Topic 4: Motions of Earth, Moon, and SunI. Apparent Motions of celestial objectsDefinition:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Daily motions
Looking North Looking South
Looking East Looking West
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II. Apparent motions of Planets
Some of our planets are visible with the unaided eye.
The planets outside our orbit show retrograde motion(Lab on retrograde motion of Mars)
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III. Apparent motions of the Sun
In order to understand how the sun changes through the day or the year you must understand the motion of the Earth around the Sun.
The changes in the direct rays of the sun during the year put the intensity of the sun rays at the tropics
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This affects the Path of the sun taken during the day throughout the yearBelow is a diagram for four main days throughout the year. The sun will have different paths through the sky during the year It will have different angles It will rise and set at different locations
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The diagram below shows the combinations of all four dates discussed on the previous page
IV. Heliocentric vs. geocentric
1. The geocentric Model- the Earth does not move (rotate or revolve). It is complicated with the motions of celestial bodies.
2. The Heliocentric Model - Does account for the Earth’s rotation and revolution, and is simpler
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V. Actual Motions of the Earth
A. Today we know that the Earth is orbiting around the sun in a solar system and that the earth rotates on an axis that is tilted 23.5 degrees.
Rotation: _________________________________________________
a. Earth’s Direction of rotation ____________ to __________________.
b. Angular rate of rotation: ______________degrees per hour
Effects of Earth’s Rotation1. Day and Night
2. Star Trails.
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B. Evidence for the Earth’s rotation *****The Foucault Pendulum
At the top is a swivel that makes the motion of the pendulum independent of earth’s movements
The Coriolis effect: Define- __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
This is why planes cannot fly on a straight path, they must compensate for the Earth’s rotation.
Also why wind and water turns as it flows.Ex. Flushing a toilet
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VII. Evidence of the Earth’s revolution around the sun
A. Earth’s Angular Rate of RevolutionOne complete Revolution equals how many days? ___________________Number of degrees in the Earth’s Orbit? ________________________How many degrees does the Earth cover per day? _____________________________
B. Effects of Earth’s Revolution.1. Nighttime constellations change in a yearly cycle.
c. Seasons on a yearly cycle.
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VIII. Moon
Earth’s only natural satellite the ________________________
1. __________________________- Latin word for the moon
2. __________________________- Roman goddess of the moon
B. Physical Properties of the Moon
1. Size
a. Diameter
2. Gravity
Compared to the Earth the moon’s gravity is ____________________
If you weigh ____________________divide by ______________
What is your weight on the moon? _________________________________
3. Atmosphere
Temperatures of the light-side ____________________________
Temperatures of the dark-side ___________________________
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Lunar topography – Surface features of the moon
1. Bowl shaped features called _____________________________
is made from what?
___________________________________________
There are more craters on the moon than on the Earth because? __________________________________________________
2. _________________________ - Appear as the dark areas on
the moon’s surface; once thought to be “________________”
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Moon’s Revolution
Period of revolution
It has a ________________ orbit
Phases of the Moon
1. These are caused by _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
2. _______________________________ is the word used to describe the phases in which it looks like its gaining amount of light
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3. ______________________________ is the word used to describe the phases in which it looks like its losing its illuminating lightThe Earth, Moon and Sun working together on Phenomenon
1. Tides --
What are they?
What causes the tidal shifts?
Do the Great Lakes have tides?
Conjunction:Spring Tides
Disjunction:Neap Tides
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d. EclipsesSolar eclipse
Lunar eclipses
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Eclipses of the Sun: 2001 - 2020Calendar Date
Eclipse Type
Eclipse Magnitude
Central Duration Geographic Region of Eclipse Visibility
2010 Jan 15 Annular 0.919 11m08s
Africa, Asia [Annular: c Africa, India, Malymar, China]
2010 Jul 11 Total 1.058 05m20ss S. America [Total: s Pacific, Easter Is., Chile, Argentina]
2011 Jan 04 Partial 0.858 - Europe, Africa, c Asia2011 Jun 01 Partial 0.601 - e Asia, n N. America, Iceland2011 Jul 01 Partial 0.097 - s Indian Ocean2011 Nov 25 Partial 0.905 - s Africa, Antarctica, Tasmania, N.Z.2012 May 20 Annular 0.944 05m46s Asia, Pacific, N. America
[Annular: China, Japan, Pacific, w U.S.]2012 Nov 13 Total 1.050 04m02s Australia, N.Z., s Pacific, s S. America
[Total: n Australia, s Pacific]2013 May 10 Annular 0.954 06m03s
Australia, N.Z., c Pacific [Annular: n Australia, Solomon Is., c Pacific]
2013 Nov 03 Hybrid 1.016 01m40s e Americas, s Europe, Africa
[Hybid: Atlantic, c Africa]2014 Apr 29 Annular 0.987 - s Indian, Australia, Antarctica
[Annular: Antarctica]2014 Oct 23 Partial 0.811 - n Pacific, N. America2015 Mar 20 Total 1.045 02m47s Iceland, Europe, n Africa, n Asia
[Total: n Atlantic, Faeroe Is, Svalbard]2015 Sep 13 Partial 0.787 - s Africa, s Indian, Antarctica
2016 Mar 09 Total 1.045 04m09s
e Asia, Australia, Pacific [Total: Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Pacific]
2016 Sep 01 Annular 0.974 03m06s
Africa, Indian Ocean [Annular: Atlantic, c Africa, Madagascar, Indian]
2017 Feb 26 Annular 0.992 00m44s
s S. America, Atlantic, Africa, Antarctica [Annular: Pacific, Chile, Argentina, Atlantic, Africa]
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Eclipses of the Sun: 2001 - 2020Calendar Date
Eclipse Type
Eclipse Magnitude
Central Duration Geographic Region of Eclipse Visibility
2017 Aug 21 Total 1.031 02m40s N. America, n S. America
[Total: n Pacific, U.S., s Atlantic]2018 Feb 15 Partial 0.599 - Antarctica, s S. America2018 Jul 13 Partial 0.337 - s Australia2018 Aug 11 Partial 0.737 - n Europe, ne Asia2019 Jan 06 Partial 0.715 - ne Asia, n Pacific
2019 Jul 02 Total 1.046 04m33s s Pacific, S. America [Total: s Pacific, Chile, Argentina]
2019 Dec 26 Annular 0.970 03m40s
Asia, Australia [Annular: Saudi Arabia, India, Sumatra, Borneo]
2020 Jun 21 Annular 0.994 00m38s
Africa, se Europe, Asia [Annular: c Africa, s Asia, China, Pacific]
2020 Dec 14 Total 1.025 02m10s
Pacific, s S. America, Antarctica [Total: s Pacific, Chile, Argentina, s Atlantic]
Geographic abbreviations (used above): n = north, s = south, e = east, w = west, c = central
Lunar Eclipses: 2008 - 2015Calendar Date
Eclipse Type
UmbralMagnitude
Partial/TotalDuration
Geographic Region of Eclipse Visibility
(Link to Figure) (Link to RASC Observers Handbook)
2008 Feb 21 Total 1.106 03h25m00h50m
c Pacific, Americas, Europe, Africa, c Atlantic
2008 Aug 16 Partial 0.808 03h08m S. America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Aus.2009 Feb 09 Penumbra
l -0.088 - e Europe, Asia, Aus., Pacific, w N.A.
2009 Jul 07 Penumbral -0.913 - Aus., Pacific, Americas
2009 Aug 06 Penumbral -0.666 - Americas, Europe, Africa, w Asia
2009 Dec 31 Partial 0.076 01h00m Europe, Africa, Asia, Aus.2010 Jun 26 Partial 0.537 02h43m e Asia, Aus., Pacific, w Americas2010 Dec 21 Total 1.256 03h29m
01h12m e Asia, Aus., Pacific, Americas, Europe
2011 Jun 15 Total 1.700 03h40m01h40m S.America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Aus.
2011 Dec 10 Total 1.106 03h32m00h51m
Europe, e Africa, Asia, Aus., Pacific, N.A.
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Lunar Eclipses: 2008 - 2015Calendar Date
Eclipse Type
UmbralMagnitude
Partial/TotalDuration
Geographic Region of Eclipse Visibility
(Link to Figure) (Link to RASC Observers Handbook)
2012 Jun 04 Partial 0.370 02h07m Asia, Aus., Pacific, Americas2012 Nov 28 Penumbra
l -0.187 - Europe, e Africa, Asia, Aus., Pacific, N.A.
2013 Apr 25 Partial 0.015 00h27m Europe, Africa, Asia, Aus.2013 May 25 Penumbra
l -0.934 - Americas, Africa
2013 Oct 18 Penumbral -0.272 - Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia
2014 Apr 15 Total 1.291 03h35m01h18m Aus., Pacific, Americas
2014 Oct 08 Total 1.166 03h20m00h59m Asia, Aus., Pacific, Americas
2015 Apr 04 Total 1.001 03h29m00h05m Asia, Aus., Pacific, Americas
2015 Sep 28 Total 1.276 03h20m01h12m
e Pacific, Americas, Europe, Africa, w Asia
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