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Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great...

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Earth Science Chapter 1-2
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Page 1: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Earth Science

Chapter 1-2

Page 2: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

1. Lithosphere

2. Hydrosphere

3. Atmosphere

4. Biosphere

The Four Great Realms

Page 3: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.
Page 4: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Atmosphere• The layer of gases that surround and

form an envelope around the Earth.–Consists of several gases

•Nitrogen – 78%•Oxygen – 21%•CO2, H2O, •others – 1%

Page 5: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Lithosphere• Earth's solid, rocky outer layer

–The continents, islands and ocean floors

Page 6: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Hydrosphere• All of the water present on the planet

–Oceans, lakes, streams, ice caps, snow, glaciers, etc.

Page 7: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Biosphere• That area of the land, water and

air that contains life!

Page 8: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

•Litho = solid rock•Atmos = air•Hydro = water•Bio = Life•Sphere = round

Page 9: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.
Page 10: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

1. To which sphere do all of earth’s inhabitants belong?

2. What is earth’s hydrosphere made of?

3. Where is water in the gaseous state found?

4. To which sphere do mountains, valleys, and other pieces of land belong?

Page 11: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Which earth systems interact for following –

1.Glaciers carved Yosemite valley

2. Most of California’s earthquakes are caused by movement of rocks along the San Andreas Fault System

3. Many of the mudslides in northern California occur when snow melts

Page 12: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

4. Sequoias and redwoods grow in some of the forests in California

5. The Pacific Ocean borders western California

6. Death Valley is one of the hottest, driest places on earth

Page 13: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Energy Transfer• Moving object• Waves

electromagnetic waves

Heat flow – heat flows from a warmer object to a colder object

Page 14: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Branches of Earth Science

• Geology – geo = earth• Meteorology• Environmental Science

Page 15: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

The Earth’s Surface• Topography:

The shape of the land. The topography of an area includes the area's elevation, relief, and landforms.

Page 16: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Elevation - Relief• Elevation -height above sea level• Relief - difference between the

highest and the lowest points of an area

Page 17: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Landforms• 3 main types: • Plains• mountains • plateaus

Page 18: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Plains: made up of flat or gently rolling land with low relief

Coastal plains

Interior plains

Page 19: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

•Mountains: made up of high elevation and high relief.

Mountain range: Group of mountains closely related in shape, structure, and age

Mountain System: Different ranges in an area

Page 20: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Mountain Belt: Mountain ranges and Mountain systems in a long connected chain

Plateaus: high elevation and a more or less level surface

Page 21: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Landform Elevation Relief

Plain Low Low

Mountain High High

Plateaus High Low

Page 22: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Earth’s Grid – Equator & Prime Meridian

Prime Meridian goes through Greenwich, England

Equator is half way between the North & South pole

Page 23: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Latitude & Longitude• Latitude: the distance north or

south of the equator

• Longitude: the distance east or west of the prime meridian

Page 24: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Both latitude & longitude are measured in degrees

Page 25: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Latitude & Longitude

Page 26: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.
Page 27: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Topographic Maps

Page 28: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

•They provide information on the elevation, relief, and slope of the ground surface

Page 29: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Reading a Topo Map• Contour

lines–Thin lines that connect points of equal elevation.

Page 30: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

• Contour interval

Spaces between

the contour lines.

It shows the change in elevation from contour line to

contour line.

Page 31: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Index contourThick, darker lines, usually every fifth contour line.

Page 32: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Interpreting Contour Lines• Closely spaced contour lines

indicate steep slopes.

• Widely spaced contour lines are used for gentle slopes or flatter areas.

Page 33: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

•Closed loop with no other contour lines inside it indicates a hilltop.

• V-shaped contour lines pointing uphill indicate a valley.

• V-shaped contour lines pointing downhill indicate a ridge.

Page 34: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

A closed loop with dashes inside – a depression or hollow in the ground

Page 35: Earth Science Chapter 1-2. 1.Lithosphere 2.Hydrosphere 3.Atmosphere 4.Biosphere The Four Great Realms.

Making a Topo Map


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