the Pacific Ocean smaller

Atmosphere

ESS1:3:1 – Fossils • The prehistoric remains

of a plant or animal• Usually preserved when

they are buried under many layers of sand and mud.

• Under pressure the sand and mud become sedimentary rock

• Minerals seep into the fossil replacing the organic matter and creating a replica in stone.

ESS:1:4:1 – Observations of Earth from Space

• A recent check of the VIRTIS imaging spectrometer during the Venus Express commissioning phase has allowed its first remote-sensing data to be acquired, using Earth and the Moon as a reference

ESS:1:5:1 Earth’s Plates

ESS:1:5:2 Landforms

ESS:1:5:2 Ocean Floors

ESS:1:5:3 Convection

• Convection is the transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter. Heat leaves the coffee cup as the currents of steam and air rise.

ESS:6:1:1 Rock Cycle

Sedimentary Rock

Igneous Rock

Metamorphic

How Sedimentary Rock is Formed

For thousands, even millions of years, little pieces of our earth have been eroded--broken down and worn awayby wind and water. These little bits of our earth are washed downstream where they settle to the bottom of the rivers, lakes, and oceans. Layer after layer of eroded earth is deposited on top of each. These layers are pressed down more and more through time, until the bottom layers slowly turn into rock.

ESS:1:6:4 Classification of Rock

• Hardness, Density, Cleavage, Fracture, Twinning, Transparency, Lustre, Colour, Special light effects, Streak.

ESS:1:7:1 Watershed

ESS:1:7:2 Properties of Water

• Chemical properties of water is one atom of oxygen bound to two atoms of hydrogen.

• Water is unique in that it is the only natural substance that is found in all three states liquid, solid ice, and gas steam

ESS:1:7:3 Cycling of Water

ESS:2:1:1 Charasteristics of the sun

• The sun’s atmosphere has three layers, the photosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona.

• Photosphere is the inner layer of sun’s atmosphere, chromosphere in the middle layer of the sun’s atmosphere and corona is the outer layer

• Solar wind – stream of electrically charged particles.

• Sun spots are areas of gas on the sun that are cooler than the gases around them.

ESS:2:1:2 Tides and the phases of the moons.

• Tides are caused by the interaction of Earth, the moon, and the sun.

• Changes in the positions of Earth, the moon, and the sun affect the height of the tides during month.

• Twice a month a month at the new moon and the full moon, the sun and moon are lined up. Their combined gravitational pull produces the greatest range between high and low tide, called a Spring Tide

• In between spring tides, at the first and third quarters of the moon, the sun and moon pull at right angles to each other. This line-up produce a neap tide, a tide with the least differences between low and high tide

ESS:2:1:3 Day – Year – The Phases

• Earth’s rotation on it’s axis causes day and night• One complete revolution around the sun is called

a year.• The different shapes of the moon you see from

Earth are called Phases.• Tides are caused by the interaction of Earth, the

moon, and the sun.• Eclipses An eclipse on earth occurs when the sun,

the Earth and the moon are all in a line together. The two primary types of eclipses seen from Earth are the solar eclipse and the lunar eclipse.

ESS:2:1:4 Earth, Sun, and the Moon

ESS:2:2:1 Nuclear Fusion

• Nuclear fusion is the process by which multiple atomic particles join together to form a heavier nucleus.

• The sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion.

• The light and heat gradually move from the core of the sun to its atmosphere and escape into space. Some of this light and heat reach Earth, becoming earth’s main source of energy

ESS:2:3:1 Planets of Solar System

• The terrestrial planets are the four innermost planets in the solar system, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. They are called terrestrial because they have a compact, rocky surface like the Earth's. The planets, Venus, Earth, and Mars have significant atmospheres while Mercury has almost none.

ESS:2:3:1

• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are known as the Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets, because they are all gigantic compared with Earth, and they have a gaseous nature like Jupiter's. The Jovian planets are also referred to as the gas giants, although some or all of them might have small solid cores.

ESS:2:3:2 Gravitational Force