LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

NATURAL LANDSCAPE – “EARTHFORMS/LANDFORMS”

Natural features of the landscape, natural physical features of the Earth's surface

It is the basic component of landscape architecture- Hills and valleys are formed on it and Grass ,shrubs, bushes and trees etc. grow on it

The various landforms are:

Valleys

Plateaus

Mountains

Plains

Hills

Lowlands

Ridges

Swales

Scenic highways

Mountain ranges

River valleys and coastal plains

And forces as winds, tides, sea solar radiations ,gravity etc.

NATURAL LANDSCAPE CHARACTER

Preservation of the natural form

Destruction of the natural form

Alteration of the natural form

Accentuation of the natural form

MAJOR MINOR

The landscape character of any area may be developed or intensified by eliminating any negative elements and by accentuating its positive qualities.

The shape or the relief of the ground surface can be indicated by contours.

These are the lines of equal height above a fixed reference point or bench mark of known or assumed elevation. These lines basically join points which have equal heights above the fixed point. they are considered to be the signatures of the land form along with the Hachure.

Hachure are also representative lines which are drawn perpendicular to the slope.

CONTOURS

A ridge is a geological feature consisting of a chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated crest for some distance.

Ridges are usually termed hills or mountains as well, depending on size.

There are several main types of ridges:-

Shutter ridges:- A shutter ridge is a ridge which has moved along a fault line, blocking or diverting drainage

Dune ridges:- In areas of large-scale dune activity, certain types of dunes result in sand ridges.

Crater ridges:- Large meteorite strikes typically form large impact craters bordered by circular ridges.

RIDGES

VALLEYS

A valley is a low area between hills, often with a river running through it.

The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys.

A valley formed by flowing water, or river valley, is usually V-shaped.

Shallower slopes may produce broader and gentler valleys.

A plateau also called a high plain or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain.

Plateaus can be formed by a number of processes, including upwelling of volcanic magma, extrusion of lava, and erosion by water and glaciers.

Plateaus are classified according to their surrounding environment.

PLATEAUS

Intermontane plateaus are the highest in the world, bordered by mountains. The Tibetan Plateau is one such plateau.

Piedmont plateaus are bordered on one side by mountains and on the other by a plain or sea.

Continental plateaus are bordered on all sides by the plains or seas, forming away from mountains.

Volcanic plateaus are produced by volcanic activity. The Columbia Plateau in the northwestern United States of America is one such plateau.

Dissected plateaus are highly eroded plateaus cut by rivers and broken by deep narrow valleys.

PLATEAUS

A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak.

A mountain is generally steeper than a hill.

Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism. These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth.

A few mountains are isolated summits, but most occur in huge mountain ranges.

MOUNTAINS

The UN Environmental Programme's definition of "mountainous environment" includes any of the following:

Elevation of at least 2,500 m (8,200 ft);

Elevation of at least 1,500 m (4,900 ft), with a slope greater than 2 degrees;

Elevation of at least 1,000 m (3,300 ft), with a slope greater than 5 degrees;

Elevation of at least 300 m (980 ft), with a 300 m (980 ft) elevation range within 7 km (4.3 mi).

MOUNTAINS

There are three main types of mountains: volcanic, fold, and block.

Heights of mountains are typically measured above sea level.

There are at least 100 mountains with heights of over 7,200 metres (23,622 ft) above sea level, all of which are located in central and southern Asia.

Mountaineering, mountain climbing, or alpinism is the sport, hobby or profession of hiking, skiing, and climbing mountains.

MOUNTAINS

A volcano is a rupture on the crust of a planetary mass object, such as the Earth, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

MOUNTAINS- VOLCANOES

Fold mountains are mountains that form mainly by the effects of folding on layers within the upper part of the Earth's crust.

The forces responsible for formation of the fold mountains are called orogenic movements.

The term orogenic has derived from a Greek word meaning mountain building.

These forces act at tangent to the surface of the earth and are primarily a result of plate tectonics.

MOUNTAINS- FOLDS

Fault blocks are very large blocks of rock, sometimes hundreds of kilometers in extent, created by tectonic and localized stresses in the Earth's crust.

Large areas of bedrock are broken up into blocks by faults.

Landforms (mountains, hills, ridges, lakes, valleys, etc.) are sometimes formed when the faults have a large vertical displacement.

MOUNTAINS- FAULTS

In studies of the ecology of freshwater rivers, habitats are classified as upland and lowland.

They are generally more turbid, warm, slow-flowing waters and fine sediment beds of lowland rivers encourage fish species with broad temperature tolerances and greater tolerances to low oxygen levels, and life history and breeding strategies adapted to these and other traits of lowland rivers.

These characteristics also encourage invertebrate species with broad temperature tolerances and greater tolerances to low oxygen levels and ecologies revolving around fine sediments or alternative habitats such as submerged woody snags or water weed.

LOWLANDS

In geography, a plain is a flat region.

Plains occur as lowlands and at the bottoms of valleys but also on plateaus or uplands at high elevations.

Where a geological region contains more than one plain, they may be connected by a pass (sometime termed a gap).

Plains may have been formed from flowing lava, deposited by water, ice cold wind, or formed by erosion by these agents from hills and mountains.

PLAINS

A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain.

It often has a distinct summit, although in areas with scarp/dip topography a hill may refer to a particular section of flat terrain without a massive summit

Various terms for the slope or incline of a hill include the Scots language term brae.

HILLS

A swale is a low tract of land, especially one that is moist or marshy.

The term can refer to a natural landscape feature or a human-created one.

Artificial swales are often designed to manage water runoff, filter pollutants, and increase rainwater infiltration.

SWALES

A scenic highway is a specially designated road or waterway that travels through an area of natural or cultural beauty.

SCENIC HIGHWAYS

ENGINEERED

Embankment

Gully

Ditch

mound

NATURAL

Landscape curve

Swales

knoll

EARTH FORMS

To diminish landscape disruption

To reduce cost of earth work

To prevent the wasting of top soil

To preclude the need for erosion control and replanting

To make use of existing drainage ways

To blend into the natural scene

To adapt to them is to harmonize with the forces and conditions by which they have evolved.

WHY ARE THEY NEEDED?

THANK YOU!Presented by:

11603 – Nisha Kumari

11609 – Aneesha Dhiman

11613 – Sahil Kaundal

11620 – Yashasvi Sharma

11634 – Jyoti Negi

B.Arch. 4th year 7th semester

National Institute of Technology

(Hamirpur, H.P.)