EARTH SCIENCE FINAL

PREP

• Where did the matter that makes up the earth most directly come from?

•Giant exploded stars that formed nebula of dust and gas

•How do we know the earth isn’t made of matter from the BIG BANG?

•Because the Big Bang only produced Helium, Hydrogen and a couple of trace elements

•Where did our atmosphere first come from?

• Volcanoes gave off carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen and other gasses

• Where did the oceans most directly come from after the earth cooled down a lot?

•Condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere

• Why are the daytime and nighttime temperature the same on Venus?

• It’s carbon dioxide atmosphere lets sunlight in, but doesn’t let the heat back out

• What causes the pressure in a star that causes it to begin its burning reaction?

•GRAVITY

• If very humid warm air hits very cold humid air, what kind of weather is most likely to occur?

Precipitation of some sort, depending on the temperature

•Maritime air masses are always?

Wet

• Tropical air masses are always

•Warm

• Continental air masses are always

•Dry

•Polar air masses are always

•Cold

What is the largest object?

Left to Right

•Dust & Gas

•Planetesimals

•Proto-planets

•Planet

• Why do planets finally stop getting larger?

•They sweep up all of the dust and gas

•Why is Neptune the coldest planet?

•Farthest from the sun

•Why was the earth once molten? (What was the main cause of the heat?)

•Collisions of the proto-planets melted it

• What is the force that causes particles in space to keep forming larger and larger clumps until they finally become a planet?

•Force = Gravity

•Why is Venus hotter than Mercury ?

• Heat from the sun radiates away from Mercury because it has no atmosphere.

• Heat from the sun can’t escape Venus’ atmosphere because it is made of carbon dioxide

• Why were the gas giants able to capture hydrogen when the inner planets were unable to capture hydrogen?

• Near the sun, hydrogen and helium are warm and move too fast fro a planet to capture them.

• Out near the gas giants it is very cold and the molecules slow down enough to be captured by the planets gravity

•What protects us from solar wind on earth?

• Earth’s magnetosphere or magnetic field

• The temperature of a star can be determined by it’s color. What is the correct order of star colors from the coolest to the hottest?

•Red Cool

•Yellow Warmer

•White Hot

•Blue REAL HOT

• How can we tell when a blue star or a white star dies?

•They EXPLODE!

•BOOM!

•What type of star is the coolest?

•Red dwarf

•What type of star is our sun?

•Yellow

• What type of star has the most gravity?

•Blue

•What type of star has the least gravity?

•Red Dwarf

• Iceland is warmer than would be expected because of

•The heat from the gulf stream current heats Iceland

• The type of energy transfer where a hot fluid (liquid or gas) rises then sinks again is called

•Convection

• Heated fluid's molecules push apart causing the fluid to expand and become ----.

•Less Dense

• In a fluid mixture, (liquid or gas) the LEAST DENSE fluid --.

•Floats to the top

• The type of energy transfer where one molecule in a solid directly passes heat energy to the molecule next to it is called--.

•Conduction

•(the molecules have to touch)

• The type of energy transfer where energy travels in electromagnetic waves through space is called - -

•RAYdiation

• When you get a suntan it demonstrates what type of energy transfer?

•Radiation

• Why does the wind blow out from the beach toward the ocean on a cool Fall night?

• Warm water heats the air that touches it, causes it to become less dense and rise. Cool air is pulled out from the beach to replace the air that has risen

• If you mix 3 colored fluids together, how can you tell which one is the least dense?

•The one that floats to the top is the least dense

• What time if year is a temperature inversion most likely to occur in Denver?

•Late winter or early spring

• (Cold ground, and possibility of warm air from the desert

• What weather conditions do you need for an inversion to occur?

•Cold Ground

•Warm upper air from somewhere else

•Fairly calm air

• Why does the smoke stop rising in an inversion?

• As the smoke rises through the cold air it cools and becomes more dense. When it reaches the warm air the smoke is denser than the warm air and cannot float through it.

• what type of energy transfer is always powering the air flow?

•Convection

• On the first day of Spring or Fall, what place on Earth will have 12 hours of sunlight?

•All places on earth will have 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness

• On the first day of our spring, which direction does Earth’s North axis Point?

• Neither toward nor away from the sun. The axis is actually pointing sideways to the sun on the first day of spring and the first day of fall

• On the first day of our summer, which direction does Earth’s North axis Point?

•Toward the sun

• Mars used to have both running water and an atmosphere. Why are both nearly gone now?

•It’s magnetic field collapsed and the solar wind blew them away.

• If our yellow sun is 6 billion years old, how much longer do we think it will live?

•About 4 billion years

• Where does INTRUSIVE igneous rock form?

•Inside the volcano or the ground

• EXTRUSIVE igneous rock generally has ______.

•Large crystals form because it takes a long time to cool

• Acid rain affects what type of rock most strongly?

•Limestone

•Marble

•Calcite

• How do lichens affect the weathering process?

•They secrete acid that etches the rock

• Sink holes are results of what type of weathering?

• Chemical, because acid rain seeps into the rock to dissolve the rock, thus forming caves. When the roof caves in it leaves a sinkhole

•What is the cause of exfoliation?

• Daily heating and cooling makes the outer layer of the rock expand and shrink, causing it to eventually peel away from the inner part of the rock

• What are the properties of any mineral?

–A mineral is a natural inorganic solid with one chemical formula and aspecific crystalline structure

•TELL ME THE CORRECT CLASS OF WEATHERING on the next few slides

•Water abrasion

•Mechanical

•Wind abrasion

•Mechanical

•Acid Rain

•CHEMICAL

•RUST

CHEMICAL

•Exfoliation

•Mechanical

•Root wedging

•BIOLOGICAL

•Ice wedging

•Mechanical

•Lichens

•BIOLOGICAL

•Me, throwing a rock off a cliff

•BIOLOGICAL

• What are characteristics of minerals that can be used to identify them?

•Color

•Hardness

•Streak

•Density

•Luster

•Crystal shape

•Acid test

•Explain what causes unloading.

• A rock deep underground forms under great pressure. When that pressure is unloaded by weathering of the overlaying rock, the formerly buried rock expands and cracks

• Why does intrusive igneous rock have large crystals?

• Mineral crystals take a long time to form. Rock that cools inside the earth cools very slowly, thus giving the crystals time to grow.

•To make igneous rock from any type of rock you need

•MELTING HEAT

•To make sedimentary rock from any type of rock you need

•WEATHERING

• To make metamorphic rock from any type of rock you need

•HEAT

•PRESSURE

•& OR

•HOT WATER

• Rocks that came from dissolved seashells but were deposited chemically are what type of rock?

•ORGANIC because thay came from living things

•What is foliation in metamorphic rock?

EITHER

extreme layering

OR

bands of color

•Crystals in foliated metamorphic rock under extreme pressure often

•Flatten out and fuse to the crystals next to them.

•This causes foliation

• Bits and pieces of weathered rock that are squeezed together and harden into rock form what type of sedimentary rock?

•CLASTIC Sedimentary Rock

•Baltimore Gneiss has what type of banding?

•Nice easy to see banding

•Why must sedimentary rock always cover coal?

• It provides the pressure that converts coal from plant matter into nearly pure carbon rocks

•Where does sedimentary rock usually form?

•Almost always underwater

•Bituminous coal that goes through metamorphosis becomes

•Anthracite coal also called hard coal

•a good example of a non-foliated metamorphic rock is

Non-foliated Metamorphic Rock

•Marble

•Amphibolite

•Anthracite

•a good example of a foliated metamorphic rock is

Foliated metamorphic rock

• Slate

• Mica

• Gneiss

• Schist

• Phyllite

What type of volcano is in the picture below?

•Shield

•Don’t blow up

•Tallest mountain in the world

Shield up to 30,000 ft

What type of volcano is in the picture below?

•Cinder cone –•Smallest volcano•Loose rock•Doesn’t blow up

Cinder Cone – 200 – 1800 ft

What type of volcano is in the picture below?

Composite – 10,000 – 15,000 Ft

Type of mountain?

FOLDED- see the folds?

Type of mountain?

Uplifted! See the arrow?

•Why do composite volcanoes tend to blow up?

• They are composed of many layers that don’t stick together well. They will hold a lot of pressure, but eventually aren’t strong enough to hold it and BLOW UP

•How does pressure cause foliation in some metamorphic rocks?

• Pressure causes the crystals in the rock to flatten and fuse to the crystals next to them, thus making bands of color or actual layers that peel apart

!!KCUL DOOG