Earth Shakes, Rattles, and Rolls
Plate Tectonics Volcanoes
Earthquakes
What is the relationship between the earth’s plates, volcanoes, and earthquakes?
http://www.extremescience.com/PlateTectonicsmap.htm
Plates
Earthquakes
Let’s look at those maps again.
Plates
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Earthquakes and Volcanoes are found
where plates meet.
Evidence Wegener used to support theory of
continental drift: • Continents fit like a puzzle • Fossil evidence• Rocks were similar in Africa and
South America• Evidence Antarctica once had a
tropical climate
How did geologists explain how the earth’s
plates moved?
Mid-Atlantic Ridge allows mantle to seep to surface through cracks and pushes plates of the earth apart.
Seafloor spreading animation
To see how geologists believe the plates moved go to the site below.
Notice the Atlantic Ocean seafloor spreading.
•Crust
•Mantle
•Outer core
•Inner core
Types of Mountains
•Folded •Fault-block•Volcanic •Unwarped
http://www.cssd11.k12.co.us/dohnts/images/earth/fldmtn.jpg
FOLDED MOUNTAINS
FOLDED MOUNTAINS
•Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States, and the Swiss Alps in Switzerland
•form when two plates collide head on, and their edges crumble
•consist mainly of sedimentary rocks, like limestone and shale
FAULT-BLOCK
MOUNTAINS
FAULT-BLOCK MOUNTAINS
•Consist of huge blocks of the earth's crust that have been tilted or pushed up along a fracture line called a fault
•Sierra in California, Arizona is an example.
• Created when a plate hits a fault and tips upside down, creating erosion and debris, which is at the base of the mountain.
VOLCANIC MOUNTAIN
NAMIBIA IN AFRICA
Volcanic mountains
•Formed when molten rock, or magma deep within the earth, erupts, and piles upon the surface
•Made of basalt and rhyolite.
•Takes place where two of the earth's tectonic plates collide.
UNWARPED MOUNTAINS
•Black Hills in South Dakota
•form when tectonic forces lift the earth's crust into a broad bulge or dome raising it above its surroundings
•Erosion causes peaks and valleys to form.
Convection currents in action! At left, two animal cookies represent two of the Earth's tectonic plates. At right, the two plates have moved apart, much like what happens at a divergent margin. The chocolate pudding represents the Earth's mantle. The heat source beneath the pot created convection cells in the chocolate pudding. Think of the cookie on the left as South America, and the cookie on the right as Africa. Over time they have moved apart. You'll see this again.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://visearth.ucsd.edu:16080/VisE_teach/Kimball/untitled18.jpg&imgrefurl=http://visearth.ucsd.edu:16080/VisE_teach/Kimball/Kimball2.html&h=200&w=308&sz=35&tbnid=sEa1xg46QVMJ:&tbnh=72&tbnw=110&start=9&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCONVECTION%2BCURRENTS%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
Convection currents in the Earth's mantle are what drive plate motions. Convection currents are driven by the simple fact that hot things (such as gases and liquids) rise while cool things fall.
Convection currents in the magma move the earth’s crust.
epicenterThe point on the surface of Earth that is right
above the focus of an earthquake
http://www.harcourtschool.com/glossary/science/define/gr4/epicenter4c.html
http://uc.wisc.edu/news/features/quake/pwaves.html
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/animations/earthquakes/
Go to this site to see an animation of the path of p waves and s waves
Earthquakes
How do we measure the intensity of an earthquake?
Seismographmeasures
or the strength of an earthquake
Seismograph records energy waves of the earth
V. •People feel movement. •Doors open •Pictures fall off wall.
VII. •Some buildings lose bricks. •Difficulty driving.IX.
Considerable damage to homes. Cracks in earth.
XII. •Almost everything is destroyed.• The ground moves in waves or ripples.
Mercalli ScaleI.People do not feel anything .
Richter Scale
Earthquake Magnitudes Effects
Less than 3.5 Generally not felt
3.5-5.4 Rarely causes damage.
Under 6.0 Slight damage to well-designed buildings.
6.1-6.9 Destructive to about 100 kilometers across
7.0-7.9 Major earthquake. Serious damage over larger areas.
8 or greater Great earthquake.
Each number is 10X stronger than the previous number.
How much stronger is the 3 than the 1? 100
Times
How much stronger is the 8 than the 1?
10,000,000Write the number in scientific notation. 106
Why is the Richter Scale more accurate than the Mercalli Scale?
•The Richter Scale is objective and based on mathematical measurements.
•The Mercalli scale is subjective and based on people’s perception and experience.
•On Mercalli scale if the area is unihabited there is no way to measure the magnitude of the earthquake.
Richter Magnitude Number of Earthquakes per year
1.0 to 3.9 900,000 +
4.0-4.9 6200
5.0-5.9 800
6.0-6.9 226
7.0-7.9 18
8.0-8.9 Less than 2
http://www.olympus.net/personal/gofamily/quake/famous/1906.html
One Boy’s Experience – Eyewitness Account
Jack London’s Eyewitness Account of San Franciso Earthquakehttp://sunsite.berkeley.edu/London/Writings/Journalism/sfearthquake.html
Click on url to get complete texts
San Francisco Earthquake 1906
Alaska Earthquake 1964
Earthquakes in the ocean cause
Destruction
30’ Wall of Water
Types of Volcanos
•Composite
•Cinder Cone
•Shield
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cotf.edu/ete/images/modules/volcanoes/typesb.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/vtypesvolcan1.html&h=236&w=265&sz=14&tbnid=qZF0vXnHnOkJ:&tbnh=96&tbnw=107&start=19&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcomposite%2Bvolcano%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
•have small craters in their summits
•Vesuvius, Krakatoa, Fujiyama, and Mount St. Helens
•tens of miles across and ten thousand or more feet in height.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cotf.edu/ete/images/modules/volcanoes/typesb.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/vtypesvolcan1.html&h=236&w=265&sz=14&tbnid=qZF0vXnHnOkJ:&tbnh=96&tbnw=107&start=19&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcomposite%2Bvolcano%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
•consist almost entirely of loose, grainy cinders and almost no lava
•steep sides and usually have a small crater on top
•small volcanoes
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cotf.edu/ete/images/modules/volcanoes/typesb.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/vtypesvolcan1.html&h=236&w=265&sz=14&tbnid=qZF0vXnHnOkJ:&tbnh=96&tbnw=107&start=19&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcomposite%2Bvolcano%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
•hundreds of miles across and many tens of thousands of feet high.
•Mauna Loa
•consist almost entirely of frozen lavas
•large craters at their summits.
• largest single mountain in the world
•30,000 +feet above the ocean floor
• 100 miles across at its base.
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/volcano/labelvolcano.shtml
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cotf.edu/ete/images/modules/volcanoes/typesb.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/vtypesvolcan1.html&h=236&w=265&sz=14&tbnid=qZF0vXnHnOkJ:&tbnh=96&tbnw=107&start=19&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcomposite%2Bvolcano%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
Image Resources
For additional diagrams of volcanoes click below: