SCIENCE PROJECT

ASMIN DISHA

HARGUN

AMRINDER JEEVANJOT

EARTHQUAKE AND CYCLONE

EARTHQUAKES

An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity , seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency , type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time .Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismoters

In an earthquake, body move through the inner part of the

earth, while surface waves travel over and near the

surface

What causes earthquake?

CAUSES OF

EARTHQUAKE Earthquakes are

caused by friction

between tectonic plates.

The Earth's crust is

made up of tectonic

plates that basically

float around on the

magma in the Earths

mantle. When these

plates collide or move

against each other, it

causes great amounts of

friction and tension in

the crust. When enough

tension builds up and is

released at once, the

result is an earthquake.

Earthquakes happen

near coastlines because

that is commonly where

the tectonic plate

collisions occur.

DIAGRAM SHOWING CAUSE OF

EARTHQUAKE.

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE

Destructive effects:- 1.loss of life and property 2.landslide and floods 3.tsunami 4.fire may breakout due to dislocation of electrical wiring 

Constructive effects:- 1.formation of lakes and hot springs 2.lifting of water table 3.exposure to deep minerals and formation of new minerals 4.may create new coastal plains that are very fertile

DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT

CONSTRUCTIVE EFFECT

TERMINOLOGYEPICENTRE: The

point on the earth's

surface vertically

above the focus of an

earthquake. This

point is expressed by

its geographical

latitude and

longitude.

HYPOCENTRE OR

FOCUS: It is the

point within the

earth from where

seismic waves

originate. Focal

depth is the vertical

distance between the

hypocentre and

epicentre.

MAGNITUDE: It is

the quantity to

measure the size of

an earthquake in

terms of its energy .

RITCHTER SCALE:

Magnitude is

measured on the

basis of ground

motion recorded by

an instrument and

applying standard

Correction for the

epicentral distance

from recording station.

INTENSITY: It is the

rating of the effects

of an earthquake at a

particular place

based on the

observations of the

affected areas, using

a descriptive scale

like Modified

Mercalli Scale.

SEISMOGRAPH:

Earthquakes

generate seismic

waves which can be

detected with a

sensitive instrument

called seismograph.

Cyclones

A system of winds rotating inwards to an area of low barometric pressure , with anAnticlockwise(northernhemisph-ere)or clockwise (southern hemisphere) circulation.

Cyclones

As warm, moist air over the ocean rises up from the ocean surface, there is less air left near the surface, and this causes an area of lower air pressure below. The air around this region has higher air pressure, and so it rushes in to fill the low pressure area. 

The main source of energy for tropical cyclones is the warm oceans in the tropical regions. To initiate a tropical cyclone the sea-surface temperature generally needs to be above 26.5°C. However, existing cyclones often persist as they move over cooler waters.

The development of a tropical cyclone also relies on favorable broad-scale wind regimes and can persist for several days with many following quite erratic paths. They lose their source of energy when they move over land or colder oceans causing them to dissipate. Weakening may also occur if the cyclone moves into an unfavorable wind regime which disrupts the structure of the system. Sometimes a decaying tropical cyclone may interact with a weather system in higher latitudes to cause impacts far from the tropics.

DIAGRAM

Cyclone Safety Tips

• Check construction of houses should be built to cyclone standards.

• Trim treetops and branches well clear of your home• Clear your property of loose material that could blow

about and possibly cause injury or damage during extreme winds.

• In case of a storm warning or other flooding, know your nearest safe high ground and the safest access route to it.

• Prepare an emergency kit to take with you and keep a list of emergency numbers on display.

• Listen continuously to your local radio/TV for further warnings.

• When a cyclone watch is issued be prepared.• When the cyclone strikes, disconnect all electrical

appliances. Listen to your battery radio for updates.• Stay indoors (unless you are asked to evacuate) in

the strongest part of the building, i.e. cellar, internal hallway or bathroom. Keep evacuation and emergency kits with you.

• Protect yourself with mattresses, rugs or blankets under a strong table or bench if the building starts to break up.

• Drive carefully as roads may be filled with debris.

PREPAREBE

AWAREMay be, We are the next……

Thanks