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E a rth -S c ien c e R e v ie ws 1 2 7 (2 0 13 ) 171–1 9 2 Contents lists available at S cien ceDir ect Ear th-Scienc e Reviews j o u r na l h o mepage: www .elsevier.com/loca te/ earsci re v Fault zone hydroeoloy !"F" #ense a$ ⁎$ %" &leeson ' $ S"E" (oveless a $ " #our c $ *" Sci'e+ d a School o, Environental Sciences$ .niversity o, East /nlia$ orwich R 7%*$ Enland$ .nited 2 indo ' ivil Enineerin$ 4c&ill .niver sity$ 4ontr5al$ 6 3/ 28 3anada c &5osciences Rennes$ .4R 811 30RS$ .niversit5 de Rennes 1$ a:us de #eaulieu$ 3;02 Rennes$ Fr ance d SR2 onsultin <nc"$ 22nd Floor$ 1088 =est astins Str eet$ !ancouver$ #3 !8E 3>2$ anada a r t i c l e i n , o /rticle history? Received 8 Se:te'er 2011 /cce:ted 27 Se:te'er 2013 /vaila'le online 10 cto'er 2013 eywords? Fault zone ydr oeoloy Structural eoloy a ' s t r a c t @e,oration alon ,aults in the shallow crust (b 1 +) introduces :erea'ility heteroeneity and anisotro :y$ which has an i:ortant i:act on :rocesses such as reional roundwater flow$ hydrocar'on iration$ and hy- drotheral fluid circulation" Fault zones have the ca:acity to 'e hydraulic conduits connectin shallow and dee: eoloical environents$ 'ut siultaneou sly the ,ault cores o, any ,aults o,ten ,or e,,ective 'arriers to flow" %he direct evaluation o, the i:act o, ,aults to fluid flow :atterns reains a challene an d reAuires a ultidisci- :linary research e,,ort o, structural eoloists an d hydr oeoloists" owever $ we find that these disci:lines o,t en use di,,erent ethods with little interaction 'etween the" <n this review$ we docuent the current ult i- disci:linary understandin o, ,ault zone hydr oeoloy" =e discuss sur,ace- and su'sur,ace o'servations ,ro di - verse roc+ ty:es ,ro unlithified and lithified clastic sedients throuh to car'onate$ crystalline$ and volcanic roc+s" For each roc+ ty:e$ we evaluate eoloical de,oration echaniss$ hydroeoloic o'servations and con- ce:tual odels o, ,ault zone hydr oeoloy" utcro: o'servations indicate that ,ault zones coonly have a :er- ea'ility structure suestin they should act as co:leB conduit – 'arrier systes in which alon-,ault flow is encouraed and across-,ault flow is i :eded" ydroeoloical o'servations o, ,ault zones re:orted in the litera- ture show a 'road Aualitative areeent with outcro:-'ased conce:tual odels o, ,ault zone hydroeoloy" ev erth eless $ the s:ecific i:act o, a :arti cular ,ault :erea'il ity structure on ,ault zone hydroeoloy can onl y 'e assessed when the hydroeoloical conteBt o, the ,ault zone is considered and not ,ro outcro: o'ser vations alone" %o ain a ore i nterated$ co:rehen sive understandin o, ,ault zone hydroeoloy$ we ,oresee nuer ous syner istic o::ortunities and challenes ,or the disci:line o, structural eoloy an d hydroeoloy to co-evolve and address reainin challenes 'y co-locatin study areas$ sharin a::roaches and ,usin data$ develo:in conce:tual odels ,ro hydroeoloic data$ nuerical odelin$ and trainin interdisci:linary scient ists" 3rown 3o:yr iht C 2013 Du'lished 'y Elsevier #"!" /ll rihts reserved" Contents 1" <ntr oduction " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 172 2" / ::r oaches to ,ault zone hydroeoloy " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 172 3" Fault zone :rocesses ,ro sur,ace-,ocused studies " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 173 3"1" %er inoloy and ,ault zone architecture " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 173 3"2" <:act o, ,ault zone :rocesses on :er ea'ili ty " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 17; 3"2"1" Fault zone :rocesses that enhance :e r ea'ility " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 17; 3"2"2" Fault zone :rocesses that reduce :erea'ility " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 178 3"2"3" <nter actin$ secondary or larer-scale :rocesses that either reduce or enhance ,ault zone :erea'ility " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 179 " 3once:tual eoloical odels o, ,ault zone hydroeoloy " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 10 "1" .nlithified- and lithified siliciclastic roc+ " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 12 "2" 3r ystalline r oc+ " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 12 "3" !olcanic roc+ " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 12 "" 3ar 'onate r oc+ " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 12 ;" ydroeoloical evidence o, the i:act o, ,aults on fluid flow" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 13 ;"1" .nlithified- and lithified siliciclastic roc+ "" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 13 ;"2" 3r ystalline and volcanic roc+ " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 1 ;"3" 3ar 'onate roc+ " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 1; ⁎ orres:ondin author" E-ail address? v "' e n s e u e a "a c " u + (!"F" #ense)" 0012-2;2G – see , ront atter " rown o:yriht C 2013 Du'lished 'y Elsevier #"!" /ll rihts reserved" h tt : ?FFd B"d oi"o r 1 0"1018F H"e a rsc irev "2013"0 9 "0 0
