Chapter 22Chapter 22Sun-Earth-Moon SystemSun-Earth-Moon System

22.1 Planet Earth22.1 Planet Earth Planet Earth DataPlanet Earth Data

• The position of the Earth, Sun, and moon affect us dailyThe position of the Earth, Sun, and moon affect us daily• Seasons change, day turns to night, tides rise & fallSeasons change, day turns to night, tides rise & fall• The Earth’s ShapeThe Earth’s Shape

The Earth was once believed to be flat (YES, it is The Earth was once believed to be flat (YES, it is roundish)roundish)

Aristotle reasoned that the Earth was round because Aristotle reasoned that the Earth was round because it cast a round shadow (Not flat) on the Moon during it cast a round shadow (Not flat) on the Moon during eclipseseclipses

Sailors used line of sight to show the Earth was Sailors used line of sight to show the Earth was curvedcurved

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Earth the Oblique spheroidEarth the Oblique spheroid Today we know the Earth is almost roundToday we know the Earth is almost round

• It is a slightly flattened sphere (Oblique Spheroid)It is a slightly flattened sphere (Oblique Spheroid) Sphere:Sphere: round three dimensional object round three dimensional object Slightly bulged at the Equator, Flatter at the Slightly bulged at the Equator, Flatter at the

polespoles• The axis runs through the poles The axis runs through the poles

Axis:Axis: line around which the Earth spins line around which the Earth spins (Rotation)(Rotation)

Rotation causes day and nightRotation causes day and night• The The Equator:Equator: line bisecting the Earth (90 line bisecting the Earth (90OO from from

Poles)Poles) Only known planet to have liquid waterOnly known planet to have liquid water Made up of Made up of 70%70% water. water. 97%97% of all water is salted. of all water is salted. Only known planet to have lifeOnly known planet to have life

Earth Data (the Specifics)Earth Data (the Specifics) Diameter: (Pole to Pole) = 7,901 mi.Diameter: (Pole to Pole) = 7,901 mi. Diameter: (at Equator) = 7,926 miDiameter: (at Equator) = 7,926 mi Earth rotates at about 1000 mi/hr.Earth rotates at about 1000 mi/hr. Mass: 5.98 x 10Mass: 5.98 x 102727 g = 5.98 x 10 g = 5.98 x 102323 kg kg Density: 5.52 g/cmDensity: 5.52 g/cm33

Average distance from the Sun = 149,600,000 kmAverage distance from the Sun = 149,600,000 km Period of Rotation (1 day) = 23hr. 56 min. Period of Rotation (1 day) = 23hr. 56 min. Pd. of Revolution (1 year) = 365 days 6 hr. 9 min.Pd. of Revolution (1 year) = 365 days 6 hr. 9 min. Polar tilt: 23.5Polar tilt: 23.500 from vertical from vertical Average Temperature is Average Temperature is 6060ooFF Hottest Temperature: Hottest Temperature: 134134ooFF in Death Valley California in Death Valley California

(1913)(1913) Coldest Temperature: Coldest Temperature: -129-129ooFF in Vostok, Antartica (1983) in Vostok, Antartica (1983) This means the earth is constantly moving around the This means the earth is constantly moving around the

sun.sun.

Earth’s RotationEarth’s Rotation The Earth rotates, the sun appears to move The Earth rotates, the sun appears to move

across the sky (from East to West)across the sky (from East to West) Night is caused by ½ the Earth being in Night is caused by ½ the Earth being in

shadowshadow

Earth’s Magnetic FieldEarth’s Magnetic Field The Earth acts as a giant magnetThe Earth acts as a giant magnet

• It produces a magnetic field just like a bar magnetIt produces a magnetic field just like a bar magnet• The Magnetic field is produced from under the The Magnetic field is produced from under the

surfacesurface• It radiates out into spaceIt radiates out into space• It is affected by energy from the sun (causes It is affected by energy from the sun (causes

distortion)distortion)

Magnetic NorthMagnetic North Earth’s magnetic axis, does not line up with Earth’s magnetic axis, does not line up with

it’s polar axisit’s polar axis• A compass points to magnetic North (not North A compass points to magnetic North (not North

Pole) Pole)

• Difference is Difference is 11.511.500 from polar North from polar North

Earth’s OrbitEarth’s Orbit REVOLUTION –REVOLUTION – Yearly orbit around the sun. Yearly orbit around the sun. Just like the Moon is a satellite of the Earth, the Earth is Just like the Moon is a satellite of the Earth, the Earth is

a satellite of the sun.a satellite of the sun. The Earth The Earth revolvesrevolves around the sun around the sun Earth’s orbit is an ellipseEarth’s orbit is an ellipse

• Ellipse:Ellipse: off center oval (elongated closed curve) off center oval (elongated closed curve)• Distance from the sun changes during the yearDistance from the sun changes during the year

Closest to the sun =Closest to the sun = PerihelionPerihelion Jan 3 Jan 3rdrd and is and is about 91,500,000 miles from the sun.about 91,500,000 miles from the sun.

Farthest from the sun = Farthest from the sun = AphelionAphelion July 4 July 4thth and is and is about 94,500,000 miles from the sun.about 94,500,000 miles from the sun.

The SeasonsThe Seasons Seasons:Seasons: Annual change in climate Annual change in climate

• Due to the Earth’s tilt on it’s axis 23.5Due to the Earth’s tilt on it’s axis 23.500

• Seasons are opposite between hemispheresSeasons are opposite between hemispheres Daylight hrs are longer for the pole pointed toward Daylight hrs are longer for the pole pointed toward

the sunthe sun More solar energy = warmer temperaturesMore solar energy = warmer temperatures

EquinoxesEquinoxes Equinox:Equinox: Equal amounts of sunlight Equal amounts of sunlight

• Daylight = 12 hrs; Night = 12 hrs.Daylight = 12 hrs; Night = 12 hrs.• Sunlight hits directly on the EquatorSunlight hits directly on the Equator• Northern Hemisphere:Northern Hemisphere:

Spring (VERNAL) Equinox (Marks beginning of Spring (VERNAL) Equinox (Marks beginning of Spring) March 20Spring) March 20thth or 21 or 21stst

Autumn Equinox (Beginning of Fall) September Autumn Equinox (Beginning of Fall) September 2222ndnd or 23 or 23rdrd

• Reversed for the Southern HemisphereReversed for the Southern Hemisphere

SolsticesSolstices Solstice:Solstice: “longest” of the year “longest” of the year

• Sun reaches its farthest point North or SouthSun reaches its farthest point North or South

• Summer Solstice:Summer Solstice: (Northern Hemisphere) (Northern Hemisphere) Occurs on June 21Occurs on June 21stst or 22 or 22ndnd (Beginning of Summer) (Beginning of Summer) Sunlight reaches the Tropic of CancerSunlight reaches the Tropic of Cancer ““Longest day of the year” = 16 hrs. of sunlightLongest day of the year” = 16 hrs. of sunlight North Pole = 24 hrs of daylightNorth Pole = 24 hrs of daylight South Pole = 24 hrs of nightSouth Pole = 24 hrs of night

Winter SolsticesWinter Solstices Sun directly on Tropic of CapricornSun directly on Tropic of Capricorn

• Occurs on December 21Occurs on December 21stst or 22 or 22ndnd Northern Hemisphere = Beginning of WinterNorthern Hemisphere = Beginning of Winter ““Longest night of the Year” (16 hrs. of night)Longest night of the Year” (16 hrs. of night) North Pole: 24 hrs. of nightNorth Pole: 24 hrs. of night South Pole: 24 hrs. of daylightSouth Pole: 24 hrs. of daylight

22.2 Earth’s Moon22.2 Earth’s Moon You know the moon looks different over the monthYou know the moon looks different over the month

• You see different amounts visibleYou see different amounts visible• It rises at different times (sometimes even during the It rises at different times (sometimes even during the

day)day) The Moon’s Rotation & RevolutionThe Moon’s Rotation & Revolution

• The moon rotates on its axis (27.3 days = 1 rotation)The moon rotates on its axis (27.3 days = 1 rotation)• It revolves around the Earth (27.3 days = 1 revolution)It revolves around the Earth (27.3 days = 1 revolution)

• Unique situation:Unique situation: We always see the same side of We always see the same side of the moonthe moon

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Why the Moon ShinesWhy the Moon Shines The moon is not like the sunThe moon is not like the sun It does not create it’s own lightIt does not create it’s own light It reflects sunlight = Moon lightIt reflects sunlight = Moon light

• Only the side of the moon facing the sun can be Only the side of the moon facing the sun can be seenseen

• Other side in shadowOther side in shadow

Moon PhasesMoon Phases Phases:Phases: Daily change in the moon’s Daily change in the moon’s

appearanceappearance• Occur because the moon reflects sunlight & orbiting Occur because the moon reflects sunlight & orbiting

EarthEarth• Our view point & Moon’s position determines what Our view point & Moon’s position determines what

we seewe see Waxing:Waxing: More & more of the moon becomes More & more of the moon becomes

visiblevisible• Occurs between New moon and Full moonOccurs between New moon and Full moon

Waning:Waning: Less & less of the moon is visible Less & less of the moon is visible• Occurs between Full moon and New MoonOccurs between Full moon and New Moon

There are Eight Main Phases:There are Eight Main Phases:1.) New Moon1.) New Moon 5.) Full Moon5.) Full Moon2.) Waxing Crescent2.) Waxing Crescent 6.) Waning Gibbous6.) Waning Gibbous3.) First Quarter3.) First Quarter 7.) Last Quarter7.) Last Quarter4.) Waxing Gibbous4.) Waxing Gibbous 8.) Waning Crescent8.) Waning Crescent

Phases of the MoonPhases of the Moon 1.) NEW MOON1.) NEW MOON – When the moon is completely in – When the moon is completely in

shadowshadow 2.) WAXING CRESCENT2.) WAXING CRESCENT – Right side of moon begins to – Right side of moon begins to

become visible, Left side in shadow.become visible, Left side in shadow. 3.)FIRST QUARTER3.)FIRST QUARTER – Right half is visible, left half in – Right half is visible, left half in

shadow. shadow. 4.)WAXING GIBBOUS4.)WAXING GIBBOUS – More than half of the lit side is – More than half of the lit side is

visible, moon takes on an egg shapevisible, moon takes on an egg shape 5.)FULL MOON5.)FULL MOON – When all of the moon’s surface facing – When all of the moon’s surface facing

earth is lit up and visible.earth is lit up and visible. 6.)WANING GIBBOUS6.)WANING GIBBOUS – Moon begins to appear less lit – Moon begins to appear less lit

up, takes on an egg shape again (Left side still shines, up, takes on an egg shape again (Left side still shines, Right side in shadow)Right side in shadow)

7)THIRD (LAST) QUARTER7)THIRD (LAST) QUARTER – Left half of moon visible – Left half of moon visible 8) WANING CRESCENT8) WANING CRESCENT – only a sliver of the left side is – only a sliver of the left side is

visible.visible.

NEW MOONNEW MOON WAXING CRESCENTWAXING CRESCENT FIRST QUARTERFIRST QUARTER WAXING GIBBOUSWAXING GIBBOUS FULL MOONFULL MOON WANING GIBBOUSWANING GIBBOUS THIRD QUARTERTHIRD QUARTER WANING WANING

CRESCENTCRESCENT

Phases of the MoonPhases of the Moon

Average Distance from the Earth to the Average Distance from the Earth to the Moon: Moon: 238,857 miles238,857 miles

The The Harvest MoonHarvest Moon is the FULL MOON is the FULL MOON nearest to the nearest to the AUTUMNAL EQUINOXAUTUMNAL EQUINOX, , which occurs (in the NORTHERN which occurs (in the NORTHERN HEMISPHERE) on or about SEPT. 23rdHEMISPHERE) on or about SEPT. 23rd

The Harvest Moon is also known as the Wine The Harvest Moon is also known as the Wine Moon, the Singing Moon and the Elk Call Moon. Moon, the Singing Moon and the Elk Call Moon. In In MYTH and FOLKLOREMYTH and FOLKLORE the full moon of each the full moon of each month is given a name. There are many month is given a name. There are many variations but the following list gives the most variations but the following list gives the most widely known names:widely known names:

January – Wolf Moon January – Wolf Moon July – Hay MoonJuly – Hay Moon February – Ice Moon February – Ice Moon August – Corn MoonAugust – Corn Moon March – Storm Moon Sept. – March – Storm Moon Sept. – HARVEST MOONHARVEST MOON April – Growing Moon April – Growing Moon Oct. – Hunter’s Oct. – Hunter’s

MoonMoon May – Hare Moon May – Hare Moon Nov. Snow MoonNov. Snow Moon June – Mead Moon June – Mead Moon Dec. – Winter MoonDec. – Winter Moon

When there are 2 full moons in a month the When there are 2 full moons in a month the second is called a second is called a BLUE MOONBLUE MOON..

Eclipses:Eclipses: Eclipses occur when the sun, Earth, & Moon Eclipses occur when the sun, Earth, & Moon

alignalign Caused by the position of the moonCaused by the position of the moon

• The moon’s orbit is not on the same plane The moon’s orbit is not on the same plane as Earth’sas Earth’s

• Can only occur when orbits crossCan only occur when orbits cross• Shadows are the reason for the Shadows are the reason for the

phenomenaphenomena• The Moon’s orbit is tilted about The Moon’s orbit is tilted about 5 degrees5 degrees

from the Earth’sfrom the Earth’s

Parts of a Shadow:Parts of a Shadow: Shadows have 2 parts:Shadows have 2 parts:

• Umbra:Umbra: Darkest part (center) Darkest part (center)• Penumbra:Penumbra: Lighter part (outside) Lighter part (outside)

Solar EclipsesSolar Eclipses Solar Eclipse:Solar Eclipse: Moon’s shadow covers part of the Earth Moon’s shadow covers part of the Earth

• Blocks view of the sunBlocks view of the sun• Only occur during New MoonOnly occur during New Moon• Occur every year, only seen in specific areasOccur every year, only seen in specific areas

Total Solar Eclipse:Total Solar Eclipse:• The moon blocks out the sunThe moon blocks out the sun• Only the Corona is seen glowingOnly the Corona is seen glowing

Partial Solar Eclipse:Partial Solar Eclipse:• Moon’s penumbra shades part of sunMoon’s penumbra shades part of sun

Total Solar EclipseTotal Solar Eclipse Partial Solar Eclipse Partial Solar Eclipse

Lunar EclipsesLunar Eclipses When the moon passes into the Earth’s ShadowWhen the moon passes into the Earth’s Shadow

• Partial eclipse occur when the moon is in the PenumbraPartial eclipse occur when the moon is in the Penumbra• Total eclipse occur when the moon is in the UmbraTotal eclipse occur when the moon is in the Umbra• Total Eclipse must occur during Full moons (about once Total Eclipse must occur during Full moons (about once

a year)a year)• Moon turns blood red in colorMoon turns blood red in color

Stages of a Lunar EclipseStages of a Lunar Eclipse

Moon’s SurfaceMoon’s Surface

Tycho

Mare Imbrium

CopernicusMare Serenitatis

Mare Tranquillitatus

Notice the rays from Tycho

Kepler

Moon Surface FeaturesMoon Surface Features We can see light and dark parts with our eyesWe can see light and dark parts with our eyes

• Maria-Maria- Dark colored lava plains with circular basins Dark colored lava plains with circular basins• Highlands-Highlands- Areas of light colored crust Areas of light colored crust

Lunar Highlands- made up of mountain chainsLunar Highlands- made up of mountain chains• Found around maria edges, and extinct volcanoesFound around maria edges, and extinct volcanoes

The Moon is riddled with cratersThe Moon is riddled with craters Lunar Dirt: Called Lunar Dirt: Called RegolithRegolith (rock particles and dust) (rock particles and dust)

• Not soil- contains no water or organic materialNot soil- contains no water or organic material

The Moon’s InteriorThe Moon’s Interior Apollo Missions left instruments to study the moonApollo Missions left instruments to study the moon

• Learned about what is below the moon’s surfaceLearned about what is below the moon’s surface• Surface:Surface:

35 miles thick facing the Earth 35 miles thick facing the Earth 90 miles on other side90 miles on other side

• Solid Mantle: Lies below the surface (600 miles deep)Solid Mantle: Lies below the surface (600 miles deep)• Partially molten zone: Lies below solid mantlePartially molten zone: Lies below solid mantle• Core: Iron-rich & solidCore: Iron-rich & solid

The Moon is prone to Moonquakes due to structureThe Moon is prone to Moonquakes due to structure

Origin of the MoonOrigin of the Moon

• Impact theory:Impact theory: A Mars sized object collided with the A Mars sized object collided with the

Earth (6.4 b.y.a.)Earth (6.4 b.y.a.) Vaporized material thrown into spaceVaporized material thrown into space Material condensed & formed the Material condensed & formed the

moonmoon

22.3 Exploration of the Moon22.3 Exploration of the Moon No manned missions to the moon since No manned missions to the moon since

ApolloApollo None scheduled missions eitherNone scheduled missions either

• In 1994, one spacecraft was placed in In 1994, one spacecraft was placed in lunar orbitlunar orbit

• Clementine:Clementine: two month mission to survey two month mission to survey the moonthe moon

Clementine the SpacecraftClementine the Spacecraft• Carried & tested sensors to track cold Carried & tested sensors to track cold

objects in spaceobjects in space Cold objects include satellites, Cold objects include satellites,

warheads & Asteroidswarheads & Asteroids• Also compiled detailed maps of the Also compiled detailed maps of the

moon’s surfacemoon’s surface

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Moon’s average day time temperature is Moon’s average day time temperature is 214 214 ooFF

Moon’s average night time temperature is Moon’s average night time temperature is -300 -300 ooFF

Moon’s Gravity is 6x lighter than the Moon’s Gravity is 6x lighter than the Earths.Earths.

Moon has not atmosphere so it is always Moon has not atmosphere so it is always black there.black there.

Moon’s diameter is 2160 milesMoon’s diameter is 2160 miles

Moon MissionsMoon Missions 12 Americans landed on the moon 12 Americans landed on the moon

between 1969-1972 during the between 1969-1972 during the Apollo ProgramApollo Program

July 20,1969July 20,1969 – – Apollo 11Apollo 11 first first manned lunar landing. Neil manned lunar landing. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the moon.the moon.